What are the points of view on the location of the ancestral home of the Slavs. Ancestral home of the Slavs. Versions and disputes about the origin and ancestral home of the Slavs. Review and synthesis of data
Hypotheses about the ancestral home of the Slavs
Remark 1
There are a significant number of hypotheses as to which territory to take as "original" in relation to the Slavs. Theories about the presence of some initial communities like the Germanic-Balto-Slavic or lesser - the Balto-Slavic are currently recognized as untenable.
According to researchers Rybakov B.A. and Tretyakova P.N., first contacts of Slavs and Balts can be established according to the Trzynec archaeological culture. This is a culture of the Bronze Age and geographically it belongs to the Oder-Dnieper region. In this case, if the fact of the existence of the Slavs in the territory of another group of tribes is established, it is necessary to find out where they came from.
The Trzyniec culture was discovered by the Poles, who at first did not imagine its scale. However, it was in the Dnieper region that the most significant finds were made, on the basis of which Rybakov put forward the assumption that culture moved west from the east, and not vice versa.
Picture 1.
At the same time, it should be noted that in that era, the Srubnaya culture prevailed in the east, which did not include the Slavs.
Ready-made works on a similar topic
- Course work The search for the ancestral home of the Slavs 410 rub.
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The next interesting hypothesis was put forward by ON Trubachev. Based on the foregoing, as well as the linguistic archaism of the Slavic language, Trubachev suggested that the ancestral home of the Slavs and Indo-Europeans is one territory. That is, probably, the ancestors of the Slavs lived on the same territory with a certain Indo-European community. This area was located in Central Europe.
Anthropology about the origin of the Slavs
In favor of the location of the Proto-Slavs in Central Europe, arguments can be made from linguistics, as well as anthropology and archeology.
Remark 2
The most famous domestic studies of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs were carried out Trofimova T.A. and Alekseeva T.I. Their theories and conclusions are different. For example, researchers differently assess the role of the carriers of the culture of band ceramics in the formation of the Slavic ethnic group: Trofimova considers them fundamental, according to Alekseeva T.I. they can be included in the composition of the Slavs as a substratum or superstratum. Alekseeva's opinion is confirmed by many anthropologists.
Hypothesis of Trofimova T.A. based on the so-called autochthonic theories, therefore, she recognized the presence of various elements in the Slavic community, but did not take any of them as the main one. Such an approach ruled out, on the whole, for anthropology the possibility of solving the problem of ethnogenesis.
Alekseeva T.I. carried out her research later, in the $60-70s, at that time the costs of autochthonism were overcome. Began to be taken into account comparative studies and population migration. The authority of anthropology in matters of ethnogenesis has grown.
Among the Slavs in terms of volume, the most representatives of cultures Corded Ware. This type of population is characterized by a broad face and a long head. Such an appearance brings them very close to the Balts and makes it difficult to separate them from the Slavs from an anthropological point of view. The following fact is important: in the Neolithic and Bronze Age, the related population lived in most of the Left-Bank Ukraine and the northwestern coast of Europe, and the distribution zone of the Dinaric anthropological type, which is currently manifested among Albanians, Serbs and Croats, must also be taken into account. This means that when considering the issue of Slavic ethnogenesis, it is necessary to take into account the territory that significantly exceeds the area of residence of the Balts.
The formation of the Slavs was also significantly influenced tribes of the culture of bell-shaped cups and those who practiced burials in cysts . According to Alekseeva T.I. the population of the culture of bell-shaped cups is most important in the question of the ancestral home of the Slavs, because the Slavs unite the North European and South European races. However, the culture of bell-shaped cups is rather poorly studied. It is known that she came from North Africa to Spain, where she replaced the culture of megaliths. By $1800 B.C. the culture of bell-shaped cups moved along the western coast of the Atlantic Ocean and became part of the future Celts, as well as in Central Europe. The origins of this culture are not precisely defined, approximately this is the territory of the Eastern Mediterranean, Western or Central Asia. Perhaps related to this culture were the Hittites and Pelasgians, as well as the Ligurians who inhabited Northern Italy. In any case, it is curious that the supreme deity of the Ligurians Kupavon coincided in function with the Kupala of the Slavs. From this fact, we can conclude that in the Alpine territory, together with the Slavs, lived linguistically and religiously close to them independent tribes.
The main anthropological difference between the Slavs and the Balts consists in the presence in the composition of the Slavs of the Central European Alpine racial type, as well as representatives of the culture of bell-shaped cups. The migratory southern waves in the Baltics were of a different kind. The southern population was only an admixture among the Illyrians, Veneti and various waves of Cimmerians who overcame Asia Minor and the Balkans. The origins and languages of these groups were quite similar. The languages available to them were also on the territory of the Franco-Cimmerian culture in the Carpathians. The language of the Alpine population and the culture of the bell-shaped goblets differs from the Baltic-Dnieper and Black Sea languages.
Remark 3
Maybe, Slavic was formed in Central Europe through contacts between the bearers of the cultures of bell-shaped cups and others, originating from the Corded Ware cultures, or came to this territory already formed. It is undeniable that living nearby for a long time equally influenced the Proto-Slavic language and the Celtic and Illiro-Venetian languages, intermediate dialects appeared.
Alekseeva believed that the culture of bell-shaped cups could well be the original anthropological type of the Slavs, and cited the similarity of the ancient Russian population, as well as the modern inhabitants of the Dnieper region, with the North Balkan, South German, North Italian, Swiss, Hungarian and Austrian populations. Thus, the Proto-Slavs moved precisely from west to east. This type spread from Moravia and the Czech Republic to the future tribes of the streets, the Drevlyans, etc. It is impossible to establish exactly the beginning of the movement to the east from Central Europe, because cremation was widespread among the Slavs.
Figure 2.
Advances in toponymy in defining the Chernoles culture
However, rich linguistic material, including toponymy, remained from that era. Here are the most famous research Trubacheva O.N. He owns works on craft terminology, toponyms of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. On the basis of his works, Trubachev deduced the coincidence of the territory of origin of the Indo-Europeans and the Slavs, since the Slavic terminology of the craft is similar to the ancient Roman one, and there are Illyrian ones in the names of rivers and other toponyms.
Ukrainian archaeologists determined that the Chernoles culture of $X-VII$ cc. BC. was Slavic. The Chernolesians coexisted with the Cimmerians, and fortified settlements were discovered on the border territory, evidence of the growing separation of these cultures. The Slavic toponymy discovered by Trubachev completely coincides with the Chernolesskaya archaeological culture, which is very rare for ethnogenetic studies.
Remark 4
Thus, the Chernolesskaya culture can be regarded as a beacon in the deepening of searches, as well as in the study of successors. However, it should be taken into account that at the turn of the forest-steppe and the steppe, farmers and steppe nomads clashed for many centuries, and with the onset of social stratification, conflicts arose among related tribes, in addition, many new waves of migrations took place from Central Europe.
So, establishing the nature of the Chernoles helps in the question of the ethnicity of the Trzynec culture: it is precisely here that the movement of the Proto-Slavs from the Alpine regions to the Dnieper is drawn. It is the cremation that makes it possible to single out the Slavs, and among the corpses of the Slavic anthropological type, it was not found, probably they were the Balts. Within the framework of this culture, the southern type with a predominance of dark pigment met with the northern, light-pigmented type and assimilated it.
1. ancestral home from the "VELES" BOOK. "From the oldest written source" The Book of Veles ", the ancestral home of all Slavs can be localized in the territory between the Armenian Highlands and the Iranian plateau. 10-9 centuries BC According to another calculation, from the forefather Orey to the Kyiv prince Dir, who ruled in the 9th century, there are 1.5 thousand years. about 3 thousand years ago - long before the flourishing of ancient Greek culture and the founding of Rome. According to the mythology of the Slavs, the forefather Orei (Arey, Ariv or Orius) after the "great cold" led the tribe from the "Russian Mountains" first to the south and then to the west.
The surroundings of Mount Ararat, where the Slavs came from, is the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans.
VOLKHA: "The Book of Veles" is an art/epos and nothing more. I DO NOT BELIEVE.
2. HOMELAND. "The concept of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, its essence: the territory of the historical ancestral home coincides with the territory of the early stage of the Sredny Stog archaeological culture of the late 5th millennium BC. Ros and Ingul and on the Lower Don. In favor of such a decision, the whole set of data from archeology, hydronymy, geography,
linguistics, cultural studies, natural sciences. For the first time, the concept of the Indo-European ancestral home in the Northern Black Sea region was put forward as early as the 19th century (V-IV millennium BC). Germanic or Slavic tribes stood out from the Indo-Europeans. The most important tree for the Indo-Europeans was the "oak".
VOLKHA: No, dear UKRAINIAN author, the tree of the Family was FIR. What oaks are in the NORTH?! I didn’t see ANY serious material evidence in the BOOK. "Ukraine still defends its "priority" to the true ancestral home of the Ross-RODS, ignoring the "borealness" of Hyperborea-OR, the knowledge of Dr. Greece, Dr. Egypt ...
