450 g. BC e.- the ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Cleoxenus proposed to create an optical torch telegraph.

1600 g. - the book of the English scientist Gilbert "On a magnet, magnetic bodies and a large magnet - the Earth." It described the already known properties of the magnet, as well as the author's own discoveries.

1663. – The German scientist Otto von Guericke conducted experimental work to determine the phenomenon of electrostatic repulsion of unipolarly charged objects.

1729. - Englishman Gray discovered the phenomenon of electrical conductivity.

1745. – The German physicist Ewald Jurgen von Kleist and the Dutch physicist Peter van Muschenbroek created the Leyden jar, the first capacitor.

1753. — Leipzig physicist Winkler discovered a way to transmit electric current through wires.

1761. – one of the greatest mathematicians, St. Petersburg academician Leonhard Euler, for the first time expressed the idea of ​​transmitting information with the help of ether vibrations.

1780. - Galvani discovered the first design of the detector, not artificial, but natural - biological.

1785. – French physicist Charles Coulomb, the founder of electrostatics, found that the force of interaction of electric charges is proportional to their magnitudes and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

1793. - K. Stapp invented the "optical telegraph".

1794. - the first line of the "optical telegraph" was put into operation, built between Lille and Paris (about 250 km), which had 22 intermediate (relay) stations.

1800. - Volta invented a galvanic cell - the so-called "Voltaic column", which became the first source of direct current.

1820. Oerstedt discovered the connection between electric current and magnetic field. Electric current generates a magnetic field.

1820. -A. M. Ampere discovered the interaction of electric currents and established the law of this interaction (Ampère's law).

1832. - Pavel Lvovich Schilling invented the pointer telegraph apparatus, in which five arrows served as indicators.

1837. - American scientist C. Page created the so-called "grunting wire".

1838– The German scientist K. A. Shteingel invented the so-called grounding.

1838. – S. Morse invented the original non-uniform code.

1839. - the longest "optical telegraph" line in the world at that time was built between St. Petersburg and Warsaw (1200 km).

1841. - under the leadership of Jacobi, the first telegraph line was built between the Winter Palace and the General Staff.

1844. - under the leadership of Morse, a telegraph line was built between Washington and Baltimore with a total length of 65 km.

1850. – B.S. Jacobi developed the world's first telegraph apparatus (three years earlier than Morse) with direct printing of received messages, in which, as he said, "the registration of characters was carried out using a typographic font."

1851. - Morse code has been slightly modified and recognized as an international code.

1855.– French telegraph mechanic E. Baudot invented the first telegraph printing machine.

1858. - Winston invented an apparatus that outputs information directly to a telegraph tape built into it (a prototype of a modern telegraph apparatus).

1860. – a teacher of physics at the school of Friedrichsdorf (Germany) Philipp Reiss from improvised means (a cork from a barrel, a knitting needle, an old broken violin, a coil of insulated wire and a galvanic cell) created an apparatus for demonstrating the principle of the ear.

1868. -Mahlon Loomis demonstrated to a group of US congressmen and scientists the operation of a prototype 22 km wireless link.

1869. - Professor of Kharkov University Yu. I. Morozov developed a transmitter - a prototype of a microphone.

July 30, 1872– M. Loomis was issued the world's first patent (No. 129971) for a wireless telegraph system.

1872. - Russian engineer A.N. Lodygin invented the first electric incandescent lighting lamp, which opened the era of electrovacuum technology.

1873. - English physicist W. Crookes invented a device - "radiometer".

1873. -Maxwell combined all his works in "The Doctrine of Electricity and Magnetism".

1874. – Bodo created a multiple printing cabling system.

1877 d. - D. E. Hughes designed a telephone transmitter, which he called a microphone.

1877. - in the USA, according to the project of the Hungarian engineer T. Puskas, the first telephone exchange was built.

1878. – Stewart came to the conclusion that in the Earth's atmosphere there is an ionized region of the ionosphere - a conductive layer of the atmosphere, i.e. the Earth and the ionosphere are capacitor plates.

1879. – Russian scientist Michalsky was the first in the world to use charcoal powder in a microphone. This principle has been used to this day.

1882.– P. M. Golubitsky invented a highly sensitive telephone and designed a desktop telephone with a lever for automatic circuit switching by changing the position of the handset.

1883. Edison discovered the effect of spraying the substance of an incandescent filament in an electric lamp.

1883. - P. M. Golubitsky created a telephone with two poles located eccentrically relative to the center of the membrane, which still works today.

1883. -P. M. Golubitsky designed a microphone with carbon powder.

1886. – G. Hertz invented a method for detecting electromagnetic waves.

1887. - Russian inventor K. A. Mosnitsky created a “self-acting central switch” - the forerunner of automatic telephone exchanges (ATS).

1887. - the famous experiments of Heinrich Hertz were carried out, which proved the reality of radio waves, the existence of which followed from the theory of J.K. Maxwell.

1889. - American inventor A. G. Stranger received a patent for an automatic telephone exchange.

1890. - the famous French physicist E. Branly invented a device capable of responding to electromagnetic radiation in the radio range. The detector in the receiver was a coherer.

1893. - Russian inventors M. F. Freidenberg and S. M. Berdichevsky - Apostolov proposed their "telephone connector" - automatic telephone exchange with stepper finders.

1895. – M. F. Freidenberg patented one of the most important nodes of decade-step exchanges - a pre-selector (a device for automatically searching for a called subscriber).

