Wheat yield per 1 ha
Here, winter wheat occupies over 47% of the total area of grain crops. In areas with a high saturation of winter wheat in crop rotations, it can occupy up to 2-3 fields.
In Ukraine and Moldova there are zones that differ from each other in terms of soil and climatic conditions.
The steppe part of the Ukrainian SSR is arid and highly arid. Here, winter wheat crops are unstable over the years, so clean fallows are important. The proportion of clean and occupied fallows should be established in each farm, taking into account the specific natural and climatic conditions, the specialization of the farm, the level of farming culture and the supply of winter crops with the best predecessors.
In the northern and northwestern steppe regions, where there is more rainfall in the autumn, winter wheat sown on a busy fallow develops normally and will yield a yield slightly lower than on a black fallow. So, at the Zherebkovskaya experimental station, located in the northwestern steppe part of Ukraine (Odessa region), the average yield of winter wheat for five years was (in centners per 1 ha): for black fallow - 31.8, for occupied sainfoin fallow - 31.4, after vetch-oat mixture - 29, corn for green fodder - 28.9.
In the northern regions of the steppe part of Ukraine, according to the data of the Krasnograd Experimental Station, the average yield of winter wheat for five years was close for black and busy fallows (sainfoin and vetch-oat) - 36.7-37.2 centners per 1 ha. A slight shortfall in the wheat harvest is compensated by hay yields of fallow crops.
Therefore, in the northern and northwestern regions, the main arrays of wheat should be placed on busy and a small part - on black fallows.
In Polissya of Ukraine, on cohesive soddy-podzolic and podzolized soils, according to experimental institutions, the best predecessors of winter wheat are perennial grasses of one year of use, lupine for green manure, for silage and green fodder, fiber flax, under which a sufficient amount of fertilizer is applied, peas, silage corn fertilized with manure, early fertilized potatoes.
In the conditions of Polissya, the introduction of crop rotations with crops of clover and lupine, the use of a system of organic and mineral fertilizers, the liming of acidic soils, and the regulation of the water regime are decisive measures in increasing the fertility of soils and crops. Experience shows that the introduction of grain-potato-flax crop rotations and the application of 7-10 tons of manure, 4-5 centners (standard fertilizers) of mineral fertilizers per 1 ha of arable land makes it possible to obtain 25-28 centners of winter wheat per 1 ha (Pastushenko, 1971).
In the western regions of the zone, more precipitation falls, and winter crops are sown at a later date. Good predecessors here are perennial grasses (after two cuts) and fertilized corn.
According to the variety plots of the Lviv region, the average yield of winter wheat for five years was (in centners per 1 ha): after perennial grasses 40.7, after lupine for green fodder 39.6, after legumes 38.4 1 and after corn for silage 34.5.
In the central steppe regions, precipitation is less and wintering conditions for wheat crops are more difficult than in the northern and northwestern steppe parts, so black fallow is of great agrotechnical importance.
In this part of the steppe, it is advisable to place winter wheat in approximately the same proportion on black and occupied fallows.
An important condition for successful overwintering and obtaining a high yield of winter wheat is the good development of plants from autumn and their hardening, which largely depends on the moisture reserves in the soil at the time of sowing. Pure pairs meet these requirements.
In some years, before sowing winter crops, the soil is well moistened. In this case, in the main areas of their cultivation, it is advisable to expand the sowing of winter wheat at the expense of less productive spring wheat, using for it, in addition to pure fallow, other best predecessors, but with the condition of obligatory refueling of the soil with fertilizers. In this case, the fallow wheat grain yield differs little from the yield of other predecessors, which is confirmed by long-term data from the All-Union Maize Research Institute.
The placement of winter wheat on black fallow is economically justified in comparison with other predecessors. The cost of 1 quintal of wheat grain for black fallows is lower than for occupied fallows and other predecessors, the conditional net income and profitability level both in years of high and low yields are significantly higher than for other predecessors.
The influence of predecessors on the yield of winter wheat was studied in Ukrainian variety plots.
As shown by their data for 1964-1968, in the northwestern and southern steppe zones, the wheat yield after black fallow was higher on average for five years than after corn in milky-wax ripeness.