ROS - "C"; the abbreviation of the god Svarog of the Kiev pantheon ... Svarog, there is no such "god" and never was in the ARI, but there was VAR as part of the light and darkness of the god Vorvar of the World BOR; "b" - a typical suffix-ending from Byzantium, the desire to DISCHARGE from the ARE of the North into the "independence" of the Kiev region ... ROS = ROSA with an emphasis on "O"). ROS - "The world born of Svarog."
In fact, ROS-ROSA came from the ancient part of the AR GENUS (with a strike on "O"):
KIND - "KIND" (the main great-ancestor-god Mormar OR, his nickname, as the father - "Adam" of all the first people of the planet of the white race) + "A" (original). KIND - "Original Kin". By the way, there is a steam room (female ) the hypostasis of Mormar - the goddess Mormar, better known as Mara, she is also KALI Dr. Inda, she is also the Great Ma (Mother) - "Foremother of all mothers", i.e. a kind of "Eve". The Temple of Christ gave her the status of "Our Lady" - "Virgin Mary".
CONCLUSIONS Volkhi: No matter how you lie, the TRUTH will come up ... from mine and people like me, VOLKHOV (not to be confused with the Magi, imitators of us) WORKS. but it SHITs incredibly ... It's a pity.
3. CHRONICLE NESTOR (PVL). "The chronicler Nestor called the most ancient territory of the Slavs - the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. The reason for the settlement of the Slavs from the Danube was the attack on them by the Volohs." and the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs. There was even a version about 2 ancestral homelands of the Slavs, according to which the 1st ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language developed (between the lower flow of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavs themselves were formed. people (according to the authors of the hypothesis, this happened starting from the 2nd century BC) - the basin of the Vistula River. From there, the western and eastern Slavs had already left. Dnieper and Dniester. The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis about the ancestral home of the Slavs, although it remains a hypothesis, is still the most popular among historians. It is conditionally confirmed by local toponyms, as well as vocabulary. Slavs were on the sidelines from the sea, in a forested flat zone with swamps and lakes, as well as within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of the culture of under-klosh burials already known to us fully correspond to these geographical features. " (stat "Where is the ancestral home of Russians actually located?", Russian Seven, 2016)
VOLKHA: "Chronicler Nestor" is a monk of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ, known as his ardent fanatic-adept. He practically "legitimized" the pro-Ukrainian ancestral home of the Slavs, which is quite consistent with the "ideas" on false history with the help of the "works of the Russian Orthodox Church" on It's coming out to Slavs.
VOLOKH - "V" + "OL" (window of light) + "O" (window, world) + X (ban on other worlds).
VOLOKH - "Prohibition to the World of Light from the (earthly) region-world." The World of Light is PARADISE (Temple).
In fact, OL - "World of Light" / "World of the Sun" - a civilizational center-core-colony of settlement of the pra-civilization OR - "WHITE GODS", like the 1st on ORE-Earth, pre-human. "GODS" are aliens who created DNA- engineering of the first HUMANS, the white first race of people.
Inhabiting the planet, praciviliz "GODS" (Or) was the only humanoid global civilization of the Earth.
Volkha's CONCLUSIONS: Everything around is a total lie and falsification of the myth-making of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ and NOT A SINGLE still written source "not from the Temple."
The project "SLAVES" is an informal sabotage (part of the war with the ARE - the union of the lands of the ARs (they are ARs, not ARIAs) of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ, part of his "Biblical Project" to conquer the territories of the globe under his rule.
3. ROC and SLAVES. "Nestor in the PVL ("The Tale of Bygone Years" - Volkha) already lists among the Slavs those peoples to which we also refer. This is because the Greco-Roman world and the Western European world have defined the term "Slavs" arises as an opposition to the Slavic world German. But at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, neither the Greco-Roman world nor the German one yet existed, and therefore there was no Slavic world. myths from PVL (Chronicler of Pereslavl-Suzdal, Trinity Chronicle, etc.), and even in Muller's notes there is no word SLAVES, but there is SLOVEN. Lomonosov writes about SLAVENS, spreading it to all Slavs. The original word SLOVENE was replaced with SLAVES and now everyone is tormented by where this word came from, which has become a generalizing term for all Slavic peoples.
VOLKHA: Muller explores the people of SLOVENIA (see point 1), Lomonosov - the people of "SLAVEN" - the same Slovenes, but erroneously combines them with the SLAVES (see paragraph 1), i.e. AROV Ari with NON-ARAS (obviously , the works of Nestor "helped" to distort the picture of the worldview, because M. Lomonosov is a Christian of the Russian Orthodox Church). Karamzin is also one of the adherents of the Russian Orthodox Church, repeats Lomonosov's mistake ... "and now everyone is tormented by where this word came from, which has become a generalizing term for all Slavic peoples.". Thus, the ROC (a branch of the Temple of Yahweh-Christ) brought to life the project "Slavs" (part of the "Bible. Project" of the Temple): the poor peoples of the Ari ... ARY have already forgotten their ancestral roots and began to call themselves "Roman" Slavs, and here it’s not far to "Moscow-Third Rome"!
4. "I once knew this, but forgot. White Dew. That's what the stars in the sky were called! White Dew shine. This is the name of Belarus. Dews are Stars. That's what the ancients called them. grass, and at Night it sparkled in the sky. (stat. "Shine grew", - Sloven Gor, 2013)
VOLKHA: Beautiful fantasy... It's a pity - only FANTASY (there is NO real basis). It is curious: for me, the Rus descended from the Ross-rodov. Here they are - a real superethnos; lived for thousands of years and live within the modern Russian plain of Russia, Belarus and part of Ukraine (modern East and North). But "science" is the opposite. I will understand ...
5.GREAT ANCESTOR-GOD KIND. "Rod is an ancient non-personified god of Russians, the god of the Universe, who lives in heaven and gave life to all living things. The author of the" Book of Idols "(E.V. Ilyenkov) considered the cult of the Family to be one of the world religions, which once covered Egypt, Babylon, Greece, Rome and the Slavic world. Russian history was most directly connected with the ancient civilizations that grew up on the banks of the great rivers: Aryan - on the Volga; Egyptian - on the Nile; Sumero-Akkadian - on the Euphrates; Indian - on the Ganges; Jewish - on the Jordan; Slavic - on the Danube; Slavic Russian - on the Dnieper.
((A.A. Abrashkin, book "Russian gods. The true history of Aryan paganism." -2013)
VOLHA: Why is it "not personalized"?? - His own name is Mormar, see my articles. ROD - "The Parent of Od" (the World of the Ancients) - the nickname of "god" - "Adam". ). There is one more nickname of the Sort - KOL (own name of the Polar Star) - "TO OL" (World of the Sun), as the founder of the cult of the Sun among the great-ancestors of the "Russians" and "Slavs" - AROV.
E.V. Ilyenkov IS WRONG, like many, "inspired" by pagan (Volkhov) Ukraine. school of Svarog. - Fake. The real pantheon of the Family is located in the OR-Hyperborea, and there you need to "dig", and not use falsifications of "literature about ...". For example, Ilyenkov himself - 20th century, "Soviet philosopher, researcher of Marxist- Leninist dialectics" (encyclopedia).
CONCLUSIONS Volkha: For more detailed information about Boget Rode, see my "Encyclopedia of the GODS OR". I do not comment on the rest of the text ... Everything is ahead.
6. RUSSO-SLAVES. "The position "Russians - Slavs" is a key postulate of academic science. Following it, historians represent Russians as migrants who came to the Russian Plain during its Slavic colonization in the 5th-6th centuries AD. From here both the Norman theory and statements about our cultural immaturity, all sorts of talk about borrowing foreign gods, etc. This provision limits Russian history both in time and space. Accepting it, we begin to disfigure our past. , does not fit into a common Slavic house. It is too narrow for a Russian bear. Russians are not Europeans, Russians are EURASIANS. At a certain moment, Russian and Slavic histories intertwined, but this happened relatively late. Rejecting identification with the Slavs, we open new horizons of its history. And if Slavic history can be traced back to the time of Dr. Rome, Russian history is incomparably ancient. And this should become a reminder to every Russian person. "( A.A. Abrashkin, Prince. "Russian gods. The true history of Aryan paganism." -2013)
VOLKHA: This author says, reader, in principle the same thing as I do. I agree with his opinion as a specialist researcher (academician). But here is one of his "jambs" - a tribute to the modern. not Europeans. The most Europeans!! ARA-Ar began from its civilizational core - the center of the subsequent settlement of the population of the Ars of their lands ... And the center was called the "World of the Sun" ("World of Light" = OL in the parent language) BOR ("Great Ancestor OR"), otherwise for other Greeks BOREA .BOR was in the area of COASTAL lands, archipelagos of the islands of the White Sea:
Solovki, Kola peninsula, Arkhangelsk region and Karelia, Komi and Yamal peninsula, arch. Novaya Zemlya...