1896. – Freidenberg M. F. created a machine searcher with reverse control from the register installed in the subscriber's device.

April 25 (May 7), 1895. - the first public demonstration of a radio link by A. S. Popov. This day in our country is annually celebrated as Radio Day.

March 24 (12), 1896- with the help of A. S. Popov's equipment, the world's first text radiogram was transmitted, which was recorded on a telegraph tape.

1896. Freidenberg patented the machine-type finder.

1896. - Berdichevsky - Apostolov created the original automatic telephone exchange system for 11 thousand numbers.

1898. – Between Moscow and St. Petersburg, the world's longest air telephone line (660 km) was built.

May 1899. – For the first time in a sound form, broadcast telegrams were listened to on the head telephone in Russia by A. S. Popov’s assistants P. N. Rybkin and A. S. Troitsky.

1899. – A. S. Popov was the first to use radio communications to save the ship and people. The communication range exceeded 40 km.

1900. - the beginning of the radio armament of the ships of the Russian navy, i.e. the practical and regular use of radio communications in military affairs.

August 24, 1900- Russian scientist Konstantin Dmitrievich Persky introduced the concept of television "television".

1904. Fleming, an Englishman, invented the tube diode.

1906. - American Lee de Forest invented a lamp with a control electrode - a three-electrode lamp that provides the possibility of amplifying alternating currents.

July 25, 1907. - B. L. Rosing received "Privilege No. 18076" for a receiving tube for "electric telescope". Tubes designed to receive images were later called kinescopes.

1912. - V. I. Kovalenkov developed a generator lamp with an external anode cooled by water.

1913. – Meisner discovered the possibility of self-excitation of oscillations in a circuit containing an electron tube and an oscillatory circuit.

1915. – Russian engineer B. I. Kovalenkov developed and applied the first duplex telephone broadcast on triodes.

1918. – E. Armstrong invented the superheterodyne receiver.

1919. – Schottky invented the tetrode, which found practical application only in 1924-1929.

1922. – O. V. Losev discovered the effect of amplification and generation of high-frequency oscillations with the help of crystals.

1922. - radio amateurs discovered the property of short waves to propagate to any distance due to refraction in the upper atmosphere and reflection from them.

1923. -Soviet scientist Losev O. V. for the first time observed the glow of a semiconductor (silicon carbide) diode when an electric current was passed through it.

March 1929 The first regular broadcasts began in Germany.

1930s- meter waves were mastered, propagating in a straight line, without bending around the earth's surface (i.e., within the line of sight).

1930. - Based on the work of Langmuir, pentodes appeared.

April 29 and May 2, 1931- the first broadcasts of television images by radio were made in the USSR. They were implemented with the decomposition of the image into 30 lines.

August 1931– German scientist Manfred von Ardenne was the first in the world to publicly demonstrate a fully electronic television system based on a traveling beam sensor with a scan of 90 lines.

September 24, 1931– Soviet scientist S. I. Kataev received priority for the invention of a transmitting tube with charge filling, a mosaic target and switching using secondary electrons.

1934. – E. Armstrong invented frequency modulation (FM).

1936. - Soviet scientists P. V. Timofeev and P. V. Shmakov issued a certificate of authorship for a cathode ray tube with image transfer.

1938. - in the USSR, the first experimental television centers were put into operation in Moscow and Leningrad. The resolution of the transmitted image in Moscow was 343 lines, and in Leningrad - 240 lines at 25 frames per second. On July 25, 1940, the 441-line expansion standard was approved.

1938. - In the USSR, serial production of console receivers for 343 lines of the TK-1 type with a screen size of 14 × 18 cm began.

1939. - E. Armstrong built the first radio station operating in the VHF band of radio waves.

1940s– mastered decimeter and centimeter waves.

1948. - American researchers led by Shockley invented a semiconductor triode-transistor.

1949. - in the USSR, serial production of KVN-49 TVs on a tube with a diameter of 17 cm began (developers V.K. Kenigson, N.M. Varshavsky, N.A. Nikolaevsky).

March 4, 1950– The first research center for the receiving television network has been established in Moscow.

1953 –1954- In the USSR, the first domestic equipment for radio relay communication of the meter range "Crab" was developed. It was used on the communication line between Krasnovodsk and Baku across the Caspian Sea.

Mid 50s– In the USSR, a family of radio-relay equipment "Strela" was developed.

October 4, 1957- The first Soviet artificial Earth satellite (AES) was launched into orbit, the era of space communications began.

1958. – On the basis of the R-600 operating in the 4 GHz band, the first main radio relay line Leningrad-Tallinn was put into operation.

1960. - The first transmission of color television in Leningrad took place from the experimental station of the Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute of Communications.

1965. - the Kozitsky plant developed and produced the first tube-semiconductor TV "Evening".

November 29, 1965– The first transmission of color television programs via the SECAM system from Moscow to Paris via the Molniya-1 communication satellite was carried out.

1966. - The Kuntsevsky Mechanical Plant in Moscow developed and produced a small-sized portable TV set "Youth", assembled entirely on transistors.

May 28, 1966– The first transmission of color television programs via the SECAM system from Paris to Moscow via the Molniya-1 communication satellite was carried out.

November 2, 1967- A network of stations for receiving television programs from artificial Earth satellites "Lightning - 1", called "Orbita", was put into operation.

November 4, 1967- The All-Union Radio and Television Transmitting Station of the Ministry of Communications of the USSR was put into operation.