In some areas of the Lugansk, Kherson and Crimean regions, on soils saline and contaminated with pink mustard, black fallows are the best predecessors, in other areas they are occupied.
When placing winter wheat in a busy fallow after corn, it is necessary to harvest the latter earlier, during the heading period or before the panicles. Corn harvested in this growth phase accumulates a sufficient amount of green mass and depletes and dries out the soil less.
According to the data of many years of research by the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Maize and its experimental network, carried out from 1955 to 1965, on plots of corn harvested before heading and in the panicle head, the yield of winter wheat was higher than when harvesting corn at a later date. .
Thus, according to the data of the Sinelnikovskaya Experimental Station, on average for three favorable years, the yield of winter wheat was (in centners per 1 ha): for black fallow - 35, after corn harvested in full ripeness of the grain - 25.4, the end of milky-wax ripeness, - 30, after corn harvested during heading, - 35; in unfavorable years, respectively, 25.3; 8.6; 11.9; 20.2.
It can be seen from the data presented that winter wheat sown after corn harvested during the panicling period yields the same yield in favorable years as in black fallow, and somewhat lower in unfavorable years.
In the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, clean and busy fallows are good forerunners of winter wheat.
To obtain a high yield of winter wheat, the presence of moisture in the upper and lower layers of the soil is of great importance. The water regime develops differently depending on the predecessors.
By the time winter wheat was sown, the greatest moisture reserve was in the bare fallow both in the upper 100-cm soil layer and in its lower horizons. When other predecessors are placed in the crop rotation, the soil moisture throughout the profile changes to one degree or another, depending on the crop.
It remains especially high after corn for green fodder.
In the experiments of the Mironov Research Institute of Wheat Breeding and Seed Growing, the yield of Mironovskaya 808 for black fallow was higher than after corn, only on an unfertilized background. When fertilizing, yields after occupied fallows and non-fallow predecessors are even higher than for black fallow, where crops usually lie down (Blazhevsky, 1972).
However, the placement of winter wheat in clean fallows in most cases contributes to its better overwintering, since more nutrients are accumulated in the soil and moisture is better preserved, as a result of which wheat develops more powerfully and more sugars and other protective substances accumulate in plants against freezing and other adverse conditions. Numerous data from scientific institutions, collective farms and state farms testify to the advantage of clean fallows.
In the Kherson region in 1965, winter wheat was placed on clean and occupied fallows and other predecessors. The greatest loss of crops was noted after corn for grain and corn in milky-wax ripeness (78.7-50.6%), the smallest - after peas and other leguminous crops. According to the clean and occupied fallows, wheat crops were completely preserved.
Placing winter wheat on good predecessors improves grain quality. Thus, according to the data of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Breeding and Genetics (1958-1964), the protein content in the grain of winter wheat grown in the Dnepropetrovsk, Nikolaev, Odessa and Kherson regions was (in%) for the black fallow - 15.1 , maize - 12.3 and spike crops - 11.6.
Under the conditions of the Moldavian SSR, in years favorable in terms of humidity, the yields of winter wheat on occupied fallows are little inferior to those on black fallows. In unfavorable years, the role of black and early prepared fallows increases (vetch-rye mixture, alfalfa for one cut, harvested for green fodder, etc.). According to the Moldavian Scientific Research Institute of Breeding, Seed Production and Agricultural Technology of Field Crops (Bondarenko, 1971), the yield of winter wheat, depending on the predecessors, was as follows.
Sown area and death of winter wheat crops in the Kherson region according to various predecessors in 1965.
The lowest yield of winter wheat was obtained after corn for grain (average for seven years 22.1 centners per 1 ha), so it cannot be recommended as a predecessor of wheat.
The difference in yields of winter wheat for predecessors is explained by the unequal moisture content in the upper soil layer. In the years with a dry autumn (1962-1963, 1966-1967) productive moisture in the soil layer of 0-20 cm was contained (in mm): on a black fallow 31.4, after a vetch-rye mixture 23.6, alfalfa per cut 23 .5, vetch-oat mixture 15.8, grain peas 17.2 and corn 8.5.
On a black fallow and occupied by a vetch-rye mixture and alfalfa, there was more moisture in the soil per mowing than after other predecessors. As a result, the emergence of seedlings was more friendly and the plants bushed better than after other fallow-occupying crops.