That's why the Greeks called OR HYPERBOREA ("there, beyond Borea", and not the wind Borea, - the foolishness of the Christian sense of "science"). Ares also lived there, in the local they are ary-BORS (Boreas among the Greeks, let me remind you). This Isn't it modern. North of Europe, Mr. Scientist! And don't be stupid anymore. Fact: today "Russians" ("Russian-Slavs" - only PART PART, see my text above) also live in Asia, as the Asian part of Russia. It turns out EURASIAN resettlement. There are "Russian" diasporas all over the planet ... so what? Can we already be called a PLANETARY ethnos? An ethnic group is called by its core of settlement (the main core is "homeland"). So we are EUROPEANS, Mr. "scientists", whether you like it or not.
CONCLUSIONS Volkha: Modern RUSSIAN - Europeans by origin. Ancestral home of Or (Hyperborea), birthplace of BOR; lands of settlement ARA-AR, then split into European countries, GENUS (Kin - "Rosa" - Ros) and Rus. SLAVES - ares, but returnees from Southern Europe (Ancient Rome) and then settled throughout the "Russian world", assimilating with the closely related ethnic group "Russians", entered it as a part.
7. RUSSIANS are not SLAVES. "The theory is now popular in Ukraine, the Russians are not Slavs, but the people resulting from the mixing of the Finno-Ugric peoples with the Tatars (link to the Laboratory. Population of Human Genetics of the Medical Genetic Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Studying the gene pool of the Russian people allegedly showed that Russians are the same Finns. So there is no brotherhood of Russian and Ukrainian peoples. Russians are the most "Slavic Slavs"! The idea is planted by another category of myth-makers, according to which the historical age of the people somehow affects its authority and status in the world. Proponents of the myth equate Russians and Slavs in general, declaring the complete identity of Russians and Indo-Aryans, thus getting "Ruso-Aryans" ("Slavonic-Aryans"). In both cases, talk about genes, DNA and haplogroups is associated with "purity of blood" .In one case, the people are contemptuously denied the right to bear the proud name of the Slavs on the grounds that it consists of half-breeds, in the other, the people are declared the most pure-blooded people in the world. There is no such thing as Finnish, Finnish, Germanic. Genes are structural and functional units of genetic material, a hereditary factor, a segment of a DNA molecule - much older than any people on Earth. Geneticists distinguish a haplogroup characteristic of the Slavic peoples (a set of nucleotides of the male Y-chromosome). About 4.5 thousand years ago, a boy was born on the Central Russian Plain with a slightly different haplogroup than that of his father. Father's genetic haplogroup: R1a. Modern geneticists classified the mutated haplogroup of the son as R1a1. The mutation turned out to be tenacious. Today, the owners of the haplogroup R1a1 make up 70% of the population of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, as well as the majority of the population in other Slavic countries. This is the biological marker of Slavism. The Slavs are heterogeneous: many peoples have left their genetic trace in them. Among the Russian population, approx. 14% of the Finno-Ugric peoples (tribes are the ancient inhabitants of the lands of modern Russia. The haplogroup of the Mongols (Tatars) is extremely rare among Russians 1.5-3%, among Ukrainians approx. 5%. But among Ukrainians approx. 37 % haplogroups of the Balkans.Inhabitants of other Slavic countries also have their own characteristics.In Belarus there are carriers of haplogroups of the peoples of the Baltic group, Czechs and other Western Slavs are closer to Western European peoples, the Bulgarians have a fair Thracian trace.The people are determined not by genes, but by language, traditions, religion and culture. Therefore, the concept of "Slavic gene" should be attributed to the field of poetic metaphors, and not science.
VOLHA: I agree with what has been said, only DNA genetics and its haplogroups are a reality, and the author’s reasoning about them is “ignorant nonsense.” I agree: there is no Slavic gene, there is a genome. . Slavs are a small part of the ethnic composition; the main superethnos is "RUSSIAN".
8. RODINA. "The testimonies of historians vary. Dominic. monk-historian Mavro Orbini in the late 16th-early 17th century in the "Slavic kingdom": the Slavs left Scandinavia: "Almost all authors who conveyed to the descendants the history of the Slavic tribes claim that the Slavs left Scandinavia. "The descendants of Japhet the son of Noah (Slavs) moved to Europe to the north, penetrating into Scandinavia, along the Northern Ocean." The chronicler Nestor called the ancient territory of the Slavs, as the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. there was an attack on them by the Volokhovs. "For many years, the essence of Slovenia sat along the Dunaev, where there is now Ugor land and Bolgarska"; hence the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs. There were supporters of the European homeland of the Slavs. you need to look for in Europe in the neighborhood with their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believed that in ancient times the Slavs occupied the vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe, from where they were forced to leave for the Carpathians under the Nat There was a version of the 2 ancestral home of the Slavs, according to which the 1st ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language was formed (between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavs themselves were formed. people (from the 2nd century to AD) the Vistula river basin. The Western and Eastern Slavs have already left from there. The first settled the area of the Elbe River, then the Danube and the Balkans, and the second - the banks of the Dnieper and Dniester. The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis of the ancestral home of the Slavs is the most popular among historians. the ancestral home of the Slavs is away from the sea, in a forested plain. A zone with swamps and lakes, within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of culture of the under-klosh burials fully correspond to these geographic features.
VOLHA: I have said everything and answered all the questions of the text above. To the question of the Finno-Ugric peoples: they are also assimilative, but a micro part of the northwest is modern. Russia: the people "Merya" (as Nestor called it), in fact, the historical authentic self-name of the people of MARY (the people of Mar, the great-grandfather god, the coastal inhabitants of the Kola Peninsula - their homeland; then they settled along the ARI in the basin of the Upper Volga and the Onega rivers, Northern Dvina and lakes Ladoga and Onega. Mara is an example of such assimilation. "unearthed". The parent language is the language of the NORTH (the Nords of ROSOV). The rest of the text is real to me.
9. SLAVES. "The East Slavic peoples include Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as sub-ethnic groups of small numbers: Pomors, Don Cossacks, Zaporozhye Cossacks, Nekrasov Cossacks, Russian Ustintsy, Markovites. The territory of residence of these peoples is compact, limited from the west by Poland, the Baltic countries , the countries of Scandinavia, from the north - by the Arctic Ocean, further from the east by the Dvina and Volga rivers and from the south - by the Black Sea. have 2 anthropological types: Atlanto-Baltic and Middle European. The Atlanto-Baltic minor race is characterized by light skin pigmentation, light shades of eyes and hair. Hair is broadly wavy and soft, beard growth is medium and above average, tertiary hairline is from medium to weak. The face, the head are large. The height of the face somewhat predominates over the width. The nose is usually straight and narrow, with a high nose bridge. to the Atlanto-Baltic, but differs in a stronger pigmentation of the hair ("brown-haired belt"). Larger proportions of the face have average values. The growth of the beard is medium to above average, the tertiary hairline is moderate. variants of this race are lighter. Characteristic for Russians and Ukrainians. In addition, there are several complexes (according to T.I. Alekseeva), which are based on features inherent in the population of a particular territory: Baltic, Belozersk-Kama, and Ural. Of the enumerated anthropological complexes, 3 have the most distribution among the East Slavs:
the population of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the sources of the Volga; central-eastern European (along the Oka and its tributaries, in the upper reaches of the Don, along the Klyazma, in the upper and middle reaches of the Volga) - among the majority of Russian groups; tributaries) - among the Ukrainians. The rest of the complexes on the territory of Eastern Europe in the Slavic population are mainly in the contact zones. Consideration of the territories. The Eastern Slavic population showed that, according to the entire complex of racial diagnostic features, Russians and Belarusians gravitate towards the north-western groups, Ukrainians towards the southern ones. peoples is the allocation of the Eastern European type as a special independent branch within the Caucasoid race; the type is characteristic of the population of the central regions of the range of the Russian people.
VOLKHA: "Atlanto-Baltic minor race"...Hmm, guessed it! "Atlanto-Baltic anthropological type - a small race (anthropological type) as part of a large Caucasoid race;
Distributed in the UK, Scandinavian countries, Latvia and Estonia.
(Encyclop.) North Russian-Nords were taken here. Great "Yes, Atla (Atlantis) is our OR (Hyperborea) pra-civilization." daughter, but the Nords are ROSA not Atlanteans !! We (Ors) are Hyperborea. "We have our history for hundreds of millennia! How we want to PULL OUT our roots from Ora-Hyperborea !! Pull out and throw "into the Baltic" ... "SMALL RACE", they say, these Russians! Not "mother-father of the whole white race", but so ... some kind of bastard child ... Nada, it's a shame to call "OUR" Russia.
Russians (brown-haired) are, they say, "Middle European. Malay race." As there is no dismemberment; here it is - there. RACES we Russians are DIFFERENT! Here is the third "anthropological type" for Russians: Eastern European. DISCONNECTED into 3 independent "anthropological. TYPES". Calling a tribe a people with highly civilized signs (clearly higher than that of the Slavs) is not weak, which means ... The Temple of Christ, you tried! Launched your "claws" into the brains of "Russian science". Note, reader, everything relies on the works of Alekseeva T.I.!!