1970. – Ultra-pure quartz fiber made it possible to transmit a light beam at a distance of up to 2 km.

September 5, 1982– The first satellite teleconference "Moscow - Los Angeles" dedicated to the dialogue between musical groups of the USSR and the USA.

April 1988- In the USSR, the use of a set of wearable television journalistic equipment with a VCR began.

February 1999– start of multi-channel digital satellite TV broadcasting (“NTV-plus”). Transmit up to 69 TV channels.

2004. – The Government of the Russian Federation decides to introduce digital TV broadcasting via the European DVB system.

The history of the development of communication lines in Russia The first long-distance overhead line was built between St. Petersburg and Warsaw in 1854. In the 1870s, an overhead communication line from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok L = 10 thousand km was put into operation. In 1939, a high-frequency communication line was put into operation from Moscow to Khabarovsk L = 8,300 thousand km. In 1851, a telegraph cable was laid from Moscow to St. Petersburg, insulated with gutta-percha tape. In 1852, the first submarine cable was laid across the Northern Dvina. In 1866, a cable transatlantic telegraph line between France and the United States was put into operation.

The history of the development of communication lines in Russia In the years in Russia, the first overhead city telephone networks were built (the cable numbered up to 54 cores with air-paper insulation) In 1901, the construction of an underground city telephone network began in Russia winding to artificially increase the inductance. Since 1917, a telephone amplifier based on vacuum tubes has been developed and tested on the line, in 1923 telephone communication with amplifiers on the Kharkov-Moscow-Petrograd line was carried out. Since the beginning of the 1930s, multichannel transmission systems based on coaxial cables began to develop.

The history of the development of communication lines in Russia In 1936, the first coaxial HF telephone line for 240 channels was put into operation. In 1956, an underwater coaxial telephone and telegraph trunk was built between Europe and America. In 1965, the first experimental waveguide lines and cryogenic cable lines with very low attenuation appeared. By the beginning of the 1980s, fiber-optic communication systems had been developed and tested in real conditions.

Types of communication lines (LS) and their properties There are two main types of LS: - lines in the atmosphere (RL radio links) - guide transmission lines (communication lines). typical wavelengths and radio frequencies Extra long waves (VLF) Long waves (LW) Medium waves (MW) Short waves (HF) Ultrashort waves (VHF) Decimeter waves (DCM) Centimeter waves (CM) Millimeter waves (MM) Optical range km ( kHz) km (kHz) 1.0... 0.1 km (0. MHz) m (MHz) m (MHz) .1 m (0. GHz) cm (GHz) mm (GHz) .1 µm

The main disadvantages of RL (radio communications) are: -dependence of the quality of communication on the state of the transmission medium and external electromagnetic fields; -low speed; insufficiently high electromagnetic compatibility in the range of meter waves and above; - the complexity of the transmitter and receiver equipment; - narrow-band transmission systems, especially at long wavelengths and higher.

In order to reduce the shortcomings of the radar, higher frequencies (centimeter, optical ranges) decimeter millimeter range are used. This is a chain of repeaters installed every 50 km-100 km. RRL allow you to receive the number of channels () over distances (up to km); These lines are less susceptible to interference, provide a fairly stable and high-quality connection, but the degree of transmission security through them is insufficient. Radio relay lines (RRL)

Centimeter wave range. SLs allow for multi-channel communication over an “infinite” distance; Satellite communication lines (SL) Advantages of SL - a large area of ​​coverage and transmission of information over long distances. The disadvantage of SL is the high cost of launching a satellite and the complexity of organizing duplex telephone communication.

Advantages of directing LANs - high quality of signal transmission, - high transmission speed, - great protection from the influence of third-party fields, - relative simplicity of terminal devices. Disadvantages of directing LS - high cost of capital and operating costs, - relative duration of establishing a connection.

Radar and LS do not oppose, but complement each other At present, signals from direct current to the optical frequency range are transmitted over communication lines, and the operating wavelength range extends from 0.85 microns to hundreds of kilometers. - cable (CL) - air (VL) - fiber optic (FOCL). The main types of directional drugs:

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICATION LINES - communication over distances up to km within the country and up to for international communication; - broadband and suitability for the transmission of various types of modern information (television, telephony, data transmission, broadcasting, transmission of newspaper pages, etc.); - protection of circuits from mutual and external interference, as well as from lightning and corrosion; - stability of the electrical parameters of the line, stability and reliability of communication; - efficiency of the communication system as a whole.

Modern development of cable technology 1. Predominant development of coaxial systems that make it possible to organize powerful communication bundles and transmit television programs over long distances via a single-cable communication system. 2.Creation and implementation of promising communication OKs that provide a large number of channels and do not require scarce metals (copper, lead) for their production. 3. Widespread introduction of plastics (polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, etc.) into cable technology, which have good electrical and mechanical characteristics and make it possible to automate production.

4. The introduction of aluminum, steel and plastic shells instead of lead. The sheaths must be airtight and ensure the stability of the electrical parameters of the cable throughout the entire service life. 5. Development and introduction into production of economical designs of cables for intrazonal communication (single-coaxial, single-quad, unarmoured). 6. Creation of shielded cables that reliably protect the information transmitted through them from external electromagnetic influences and thunderstorms, in particular cables in two-layer sheaths such as aluminum steel and aluminum lead.

7. Increasing the electrical strength of the insulation of communication cables. A modern cable must simultaneously have the properties of both a high-frequency cable and a power electric cable, and ensure the transmission of high voltage currents for remote power supply of unattended amplifying points over long distances.

