The impact of the development of civilization on human health. The impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy The impact of scientific and technological progress on human activities

Scientific and technological progress is an interconnected progressive development of science and technology, which is manifested in the constant impact of scientific discoveries and inventions at the level of technology and technology, as well as the use of new instruments and equipment. It affects the transformation and development of the means of labor and the relationship of people in the process of production.

Scientific and technological progress is a powerful means of rapid economic growth and the solution of many social problems. The pace of implementation of its achievements and the efficiency of production largely depend on the development and consistent implementation of a science-based nationwide policy in this area of ​​activity.

The application of scientific discoveries in the use of natural resources, the development and formation of the productive forces of society is truly unlimited. Under certain conditions, with the help of science, the enormous forces of nature can be put at the service of production, and the production process itself can be represented as a technological application of science.

A concrete expression of scientific and technological progress is the continuous improvement of machines, tools and other means of production, as well as the introduction of progressive technology and the organization of production. A particularly important role in the development of scientific and technological progress is assigned to mechanical means of labor. The latter are one of the main elements of the productive forces of society and to a greater extent contribute to the development of scientific and technological progress and the growth of production. They contribute to saving social labor costs, rational and efficient use of labor resources.

Scientific and technological progress affects the productivity of labor by increasing the number of machines and their efficient use, and through the impact of science and technology on other factors of production that contribute to the growth of output per unit of labor time. Among these factors, an important place is given to changes in the content and conditions of work, its organization, the level of development of the labor force and the nature of its use, etc.

The essence of scientific and technological progress lies in a change in the ratio between materialized (past) and living labor, in a relative increase in past labor and in an absolute or relative decrease in living labor with an absolute reduction in total labor costs. Consequently, the reduction in the total expenditure of labor expended on the production of products is achieved as a result of the progressive economy of living labor based on the use of new high-performance technology. Ultimately, the saving of labor and the release of labor is an important feature that reveals the essence of scientific and technological progress.

Scientific and technological progress is accompanied by a restructuring of the entire technical basis, the entire technology of production, the development of a system of machines that is becoming more widespread in various sectors of the national economy. It creates broad prerequisites and material and technical conditions for overcoming the existing differences between mental and physical labor, promotes a change in the place and role of man in the production process.

Under the influence of scientific and technological progress in modern conditions, there is a transition from extensive production growth, in which new material and monetary resources are attracted, to intensive growth due to higher labor productivity, improved technology and organization of production, improved product quality, and further cost reduction.

Scientific and technological progress is a process of continuous development of science, technology, technology, improvement of labor, forms and methods of organizing production and labor. It also acts as the most important means of solving social and economic problems, such as improving working conditions, increasing its content, protecting the environment, and, ultimately, improving the well-being of the people.

In its development, scientific and technical progress manifests itself in two interrelated and interdependent forms - evolutionary and revolutionary.

The evolutionary form of scientific and technical progress is characterized by a gradual, continuous improvement of traditional technical means and technologies, the accumulation of these improvements. Such a process can last quite a long time and provide, especially at the initial stages, significant economic results.

At a certain stage, there is an accumulation of technical improvements. On the one hand, they are no longer effective enough, on the other hand, they create the necessary basis for fundamental, fundamental transformations of the productive forces, which ensures the achievement of a qualitatively new social labor, higher productivity. A revolutionary situation arises. This form of development of scientific and technological progress is called a revolution. Under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution, qualitative changes are taking place in the material and technical base of production.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is based on the achievements of science and technology. It is characterized by the use of new energy sources, the widespread use of electronics, the development and application of fundamentally new technological processes, progressive materials with predetermined properties. All this, in turn, contributes to the rapid development of industries that determine the technical re-equipment of the national economy. Thus, the reverse influence of scientific and technological progress is manifested. This is the interconnection and interdependence of scientific and technological progress and the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological progress (in any form) plays a decisive role in the development and intensification of industrial production. It covers all stages of the process, including fundamental, theoretical research, applied research, design and technological development, the creation of samples of new technology, its development and industrial production, as well as the introduction of new technology into the national economy. The material and technical base of industry is being updated, labor productivity is growing, and production efficiency is increasing. Studies show that over a number of years, the reduction in the cost of industrial production by an average of 2/3 was provided by measures of scientific and technological progress.

One of the most important areas of scientific and technological progress at the present stage is the integrated mechanization and automation of production. This is the widespread introduction of interconnected and complementary systems of machines, apparatus, instruments, equipment in all areas of production, operations and types of work. It contributes to the intensification of production, the growth of labor productivity, the reduction of the share of manual labor in production, the facilitation and improvement of working conditions, and the reduction of the labor intensity of products.

The term mechanization refers mainly to the displacement of manual labor and its replacement by machine labor in those links where it still remains (both in the main technological operations and in auxiliary, auxiliary, transportation, shifting and other labor operations). The prerequisites for mechanization were created in the period of manufactories, but its beginning is associated with the industrial revolution, which meant the transition to the factory system of capitalist production, based on machine technology.