10.UKRAINE. “In the central regions of Ukraine, V.D. Ukrainians are stronger than their neighbors." (MSU abstract, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)
VOLKHA: Again reliance on Alekseeva T.I.! Here it is, the "crown of the jester" of the Temple of Christ!
And UKRAINIANS are not related to us, it follows from the "works of overwhelming Russian archeology" since the times of the USSR. So which Slavs are more Slavic: Russian Slavs or Ukrainians? And so, reader, the ground is being prepared for the creation of the NEW PEOPLE "UKROV", their separation from "all Russians", which in 2018 finally took shape in the "fact" of the creation of the UKRAINIAN PEOPLE - a hybrid of the Urs, Slavs (Slavs), Russians and .. Attributes were also created: pseudo-language, pseudo-writing, pseudo-culture, etc. Before your eyes, reader, the people of UKRA are "selected" REALLY ARTIFICIALLY and their "historical ethnogenesis" is composed.
11. LANGUAGES and DIALECTS. "People who inhabited the north and center of the East European Plains,
spoke Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages. East Slavic peoples speak Slavic languages of the Indo-European group; they are close to the Baltic ones, say Lithuanians, Latvians. The branch of the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas separated in the 5th-6th centuries AD. And at that time, and in subsequent centuries, there was no distinct connection and demarcation of the tribes according to the language. sign; the tribes were at enmity or maintained good neighborly relations, without attaching paramount importance to ethnic differences or similarities. Almost all sources expressively, with reference to a certain territory, fix the Slavs only from the middle of the 1st millennium AD (most often from 4), i.e. .when they act on the historical arena of Europe as a numerous ethnic. generality. Ancient authors (Pliny the Elder, Tacitus, Herodotus) knew the Slavs under the name of Wends. Mentions are present in Byzantine and Arab authors, in Scandinavian sagas, in German. legends." (Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)
VOLKHA: "East Slavic peoples speak the Slavic languages of the Indo-European group..."
Dear anthropologists of the Russian Federation, modern world linguistics has long buried the very concept of "INDO-EUROPEANS" in general! So where do we get the "Slavic languages of the Indo-European group"?
I marvel at the slowness of "scientific academic brains" ...
13. VOST, SLAVES. "The prehistory of the Eastern Slavs begins from 3 thousand BC. Tribes
Proto-Slavs already knew hoe farming and cattle breeding. In 4 thousand BC. pastoral and agricultural tribes, carriers of the Balkan-Danube archaeological. cultures, occupied the area of the lower reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug. The next stage was the resettlement of the "Trypillian" tribes in 3 thousand BC. the tribes of the East Slavs stood out: Krivichi, Slovene Novgorod, we can definitely talk about the anthropological similarity of the East Slavic tribes that took part in the formation of the Russian population. and a strongly protruding nose, which will attribute the East Slavs. The population to the circle of Caucasoid forms, with the exception of the Krivichi of the north-eastern regions (Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Vladimir-Ryazan groups), in which Caucasoid features are somewhat weakened. The uniformity of the physical appearance of the East Slavs, between their individual groups have differences in the cranial index and zygomatic diameter, which distinguishes several
anthropological complexes: narrow-faced dolichocranial among the Vyatichi, dolichocranial from cf. the width of the face of the Smolensk and Tver Krivichi and northerners. As a result, numerous. archaeological expeditions, a large number of paleoanthropological.materials on the East Slavs appeared; a conclusion was drawn about the significant coincidence of the pattern of morphological.complexes in the studied territory of the last millennium. with the complexity of the ethnic composition of the population
Ukraine in this era. The territory of Ukraine is rich in nomadic burial grounds, but they are strangers to the Ukrainian steppes. Ukrainians have no Mongoloid admixture. Paleoanthropological. materials of the Upper Paleolithic in the European part of Russia are numerous, Kostenki and
Sungir." (Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)
VOLHA: Well, well ... "Continuation of the movie"! Kostenki and Sungir DID NOT HELP, but it's a pity!
Again, Ukraine is the "mother of Russian cities" and the official "science" of the Russian Federation does not want to hear anything more. The necks are bent, the backs are bent ...
14. BONES. "Kostenki is a large Upper Paleolithic site-settlement in the Don valley (Voronezh region). Its absolute age is about 30–25 thousand years. The morphological population of the site is diverse: Kostenki 2 is an adult Cro-Magnol male;
child aged 9–11, Cro-Magnol; Kostenki 14 (Markina Gora) - the most complete and earliest skeleton of a modern human with some features of the equator type (proportions of the limbs, a very low ratio of body mass to the surface, prognathism, wide,
strongly protruding nose); Kostenki 15 - a child of 5–6 years old, Central European.
VOLKHA: And where is the main conclusion? Who are the Kostenkovites by origin? Shamefully while silent
Russian science. He doesn’t dare to declare the “truth”. At least thanks for that ... I’m waiting for the Slavs, from whom an old Russian anthropological type crawls out ... Don’t get used to being slandered! "! .. ARE we, gentlemen, ARE (arias)!
15. SUNGIR. "The Sungir site is located on the outskirts of the city of Vladimir in the Klyazma basin; it belongs to the end of the Mologo-Sheksinsky glacial period, the absolute age is 25–27 thousand years. The remains of 9 individuals were found, of which the most complete: an adult male Sungir I, children Sungir 2 ( 11-13 years old) and Sungir 3 (9–11 years old). The population of the site is morphologically diverse: sapiens with Cro-Magnoda and some more archaic features. .Features of similarity with the "Kromagnod Mousterians" from the Near East of the Skhul type and the Central European Neoanthropes from Pshedmost. - Streltsy culture on the Don." ((Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)
VOLHA: Yeah, Sungir is being pulled to the Poles: "neoanthropes from Przedmost" - Poland.
It is disgusting and embarrassing to read, gentlemen, scientists! Everything is the same, the same furrow of science!
16. DIVISION OF THE SLAVES. "A comparison of the medieval and modern East Slavic populations reveals the continuity of the population in some territories and the change in others. Continuity was found: Belarusians - Dregovichi, Radimichi, Western Krivichi; Ukrainians - Tivertsy, streets, Drevlyans, Volynians, meadows; Russians of Desno-Seiminsky triangles - northerners, Russians of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and Volga, the Oka basin and the Pskov-Ilmensky lake district - western Krivichi and Slovene Novgorod. areas, in the late Middle Ages Contacts with the Finno-Ugric population in the modern era are noticeable in the north of Eastern Europe and in the Middle Volga region.
to definitely state: the medieval East Slavs belonged to different branches of Europe. races. Slovenian Novgorod, western Krivichi, Radimichi, Dregovichi, Volhynians - to the circle of northern Caucasians; Drevlyans, Tivertsy, street and clearing - to the circle of the south.
(Abstract of Moscow State University, topic "Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs", Department of Anthropology, 2002)
VOLHA: Dismemberment is preserved! There is nothing more to talk about.
17. Settlement in Eastern Europe. "The resettlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe came from the Center.
Europe: southern forms, the genesis of Belarusians and Russians, the second - Ukrainians. As they advanced, they included in their composition the aboriginal Finno-, Balto- and Iranian-speaking
population. In the south-eastern areas of settlement, the Slavs came into contact with the nomads. Turkic-speaking groups. The anthropological composition of the East Slavs of the Middle Ages reflects the participation of local groups to a greater extent than in subsequent centuries. the Krivichi were not so much the Slavs as assimilated by the Slavs
Finnish population. Approximately the same with respect to the glades, which there is reason to consider as assimilated Chernyakhovites. In subsequent centuries, there is an influx of Slavic population, to some extent leveling anthropological differences between individual East Slavic groups. However, the anthropological heterogeneity of the substrate, and some differences in the original forms, the specifics of ethnic history could not but affect the physical appearance of the East Slavic peoples. forest strip of East Europe. Ukrainians are connected in genesis with the medieval Tivertsy, streets, Drevlyans, included in their anthropological.
the composition of the features of the Middle European substrate of the left bank of the Danube. Considering their similarity with the meadows (Poland), we conclude: in the addition of the physical appearance of the Ukrainian people, along with the Slavs, the peoples of the pre-Slavic substrate (natives), Iranian speakers took part. Glade - descendants of the Chernyakhovites, anthropological continuity with the Scythians of the forest belt. Belarusians, judging by the similarity of their physical appearance with the Dregovichi, Radimich and Polotsk Krivichi, were formed on the basis of a branch of the Slavic tribes, which is connected with the north. part of the Slavs. The genesis was the Balts and East Slavs. The tribes of Volhynia. The formation of the Russian population took place on a relatively homogeneous
always torn to the NORTH: torn to civilization. The cradle-citadel of the BOR in the White Sea Region, where even today its heavy heel is strangled by the past civilization. Solovki and others ... monasteries and cloisters of Christ; stone menhirs and other monolithic monuments of Ora (Hyperborea) are carefully destroyed and manipulated ... The Temple of Christ is firmly seated!
He also brought here those who later became known as POMORs - aggressors of the peoples of the North, who took away from them not only the lands and ancient shrines of Or ... But this is a different topic. "The Crusade" and the occupation of the North were a complete success! ".