First steps towards knowledge. Stephen Gray (1670-1736)

The conductive structure consisted of a glass tube and a cork placed in it. When the tube was rubbed, the cork began to attract small pieces of paper and straw. Gradually increasing the length of the cork, putting wood chips into it, Gray noted that the same effect was valid until the end of the chain.

By replacing the cork with a wet hemp rope, he managed to reach a length of the transmitted electric charge distance of up to 250 meters.

But it was necessary to make sure that the electricity was not transmitted by gravity in a vertical position, and Gray repeated the experiment, placing the structure in a horizontal position. The experiment was doubly successful, as it was found that this is not transmitted over the earth.

Later it turned out that not all substances have the property of electrical conductivity. In the course of further research, they were divided into "conductors" and "non-conductors". As you know, the main conductors are all types of metals, solutions of electrolytes, salts, coal.

Non-conductors include substances where electric charges cannot move freely, such as gases, liquids, glass, plastic, rubber, silk and others.

Thus, Stephen Gray revealed and proved the existence of such phenomena as electrostatic induction, as well as the distribution and movement of electric charge between bodies.

For his achievements and contribution to the development of science, the scientist was not only the first nominee, but also the first to be awarded the highest award of the Royal Society - the Copley Medal.

On the way to isolation. Tiberio Cavallo (1749–1809)

A follower of Stefano Gray in the field of electrical conductivity research, Tiberio Cavallo, an Italian scientist living in England, developed a method for insulating wires in 1780.

Their proposed scheme was the following sequence of actions:

1. Two stretched wires made of copper and brass must be calcined either in a candle fire or with a red-hot iron piece, then coated with a layer of resin, and then wound on them with a piece of linen tape with resin impregnation.


2. Then it was covered with an additional protective layer "woolen cover". It was meant to manufacture such products in segments from 6 to 9 meters. To obtain a greater length, the parts were connected by winding on pieces of silk impregnated with oil.

The first cable and its application. Francisco de Salva (1751–1828)

Francisco Salva, a well-known scientist and doctor in Spain, in 1795 appeared before the members of the Barcelona Academy of Sciences with a report on the telegraph and its communication lines, in which the term "Cable" was first used.

He argued that the wires could not be located remotely, but on the contrary, they could be twisted in the form of a cable, which makes it possible to place it suspended in the air.

This was revealed in the course of experiments with cable insulation: all the wires included in the composition were first wrapped with resin-impregnated paper, then they were twisted and additionally wrapped in multilayer paper. Thus, the elimination of the loss of electricity was achieved.

At the same time, Salva suggested the possibility of waterproofing, given the fact that the scientist could not know about the materials applicable for this kind of construction.

Francisco Salva developed a project for overhead transmission lines between Madrid and Aranjuez, which was carried out for the first time in 1796 in the world. Later, in 1798, a "royal" communication line was erected.

Cabling and wiring products and accessories

The history of the emergence and development of power lines in Russia

The first case of transmitting an electrical signal over a distance is considered to be an experiment conducted in the middle of the 18th century by the abbe J-A Nollet: two hundred monks of the Carthusian monastery, on his instructions, took hold of a metal wire and stood in a line more than a mile long. When the inquisitive abbot discharged the electric capacitor onto the wire, all the monks were immediately convinced of the reality of electricity, and the experimenter of the speed of its distribution. Of course, these two hundred martyrs did not realize that they formed the first power line in history.

1874 Russian engineer F.A. Pirotsky suggested using railway rails as a conductor of electrical energy. At that time, the transmission of electricity through wires was accompanied by large losses (when transmitting direct current, the losses in the wire reached 75%). It was possible to reduce line losses by increasing the cross section of the conductor. Pirotsky conducted experiments on the transmission of energy along the rails of the Sestroretsk railway. Both rails were isolated from the ground, one of them served as a direct wire, the second as a return one. The inventor tried to use the idea for the development of urban transport and put a small trailer on the conductor rails. However, this turned out to be unsafe for pedestrians. However, much later, such a system was developed in the modern metro.

The famous electrical engineer Nikola Tesla dreamed of creating a wireless power transmission system to anywhere in the world. In 1899, he undertook the construction of a transatlantic communication tower, hoping to realize his electrical ideas under the guise of a commercially profitable enterprise. Under his leadership, a giant 200 kW radio station was built in Colorado. In 1905, a trial run of the radio station took place. According to eyewitnesses, lightning flashed around the tower, an ionized environment shone. Journalists claimed that the inventor lit the sky thousands of miles above the expanses of the ocean. However, such a communication system soon turned out to be too expensive, and ambitious plans remained unrealized, only giving rise to a whole mass of theories and rumors (from the “rays of death” to the Tunguska meteorite - everything was attributed to the activities of N. Tesla).

Thus, overhead power lines were the most optimal way out at that time. By the early 1890s, it became clear that it was cheaper and more practical to build power plants near fuel and water resources, and not, as was done before, near energy consumers. For example, the first thermal power plant in our country was built in 1879, in the then capital, St. Petersburg, specifically to illuminate the Liteiny Bridge; city ​​in Europe, which was completely and exclusively illuminated by electricity. However, these resources were often removed from large cities, which traditionally acted as centers of industry. There was a need to transmit electricity over long distances. The transmission theory was simultaneously developed by the Russian scientist D.A. Lachinov, and the French electrical engineer M. Despres. At the same time, the American George Westinghouse was engaged in the creation of transformers, however, the world's first transformer (with an open core) was created by P.N. Yablochkov, who received a patent for it back in 1876.