In the process of development of mechanization, there were several stages: from the mechanization of the main technological processes, which are characterized by the greatest labor intensity, to the mechanization of almost all the main technological processes and partially auxiliary work. At the same time, a certain disproportion has developed, which has led to the fact that only in mechanical engineering and metalworking more than half of the workers are now employed in auxiliary and auxiliary work.

The next stage of development is complex mechanization, in which manual labor is replaced by machine labor in a complex manner at all operations of the technological process, not only basic, but also auxiliary. The introduction of complexity dramatically increases the efficiency of mechanization, since even with a high level of mechanization of most operations, their high productivity can practically neutralize the presence of several non-mechanized auxiliary operations at the enterprise. Therefore, complex mechanization, to a greater extent than non-complex mechanization, contributes to the intensification of technological processes and the improvement of production. But even with complex mechanization, manual labor remains.

In modern conditions, the task is to complete comprehensive mechanization in all branches of the production and non-production spheres, to take a major step in the automation of production with the transition to automated workshops and enterprises, to automated control and design systems.

Automation of production means the use of technical means, with the aim of completely or partially replacing human participation in the processes of obtaining, converting, transmitting and using energy, materials or information. There are partial, covering individual operations and processes, and complex, automating the entire cycle of work. In the case when an automated process is implemented without the direct participation of a person, they speak of the complete automation of this process.

Historically, automation of industrial production has developed in two main directions.

The first arose in the 50s, and was associated with the emergence of automatic machines and automatic lines for machining, while the performance of individual homogeneous operations or the manufacture of large batches of identical products was automated. As part of this equipment developed, it acquired a limited ability to change over to the production of the same type of products.

The second direction (from the beginning of the 60s) covered such industries as the chemical industry, metallurgy, i.e. those where continuous non-mechanical technology is implemented. Here, automated process control systems (APCS) began to be created, which at first performed only information processing functions, but as they developed, control functions began to be implemented on them.

Introduction

Scientific and technological progress in our time has become a factor of global importance. Scientific and technological progress largely determines the face of the world economy, world trade, relationships between countries and regions. On a large scale, scientific discoveries and inventions materialize in the production apparatus, in the production of products, in the consumption of the population, constantly changing the life of mankind. Scientific and technological progress, the scientific and technical potential of any country is the main engine of the countries' economies. In the conditions of a new stage of scientific and technological revolution, in the conditions of the restructuring of the world economy, the issue of scientific and technical potential, the trend towards intensification of development, self-development based on the accumulated industrial and scientific potential is becoming crucial. As a result of scientific and technological progress, all elements of the productive forces develop and improve: means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production. The direct result of scientific - technological progress are innovations or innovations. These are changes in engineering and technology in which scientific knowledge is realized. To solve such problems as the creation of science-intensive products, the formation of a sales market, marketing, and the expansion of production, only those teams that were able to solve specific scientific and technical problems, and who mastered the complex process of introducing technology in production, were ready. No country in the world today can solve the problem of growing incomes and consumption of the population without the cost-effective implementation of world achievements in scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technical potential of the country, along with natural and labor resources, forms the basis for the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country.

The purpose of the work is to identify areas of influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy.

The implementation of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:

consider scientific and technological progress, its essence and problems of reproduction by the economic system;

analyze the features of the current stage of scientific and technological progress;

consider the economic potential of countries, which provides for the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential;

identification of problems of scientific and technological progress;

The object of research in this paper is scientific and technological progress as the main factor in the development of the economy.

The subject of the study is economic relations that have arisen in the process of scientific and technological progress.

The work used textbooks on the world economy, international economic relations of domestic and foreign authors, as well as Internet resources.

When preparing the course work, statistical and analytical methods were used.

The course work consists of two chapters, sequentially revealing the topic of the work, conclusion-conclusion and a list of references.

1. Scientific and technological progress as an important factor in the development of the world economy

.1 The concept and role of scientific and technological progress in the modern world

Scientific and technological progress is the basis of modern civilization. He is only about 300-350 years old. It was then that industrial civilization began to emerge. Scientific and technological progress is a twofold thing: it has both positive and negative features. Positive - improvement of comfort, negative - environmental (comfort leads to an environmental crisis) and cultural (due to the development of means of communication there is no need for direct contact). Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, allowing - to connect and combine existing resources in a new way in order to increase the output of high-quality final products at the lowest cost.

Figure 1.1 - Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the formation of ME

NTP comes in two main forms:

A) evolutionary, involving the gradual improvement of technology and technology. Economic growth comes at the expense of quantitative indicators;

B) revolutionary, manifested in the qualitative renewal of technology and a sharp jump in labor productivity.

Scientific and technological progress leads to significant resource savings and reduces the role of natural materials in economic development, replacing them with synthetic raw materials. The use of modern equipment and technologies in combination has led to the creation of flexible production systems that are widely used in production.

Scientific and technological progress is recognized throughout the world as the most important factor in economic development. Increasingly, both in Western and domestic literature, it is associated with the concept of the innovation process. The American economist James Bright noted the scientific and technical progress as a one-of-a-kind process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in receiving innovations and extends from the birth of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus uniting the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption.