The goal is the OR itself (its remnants on the archipelagos of the islands of the Arctic "! - All traces of our culture of the Past are being carefully destroyed under the" cries of the conquest of the North "...
anthropological.based.Ethnic.history of the Russian population is inextricably linked with that
Letto-Lithuanian and Finno-Ugric populations; ethnic ties were formed during the period of the Slavic colonization of the Eastern European Plain and are clearly manifested to this day.
Volkha: "... Russian civilization is the only independent and, moreover, a great power within the limits of a harsh winter." More regrettable: "True, a strange and very specific combination has developed for Russia: a weak economy and a powerful state. Somehow this is definitely connected with Orthodoxy , because the process of Russian settlement of the northern lands and the center of Eurasia began shortly after the Baptism of Russia." In the midst of pseudo-scientific RELATIONS, there is one sensible thought; YES, this is "somehow connected with Orthodoxy" (Christ's Temple).
How many resources have been pumped out of Russia, enough for the whole planet! But the Temple of Christ is real
CONCLUSIONS Volkhi: Everything is the same, everything is the same... WHEN will our science stop looking into the mouth of the European-American opportunistic rogue, huh? Everything has been going on since the time of M. Lomonosov in his native villages ... But has SCIENCE remained in Russia at all? I'm ashamed to write it without quotes!
GENERALIZATION according to the ARTICLE: "Science" is modern. HISTORY is a kind of "dump" in which it would be time to start sorting it out, gentlemen "historians". The Slavs are part of the ROSOV-ars. The unification of peoples is a worthy historical goal and value in the world of the 21st century for everyone in whom it is not water that flows, but the SCARLET BLOOD (ALA) of our great-ancestors of the ARS.
NOVGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER YAROSLAV THE WISE Faculty of Philology
HYPOTHESES ABOUT THE ancestral home of the Slavs.
ANCIENT NEIGHBORS OF THE SLAVES.
Completed by a 3rd year student, group 1221 Kadkina S.A.
Introduction
Language data
Hypotheses of the location of the Slavic ancestral home:
Danubian
Carpathian
hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homelands (A.A. Shakhmatov)
Vistula-Dnieper
Vistula-Oder
neo-Danubian
Conclusion
Literature
INTRODUCTION
The question of the origin of the Slavs is considered one of the main questions in the history of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. The problem is not only to determine the ancestral home of the Slavs, but even to answer the question of their origin. There are many versions of this problem, however, none of them can be considered completely reliable. The efforts of various socialist historians, archaeologists, linguists, anthropologists, ethnographers, whose joint research should, in the end, lead to certain positive results, are directed towards its solution. The greatest disputes arise when determining the territory of the formation of the Slavs, the chronological framework for the addition of the Slavic community. One of the reasons for this is the absence of any complete written sources about the Slavs until the middle of the 6th century AD.
The purpose of this work is to try to analyze and present the points of view, theories of historians who studied the problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs.
1. LANGUAGE DATA
Speaking about the ethnogenesis of the Slavs, we must rely on several sources. These should include:
1) Legends and traditions of the people themselves, early medieval chronicles and chronicles (epics, fairy tales, The Tale of Bygone Years, etc.).
2) Evidence of neighboring peoples who had a written language.
3) Data of archeology, archaeological cultures.
Based on these data, at different times, scientists built hypotheses, according to which in the early period of existence, the Slavs occupied certain territories. Hypotheses are combined into two groups: a generalizing plan, the supporters of which profess the idea of the unity of the anthropological composition of the Slavs, and a differentiating one, denying this approach. The first consider the history of the Slavic peoples as the addition of a physical type community in a certain territory, which included common ancestors, and its settlement with the participation of foreign elements of different origin on the outskirts of their range. The second believe that the Slavs were formed from different racial components, not related by origin.
Hypotheses of the origin of the Slavs: 1. Danubian, 2. Carpathian, 3. hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homes (A.A. Shakhmatov), 4. Vistula-Dnieper, 5. Vistula-Oder, 6. Neo-Danubian.
2. HYPOTHESES FOR THE LOCATION OF THE SLAVIC HOMELAND
Using the sources listed above, scientists build hypotheses about the origins of the Slavs. However, different scientists do not agree not only in determining the place of the Slavic ancestral home, but also in the time of separation of the Slavs from the Indo-European group. There are a number of hypotheses according to which one can speak with confidence about the Slavs and their ancestral home starting from the end of the 3rd millennium BC. (O.N. Trubachev), from the end of the II millennium BC. (Polish scientists T. Ler-Splavinsky, K. Yazhzhevsky, Yu. Kostshevsky and others), from the middle of the II millennium BC. (Polish scientist F. Slavsky), from the 4th century. BC. (M. Vasmer, L. Niederle, S.B. Bernshtein, P.J. Shafarik).
Danubian hypothesis
The first who tried to answer the questions: where, how and when the Slavs appeared on the historical territory, was the ancient chronicler Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. He defined the territory of the Slavs, including the lands along the lower Danube and Pannonia. It was from the Danube that the process of the settlement of the Slavs began, that is, the Slavs were not the original inhabitants of their land, we are talking about their migration. Consequently, the Kievan chronicler was the founder of the so-called migration theory of the origin of the Slavs, known as the "Danubian" or "Balkan". It was popular in the writings of medieval authors: Polish and Czech chroniclers of the 13th-14th centuries. This opinion was shared for a long time by historians of the XVIII - early. XX centuries The Danubian "ancestral home" of the Slavs was recognized, in particular, by such historians as S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others.
According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, the Slavs moved from the Danube to the Carpathians. Proceeding from this, the idea can be traced in his work that “the history of Russia began in the 6th century. on the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians. It was here, according to the historian, that an extensive military alliance of tribes was formed, led by the Duleb-Volhynian tribe. From here, the Eastern Slavs settled to the east and northeast to Ilmen Lake in the 7th-7th centuries. So, V.O. Klyuchevsky sees the Eastern Slavs as relatively late newcomers to his land. Supporters of the Danubian origin of the Slavs were many Russian and Western European researchers. Moreover, at the end of the XX century. Russian scientist O.N. Trubachev specified and developed it. However, during the XIX - XX centuries. This theory also had many opponents.
Carpathian hypothesis
One of the major Slavic historians, the Czech scientist P.I. Shafarik believed that the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought in Europe, next to their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believes that the Slavs already in ancient times occupied the vast expanses of Central and Eastern Europe, and in the 4th century. BC. under the onslaught of the Celts moved beyond the Carpathians. However, even at this time they occupy very vast territories - in the west - from the mouth of the Vistula to the Neman, in the north - from Novgorod to the sources of the Volga and Dnieper, in the east - to the Don. Further, she, in his opinion, went through the lower Dnieper and Dniester along the Carpathians to the Vistula and along the watershed of the Oder and Vistula to the Baltic Sea.
Hypothesis of two Slavic ancestral homelands
At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. acad. A.A. Shakhmatov developed the idea of two Slavic ancestral homelands: the area within which the Proto-Slavic language developed (the first ancestral home), and the area that the Proto-Slavic tribes occupied on the eve of settlement in Central and Eastern Europe (the second ancestral home). He proceeds from the fact that initially the Balto-Slavic community stood out from the Indo-European group, which was autochthonous on the territory of the Baltic states. After the collapse of this community, the Slavs occupied the territory between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina (the first ancestral home). It was here that, in his opinion, the Proto-Slavic language developed, which later formed the basis of all Slavic languages. In connection with the great migration of peoples, the Germans at the end of the 2nd century AD. move south and release the river basin. Vistula, where the Slavs come (the second ancestral home). Here the Slavs are divided into two branches: western and eastern. The western branch moves into the area of the river. Elbe and becomes the basis for modern West Slavic peoples; after the collapse of the Hun empire (the second half of the 5th century AD), the southern branch was divided into two groups: one of them settled the Balkans and the Danube (the basis of the modern South Slavic peoples), the other - the Dnieper and the Dniester (the basis of the modern East Slavic peoples).
Vistula - Dnieper hypothesis
The most popular hypothesis among linguists about the ancestral home of the Slavs is the Vistula-Dnieper. According to such scientists as M. Vasmer (Germany), F. P. Filin, S. B. Bernstein (Russia), V. Georgiev (Bulgaria), L. Niederle (Czech Republic), K. Moshinsky (Poland) and others ., the ancestral home of the Slavs was located between the middle reaches of the Dnieper in the east and the upper reaches of the Western Bug and Vistula in the west, as well as from the upper reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug in the south to Pripyat in the north. Thus, the ancestral home of the Slavs is defined by them as modern northwestern Ukraine, southern Belarus and southeastern Poland. However, in the studies of individual scientists there are certain variations. L. Niederle believes that the place of the Slavic ancestral home can only be determined presumably. He suggests that such tribes as Nevri, Budins, Scythians-plowmen belong to the Slavs. Based on the reports of Roman historians and linguistic data, in particular toponymy, L. Niederle very carefully outlines the area of \u200b\u200bSlavic settlement at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. She, in his opinion, was located to the north and northeast of the Carpathians, in the east it reached the Dnieper, and in the west - the upper reaches of the Varta River. At the same time, he notes that the western borders of the Slavic area may have to be moved to the Elbe River if the Slavic belonging of the cemeteries - the burial fields of the Lusatian-Silesian type - is proved.