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Seeding rate
Seeding rate refers to the number or weight of germinating seeds sown per 1 ha sown area. Planting density depends on the seeding rate, which is very important for obtaining a high yield.
Seeding rates for different crops and even for different varieties of the same crop are not the same.
So, for example, winter wheat is sown in the amount 3…6 million. viable seeds for 1 ha, barley - 4…7 million., linen - 16…20 million., mid-early potatoes - 0.03…0.07 million. viable seeds for 1 ha.
Seeding rates, in addition, depend on soil and climatic conditions and the level of agricultural technology. The decisive condition is usually the need to create an optimal level of moisture supply for germinating seeds, therefore the seeding rate of all grain crops naturally increases when moving from the arid regions of the southeast of our country to the humid regions of the northwest.
So, in the extreme southeast they are sown 120…160 kg spring wheat 1 ha, in the Central Black Earth zone - 160…180
, and in the humid areas of the Non-Chernozem zone - 200…250 kg/ha.
Seeding rates for each crop and variety, adopted on the farm on the basis of data from experimental institutions and local experience, must be adjusted annually, taking into account the sowing suitability of seeds.
In addition, the seeding rate depends on the timing and methods of sowing, moisture reserves in the soil and agricultural technology. With cross and narrow row methods, seeds are sown on 10…15 % more than with ordinary, and with wide-row crops, on the contrary, less. With a forced delay in sowing, when the soil is somewhat dry, the rate is increased by 10…15 % .
The method of calculating seeding rates based on the required plant density and weight has become widespread. 1000
seeds. To do this, it is established experimentally how much it is necessary to sow conditioned seeds of a given variety (in million units/ha) in order to have the density of plant standing before harvesting, which is necessary to obtain a high yield.
Knowing this value and mass 1000
clean and viable seeds prepared for sowing, it is easy to calculate the seeding rate in kilograms using the formula:
where: K – seeding rate, kg/ha; M - seeding rate in million germinating seeds (per 1 ha); A is the weight of 1000 seeds in grams.
So, if in the conditions of the Volga region spring wheat is sown at the rate of 5 million. seeds for 1 ha, and the average mass 1000
seeds prepared for sowing 32 g, then on 1 ha they need to be sown 5 x 32 = 160 kg. To this value, an amendment is introduced for the sowing suitability of seeds.
If the plantability is equal to 90 %
, the seeding rate will be:
160 x 100% / 90% = 177.7 kg/ha.
Seeding depth
Observance of the optimal sowing depth is of great importance for obtaining friendly, viable seedlings.
Seeding depth is the vertical distance from the soil surface to the bottom of the seed.
To determine the depth of sowing, a comprehensive consideration of many factors is required. The main one is the size of the seeds, which determines the supply of nutrients in them. The larger the seeds, the deeper they can be sown if necessary.
So, for example, corn seeds can be sown in the depth interval 5…10 cm, wheat - 3…8 cm, and crops such as mustard, clover, alfalfa, flax with small seeds - only 1…3 cm.
It should also take into account the nature of germination and initial growth of seedlings.
Seeds of plants that bring cotyledons to the surface of the soil during germination (soybeans, flax, root crops) are sown at a shallower depth than, for example, peas, rank, which do not tolerate cotyledons. The fact is that when moving to the soil surface, the seedling experiences great resistance of soil particles and expends a lot of energy.
Soil and climatic conditions have a great influence on the depth of sowing. On soils of light composition, quickly drying out, a deeper incorporation is necessary than on heavy loamy and clayey soils.
In the northern regions, as moisture increases, all crops are sown with a smaller seed placement than in the Chernozem zone, and even more so in the southern arid regions of Russia.
In all natural areas, the seeds of any agricultural crops are embedded in a moist soil layer. This is an indispensable condition for obtaining full-fledged friendly shoots. At the same time, it should be remembered that with excessively deep planting of seeds, most of the stock of plastic substances of the seed (up to 70%) is spent by the seedling to overcome the resistance of the soil layer above the seeds, as a result, the emergence of seedlings is delayed, crops are severely thinned, and weakened plants are exposed to diseases and are drowned out. weeds.