At the same time, the question arose about the use of alternating or direct current. This issue was also interested in the creator of the arc light bulb P.N. Yablochkov, who foreshadowed a great future for high voltage alternating current. These conclusions were supported by another domestic scientist, M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky.

In 1891, he built the first three-phase power transmission line, which reduced losses by up to 25%. At that time, the scientist worked for AEG, owned by T. Edison. This company was invited to participate in the International Electrical Exhibition in Frankfurt am Main, where the issue of further use of alternating or direct current was decided. An international testing commission was organized under the chairmanship of the German scientist G. Helmholtz. The members of the commission included the Russian engineer R.E. Klasson. It was assumed that the commission would test all the proposed systems and give an answer to the question of choosing the type of current and a promising power supply system.

M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky decided to transfer the energy of the waterfall to the river through electricity. Neckar (near the town of Laufen) to the exhibition area in Frankfurt. The distance between these two points was 170 km, although up to this point the transmission distance usually did not exceed 15 km. In just one year, the Russian scientist had to stretch power lines on wooden poles, create the necessary motors and transformers (“induction coils,” as they were then called), and he brilliantly coped with this task in cooperation with the Swiss company Oerlikon. In August 1891, a thousand incandescent lamps were lit for the first time at the exhibition, powered by current from the Laufen hydroelectric station. A month later, Dolivo-Dobrovolsky's engine set in motion a decorative waterfall - there was a kind of energy chain, a small artificial waterfall was powered by the energy of a natural waterfall, 170 km away from the first one.

Thus, the main energy problem of the late 19th century, the problem of transmitting electricity over long distances, was resolved. In 1893, engineer A.N. Schensnovich builds the world's first industrial power plant on these principles at the Novorossiysk workshops of the Vladikavkaz railway.

In 1891, on the basis of the Telegraph School in St. Petersburg, the Electrotechnical Institute was created, which began training personnel for the upcoming electrification of the country.

Wires for power transmission lines were originally imported from abroad, however, they quickly began to be produced at the Kolchuginsky Brass and Copper Rolling Plant, the United Cable Plants enterprise and the Podobedov plant. But the supports were already produced in Russia - though they were used before mainly for telegraph and telephone wires. At first, difficulties arose in everyday life - the illiterate population of the Russian Empire was suspicious of the pillars, decorated with tablets on which a skull was drawn.

The mass construction of power transmission lines begins at the end of the 19th century, this is due to the electrification of industry. The main task that was solved at this stage was the connection of power plants with industrial areas. The voltages were small, as a rule, up to 35 kV, the task of networking was not put forward. Under these conditions, the tasks were easily solved with the help of wooden single-column and U-shaped supports. The material was available, cheap and fully met the requirements of the time. All these years, the design of supports and wires has been continuously improved.

For mobile electric transport, the principle of underground electric traction was known, used to power trains in Cleveland and Budapest. However, this method was inconvenient in operation, and underground cable power lines were used only in cities for street lighting and power supply to private houses. Until now, the cost of underground power lines exceeds the cost of overhead lines by 2-3 times.

In 1899, the First All-Russian Electrotechnical Congress took place in Russia. Nikolai Pavlovich Petrov, former chairman of the Imperial Russian Technical Society, professor of the Military Engineering Academy and Institute of Technology, became its chairman. The congress brought together over five hundred people interested in electrical engineering, among them were people of the most diverse professions and with the most diverse education. They were united either by a common work in the field of electrical engineering, or by a common interest in the development of electrical engineering in Russia. Until 1917, seven such congresses were held, the new government continued this tradition.

In 1902, the Baku oil fields were supplied with electricity, the power transmission line transmitted electricity with a voltage of 20 kV.

In 1912, on a peat bog near Moscow, construction began on the world's first power plant operating on peat. The idea belonged to R.E. Klasson, who took advantage of the fact that coal, which was used mainly by power plants of that time, had to be brought to Moscow. This raised the price of electricity, and the peat power plant, with a transmission line of 70 km, quickly paid for itself. It still exists - now it is GRES-3 in the city of Noginsk.

The electric power industry in the Russian Empire in those years was predominantly owned by foreign firms and entrepreneurs, for example, a controlling stake in the largest joint-stock company Electric Lighting Society 1886, which built almost all power plants in pre-revolutionary Russia, belonged to the German company Siemens and Halske, already known to us from history cable industry (see "CABLE-news", No. 9, pp. 28-36). Another JSC - United Cable Plants, was controlled by the AEG concern. Much of the equipment was imported from abroad. The Russian energy industry and its development lagged far behind the advanced countries of the world. By 1913, the Russian Empire ranked 8th in the world in terms of the amount of electricity generated.

With the outbreak of the First World War, the production of equipment for power lines is reduced - the front needed other products that could produce the same factories - telephone field wire, mine cable, enameled wire. Some of these products were first mastered by domestic production, as many import deliveries were stopped due to the war. During the war, the Electric Joint Stock Company of the Donetsk Basin built a 60,000 kW power plant and brought equipment for it.