F.P. Filin determines the area of settlement of the Slavs at the beginning of our era. between the Western Bug and the Middle Dnieper. Based on linguistic and extralinguistic data, he proposes a periodization of the development of the language of the Proto-Slavs. First stage(until the end of the 1st millennium BC) - the initial stage of the formation of the basis of the Slavic language system. On the second stage (from the end of the 1st millennium AD to the 3rd-4th centuries AD) - in the Proto-Slavic language, serious changes in phonetics take place, its grammatical structure evolves, and dialectal differentiation develops. Third stage(V-VII centuries AD) coincides with the beginning of the widespread settlement of the Slavs, which ultimately led to the division of a single language into separate Slavic languages. This periodization largely corresponds to the main stages of the historical development of the early Slavs, reconstructed on the basis of archeological data.
Further resettlement of the Slavs from the Vistula-Dnieper region occurred, according to S.B. Bernstein, west to the Oder, north to Lake Ilmen, east to the Oka, south to the Danube and the Balkans. S. B. Bernshtein supports the hypothesis of A. A. Shakhmatov about the initial division of the Slavs into two groups: Western and Eastern; from the latter, the eastern and southern groups at one time stood out. This explains the great proximity of the East Slavic and South Slavic languages and a certain isolation, in particular phonetic, West Slavic.
The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Slavs was repeatedly addressed by B.A. Rybakov. His concept is also connected with the Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis and is based on the unity of the territories inhabited by the Slavic ethnic group for two millennia: from the Oder in the west to the left bank of the Dnieper in the east. The history of the Slavs B.A. Rybakov starts from the Bronze Age - from the 15th century. BC. - and identifies five of its stages.
The first he connects the stage with the Trzynec culture (XV-XIII centuries BC). The area of its distribution, in his opinion, was "the primary place of unification and formation of the first splintered Proto-Slavs ... this area can be designated by the somewhat vague word ancestral home" [Rybakov B.A. The paganism of the ancient Slavs. - M., 1981. S. 221]. The Tshinec culture extended from the Oder to the left bank of the Dnieper. Second stage - Lusatian-Scythian - covers the XII-III centuries. BC. The Slavs at this time are represented by several cultures: Lusatian, Belogrudovskaya, Chernolesskaya and Scythian forest-steppe. The tribes of the forest-steppe Scythian cultures, engaged in agriculture, were Slavs, united in an alliance under the name of Skolots. The fall of the Lusatian and Scythian cultures led to the restoration of Slavic unity - the third stage in the history of the Proto-Slavs, which lasted from the II century. BC. according to the II century. AD, and represented by two closely related cultures: Przeworsk and Zarubinets. Their territories stretched from the Oder to the left bank of the Dnieper. Fourth he dates the stage to the II-IV centuries. AD and calls it Przeworsk-Chernyakhovsky. This stage is characterized by the strengthening of the influence of the Roman Empire on the Slavic tribes. Fifth the stage - Prague-Korchak, dates back to the 6th-7th centuries, when, after the fall of the Roman Empire, Slavic unity was restored. According to B.A. Rybakov, proof of the Slavic affiliation of all these cultures.
In recent decades, a number of works by V.V. Sedov. He considers the culture of under-klesh burials (400-100 BC) to be the most ancient Slavic culture, since it is from this culture that elements of continuity can be traced in the evolutionary development of antiquities up to the reliably Slavic era of the early Middle Ages.
The culture of underklesh burials corresponds to the first stage in the history of the Proto-Slavic language according to the periodization of F.P. Owl. At the end of the II century. BC. under the strong Celtic influence, the culture of under-klesh burials is transformed into a new one, called Przeworsk. As part of the Przeworsk culture, two regions are distinguished: the western one - the Oder region, inhabited mainly by the East German population, and the eastern one - the Vistula region, where the Slavs were the predominant ethnic group. Chronologically, the Przeworsk culture corresponds, according to the periodization of F.P. Filin, the middle stage of the development of the Proto-Slavic language. Zarubintsy culture, which was formed with the participation of alien Podkleshevo-Pomeranian tribes and local Milograd and late Scythian, he considers a special group in linguistic terms, which occupied an intermediate position between the Proto-Slavic and Western Baltic languages. The Slavic Prague-Korchak culture is connected with the Przeworsk culture. According to V.V. Sedov, the Slavs were one of the components of the polyethnic Chernyakhov culture.
Vistula-Oder hypothesis
The Vistula-Oder hypothesis, as its name shows, refers the Slavic ancestral home to the territory between the Vistula and the Oder; the northern border of this territory was the Baltic Sea, which roughly corresponds to the territory of modern Poland. In the 1st century AD, the settlement of Slavic tribes began to the south, through the Carpathians and the Hungarian lowland to the Danube and the Carpathians, and to the east, to the Dnieper and beyond. The widespread settlement of the Slavs caused the collapse of their ancient dialects, which had developed back in their ancestral home. They break up into independent ethno-linguistic units, which laid the foundation for the historically known Slavic peoples and languages. The Vistula-Oder hypothesis was formulated by the Polish scientist T. Ler-Splavinsky in his work "On the origin and ancestral home of the Slavs" (1946).
However, as noted by S. B. Bernstein ("Essay on the Comparative Grammar of the Slavic Languages"), we have no reason to believe that in the 1st century AD the Slavs lived on the shores of the Baltic Sea. If the great path for amber ran through the Slavic territories, the influence of ancient languages and ancient culture among the Slavs would be much deeper and more ancient.
Neo-Danubian hypothesis
O.N. Trubachev in his works rejects both the Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis and its Vistula-Oder version. As an alternative, he puts forward the so-called "non-Danubian" hypothesis of the ancestral home of the Slavs. He considers the place of their primary settlement to be the Middle Danube - the territory of the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro), the south of Czechoslovakia and the lands of the former Pannonia (on the territory of modern Hungary). For some time around the 1st century AD. the Slavs were driven out by the Celts and Ugrians to the north, to the Povislenye, and to the east, to the Dnieper region. It was connected with the great migration of peoples. However, already in the middle of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavs, "keeping the memory of their former habitats", "again occupy the Danube, the lands beyond the Danube, the Balkans." Thus, "the movement of the Slavs to the south was returnable" [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Slavs // Questions of linguistics. - 1985. - No. 4. - P.9]. ONTrubachev argues his hypothesis with linguistic and extralinguistic facts. He believes that, firstly, the advance of the Slavs, first to the north and then to the south, fits into the general process of the migration of peoples within Europe. Secondly, it is confirmed by the records of the chronicler Nestor. Thirdly, it was among the southern Slavs who lived along the river. Danube, the self-name *slověne appeared before anyone else - Slovene, which is gradually being established in the works of Byzantine historians of the 6th century, the Gothic historian of the 6th century. Jordan (sklavins). At the same time, they call the Western and Eastern Slavs Wends and Ants, that is, names alien to the Slavs. The ethnonym Slavs O.N. Trubetskoy himself correlates the word with the lexeme and interprets it as “clearly speaking”, that is, speaking in an understandable, not alien language. Fourthly, in the folklore works of the Eastern Slavs, the river is very often mentioned. Danube, which O.N. Trubachev considers to be a living memory of the Danube. Fifthly, he believes that the Ugrians, having come to the territory of the Danube region and founded in the 1st century AD. their state, the Slavic population and Slavic toponyms were found there: *bъrzъ, *sopot, *rěčina, *bystica, *foplica, *kaliga, *belgrad, *konotopa, etc. [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis. Ancient Slavs according to etymology and onomastics // Questions of linguistics. - 1982. - No. 5. - P.9] Thus, O.N. Trubachev believes that "the southern Vistula-Oder area ... approximately coincides with the northern periphery of the Middle Danubian area" [Trubachev O.N. Linguistics and ethnogenesis of the Slavs // Questions of linguistics. - 1985. - No. 5. - P.12], and the area of primary settlement of the Slavs coincides with the area of primary settlement of speakers of the common Indo-European language.
CONCLUSION
The Slavs, having separated from the Indo-European family, constituted a certain array of kindred tribes, distinguished primarily in linguistic terms. But it cannot be assumed that this array was isolated from other ethnic groups, developed on its own until the Slavs formed. In fact, the process of ethnogenesis is much more difficult and contradictory. The most ancient Proto-Slavs occupied a fairly large area and were in contact with the populations of different cultures, mixed with different tribes.
Some researchers are already inclined to see the future in this, that the Slavs from the very beginning were by no means homogeneous, from ancient times they went along almost different paths. But in reality this long preparatory process culminated in the formation of tribal groups or alliances of tribes. Indeed, in the VI-VII centuries. the Slavs had several large groups and many small tribes, but the main thing is that they had a single identity. In addition, at that time there was an active movement of the Slavs over a vast territory. On the one hand, this led to the mixing of the Slavs of different regions and the strengthening of the consciousness of unity throughout the Slavic world. But on the other hand, it was at this time that the Slavs began to move into new territories and mix with various foreign-speaking groups. This led to a further (VIII-IX centuries) division of the Slavic community into three branches: western, eastern and southern.
