Edible and poisonous cap mushrooms

Mushrooms are a separate kingdom of organisms that combine the features of both animals and plants. Most of the presented species are used in cooking and are not poisonous, but some can cause significant harm to the human body. They reproduce by spores and have their own unique root system. At present, more than one hundred thousand different species are known to science, but it is assumed that the real number of species far exceeds this figure.

Mushrooms are a separate kingdom of organisms that combine the features of both animals and plants.

The most common edible fruits are boletus, white, mushrooms, boletus. Each of the species has common structural features: mycelium, fruiting body. Conventionally, hat organisms can be divided into two types - tubular and lamellar. e. They differ in appearance and structure of the lower part of the mushroom cap. The name of the plant was due to its appearance - hats located on thin legs are visible to the naked eye and attract mushroom pickers.

The structure of cap mushrooms

Hat mushrooms consist of two parts - the fruiting body and the root system itself, which is called the mycelium. The exceptions are truffles, morels and lines, since these species do not have hemp and are connected to the mycelium by the fruiting body itself.

Developed roots can be seen with the naked eye - in the place where the mushroom was collected, after cutting it, you can loosen the soil a little and see the threads. It is they who nourish the aerial parts of the body and are the most important part for the normal growth of the plant. You can examine the root system in more detail under a microscope. It is noticeable that it consists of many whitish threads, peculiarly woven together. Each thread consists of oblong-shaped cells located in one row.

The cap fungus cell has a non-standard structure - it has two nuclei instead of one and completely lacks plastids.

What mushrooms are edible (video)

What is the fruiting body of a cap mushroom, and its functions

The fruiting body is the aerial part of the body, which consists of a cap and a hemp (tube). The fruits, as well as the roots, consist of many white filaments formed by oblong cells. However, the density of cells in the cap is much higher since they are arranged in two layers (unlike the roots). The top layer is colored according to the type of fungus with pigments.

Tubular fruits differ from lamellar ones in the form of the lower part of the cap. In lamellar, they are represented by soft stripes (plates) of white color, and in tubular ones, by many microscopic tubes.

Features of life

Mushrooms combine the signs of life of both plants and animals. With herbaceous plants, there are several similar features:

• The cell wall is developed and consists of cells folded in several rows. This allows the fungus to avoid mechanical damage. When collecting and transporting it is also convenient.
• Mushrooms, like plants, are completely immobile and are in a vegetative state. They are connected to the soil by a root system.
• Reproduction by spores. Like some types of plants, they use them for reproduction - after the spore matures into the environment, many cells break out, which, when released into a humid environment, form a root system.
• Adsorption. It's no secret that mushrooms are mostly liquid. Like plants, they are able to absorb both beneficial and harmful substances from the environment. That is why it is recommended not to collect fruits near roads, industrial facilities.

With animals also combines several signs. For example, the ability to synthesize organics from inorganic substances (heterophorism). The cap also contains chitin, which protects the walls from damage. The same substance is found in the shell of some insects, the skeleton of arthropods. The cells of the fungus do not contain plastids and chloroplasts, which provide nourishment from sunlight. Just like animals, they can excrete waste products (urea) into the environment.

Nutrition methods

According to the type of nutrition, mushrooms are divided into two types:

• saprotrophs;
• symbionts.

About the reproduction of cap mushrooms

Fungi have two types of reproduction - sexual and asexual.. Reproduction without sexual characteristics occurs due to individual parts of the mycelium (mycelium) and the cells that make up them. Also, asexual reproduction is represented by spores, which are formed in special cells (sporangia). Once in conditions favorable for growth and development, the spore germinates inside the earth and forms a mycelium.

Sexual reproduction occurs by copulation of two heterosexual cells located at the ends of the hyphae. At the same time, in some species, after the appearance of organs that are not similar to gametes, while in others outgrowths are formed, consisting only of vegetative cells.

Examples of edible cap mushrooms

The most valuable among edible cap mushrooms are champignons, porcini mushrooms, boletus, boletus, milk mushrooms. At the same time, in each individual species, the formation of the fruiting body and the root system occurs at different times of the year.

Russula

It has firm flesh and a thin, fragile stem.. It has a white cap color, which can change when the fungus is cut or the stage of fetal growth. There are several types: wavy russula, pale green and food.

Champignon

The mushroom has a white color and a medium-sized fruiting body. The most common species are champignon forest, garden, field and ordinary. It has a rounded cap with inwardly curved edges, the surface of which can be glossy. The stem can reach up to ten centimeters in length.

Butter dish

Refers to tubular, and got its name due to the slippery surface of the cap. The hat is hemispherical, painted brown or olive. The peel of the fruit is easily detached from the pulp, and the pulp itself is juicy, yellow in color.

Inedible mushrooms (video)

What poisonous mushrooms are hat

Poisonous cap mushrooms can cause irreversible consequences in the human body due to intoxication. When ingested, harmful substances lead to food poisoning, dehydration, and even death. The most popular representatives of poisonous hats are fly agaric, false mushrooms, satanic mushroom, as well as white grebe, false chanterelle, gall fungus and russula caustic.

Some of the poisonous fruits are conditionally edible. This means that before cooking the fruit, additional heat treatment (stewing, boiling or drying) should be carried out.

Remember that even edible mushrooms can become hazardous to health if they are collected near railways and other sources of poisonous substances.
It is necessary to collect fruits with extreme caution, observing all safety regulations. Before entering the forest, it is necessary to instruct the group members on the sequence of actions, as well as to wear closed clothing that will prevent insect bites.

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