By the end of 1916, the fuel and raw material crisis caused a sharp drop in production at factories, which continued into 1917. After the October Socialist Revolution, all factories and enterprises were nationalized by decree of the SNK (Council of People's Commissars). By order of the Supreme Economic Council (Supreme Council of the National Economy) of the RSFSR in December 1918, all enterprises associated with the production of wires and power lines were placed at the disposal of the Department of the Electrical Industry. Practically everywhere a collegial administration was created, in which both the workers representing the "new government" and representatives of the former administrative and engineering corps participated. Immediately upon coming to power, the Bolsheviks paid great attention to electrification, for example, already during the years of the civil war, despite the devastation, blockade and intervention, 51 power plants with a total capacity of 3500 kW were built in the country.

The GOELRO plan, drawn up in 1920 under the guidance of a former St. Petersburg fitter for power lines and cable networks, in the future academician G.M. Krzhizhanovsky, forced the development of all types of electrical engineering. According to it, twenty thermal and ten hydroelectric stations were to be built with a total capacity of 1,750,000 kW. The department of the electrical industry in 1921 was transformed into the Main Directorate of the Electrical Industry of the Supreme Council of National Economy - Glavelectro. The first head of Glavelectro was V.V. Kuibyshev.

In 1923, the "First All-Russian Agricultural and Handicraft-Industrial Exhibition" opened in Gorky Park. As a result of the exhibition, the Russkabel plant received a diploma of the first degree for its contribution to electrification and the manufacture of high-voltage cables.

As the voltage increased and, accordingly, the weight of the wire, a transition was made from wooden to metal poles for power lines. In Russia, the first line on metal supports appeared in 1925 - a double-circuit 110 kV overhead line, connecting Moscow and Shaturskaya GRES.

In 1926, the first central dispatch service in the country was created in the Moscow energy system, which still exists.

In 1928, the USSR began to manufacture its own power transformers, which were produced by the specialized Moscow Transformer Plant.

In the 1930s, electrification continued at an ever-increasing pace. Large power plants are being created (Dneproges, Stalingradskaya GRES, etc.), the voltages of the transmitted electricity are increasing (for example, the Dneproges-Donbass transmission line operates with a voltage of 154 kV; and the Nizhne-Svirskaya HPP - Leningrad transmission line with a voltage of 220 kV). At the end of the 1930s, the Moscow-Volzhskaya HPP line was being built, which operated with an ultra-high voltage of 500 kV. Unified energy systems of large regions are emerging. All this required the improvement of metal supports. Their designs were continuously improved, the number of standard supports was expanded, a mass transition was made to supports with bolted connections and lattice supports.

Wooden poles are also used at this time, but their area is usually limited to voltages up to 35 kV. They link mostly non-industrial rural areas.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-1940), large energy systems were created on the territory of the country - in Ukraine, Belarus, in Leningrad, Moscow.

During the war, out of a total installed capacity of ten million kW of power plants, five million kW were put out of action. During the war years, 61 large power plants were destroyed, a large amount of equipment was taken out by the occupiers to Germany. Part of the equipment was blown up, part was evacuated to the Urals and the East of the country in record time and put into operation there to ensure the work of the defense industry. During the war years, a 100 MW turbine unit was put into operation in Chelyabinsk.

With their heroic work, Soviet power engineers ensured the operation of power plants and networks during the difficult war years. During the advance of the fascist armies to Moscow in 1941, the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station was put into operation, which ensured the energy supply of Moscow with a lack of fuel. Novomoskovsk GRES, captured by the Nazis, was destroyed. The Kashirskaya GRES supplied electricity to Tula's industry, and at one time a transmission line was in operation that crossed the territory occupied by the Nazis. This power line was restored by power engineers in the rear of the German army. The Volkhov hydroelectric power station, which suffered from German aviation, was also put back into operation. From it, along the bottom of Lake Ladoga (via a specially laid cable), electricity was supplied to Leningrad throughout the blockade.

In 1942, in order to coordinate the work of three regional energy systems: Sverdlovsk, Perm and Chelyabinsk, the first Joint Dispatch Office was created - ODU of the Urals. In 1945, the ODU of the Center was created, which marked the beginning of the further unification of energy systems into a single network throughout the country.

After the war, power grids were not only repaired and restored, but new ones were also built. By 1947, the USSR took second place in the world in terms of electricity production. The United States came first.

In the 1950s, new hydroelectric power stations were built - Volzhskaya, Kuibyshevskaya, Kakhovskaya, Yuzhnouralskaya.

From the end of the 1950s, the stage of rapid growth of electric grid construction began. The length of overhead transmission lines doubled every five years. More than thirty thousand kilometers of new transmission lines were built annually. At this time, reinforced concrete supports for power transmission lines, with "prestressed racks", are massively introduced and used. They usually had lines with a voltage of 330 and 220 kV.

In June 1954, a nuclear power plant in the city of Obninsk began operation, with a capacity of 5 MW. It was the world's first nuclear power plant for pilot purposes.

Abroad, the first nuclear power plant for industrial use was put into operation only in 1956 in the English city of Calder Hall. A year later, the nuclear power plant in the American Shippingport was put into operation.

Power lines of high voltage direct current are also being constructed. The first experimental power transmission line of this type was created in 1950, on the Kashira-Moscow direction, 100 km long, 30 MW in power and 200 kV in voltage. The second on this path were the Swedes. In 1954, they connected the power system of the island of Gotland along the bottom of the Baltic Sea with the power system of Sweden through a 98-kilometer single-pole power line, 100 kV and 20 MW.

In 1961, the first units of the world's largest Bratsk hydroelectric power station were launched.

