Respiratory system

Sivakova Elena Vladimirovna

primary school teacher

MBOU Elninskaya secondary school No. 1 named after M.I. Glinka.

abstract

"Respiratory system"

Plan

Introduction

I. Evolution of the respiratory organs.

II. Respiratory system. Breathing functions.

III. The structure of the respiratory system.

1. Nose and nasal cavity.

2. Nasopharynx.

3. Larynx.

4. Windpipe (trachea) and bronchi.

5. Lungs.

6. Aperture.

7. Pleura, pleural cavity.

8. Mediastinum.

IV. Pulmonary circulation.

V. The principle of the work of breathing.

1. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues.

2. Mechanisms of inhalation and exhalation.

3. Regulation of breathing.

VI. Respiratory hygiene and prevention of respiratory diseases.

1. Infection through the air.

2. Flu.

3. Tuberculosis.

4. Bronchial asthma.

5. The effect of smoking on the respiratory system.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

Breathing is the basis of life and health itself, the most important function and need of the body, a matter that never gets bored! Human life without breathing is impossible - people breathe in order to live. In the process of breathing, air entering the lungs brings atmospheric oxygen into the blood. Carbon dioxide is exhaled - one of the end products of cell vital activity.
The more perfect the breath, the greater the physiological and energy reserves of the body and the stronger the health, the longer the life without diseases and the better its quality. The priority of breathing for life itself is clearly and clearly visible from the long-known fact - if you stop breathing for just a few minutes, life will immediately end.
History has given us a classic example of such an act. The ancient Greek philosopher Diogenes of Sinop, as the story goes, "accepted death by biting his lips with his teeth and holding his breath." He committed this act at the age of eighty. In those days, such a long life was quite rare.
Man is a whole. The process of respiration is inextricably linked with blood circulation, metabolism and energy, acid-base balance in the body, water-salt metabolism. The relationship of respiration with such functions as sleep, memory, emotional tone, working capacity and physiological reserves of the body, its adaptive (sometimes called adaptive) abilities has been established. In this way,breath - one of the most important functions of regulating the life of the human body.

Pleura, pleural cavity.

The pleura is a thin, smooth serous membrane rich in elastic fibers that covers the lungs. There are two types of pleura: wall-mounted or parietal lining the walls of the chest cavity, andvisceral or pulmonary covering the outer surface of the lungs.Around each lung is formed hermetically closedpleural cavity which contains a small amount of pleural fluid. This fluid, in turn, facilitates the respiratory movements of the lungs. Normally, the pleural cavity is filled with 20-25 ml of pleural fluid. The volume of fluid that passes through the pleural cavity during the day is approximately 27% of the total volume of blood plasma. The airtight pleural cavity is moistened and there is no air in it, and the pressure in it is negative. Due to this, the lungs are always tightly pressed against the wall of the chest cavity, and their volume always changes along with the volume of the chest cavity.

Mediastinum. The mediastinum consists of organs that separate the left and right pleural cavities. The mediastinum is bounded posteriorly by the thoracic vertebrae and anteriorly by the sternum. The mediastinum is conventionally divided into anterior and posterior. The organs of the anterior mediastinum include mainly the heart with the pericardial sac and the initial sections of the large vessels. The organs of the posterior mediastinum include the esophagus, the descending branch of the aorta, the thoracic lymphatic duct, as well as veins, nerves and lymph nodes.

IV .Pulmonary circulation

With each heartbeat, deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. After numerous arterial branches, the blood flows through the capillaries of the alveoli (air bubbles) of the lung, where it is enriched with oxygen. As a result, blood enters one of the four pulmonary veins. These veins go to the left atrium, from where blood is pumped through the heart to the systemic circulation.

The pulmonary circulation provides blood flow between the heart and lungs. In the lungs, the blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Pulmonary circulation . The lungs are supplied with blood from both circulations. But gas exchange occurs only in the capillaries of the small circle, while the vessels of the systemic circulation provide nutrition to the lung tissue. In the area of ​​the capillary bed, the vessels of different circles can anastomose with each other, providing the necessary redistribution of blood between the circles of blood circulation.