The quality of sowing
Sowing, as well as other technological methods, must comply with agrotechnical requirements, with special attention being paid to such quality indicators as compliance with the established seeding rate and seeding depth, straightness of rows, and the absence of excessive thickening or flaws.
For this purpose, it is necessary to control the quality of sowing works.
The main indicator of sowing quality - sowing a given amount of seeds by each coulter at the same depth - depends on two main conditions: the thoroughness of the adjustment of the seeder and the good quality of pre-sowing soil preparation. 
Cultivation of winter wheat on employed and green manure pairs is cost-effective (Table 8.1). The highest value of the main production was obtained for the variants of occupied fallows - 12950-13300 rubles/ha, which is 700-1050 rubles/ha higher than the indicators for green manure fallows.
This excess is associated with a higher yield of winter wheat.
Due to the fact that the cost of cultivating winter wheat in green manure fallows was 18–21 rubles/ha, and the cost of the main product was 1.06–1.09 times less than the cost after occupied fallows, the unit cost of production (grain) was for green manure couples was 48-74 rubles higher than for busy couples. As a result, the largest conditionally net income was received precisely from employed couples - by 718-1066 rubles more than from green manure. The profitability of winter wheat grain production for green manure pairs was 181.4-194.3%, which is 17.7-25.7% lower than for occupied pairs.
In 2001-2004 Cultivation of winter wheat on clean, occupied, green manure and rock-mulch fallows was also economically profitable (Table 8.2). The highest value of production was obtained for bare fallow - 703-1003 rubles/ha more than for busy and green manure fallows, and 78 rubles/ha - for rocker-mulching fallows due to the higher yield of winter wheat grain. At the same time, the costs of preparation, processing and care work in a clean fallow made the main contribution to the cost item - 4700 rubles/ha, which is 910-1150 rubles more than in the options with fodder crops and the quality of fallow-occupying, green manure and rock plants. The profitability of winter wheat grain production was 66-117% at a purchase price of 2,500 rubles per ton of grain.
In the cost of crop production, the cost of mineral and organic fertilizers in many farms is up to 20% or more. In connection with the increase in wholesale prices for mineral fertilizers, scientifically based planning of fertilizer costs for crop rotation fields, obtaining returns and taking into account the economic efficiency of costs are becoming increasingly important in the work of agronomists of agricultural enterprises. It is necessary to rationally distribute fertilizers, taking into account soil fertility, planned yields, and ensure their application strictly according to planned doses with the optimal ratio of nutrients.
The annual analysis of the economic efficiency of applying mineral and organic fertilizers makes it possible to redistribute funds by crops in order to receive more crop production, to reveal the reasons for the low return on fertilizers applied, and to develop measures to increase the payback of chemicals. Today, for 100 kg of active ingredients of fertilizers, 250-350 kg of crop products are obtained in terms of grain units, which is 50-60% of the standard payback. In districts, this figure ranges from 90 to 450 kg, as a result, the cost of funds for the purchase and application of fertilizers in many farms is not compensated by an increase in yield. One of the main reasons for the low return of mineral fertilizers is their unscheduled use in crop rotation fields without observing the optimal NPK ratio, as well as taking into account nutrients in soils. A properly constructed system of plant nutrition with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium provides the ability to control photosynthesis.
The costs of growing winter wheat with different seeding rates are greatly influenced by the cost of seed material. So, with the same grain yield of winter wheat - 2.91 and 2.90 t/ha (seeding rate 4.5 and 6.0 million pieces/ha, the predecessor is peas), the difference in costs amounted to 267 rubles/ha (Table .8.3). When cultivating winter wheat on a bare fallow, the costs per 1 ha of winter wheat sowing were 180-254 rubles. more than after peas, which is associated with higher crop yields. The cost of grain for bare fallow was 271-331 rubles/ton less than for peas. When comparing the sowing dates, the lowest cost is noted both for bare fallow and for peas at different sowing rates at a later sowing date.
The difference in the prime cost for bare fallow reaches 26–92 rubles/ton, and for peas, 27–64 rubles/ton. The profitability of winter wheat production for peas is 74.4-89.4%, which is 1.45-1.57 times less than for pure fallow. It is most profitable to cultivate winter wheat with a sowing rate of 4.5 million units/ha in the late sowing period both for bare fallow and for peas.