In these circumstances, innovation is initially aimed at a practical commercial result. The very idea that gives impetus has a mercantile content: it is no longer a result pure science , obtained by a university scientist in a free, unrestricted creative search. The practical orientation of an innovative idea is its attractive force for companies.

J.B. Sei defined innovation in the same way as entrepreneurship - that is, as a change in the return of resources. Or, as a modern economist would say in terms of supply and demand, as changes in the value and satisfaction that a consumer receives from the resources he uses.

Today, purely pragmatic considerations have come to the fore in the world. On the one hand, such problems as the rapid growth of the world's population, the decline in population growth and its aging in industrialized regions, the depletion of natural resources, and environmental pollution have become more acute and global in nature. On the other hand, certain prerequisites have appeared for solving many global problems based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and their accelerated introduction into the economy.

The concept of scientific and technical potential is closely connected with the concept of scientific and technical progress. From the point of view of the development of the world economy, it seems appropriate to consider the scientific and technical potential in the broad sense of this concept. It is in this sense that the scientific and technical potential of the state (industry, a separate industry) can be represented as a set of scientific and technical capabilities that characterize the level of development of a given state as a subject of the world economy and depend on the quantity and quality of resources that determine these capabilities, as well as on the availability of a fund ideas and developments prepared for practical use (introduction into production). In the process of practical development of innovations, the materialization of scientific and technical potential takes place. Thus, the scientific and technical potential, on the one hand, characterizes the ability of the state to apply the objective achievements of scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, characterizes the degree of direct participation in it. The result of the participation of any scientific research in the creation of socially useful use value is such scientific or technical information, which, embodied in various technical, technological or any other innovations, turns into one of the necessary factors for the development of production. However, it is a mistake to consider scientific and technical creativity and its connection with production only as a process of supplying the information necessary for production activities. Scientific research, especially in the field of natural and technical sciences, by its nature and dialectical purpose, is increasingly becoming a direct component of the process of material production, and applied research and experimental design can practically be considered an integral part of this process.

In the process of globalization, the importance of scientific and technological progress becomes decisive. On its basis, in the world economy there was a differentiation of countries into two groups. The first group represents a special, higher, elite layer of the world economy. This is a kind of superstructure over the rest of the economic system. Its role is determined by the fact that 90% of the scientific and technical potential of the planet is concentrated here, the scientific, industrial and intellectual elite, the latest equipment and technologies are concentrated here.

The role of this superstructure is constantly growing, and scientific and technological progress is turning into an integration, connecting factor in the development of the world economy. It determines the functioning of various elements of the world economy: trade, migration of labor and capital, international division of labor. Thus, flows of the most qualified labor force rush to highly developed countries. In the US and Western Europe there is a "brain drain" from Africa, Asia, Russia. Scientific and technological progress causes the movement of the most qualified workforce to the centers of human civilization. It is attracted by the concentration of the latest equipment and technology in the highest integration scientific and technical layer, high spending on science, R&D, higher wages and living standards.

The formation of a scientific and technical superstructure based on the development of scientific and technological progress leads to the fact that it becomes a defining element of the world economy and acts as a "locomotive" of the world economy, its main driving force. Over the past 50 years, the GMP (Gross World Product) has grown 5.9 times. A huge contribution to this process was made by the developed countries, which have the greatest scientific and technical potential. These states account for more than 50% of the IGP. They consume 70% of mineral resources. This is due to the enormous productivity, energy intensity of the latest technology, technology, equipment, concentrated in these countries.

A significant role in the growth of the world gross product is played by new industrial countries: their decisive contribution to the MVP is explained by the fact that these countries are increasingly specializing in the field of the latest technologies, mastering science-intensive and technically complex industries.

Scientific and technological progress not only ensures the creation of an ever-increasing MVP, but is also a determining factor in the development of the international division of labor. The production of new machinery, equipment, new materials and finished products is concentrated in various regions and countries, which become "growth points" of MRI.

Scientific and technological progress is the most important factor in the formation of a modern science-intensive structure. Under its influence, the share of agriculture is being reduced. The labor force and other resources freed up as a result of the intensive growth of scientific and technical progress led to a proportional increase in the service sector, including trade, transport, and communications.

The role of scientific and technological progress is manifested in the fact that at present, on its basis, there is an increase in globalization and internationalization. Previously, this process was held back by the presence of the USSR and other socialist countries. This put serious and often insurmountable obstacles to the development of planetary cooperation in the field of improving modern science and technology, solving the acute tasks and problems facing humanity.

1.2 Main and priority directions of development of scientific and technological progress in the world economy

The main directions of scientific and technical progress are those directions of development of science and technology, the implementation of which in practice ensures maximum economic and social efficiency in the shortest possible time.

There are national (general) and separate (private) areas of scientific and technical progress. National - areas of scientific and technical progress, which at this stage and in the future are a priority for a country or a group of countries. Branch directions - directions of scientific and technical progress, which are the most important and priority for certain sectors of the national economy and industry.