But, despite the inconsistency of the stated points of view on the beginning of the formation of the Slavic community and the ethnicity of individual cultures, almost all researchers unanimously agree that in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. the territory between the middle Dnieper and the Bug was occupied by Slavic tribes. Ethnic processes are ongoing, and all archaeological cultures left by the Slavic or non-Slavic population had more or less to do with the formation of Slavic early medieval communities, while making their own contribution to the creation of the physical type of the Slavs, to the development of their material, spiritual and industrial activities.
The question of the ancestral home of the Slavs continues to remain open. Scientists put forward more and more evidence in favor of a particular hypothesis. In particular, G.A. Khaburgaev believes that the Proto-Slavic tribes arose as a result of crossing the West Baltic tribes with Italics, Thracians (in the area of modern northern Poland) and Iranian tribes (on the Desna River).
LITERATURE
Alekseeva T. I. Ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs according to anthropological data. - M., 1973. Bernstein S.B. Essay on comparative grammar of Slavic languages, M., 1961.
Janitor F. Slavs in European history and civilization. - M., 2001.
Kalashnikov V.L. Slavic civilization. - M., 2000.
Kobychev V.P. In search of the ancestral home of the Slavs. - M., 1973.
Lyapushkin I.I. Slavs of Eastern Europe on the eve of the formation of the ancient Russian state (VIII - first half of the IX century). Historical and archaeological essays - L., 1968.
Niederle L. Slavic antiquities, trans. from Czech. - M., 2000.
Pogodin A.L. From the history of Slavic movements. - St. Petersburg, 1901.
Sedov V.V. Slavs in antiquity. - M., 1994.
Semenova M. We are Slavs. - St. Petersburg, 1997.
Slavs on the eve of the formation of Kievan Rus. - M., 1963.
Tretyakov P.N. At the origins of ancient Russian nationality. - L., 1970.
Filin F. P. Education of the language of the Eastern Slavs. - M. - L., 1962.
Shakhmatov A. A. The most ancient fate of the Russian tribe. - P., 1919.
Before considering the numerous versions of the origin of the Slavs, it should be noted that all medieval authors, up to the 9th century, did not know such a people as the Slavs and report only claves or claves, although when translating their works into Russian, translators everywhere use the form “Slavs”.
The people, under the name "Sklavins", became known from the 6th century, although some historians believe that ancient authors were still searching for the Slavic ancestral home. At the same time, the Slavs included peoples whose residence was associated with the territories of the future Slavic states formed at the end of the 1st millennium AD. e.
1 Scytho-Sarmatian theory
According to this theory, the Slavs are Scythians, Sarmatians and Roxolans
The Scythian-Sarmatian theory of the origin of the Slavs assumed that the ancestors of the Slavs came from Western Asia and settled in the southern part of Eastern Europe under the names of the Scythians, Sarmatians and Roxolans. First appearing in the Bavarian Chronicle of the 13th century, Scythian-Sarmatian theory developed by Western European historians until the 18th century. One of the adherents of the origin of the Slavs from the Sarmatians (Sauromatians) was the English historian E. Gibbon, who created a voluminous work on the history of Europe.
In Russia, the idea of the origin of the Slavs directly from the Scythians and Sarmatians was shared by M.V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) in his Brief Russian Chronicle and Ancient Russian History. The Russian scientist wrote that " unity of the Slavs with the Sarmatians, Chud with the Scythians for many clear evidence is indisputable" (34, 25). Nowadays, this theory is not seriously considered, although it still has its adherents.
2 Danubian theory
This is the most common theory of the origin of the Slavs
The Danubian theory of the origin of the Slavs assumed that the ancestors of the Slavs formed their ethnic group in the territory adjacent to the Middle Danube, and then settled in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe. This is the most common theory, especially among Russian historians, since the main Russian historical source - The Laurentian Chronicle says that after the destruction of the Babylonian pillar and the division of the peoples, “after a long time, the Slavs settled along the Danube, where now the land is Hungarian and Bulgarian. From those Slavs, the Slavs dispersed over the earth and were called by their names from the places where they sat down" (72, 25). The adherents of this theory include such prominent West Slavic authors as
- Kadlubek,
- Bogufal,
- Dalimil,
- Safarik,
as well as Russian historians
- S.L. Soloviev,
- IN AND. Klyuchevsky,
- M.N. Pogodin,
- HE. Trubachev.
3 Danube-Balkan theory
This theory is adjoined by the Danube-Balkan theory of the origin of the Slavic ancestral home, one of the oldest in terms of time of origin, but then for a long time did not find supporters because of supposedly the impossibility in antiquity of the resettlement of the Proto-Slavs to the Vistula-Oder region of the future distribution of the Slavs through the Sudeten-Carpathian barrier. At the end of the 20th century, the Polish archaeologist W. Hensel suggested that it was not quite Proto-Slavs who had crossed this mountain range from south to north, whose language had not had time to take shape and stand out as Proto-Slavic, and only here in the Wislenie did this people manage to form their original language.
Because the in "The Tale of Bygone Years" traditionally for the time of its creation, the narrative begins from the biblical characters - Noah and his sons, it is customary to consider the "historical past" not only of the Proto-Slavs, but also of their predecessors, the Proto-Slavs. Some authors (V.M. Gobarev and others) extend the history of the Slavs with their predecessors to the 2nd millennium BC. e., considering the ancestors of the Slavs of the Scythians-Skoltos. Others (A.I. Asov) call the ancestors of the Slavs the people of the Hittites from Asia Minor, whose descendants came with Aeneas and Antenor from Troy to Italy and Illyricum.
In general, the desire to consider the origin of their people from the heroes of Troy is inherent not only in Russian historians, it was stubbornly supported in the historiography of other European peoples. So, back in the middle of the 19th century, the English historian G.T. Buckle, criticizing this centuries-old legend, said that “it never occurred to anyone to doubt this fact. The dispute was only about from whom exactly did individual nations originate. However, a certain unanimity was formed on this issue: thus - not to mention the minor peoples - it was believed that the French descended from Frank, and everyone knew that this was the son of Hector; in the same way it was then known that the Britons were descended from Brutus, whose father was none other than Aeneas himself ”(75, 48).
And V.N. Demin brings the Slavs out of the Aryans who came in ancient times from Hyperborea. Yu.A. Shilov, based on his excavations of burial mounds of the 4th-2nd millennium BC. e., concluded, in accordance with the myths of the ancient Aryans, that the territory of Southern Ukraine was the birthplace of the Indo-European proto-ethnos in general and the Aryan peoples in particular. It is here, according to Yu.A. Shilov, the Vedas were compiled, later recorded in the Book of Veles, and the Slavs were the direct descendants of the Aryans. B.A. Rybakov believes that “the separation of the Proto-Slavic tribes from their related neighboring Indo-European tribes occurred approximately 4-3.5 thousand years ago, at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e." (53, 14).
4 Vistula-Oder theory
This theory of the origin of the Slavs originated in Poland
The Vistula-Oder theory of the origin of the Slavs, which arose in the 18th century among Polish historians, assumed that the Slavic people arose on the territory between the Vistula and Oder rivers, and deduced the Proto-Slavs from the tribes of the Lusatian culture Bronze or early Iron Age. Among the Russian adherents of this theory, one can note the archaeologist V.V. Sedov, who believes that the Proto-Slavic culture originated in the 5th-6th centuries BC. e. in the basin of the middle and upper reaches of the Vistula and spread further to the Oder. V.V. Sedov proposed to correlate the culture of underclothes burials with the culture of the Proto-Slavs.
5 Oder-Dnieper theory
The Oder-Dnieper theory of the emergence of the Slavs suggests that the Proto-Slavic tribes appeared almost simultaneously in the vast expanses from the Oder in the west to the Dnieper in the east, from Pripyat in the north to the Carpathian and Sudeten Mountains in the south. At the same time, the following types of cultures are considered to be the First Slavic:
- Trzynec culture of the 17th-13th centuries BC e.,
- Tshinetsko-Komarovskaya culture of the XV-XI centuries. BC e.,
- Lusatian and Scythian forest-steppe cultures of the 12th–7th centuries. BC e.
The adherents of this theory include the Poles T. Ler-Splavinsky, A. Gardavsky, and in Russia P.N. Tretyakov, B.A. Rybakov, M.I. Artamonov. However, there are significant differences in the versions of these authors.
6 Carpathian theory
Based on a high concentration of Slavic toponyms, especially hydronyms
The Carpathian theory of the origin of the Slavs, put forward in 1837 by the Slovak scientist P. Safarik and revived by the efforts of the German researcher J. Udolf in the 20th century, is based on a superdense concentration of Slavic toponyms, especially hydronyms in Galicia, Podolia, Volhynia. Among Russian authors, we can mention A.A. Pogodin, who made a great contribution to the development of this theory by systematizing the hydronyms of these areas.