The resistance to blood flow in the vessels of the lungs and the pressure in them is less than in the vessels of the systemic circulation, the diameter of the pulmonary vessels is larger, and their length is smaller. During inhalation, blood flow to the vessels of the lungs increases and, due to their extensibility, they are able to hold up to 20-25% of the blood. Therefore, under certain conditions, the lungs can perform the function of a blood depot. The walls of the capillaries of the lungs are thin, which creates favorable conditions for gas exchange, but in pathology this can lead to their rupture and pulmonary bleeding. The reserve of blood in the lungs is of great importance in cases where urgent mobilization of an additional amount of blood is necessary to maintain the required value of cardiac output, for example, at the beginning of intense physical work, when other mechanisms of blood circulation regulation have not yet been activated.

v. How breathing works

Respiration is the most important function of the body, it ensures the maintenance of an optimal level of redox processes in cells, cellular (endogenous) respiration. In the process of respiration, ventilation of the lungs and gas exchange between the cells of the body and the atmosphere take place, atmospheric oxygen is delivered to the cells, and it is used by the cells for metabolic reactions (oxidation of molecules). In this process, carbon dioxide is formed during the oxidation process, which is partly used by our cells, and partly released into the blood and then removed through the lungs.

Specialized organs (nose, lungs, diaphragm, heart) and cells (erythrocytes - red blood cells containing hemoglobin, a special protein for transporting oxygen, nerve cells that respond to the content of carbon dioxide and oxygen - chemoreceptors of blood vessels and nerve cells) are involved in the respiration process. brain cells that form the respiratory center)

Conventionally, the process of respiration can be divided into three main stages: external respiration, transport of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) by blood (between the lungs and cells) and tissue respiration (oxidation of various substances in cells).

external respiration - gas exchange between the body and the surrounding atmospheric air.

Gas transport by blood . The main carrier of oxygen is hemoglobin, a protein found inside red blood cells. With the help of hemoglobin, up to 20% of carbon dioxide is also transported.

Tissue or "internal" respiration . This process can be conditionally divided into two: the exchange of gases between blood and tissues, the consumption of oxygen by cells and the release of carbon dioxide (intracellular, endogenous respiration).

The respiratory function can be characterized taking into account the parameters that are directly related to breathing - the content of oxygen and carbon dioxide, indicators of lung ventilation (respiratory rate and rhythm, minute respiratory volume). Obviously, the state of health is also determined by the state of the respiratory function, and the reserve capacity of the body, the health reserve depends on the reserve capacity of the respiratory system.

Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues

The exchange of gases in the lungs is due todiffusion.

The blood that flows to the lungs from the heart (venous) contains little oxygen and a lot of carbon dioxide; the air in the alveoli, on the contrary, contains a lot of oxygen and less carbon dioxide. As a result, two-way diffusion occurs through the walls of the alveoli and capillaries - oxygen passes into the blood, and carbon dioxide enters the alveoli from the blood. In the blood, oxygen enters the red blood cells and combines with hemoglobin. Oxygenated blood becomes arterial and enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

In humans, the exchange of gases is completed in a few seconds, while the blood passes through the alveoli of the lungs. This is possible due to the huge surface of the lungs, which communicates with the external environment. The total surface of the alveoli is over 90 m 3 .

The exchange of gases in tissues is carried out in capillaries. Through their thin walls, oxygen enters from the blood into the tissue fluid and then into the cells, and carbon dioxide from the tissues passes into the blood. The concentration of oxygen in the blood is greater than in the cells, so it easily diffuses into them.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the tissues where it is collected is higher than in the blood. Therefore, it passes into the blood, where it binds with plasma chemical compounds and partly with hemoglobin, is transported by the blood to the lungs and is released into the atmosphere.

Inspiratory and expiratory mechanisms

Carbon dioxide constantly flows from the blood into the alveolar air, and oxygen is absorbed by the blood and consumed, ventilation of the alveolar air is necessary to maintain the gas composition of the alveoli. It is achieved through respiratory movements: the alternation of inhalation and exhalation. The lungs themselves cannot pump or expel air from their alveoli. They only passively follow the change in the volume of the chest cavity. Due to the pressure difference, the lungs are always pressed against the walls of the chest and accurately follow the change in its configuration. When inhaling and exhaling, the pulmonary pleura slides along the parietal pleura, repeating its shape.

inhale consists in the fact that the diaphragm goes down, pushing the abdominal organs, and the intercostal muscles lift the chest up, forward and to the sides. The volume of the chest cavity increases, and the lungs follow this increase, since the gases contained in the lungs press them against the parietal pleura. As a result, the pressure inside the pulmonary alveoli drops, and outside air enters the alveoli.