In scientific and technological progress, two main directions have been identified:

) traditional, providing satisfaction, growing in scope and diversity of human and social needs in new technology, goods and services;

) innovative, aimed at the development of human potential, the creation of a comfortable living environment, as well as the development of saving technologies.

The main characteristic, the content of scientific and technological progress, which ensures the further progress of civilization, will undoubtedly be its increasingly pronounced humanization, the solution of universal problems. It is already possible to speak of a system of choosing priorities for scientific research and the development of new technologies, as well as managing the technosphere and ecosphere, which is emerging on the basis of this approach. Technology and social progress, science, technology and democratic transformations, technogenic culture and education problems, computer science, artificial intelligence, socio-economic opportunities and consequences of its use, science and technology as a civilizational phenomenon - this is not a complete list of problems discussed in the forecasting process directions of scientific and technological progress.

Priority areas for the development of science and technology - areas of science and technology that are of paramount importance for achieving current and future goals of socio-economic and scientific and technological development. They are formed primarily under the influence of national socio-economic priorities, political, environmental and other factors; are distinguished by intensive rates of development, higher concentration of labor, material and financial resources.

In the world economy, such knowledge-intensive industries as the electric power industry, the nuclear and chemical industries, the production of computers, mechanical engineering, precision instrumentation, the aviation industry, rocket science, shipbuilding, the production of CNC machines, modules, and robots are of great importance. It can be said that at present the development of scientific and technical progress is embodied in the intensive process of the formation of a world science-intensive structure that determines the long-term nature of structural changes in the world economy.

Scientific and technological progress determines the global, innovative nature of economic growth. This trend, which is decisive in the world economy, is embodied in the development of experimental work on genetic engineering, the use of radioactivity in biotechnologies; cancer genesis and prevention research; application of superconductivity in telecommunication systems, etc. This is becoming the dominant trend in the development of science and technology. At the beginning of the XXI century. the most important areas of science and scientific and technological progress are:

) human sciences (medicine, the creation of a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, the search for treatments for AIDS, organ cloning, the study of the human gene, gerontology, psychology, demography, sociology);

) computer and information technologies (creation, processing, storage and transmission of information, computerization of production processes, use of computer technologies in science, education, healthcare, management, trade, finance, everyday life, convergence of computer and telecommunication technologies);

) creation of new materials (development of new ultralight, superhard and superconducting materials, as well as materials immune to aggressive environments, replacement of natural substances with artificial ones);

) alternative energy sources (development of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes, creation of solar, wind, tidal, geothermal installations, high power);

) biotechnology (genetic engineering, biometallurgy, bioinformatics, biocybernetics, creation of artificial intelligence, production of synthetic products);

) ecology - creation of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies, new means of environmental protection, complex processing of raw materials using waste-free technology, recycling of industrial and domestic waste.

) information technology is one of the main, decisive factors that determine the development of technology and resources in general. The use of electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activities in the economic sphere.

Thus, in modern conditions, the position of a country in the world economy is largely determined by its scientific and technological achievements, and to a lesser extent by natural resources and capital.

There are other progressive production technologies, but all of them are characterized by one very important circumstance - higher productivity and efficiency.

Some researchers note the emergence of a new trend in the development of scientific and technological progress: in the context of globalization, the priorities of scientific and technological progress are shifting from automation of production processes to the creation of resource-saving and life-supporting technologies. In this regard, in recent years, the forecasting of scientific and technological progress has been closely linked to the assessment of its consequences for the social sphere.

To summarize the above: the main directions of scientific and technological progress are integrated mechanization and automation,

chemicalization, electrification of production. All of them are interconnected and interdependent.

In many countries of the world, the development of scientific and technical potential is turning into one of the most active elements of the reproduction process. In industrialized and newly industrialized countries, science-intensive industries are becoming a priority for economic development.

Table 1.1 shows the share of spending on research and development in the gross world product

Table 1.1

1980 1990 1991 2005-2007 2008 1.852.551.82.31.7

The extent to which a particular country pays attention to the development of scientific and technological potential can be judged by such indicators as the size of absolute expenditures on research and development work and their share in GDP.

Most of the funds for the development of scientific and technical potential in the early 90s were spent in the USA and Japan, Germany, France, and Great Britain. The total spending on R&D in these countries was greater than the total spending on similar purposes in all other countries of the world.

Country million USDCountriesmln. USD1US1584528Sweden74152Japan1098259Netherlands55543Germany4910310Switzerland50704France3110211Spain48935UK2245412Australia39746Italy1691617…China26007Canada8517…24Russia901

In terms of the share of spending on research and development work, the leaders are mainly industrialized countries, in which an average of 2-3% of the gross domestic product is spent on research and development.

The volume of the world market of science-intensive products today is $2 trillion. 300 billion. Of this amount, 39% are products of the United States, 30 - Japan, 16% - Germany. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.

2. Analysis of the impact of scientific and technological progress on economic growth in the world economy

.1 Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the global economy

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is directly related to the problem of a comprehensive assessment of capital investments, since scientific and technological progress measures are considered as investment objects.