7 Pripyat-Polessye theory
This theory is based on the linguistic characteristics of the peoples from these regions.
The Pripyat-Polessye theory of the Slavic ancestral home is divided into two currents:
- Pripyat-Upper Dnieper and
- Pripyat-Middle Dnieper theory
and is based on the linguistic characteristics of the peoples living in these regions. Adherents of this theory, one of whom was the Polish archaeologist K. Godlevsky, believe that in the Vistula-Oder interfluve Slavs advanced from Polissya.
The Pripyat-Middle-Dnieper variant of the Pripyat-Polesye theory was much more widespread in Poland and Germany than in Russia. One of the founders of this version is the Polish ethnologist K. Moshinsky, who, in addition, extended the existence of the Proto-Slavs on the Middle Dnieper until the 7th-6th centuries. BC e., assuming that then Proto-Slavs, i.e. the ancestors of the Proto-Slavs, who had not yet separated from the Indo-European association, lived somewhere in Asia in the vicinity of the Ugrians, Turks and Scythians.
Proto-Slavs are the ancestors of the Proto-Slavs
Among Russian scientists who support the finding of the ancestral home of the Slavs in the interfluve of the Middle Dnieper and the Southern Bug, it should be noted F.P. Filin and B.V. Gortung. Moreover, B.V. Gortung, in contrast to K. Moshinsky, believed that Proto-Slavs of Trypillian culture lived in this area 4-3rd millennium BC e., who then, having crossed into the interfluve of the Upper Vistula and the Dnieper, turned into Proto-Slavs already in the Tshinetsk-Komarov culture of the 2nd millennium BC. e.
Another adherent of this theory was at the beginning of the 20th century. Czech Slavist L. Niederle, who placed the Proto-Slavs in the middle and upper reaches of the Dnieper.
8 Baltic theory
The Baltic theory, the creator of which is the largest researcher of Russian chronicles A.A. Shakhmatov suggests that the ancestral home of the Slavs was on the coast Baltic Sea in the lower reaches of the Western Dvina and the Neman, and only later did the Slavs go to the Vistula and other lands. In confirmation of this, he revealed a layer of ancient Slavic hydronymy between the Neman and the Dnieper.
According to one theory The Slavs were a large people, which did not have a place of resettlement common to all. Allegedly, this people, when they first appeared in Europe, were scattered in many places among other peoples, more numerous in this place and better known to historians. Therefore, for a long time the Slavic people in history were unknown, and sometimes referred to under different names.
At the same time, it is believed that on the Middle Danube the Slavs spoke under the names of Illyrians and Celts, in the Vistula and Oder basins - Venets, Celts and Germans, and in the Carpathians and on the Lower Danube - Dacians and Thracians. Well, in Eastern Europe, the Slavs, of course, acted under the names of the Scythians and Sarmatians. Therefore, the ideas of ancient and medieval authors about the Slavs as a single people did not work out. Adjacent to this theory is the version that all European peoples descended from the Proto-Slavs, who were the core of the Indo-European community.
All European peoples descended from the Proto-Slavs
V.P. Kobychev in the book “In Search of the Ancestral Homeland of the Slavs”, after analyzing a significant number of versions, came to the conclusion that “by denying the Slavic affiliation to the Neuri, as well as at an early time to the Wends and disputes, we put ourselves in an extremely difficult position on the issue of the origin of the Slavs. There is literally no place left for them on the ethnic map of Eastern Europe. Lower Hanging and Ponemenye disappear, since the Slavs were not familiar with the sea, the more southern regions also disappear, because there lived the neurons, who ... were, perhaps, Balts, Celts, or whatever, but not Slavs. In the Carpathians and along the Danube lived ... Getae and Dacians; Northern Black Sea region occupied by Iranian-speaking Scythians. The upper, and partly the Middle Dnieper and the adjacent part of the Oka basin were inhabited by Letto-Lithuanian tribes, even more northern and eastern regions - Finno-Ugric peoples ... "(53, 17).
Indeed, with such contradictory versions and theories of the origin of the Slavs, it is difficult to come to a consensus, and even more so to substantiate and prove it. Or maybe it doesn’t make sense to continue this centuries-old search for a black cat in a dark room, especially since it most likely was not there? After all numerous Germanic-speaking tribes at first, by the will of the Romans, they were named after the Germans, and only after centuries they began to represent a single whole.
The Slavs, on the contrary, first received the common name of the Slavs, and then divided into many Slavic tribes with their own names. Herodotus knew nothing about the peoples north of the Danube, although in Eastern Europe his knowledge of the localization of various peoples was much more extensive. But it was precisely because of the northern limits of the Danube that some of the most numerous ethnic formations - Germans and Slavs. If the origin of the Germans, at least from the beginning of our era, is considered to be sufficiently known and resolved, then the origin of the Slavs with each new generation of historians, archaeologists, linguists becomes more and more confused.
Each new generation of scientists is increasingly confusing the origin of the Slavs.
There is also a version of the origin of the Slavs from numerous slaves, who in the era of the slave system were the basis for the production of agricultural products and material values. M. Gimbutas gives the following explanation of this version: “Many linguists and historians have tried to explain the origin of the root of glory. Based on "sklavins" and "sklavens", mentioned by Jordanes and Procopius, some associated it with the Latin word "sclavus", meaning "slave". This may explain why sk- was replaced by sl- in these sources, but, of course, it does not explain the origin of the word "Slovene" (22, 69). Nevertheless, this version remains one of the most unexplored for several centuries, and remains so, most likely due to its possible unpopularity among historians, and, most likely, due to the lack of support for it among the political elites of the Slavic countries.
Therefore, despite the abundance of versions about the location of the ancestral home of the Slavs and their origin, supported by relevant theories and volumes of research in this area, this question still remains open. And this means that either these theories are not true, or until the 6th century there were no Slavs as a people yet. And the prehistory of the Slavs, probably, should not be looked for among this many versions of their origin, but, on the contrary, stepping back from them, more closely consider their origin from the numerous slaves of the state of the Huns, especially since such a version has been studied too superficially. It is quite possible that this happened because of the "false patriotism" of the historians of the Slavic countries. However, in order to reject this version, it is necessary to study it more thoroughly.
On the globe today there are about 200 million people who speak thirteen Slavic languages, and nevertheless, for historians it still remains a mystery where the Slavic language originated and where the ancestral home of the Slavs is located, from where they diverged in Central, Southern and Eastern Europe.
Where did the Slavic ethnic group come into the world, and what territory can be called “originally Slavic”?
Historians' accounts vary. The Dominican monk-historian Mavro Orbini, who wrote at the end of the 16th-beginning of the 17th century a work called “The Slavic Kingdom”, referring to a number of authors, claims that the Slavs came from Scandinavia: “Almost all authors whose blessed pen conveyed to the descendants the history of the Slavic tribe , argue and conclude that the Slavs came out of Scandinavia ...
The descendants of Japheth the son of Noah (to whom the author refers to the Slavs) moved to Europe to the north, penetrating into the country now called Scandinavia. There they multiplied innumerably, as St. Augustine points out in his "City of God", where he writes that the sons and descendants of Japheth had two hundred homelands and occupied the lands located north of Mount Taurus in Cilicia, along the Northern Ocean, half of Asia, and throughout Europe. all the way to the British Ocean.
The chronicler Nestor called the most ancient territory of the Slavs - the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper and Pannonia. The reason for the settlement of the Slavs from the Danube was the attack on them by the Volkhovs. “For many years, the essence of Slovenia sat along the Dunaev, where there is now Ugorsk land and Bolgarsk.” Hence the Danube-Balkan hypothesis of the origin of the Slavs.
The European homeland of the Slavs also had its supporters. Thus, the prominent Czech historian Pavel Safarik believed that the ancestral home of the Slavs should be sought on the territory of Europe, next to their kindred tribes of the Celts, Germans, Balts and Thracians. He believed that in ancient times the Slavs occupied the vast territories of Central and Eastern Europe, from where they were forced to leave the Carpathians under the pressure of the Celtic expansion.
There was even a version about the two ancestral homelands of the Slavs, according to which the first ancestral home was the place where the Proto-Slavic language developed (between the lower reaches of the Neman and the Western Dvina) and where the Slavic people themselves were formed (according to the authors of the hypothesis, this happened from the 2nd century BC). BC) - the basin of the Vistula River. Western and Eastern Slavs have already left from there. The first settled the area of the Elbe River, then the Balkans and the Danube, and the second - the banks of the Dnieper and Dniester.
The Vistula-Dnieper hypothesis about the ancestral home of the Slavs, although it remains a hypothesis, is still the most popular among historians. It is conditionally confirmed by local toponyms, as well as vocabulary. If you believe the "words", that is, the lexical material, the ancestral home of the Slavs was away from the sea, in a forested flat zone with swamps and lakes, as well as within the rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, judging by the common Slavic names of fish - salmon and eel. By the way, the areas of the culture of underclothe burials already known to us fully correspond to these geographical features.