Exhalation begins with the fact that the intercostal muscles relax. Under the influence of gravity, the chest wall descends, and the diaphragm rises, since the stretched wall of the abdomen presses on the internal organs of the abdominal cavity, and they press on the diaphragm. The volume of the chest cavity decreases, the lungs are compressed, the air pressure in the alveoli becomes higher than atmospheric pressure, and part of it comes out. All this happens with calm breathing. Deep inhalation and exhalation activate additional muscles.

Nervous-humoral regulation of respiration

Breathing regulation

Nervous regulation of breathing . The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata. It consists of centers of inhalation and exhalation, which regulate the work of the respiratory muscles. The collapse of the pulmonary alveoli, which occurs during exhalation, reflexively causes inspiration, and the expansion of the alveoli reflexively causes exhalation. When holding the breath, the inspiratory and expiratory muscles contract simultaneously, due to which the chest and diaphragm are held in the same position. The work of the respiratory centers is also influenced by other centers, including those located in the cerebral cortex. Due to their influence, breathing changes when talking and singing. It is also possible to consciously change the rhythm of breathing during exercise.

Humoral regulation of respiration . During muscular work, oxidation processes are enhanced. Consequently, more carbon dioxide is released into the blood. When blood with an excess of carbon dioxide reaches the respiratory center and begins to irritate it, the activity of the center increases. The person begins to breathe deeply. As a result, excess carbon dioxide is removed, and the lack of oxygen is replenished. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, the work of the respiratory center is inhibited and involuntary breath holding occurs. Thanks to nervous and humoral regulation, the concentration of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood is maintained at a certain level under any conditions.

VI .Respiratory hygiene and prevention of respiratory diseases

The need for respiratory hygiene is very well and accurately expressed

V. V. Mayakovsky:

You can't put a person in a box,
Ventilate your home cleaner and more often .

To maintain health, it is necessary to maintain the normal composition of the air in residential, educational, public and work areas, and constantly ventilate them.

Green plants grown indoors free the air from excess carbon dioxide and enrich it with oxygen. In industries that pollute the air with dust, industrial filters, specialized ventilation are used, people work in respirators - masks with an air filter.

Among the diseases that affect the respiratory system, there are infectious, allergic, inflammatory. Toinfectious include influenza, tuberculosis, diphtheria, pneumonia, etc.; toallergic - bronchial asthma,inflammatory - tracheitis, bronchitis, pleurisy, which can occur under adverse conditions: hypothermia, exposure to dry air, smoke, various chemicals, or, as a result, after infectious diseases.

1. Infection through the air .

Along with dust, there are always bacteria in the air. They settle on dust particles and stay in suspension for a long time. Where there is a lot of dust in the air, there are a lot of germs. From one bacterium at a temperature of + 30 (C), two are formed every 30 minutes, at + 20 (C) their division slows down twice.
Microbes stop multiplying at +3 +4 (C. There are almost no microbes in the frosty winter air. It has a detrimental effect on microbes and the sun's rays.

Microorganisms and dust are retained by the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract and are removed from them along with the mucus. Most of the microorganisms are neutralized. Some of the microorganisms that enter the respiratory system can cause various diseases: influenza, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, diphtheria, etc.

2. Flu.

The flu is caused by viruses. They are microscopically small and do not have a cellular structure. Influenza viruses are contained in the mucus secreted from the nose of sick people, in their sputum and saliva. During sneezing and coughing of sick people, millions of droplets invisible to the eye, concealing the infection, enter the air. If they enter the respiratory organs of a healthy person, he can become infected with the flu. Thus, influenza refers to droplet infections. This is the most common disease of all currently existing.
The influenza epidemic, which began in 1918, killed about 2 million human lives in a year and a half. The influenza virus changes its shape under the influence of drugs, shows extreme resistance.

The flu spreads very quickly, so you should not allow people with the flu to work and study. It is dangerous for its complications.
When communicating with people with the flu, you need to cover your mouth and nose with a bandage made from a piece of gauze folded in four. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing and sneezing. This will prevent you from infecting others.