In economic calculations, the concepts of economic effect and economic efficiency are distinguished. The effect of scientific and technological progress is understood as the planned or obtained result of scientific, technical and innovative activities. An economic effect (result) is called, leading to the saving of labor, material or natural resources, or allowing to increase the production of means of production, consumer goods and services, in value terms. So, on the scale of the national economy, the effect is the increase in national income in value form, at the level of industries and industries, the effect is either net production or part of it - profit. The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is understood as the ratio of the economic effect obtained from the introduction of scientific and technological achievements to the total costs of their implementation, i.e. efficiency is a relative value that characterizes the effectiveness of costs.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress cannot be expressed by any one universal indicator, since in order to determine the economic effect, all results and costs must be presented in value terms, and this is not always possible if the activities of scientific and technological progress are aimed at solving global economic problems. and environmental problems, development of the social sphere, etc. Therefore, for an objective assessment, it is necessary to use a fairly extensive system of indicators.

When calculating and analyzing economic efficiency, it is necessary to take into account:

comparability of options;

the correct choice of standard for comparison;

comparability of technical and economic indicators;

bringing the compared options to an identical effect;

the complexity of the analysis;

time factor;

scientific validity, objectivity and legality of conclusions, conclusions and recommendations.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is characterized by a system of economic indicators that reflect the ratio of costs and results and make it possible to judge the economic attractiveness of the industry for investors, the economic advantages of some industries over others.

Depending on the level of assessment, the volume of the effect and costs taken into account, as well as the purpose of the assessment, several types of efficiency are distinguished: general and particular.

A generalizing indicator of the effectiveness of scientific activity is considered to be the value obtained as the ratio of the actual annual economic effect from the introduction of scientific developments in the national economy to the actual costs incurred for their implementation.

Particular indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies are represented by quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative indicators include:

Number of introduced CNC machines; machining centers, industrial robots; computer technology; automatic and semi-automatic lines; conveyor lines.

Introduction of new, more promising technologies (quantity, capacity and volume of products manufactured using the new technology).

The coefficient of renewal of production equipment (in terms of quantity and cost).

Equipment replacement rate.

Average age of equipment.

Commissioning of new capacities.

The cost per unit of power.

The cost of one workplace.

The number of new types of products created (new equipment, devices, new materials, medicines, etc.).

The number of new jobs created.

Qualitative indicators.

The number of relatively released workers as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies.

The growth of labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technology.

Savings from reducing the cost of certain types of products after the introduction of new technology

Decrease in material intensity, including energy intensity (fuel intensity, electrical intensity, heat capacity), wage intensity as a result of innovative activities.

Increasing the yield of finished products from raw materials due to its deeper processing.

Dynamics of capital productivity and capital intensity, capital, energy and electric labor.

World practice shows that business structures play a key role in the development and implementation of innovations. The share of corporate R&D expenditures in national R&D expenditures exceeds 65%, and the average for the countries of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) approaches 70%

Figure 2.1 - Sources of funding for research and development work in Russia and abroad, % of the total costs for them

Most large companies conduct not only applied but also fundamental research. Thus, in the United States, private investment accounts for more than 25% of the total expenditure on basic research. In Japan, the corporate sector costs reach almost 38% of total spending on basic research, and in South Korea - about 45%.

In Russia, the picture is reversed, with R&D funding from the corporate sector accounting for just over 20% of total R&D investment.

Large Russian business is significantly inferior to large foreign corporations, both in absolute and relative R&D spending. Thus, Russia is represented by only three participants in the ranking of 1,400 largest companies in the world in terms of absolute R&D costs, which is compiled annually by the EU Joint Research Center. They are OJSC Gazprom (83rd position), AvtoVAZ (620th) and Lukoil (632nd position). For comparison: in the FortuneGlobal 500 rating, among 500 world companies in terms of revenue, there are twice as many Russian companies - 6, and among the 1,400 leading global companies in terms of revenue, there are several dozen representatives of Russia.

The total amount of expenses of the Russian corporate sector for research and development work is more than 2 times less than that of Volkswagen, the largest corporation in Europe in terms of research and development expenses (2.2 billion against 5.79 billion euros) .

On average, foreign companies spend on R&D from 2 to 3% of their annual income. For leaders, these indicators are significantly higher. According to the EU Joint Research Centre, the average intensity of R&D spending (the ratio of R&D costs to revenue) of the 1,400 largest companies in terms of investment in research and development in the world in 2009 was 3.5%.

Despite the reduction in R&D funding due to the crisis, the intensity of spending on innovation by the largest corporations, on the contrary, has increased. According to the consulting company Booz, the cost of 1,000 largest corporations in the world for R & D in 2010 compared to 2009 decreased by 3.5%, but the average cost intensity increased from 3.46 to 3.75%. In other words, in the context of a falling market and reduced sales, the world's largest corporations were far from reducing the costs of their own research and development (for example, capital investments of the corporations in question decreased in 2010 by 17.1%, and administrative expenses - by 5.4% ), and the share of R&D expenditures in the total costs of corporations has been increased. On the contrary, the acceleration and expansion of the R&D front is considered by world business leaders as a priority task for ensuring the sustainable post-crisis development of companies.