The unification of metal supports, carried out at the end of the 60s, actually determined the basic set of support structures used to this day. Over the past 40 years, as well as for metal poles, the design of reinforced concrete poles has not changed much. Today, almost all network construction in Russia and the CIS countries is based on the scientific and technological base of the 60-70s.

The world practice of building power transmission lines was not much different from the domestic one until the mid-60s. However, in recent decades, our practices have diverged significantly. In the West, reinforced concrete has not received such distribution as a material for supports. They took the path of building lines on multifaceted metal supports.

In 1977, the Soviet Union produced more electricity than all the countries of Europe combined - 16% of world production.

By connecting regional power grids, the Unified Energy System of the USSR is created - the largest electric power system, which was then connected to the energy systems of Eastern Europe and formed an international energy system, called the "Mir". By 1990, the UES of the USSR included 9 out of 11 energy associations of the country, covering 2/3 of the territory of the USSR, where more than 90% of the population lived.

It should be noted that in a number of technical indicators (for example, the scale of power plants and the voltage levels of high-voltage power lines), the Soviet Union occupied leading positions in the world.

In the 1980s, an attempt was made in the USSR to introduce multifaceted supports manufactured by the Volga Mechanical Plant into mass construction. However, the lack of necessary technologies determined the design flaws of these supports, which led to failure. This issue was revisited only in 2003.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, power engineers faced new problems. Extremely insignificant funds were allocated to maintain the state of power lines and their restoration, the decline of industry led to the degradation and even destruction of many power lines. There was such a phenomenon as the theft of wires and cables for their subsequent delivery to the collection points of non-ferrous metal as scrap metal. Despite the fact that many of the “earners” die in this criminal trade, and their income is very insignificant, the number of such cases has practically not decreased so far. This is caused by a sharp decline in the standard of living in the regions, since this crime is mainly committed by marginalized people without work and place of residence.

In addition, ties with the countries of Eastern Europe and the former republics of the USSR, previously connected by a single energy system, were broken. In November 1993, due to a large power shortage in Ukraine, a forced transition to separate operation of the UES of Russia and the UES of Ukraine was carried out, which led to the separate operation of the UES of Russia with the rest of the energy systems that are part of the Mir energy system. In the future, the parallel operation of the power systems that are part of Mir with the central dispatching office in Prague was not resumed.

Over the past 20 years, the physical deterioration of high voltage networks has increased significantly and, according to some researchers, has reached more than 40%. In distribution networks, the situation is even more difficult. This is compounded by the ever-increasing energy consumption. There is also obsolescence of equipment. Most of the objects in terms of technical level correspond to their Western counterparts of 20-30 years ago. Meanwhile, the world energy industry does not stand still, research is being carried out in the field of creating new types of power transmission lines: cryogenic, cryoresistor, semi-open, open, etc.

The domestic electric power industry faces the most important issue of solving all these new challenges and tasks.

Literature
1. Shukhardin S. Technology in its historical development.
2. Kaptsov N. A. Yablochkov is the glory and pride of Russian electrical engineering.
3. Laman N.K., Belousova A.N., Krechetnikova Yu.I. The Elektroprovod plant is 200 years old. M., 1985.
4. Russian cable / Ed. M.K. Portnova, N.A. Arskoy, R.M. Lakernik, N.K. Laman, V.G. Radchenko. M., 1995.
5. Valeeva N.M. Time leaves a mark. M., 2009.
6. Gorbunov O.I., Ananiev A.S., Perfiletov A.N., Shapiro R.P-A. 50 years of the Research Design and Technological Cable Institute. History essays. St. Petersburg: 1999.
8. Shitov M.A. Northern cable. L., 1979.
7. Sevkabel. 120 years / ed. L. Ulitina - St. Petersburg, 1999.
9. Kislitsyn A.L. Transformers. Ulyanovsk: UlGTU, 2001.
10. Turchin I.Ya. Engineering equipment of thermal power plants and installation works. M .: "Higher School", 1979.
11. Steklov V. Yu. Development of the electric power economy of the USSR. 3rd ed. M., 1970.
12. Zhimerin D.G., History of electrification of the USSR, L., 1962.
13. Lychev P.V., Fedin V.T., Pospelov G.E. Electrical systems and networks, Minsk. 2004
14. History of the cable industry // CABLE-news. No. 9. pp. 28-36.

Found an error? Select and press Ctrl + Enter

Error message

Heading:

One of the greatest inventions of the 19th century is the telephone.. With its appearance, the dream of mankind to transmit speech over a distance has become a reality.

A huge contribution to the development and improvement of telephone communications was made by Russian scientists and inventors. The devices, switches and other devices of telephone technology created by them at the end of the 19th century were distinguished by simplicity and perfection. They not only were not inferior in their qualities, but also in many respects surpassed foreign ones.

The first city telephone exchanges in Russia began to operate in 1882 in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Odessa, Riga, Warsaw and Lodz.

Almost simultaneously with urban telephone exchanges in Russia, long-distance communications begin to develop. The first long-distance telephone communication line with a length of 45 km was built in 1882 between St. Petersburg and Gatchina for negotiations of "highest persons" and listening to operas from the Mariinsky Theater.

In 1885, at the request of Moscow industrialists, telephone lines were built between Moscow and Bogorodsk, Khimki, Kolomna, Podolsk, Serpukhov.

At the end of 1893, a telephone connection was established between Odessa and Nikolaev, and in 1895 between Rostov-on-Don and Taganrog. On these lines, the equipment of the system of the Russian inventor E.I. Gvozdev was used.