3. Tuberculosis.

The causative agent of tuberculosis - tubercle bacillus most often affects the lungs. It can be in the inhaled air, in droplets of sputum, on dishes, clothes, towels and other items used by the patient.
Tuberculosis is not only a drop, but also a dust infection. Previously, it was associated with malnutrition, poor living conditions. Now a powerful surge of tuberculosis is associated with a general decrease in immunity. After all, the tubercle bacillus, or Koch's bacillus, has always been a lot outside, both before and now. It is very tenacious - it forms spores and can be stored in dust for decades. And then it enters the lungs by air, without causing, however, illness. Hence, almost everyone today has a “doubtful” reaction
Mantu. And for the development of the disease itself, either direct contact with the patient is needed, or weakened immunity, when the wand begins to “act”.
Many homeless people and those released from places of detention now live in large cities - and this is a real hotbed of tuberculosis. In addition, new strains of tuberculosis have appeared that are not sensitive to known drugs, the clinical picture has blurred.

4. Bronchial asthma.

Bronchial asthma has become a real disaster in recent years. Asthma today is a very common disease, serious, incurable and socially significant. Asthma is an absurd defensive reaction of the body. When a harmful gas enters the bronchi, a reflex spasm occurs, blocking the entry of the toxic substance into the lungs. At present, a protective reaction in asthma has begun to occur to many substances, and the bronchi began to “slam” from the most harmless odors. Asthma is a typical allergic disease.

5. The effect of smoking on the respiratory system .

Tobacco smoke, in addition to nicotine, contains about 200 substances that are extremely harmful to the body, including carbon monoxide, hydrocyanic acid, benzpyrene, soot, etc. The smoke of one cigarette contains about 6 mmg. nicotine, 1.6 mmg. ammonia, 0.03 mmg. hydrocyanic acid, etc. When smoking, these substances penetrate the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, settle on their mucous membranes and the film of pulmonary vesicles, are swallowed with saliva and enter the stomach. Nicotine is harmful not only for smokers. A non-smoker who has been in a smoky room for a long time can become seriously ill. Tobacco smoke and smoking are extremely harmful at a young age.
There is direct evidence of mental decline in adolescents due to smoking. Tobacco smoke causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, respiratory tract and eyes. Almost all smokers develop inflammation of the respiratory tract, which is associated with a painful cough. Constant inflammation reduces the protective properties of the mucous membranes, because. phagocytes cannot cleanse the lungs of pathogenic microbes and harmful substances that come with tobacco smoke. Therefore, smokers often suffer from colds and infectious diseases. Particles of smoke and tar settle on the walls of the bronchi and pulmonary vesicles. The protective properties of the film are reduced. The smoker's lungs lose their elasticity, become inflexible, which reduces their vital capacity and ventilation. As a result, the supply of oxygen to the body decreases. Efficiency and general well-being deteriorate sharply. Smokers are much more likely to get pneumonia and 25 more often - lung cancer.
The saddest thing is that a man who smoked30 years, and then quit, even after10 years is immune to cancer. Irreversible changes had already taken place in his lungs. It is necessary to quit smoking immediately and forever, then this conditioned reflex quickly fades away. It is important to be convinced of the dangers of smoking and to have willpower.

You can prevent respiratory diseases yourself by adhering to some hygiene requirements.

During the period of the epidemic of infectious diseases, timely undergo vaccination (anti-influenza, anti-diphtheria, anti-tuberculosis, etc.)

During this period, you should not visit crowded places (concert halls, theaters, etc.)

Adhere to the rules of personal hygiene.

To undergo medical examination, that is, a medical examination.

Increase the body's resistance to infectious diseases by hardening, vitamin nutrition.

Conclusion

From all of the above and having comprehended the role of the respiratory system in our life, we can conclude that it is important in our existence.
Breath is life. Now this is absolutely indisputable. Meanwhile, some three centuries ago, scientists were convinced that a person breathes only in order to remove “excess” heat from the body through the lungs. Deciding to refute this absurdity, the outstanding English naturalist Robert Hooke proposed to his colleagues in the Royal Society to conduct an experiment: for some time to use a hermetic bag for breathing. Not surprisingly, the experiment ended in less than a minute: the pundits began to choke. However, even after that, some of them stubbornly continued to insist on their own. Hook then just shrugged. Well, we can even explain such unnatural stubbornness by the work of the lungs: when breathing, too little oxygen enters the brain, which is why even a born thinker becomes stupid right before our eyes.
Health is laid down in childhood, any deviation in the development of the body, any disease affects the health of an adult in the future.

It is necessary to cultivate in oneself the habit of analyzing one's condition even when one feels well, to learn to exercise one's health, to understand its dependence on the state of the environment.

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