Obtaining the maximum possible profit at a minimum cost per unit of output is the main task of any production in the conditions of market relations. The amount of profit is influenced by a number of factors, in crop production one of the main ones is crop yield. There is no doubt that the value of output per unit area is directly related to the level of intensification of production, while one of the main generalizing indicators of the level of intensification of production and the efficiency of consumption of enterprise resources is the value of production costs per unit of output.
Even in the old days they said: the illiterate has an ear, and the literate has seven. T.S. Maltsev points out that each chief agronomist of the farm needs to have an experimental plot of land on which it would be possible to conduct research work on various issues of agriculture. There is a real need for this. Without such a site, the agronomist is essentially deprived of a real opportunity to study soil fertility, its fertilizer, the quality of seeds of various varieties of grain crops, etc. In addition, the experimental work of agronomists, their discoveries, even if insignificant, will help our agricultural science to replenish worthy, loving people's native land. And this is also an important matter.
Calculation of productivity of 1 hectare of arable land. The average annual harvest of grain units for the last 2 years.
| Cultures and couples | Products | Square | Productivity, c/ha | Grain Units Received |
| Ha | % | c/ha | Total, c. | |
| Cereals and legumes, total | Corn | 18,5 | 41,4 | |
| Straw | 31,1 | 12,4 | ||
| Winter wheat | Corn | 21,0 | 21,0 | |
| Straw | 31,5 | 6,3 | ||
| winter rye | Corn | 20,4 | 20,4 | |
| Straw | 30,6 | 6,1 | ||
| Spring cereals | Corn | 18,1 | 50,6 | |
| Straw | 21,7 | 16,4 | ||
| Spring wheat | Corn | 17,0 | 17,0 | |
| Straw | 20,4 | 5,1 | ||
| Barley | Corn | 18,2 | 18,2 | |
| Straw | 21,8 | 5,5 | ||
| oats | Corn | 19,2 | 15,4 | |
| Straw | 5,8 | |||
| Legumes | Corn | 15,3 | 21,4 | |
| Straw | 15,3 | 3,8 | ||
| Peas | Corn | 15,3 | 21,4 | |
| Straw | 15,3 | 3,8 | ||
| Technical | Corn | 11,7 | 17,2 | |
| Sunflower | Corn | 11,7 | 17,2 | |
| Feed, total | Green feed | 57,8 | ||
| Corn for silage | Green feed | 29,4 | ||
| Annual herbs for hay | Green feed | 29,9 | 12,0 | |
| Annual herbs for green fodder | Green feed | 16,4 | ||
| Sown area, total | ||||
| Pure couples | ||||
| Total |
Table 1.7 shows that grain crops provide more than half of the collection of grain units from the entire arable land.
Schemes of introduced crop rotations.
Scheme of the 1st crop rotation (8-field field, grain fallow).
The total area of crop rotation is 1410 ha.
The average field size is 176.25 ha.
1. Fallow clean 176 ha.
3. Corn for silage 180 ha.
4. Spring wheat 175 ha.
5. Annual grasses for hay 170 ha.
7. Barley 173 ha.
8. Sunflower 188 ha.
Scheme of the 2nd crop rotation (6-field fodder).
The total crop rotation area is 440 ha.
The average field size is 73.33 ha.
Peas 73 ha.
3. Spring wheat 75 ha.
4. Annual grasses for green fodder 72 ha.
6. Oats 83 ha.
The reserves of productive soil moisture by the beginning of sowing spring crops on clay soils are 170–190 mm, on loamy soils 160–170 mm, and on sandy loamy soils 150–160 mm.
Justification of the volume of agricultural production and the structure of sown areas (of the farm or one of its divisions).
Designing the structure of crops.
The farm belongs to the Eastern zone. The eastern zone is the grain granary of the Ulyanovsk region. 38% of the region's grain is produced here, while grain crops occupy 30% (2001 data). The commercial structure in the zone is sunflower for the production of vegetable oil. The farms of this zone produce a large amount of livestock products, which makes it necessary to increase the fodder resources.
Manufactured products are sold on the market, fairs, through own shops, through the public catering system, on account of wages (payment in kind), on account of commodity credit and through barter transactions.
Calculation of the structure of sown areas