According to a study by the Expert RA rating agency, before the crisis, the volume of R&D expenses in the revenue of the largest Russian companies from the Expert-400 rating was about 0.5%, which is 4-6 times lower than that of foreign companies. In two years, in 2009, this figure more than halved to 0.2% of the companies' total revenues.

Machine-building companies are the leaders in terms of investment in R&D in Russia, but even their ratio of R&D costs to revenue does not exceed 2%. In less technological sectors, the lag is even greater.

For example, the ratio of OAO Severstal's R&D expenses to the company's revenue in 2009 was 0.06%. At the same time, the similar indicator of the metallurgical corporation ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) amounted to 0.6%, that is, 10 times more; NipponSteel (Japan) - 1%; Sumitomo Metal Industries (Japan) - 1.2%; POSCO (South Korea) - 1.3%; KobeSteel (Japan) - 1.4%; OneSteel (Australia) - 2.5%.

According to estimates, in 2010 corporate spending on R&D began to recover rapidly, but the innovation activity of big business will return to the pre-crisis level - this will only mean the conservation of the gap with technologically advanced companies in the world.

2.2 Problems of scientific and technological progress and proposals for their solution

The key problem is, first of all, the low demand for innovations in the Russian economy, as well as its inefficient structure - an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of its own new developments. The balance of Russia's balance sheet in technology trade from positive in 2000 ($20 million) has steadily decreased and in 2009 amounted to minus $1.008 billion. Around the same time, the leading countries in the field of innovation achieved a significant increase in the technological balance surplus (USA by 1.5 times, Great Britain by 1.9 times, Japan by 2.5 times). In general, it could not be otherwise, given the difference in the number of innovatively active companies. In 2009, the development and implementation of technological innovations was carried out by 9.4% of the total number of Russian industrial companies. For comparison: in Germany their share was 69.7%, in Ireland - 56.7%, in Belgium - 59.6%, in Estonia - 55.1%, in the Czech Republic - 36.6%. Unfortunately, not only is the share of innovatively active enterprises low in Russia, but also the intensity of spending on technological innovation, which is 1.9% (the same indicator in Sweden is 5.5%, in Germany - 4.7%).

Figure 2.2 shows a chart of indicators.

Another important problem is the imitative nature of the Russian innovation system, which is focused on borrowing ready-made technologies, and not on creating its own breakthrough innovations. Among the OECD countries, Russia has the dubious honor of occupying the last place in terms of the share of leading innovative companies - there are only 16% of such innovative Russian enterprises compared to 35% in Japan and Germany, 41-43% in Belgium, France, Austria, 51- 55% in Denmark and Finland. It should be noted that the most numerous type of passive technological borrowing in Russia (34.3%) is on the verge of extinction in the economically developed countries of Europe (about 5-8%). At the same time, in addition to the quantitative lag of Russian companies in terms of the level of innovative activity, there are also significant structural problems in the organization of innovation management at the firm level. According to the indicator "the ability of companies to borrow and adapt technologies", calculated by the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2009 was in 41st place out of 133 - at the level of such countries as Cyprus, Costa Rica, and the United Arab Emirates.

Figure 2.2 - Share of Russian companies implementing technological innovations

The problem of the low level of innovation activity in Russia is further exacerbated by the low return on the implementation of technological innovations. The growth in the volume of innovative products (by 34% in 1995-2009) does not at all correspond to the rate of increase in the costs of technological innovation (triple over the same period). As a result, if in 1995 the ruble of innovation costs accounted for 5.5 rubles of innovative products, then in 2009 this figure dropped to 2.4 rubles.

Figure 2.3 - The share of innovative goods, works, services, in the total volume of shipped goods, work performed, services of organizations

As one of the important factors, it is necessary to note the overall low level of costs for research and development work. Expenses for them in 2008 in Russia are estimated at 1.04% of GDP against 1.43% of GDP in China and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the US, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.

Figure 2.4 shows this quite clearly.

Figure 2.4 - Scale of R&D spending by country, % of GDP

Scientific and technological progress shows a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technological development and scientific and technological progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. There is no doubt that their result was rapid economic growth based on increasing social productivity and saving natural resources, strengthening the internationalization of the world economy and the interdependence of the countries of the world. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening.

Among them is the growth of unsatisfied demand, as scientific and technological development stimulates new high-speed needs; negative consequences associated with the unpredictable results of the introduction of certain achievements in production (pollution, accidents, disasters); the adverse impact of the intensification of production and information on the human body; underestimation of the importance of the human factor; the growth of moral and ethical problems (heredity manipulation, computer crimes, total information control, etc.). The problem of feedback between scientific and technological progress and its already realized possibilities has become aggravated. There was a complex of questions of so-called technical safety of application of the created innovations.

The growing remoteness from sources of raw materials and energy, the depletion of natural sources of raw materials both in quantitative terms and in terms of their physical properties have become important problems on a global scale. In addition, the resource intensity of production and lifestyle (as a result of scientific and technological development) increases the natural limitations of our habitat. You can practice this style only at the expense of other people living on Earth, and at the expense of descendants.