With the development of capitalism in Russia at the end of the 19th century, the need for means of communication was increasingly felt, which would make it possible to quickly manage plants and factories located in different cities of the country.

First question about the arrangement of long-distance telephone communication between the then capital of Russia, St. Petersburg and Moscow, arose in 1887, when two engineers, A. A. Stolpovsky and F. P. Popov, asked for a concession to set up and operate such a communication line. This petition, as well as the petition of one of the members of the Belgian Academy of Sciences for the establishment of a telephone communication between St. Petersburg and Moscow, were rejected.

The construction of the longest telephone line in Europe, St. Petersburg - Moscow, the government decided to undertake.

The first project for the construction of a communication line, developed in 1889 by specialists from the St. Petersburg Post and Telegraph District, provided for its construction along the St. Petersburg - Moscow highway, 678 versts long.

Later, the drafting of the project was entrusted to the Russian electrical engineer P. D. Voinarovsky. In 1896, he submitted to the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs a detailed project with drawings and diagrams, according to which the suspension of bronze wires with a diameter of 4 mm should be carried out along the railway track on its right side (from St. Petersburg), separately from telegraph wires. Crossing of wires was envisaged to eliminate the induction of one wire to another.

It was assumed that the arrangement of a telephone message would cost 435,000 rubles.

For preparation of work on construction of a communication line Petersburg - Moscow in 1897, the senior mechanic of the Riga postal and telegraph district, A. A. Novitsky, who had extensive practical experience in building telegraph lines in Russia, was sent abroad (to Budapest and Berlin). In March 1898, the government decided to build a telephone line between St. Petersburg and Moscow, and by order of the head of the Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs, engineer A. A. Novitsky was appointed as a work manager. Novitsky created a working draft and made a construction estimate. Work on the arrangement of telephone communication between St. Petersburg and Moscow began on June 10, 1898 (in the direction from St. Petersburg to Moscow).

Technical communications workers from various postal and telegraph districts took part in the construction. The wire suspension was well organized and went fairly quickly. Already by September 30, 1898, the suspension of all four wires reached Moscow. But a strong storm that occurred on October 1 caused very great damage to the constructed line. The wires from St. Petersburg to Moscow (620 versts) were completely suspended on October 16, 1898. Construction work on the line and in the city limits with the installation of switches and the inclusion of wires in them ended two months later.

The official opening of the telephone communication between St. Petersburg and Moscow took place in St. Petersburg on December 31, 1898 (old style) at 11 am.

During the first week, an average of 60 negotiations took place between St. Petersburg and Moscow per day, but already in the next week the number doubled.

Long-distance telephone communication in Russia until 1917 did not receive its further significant expansion. There were only two telephone lines in Russia: Petrograd - Moscow, Moscow - Kharkov (built in 1912) and several short lines.

Only after the Great October Socialist Revolution did great attention begin to be paid to the development of communications about the country.

At a meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on April 29, 1918, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin pointed out: "Socialism without mail, telegraph, cars is an empty phrase."

During the years of Soviet power, the quantitative and qualitative state of all means of communication in our country, including long-distance telephone communications, has changed radically.

In 1939 it was commissioned the world's longest air intercity telephone line Moscow - Khabarovsk, stretching 8400 km, which was then continued to Vladivostok.

During the years of the Eighth Five-Year Plan, a transcontinental 120-channel telephone line Japan-USSR-Western Europe was put into operation. The length of this highway only on the territory of our country is more than 14 thousand km. In 1940, 92 million long-distance telephone conversations took place in our country, and in 1973 this figure reached 604 million.

Incredible facts about the Eiffel Tower
The Eiffel Tower is one of the most visited attractions in the world and was once called the big mistake of Paris. On April 8, 2007, American Erica Labri married the Eiffel Tower, and on sunny days, the Parisian landmark deforms by 18 centimeters... In our article, we have collected some amazing facts about the Iron Lady. ...

Bastille Day
Every year on July 14, the French celebrate one of the most significant national holidays - Bastille Day. This tradition has existed since 1880, but for the inhabitants of the state, the holiday has long lost its revolutionary significance. In all the cities and villages of France, fun parties take place on this day, restaurants and nightclubs barely accommodate everyone, and the citizens themselves show a willingness to have fun until the morning. Den...

Geography of the Russian bath
Oddly enough, baths in Russia, with the exception of its northwestern regions, began to appear relatively recently. And before that, washing in the oven was widely practiced in Ryazan, and in the Vladimir-Suzdal regions, and even in the Moscow region, which, by the way, was widespread in Moscow itself in the last century. In general, the localization of various bathing traditions in Russia largely coincided with the settlement zones ...

English astronomer William Herschel
The famous English astronomer William Herschel (Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel) went down in history as the discoverer of the planet Uranus. But by profession he was a musician. Herschel was born in 1738 in Hannover, Germany. He was probably taught music by his elder brother, who was an organist in the church. The family moved to London, and Herschel became a musician in the royal guard. At the age of seventeen, the young man first introduced himself in ...

Caesar gold coins
The state of the ancient Romans started minting gold coins quite late. During the Republic, the issue of gold coins was random and few were issued. Their mass emissions began from the time of Caesar's reign. In addition to the inscription CAESAR, the numbers LII are minted on these coins. It is assumed that this could indicate the age of Caesar. Since the year of Caesar's birth is debatable, then to accurately date the release of these mon...