One of the important consequences for the whole world may be the loss of responsibility for individual results of scientific and technical progress. This is expressed, on the one hand, in the contradiction between the human instinct for self-preservation and the growth of needs and profit, on the other.

Finally, another important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which intensifies socio-economic problems in different countries and makes them common. There are periods when the deterioration of the general economic conditions of reproduction (for example, the rise in the cost of energy resources) slows down or postpones the receipt of the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the task of compensating for emerging structural constraints, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is growing. International competition is intensifying, which leads to an aggravation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.

Scientific and technological development rationally changes the existing character of the international division of labor. For example, new forms of automation are depriving developing countries of the benefits associated with the availability of cheap labor. The growing export of scientific and technical information and scientific and technical services is used by developed countries as a new tool of "technological neo-colonialism". It is enhanced by the activities of TNCs and their foreign affiliates.

An important aspect of the global problems associated with scientific and technological development is the problem of education. However, without those colossal changes that have taken place in the field of education, neither the scientific and technological revolution, nor the huge achievements in the development of the world economy, nor those democratic processes in which an increasing number of countries and peoples of the world are involved would be impossible. Nowadays, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it covers literally the entire society, and the cost of it is constantly increasing.

scientific technological progress funding

Table 2.2 - Expenditure per capita in education

USD Worldwide188Africa15Asia58Arab States134North America1257Latin America78Europe451Developed countries704Developing countries29

A problem for underdeveloped countries remains the "brain drain" when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that the training of personnel does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. Since education is associated with a certain socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into the most complex interaction with universal problems, such as economic backwardness, population growth, living security, etc. In addition, education itself requires constant improvement and reform, i.e., firstly, improving its quality, which has deteriorated due to its rapid development; secondly, solving problems of its effectiveness, which depends on specific economic conditions; thirdly, to meet the need for normative knowledge, which is associated with continuous adult education, and hence the development of the concept of continuous education that would accompany a person throughout life. That is why the volume of professional development and adult education services is growing rapidly all over the world, especially in developed countries.

Education affects not only the assimilation of advanced technologies and the adoption of effective decisions, but also the way of life, forms a system of value orientations, as the history and experience of a number of countries show, ignoring these circumstances leads to a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of educational policy and even to destabilization of society.

The problems of scientific and technological progress are among the global problems of mankind, so their solution can be expressed in a generalized form.

The global problems of human development are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and in interrelation, which requires radically new, conceptual approaches to their solution. There are a number of obstacles on the way to solving global problems. The measures taken to solve them are often blocked by the economic and political arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. In a number of cases, globalization is slowed down by the lack of resource support for the planned programs. Separate global problems are generated by the contradictions concluded in the socio-economic conditions of life of the peoples of the world.

The necessary prerequisites and opportunities for a truly humanistic resolution of global contradictions are being created by the world community. Global problems must be solved through the development of cooperation between all states that form the system of the world economy.

Life does not stand still, society develops, people develop, the economy and production develop. Any person understands that at present the development of science and technology is taking place by leaps and bounds. Modern scientific and technological progress is aimed at strengthening the role of environmental protection measures, biocompatible technologies that do not harm the environment, closed technologies that do not produce waste, energy-saving technologies. Manufacturing is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive. Therefore, the role of statistics of scientific and technological progress is growing, which finds reserves for accelerating these processes, helping to speed up the introduction of new promising technologies into production.

findings

Scientific and technological progress covers all aspects of human activity, facilitates human labor. However, scientific and technological progress also affects the resource potential of both the world economy and each country in particular. As the resources of the world economy are numerous, so is the impact of scientific and technological progress on each of them.

The resource effect of scientific and technological progress is associated with its ability to compensate for the scarce resources of the national economy, release them for expanded production, and also involve previously unused resources in circulation. Its indicators are the release of labor power, savings and replacement of scarce materials and raw materials, as well as the involvement of new resources in the national economic turnover, the complexity of the use of raw materials. Closely related to resources is the ecological effect of the scientific and technological process - a change in the state of the environment. The social effect of the scientific and technological process is to create more favorable conditions for the use of the creative forces of workers, for the comprehensive development of the individual. This is manifested in the improvement of working conditions and labor protection, the reduction of heavy physical labor, the increase in free time, and the raising of the material and cultural standard of living of the working people.

Thus, the formation of scientific and technological progress within the framework of the world economy has become a factor that changes the nature of the existing system of international economic relations. Under its influence, the nature of property relations, the labor process changes, competition is overcome, the consolidation of scientific and technical potential is formed, MRT and cooperation relations between states are developed. The regulatory role of the state, which determines the main directions for the development of scientific and technical progress, the formation of a knowledge-intensive structure, is increasing more and more.

The role of scientific and technological progress is determined not only by its present, but also by its future. It should be expected that the development of this process will continue the formation of the internationalization of the world economy. On its basis, the formation of new interstate integration associations will be carried out, the further development of the international division of labor and world trade in finished products produced on the basis of "high technologies" will take place. Under these conditions, new forms of transport will be developed: monorails, supersonic aircraft, hydrogen-powered vehicles. The creation of transnational railway systems, as well as transoceanic steamship transport, will continue. Biocompatible and superconducting materials are being developed, satellite communications are being developed, and photonic technologies are being introduced. These processes make the world economy more and more unified, integral, whole. State borders become transparent, because they impede the deepening of integration processes, and, consequently, the development of the world economy as a whole.

Without state support, it is impossible to develop and maintain scientific, technical, and innovative potential. State policy is a set of forms, methods, directions of state influence on production with the aim of releasing new types of products and technologies, as well as expanding, on this basis, markets for domestic goods.

In a post-industrial society, R&D becomes a kind of branch of the economy that plays a significant role. The most advanced are such science-intensive and super-science-intensive industries as the creation of computer software, biotechnological production, the creation of composite materials with desired properties, fibroplastics, analytical instruments and machines. The moral depreciation of traditional products far outstrips their physical depreciation, while at the same time the market value of research results, various industrial know-how, advanced industrial products themselves are not subject to fall. The constant reproduction of the results of scientific research, the thoughtful trade in them and the export of unique super-science-intensive products can enrich any country in the world.

Bibliography

1.Spiridonov I.A. World economy: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - M.: INFRA-M, 2008. - 272 p.

.Khlypalov V.M. World economy, Krasnodar: Amethyst and K LLC, 2012. - 232 p.

.Lomakin V.K. World Economy - 4th ed., Revised. and additional - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012. - 671 p.

.Makeeva T. Macroeconomics, - M.: New Time, 2010. 468s.

.Alyabyeva A.M. World economy, - M.: Gardarika, 2006, 563c.

.Lvov D. Scientific and technological progress and the economy in transition.// Questions of Economics -2007, - No. 11.

.Yakovleva A.V. Economic statistics: Proc. allowance. - M.: RIOR Publishing House, 2009, 95 p.

.Selishchev A.S., "Macroeconomics", M., 2006.

.Lobacheva E.N. Scientific and technological progress: Textbook. - M.: Publishing house: "Exam", 2007.-192 p.

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Kuvshinova Anastasia

Scientific and technological progress is firmly rooted in our lives today. Modern man with mother's milk absorbs the idea of ​​its undoubted benefits. Scientific and technological progress (STP) appears to be the "great benefactor" of mankind. But is it?..

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On the way to progress Completed the work: Kuvshinova Anastasia, student of 10 "A" class GBOU secondary school No. 1112 Teacher: Podlesnykh Irina Evgenievna

and its impact on humans Scientific and technological progress

Hypothesis: progress has a positive effect on a person

Purpose: to prove the correctness of this judgment or to refute Tasks: 1) Consider the concept of progress 2) Identify the positive and negative aspects of progress 3) Make sure the hypothesis is correct 4) Draw conclusions

The epigraph "Progress is the replacement of some troubles by others, even greater ones." (HG Wells)

Object of study - progress Subject of study - the impact of progress on a person

Progress Progress is a movement forward, to a better (better life). Social progress is a global, world-historical process of the ascent of human societies from primitive states (savagery) to the heights of a civilized state based on the highest scientific, technical, political, legal, moral and ethical achievements.

Scientific and technological progress The scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental qualitative transformation of the productive forces, a qualitative leap in the structure and dynamics of the development of the productive forces. The progress of modern science and technology is characterized by a complex combination of revolutionary and evolutionary changes. It is noteworthy that over the course of two to three decades, many of the initial directions of scientific and technological revolution from radical ones gradually turned into ordinary evolutionary forms of improving production factors and manufactured products.

Progress and its consequences Electricity Computer Mobile phone Car Nuclear power

Electricity The founder of the science of electricity in Europe was a graduate of Cambridge and Oxford, an English physicist and court physician to Queen Elizabeth - William Gilbert (1544-1603). With the help of his "versor" (the first electroscope), he showed that not only rubbed amber, but also diamond, sapphire, carborundum, opal, amethyst, rock crystal, glass, shale, etc., have the ability to attract light bodies (straws). he called "electrical" minerals. Pros William Gilbert

Pluses Electrical energy is widely used in the economy and in everyday life. With its help, lighting, heating, water supply and ventilation of industrial and administrative buildings are produced. Without this energy, trolleybuses, trams, subways, cars will stop moving, the railway will stop, favorite computers, TVs, household appliances will refuse to work. We can say that life will stop, because humanity cannot live without electrical energy in the modern world. Minuses

Cons Touching the conductors of electric current often ends in electrical injury or electric shock. In electrical injuries, an electric current passes through the human body, which, as a rule, leads to an electrical burn and severe muscle contraction, as a result of which ruptures of blood vessels, skin, ligaments, and even dislocations of joints and bone fractures can occur. back

Computer A computer is a device or system capable of performing a given, well-defined sequence of operations. These are most often numerical calculations and data manipulation operations, but I / O operations are also included here. A description of a sequence of operations is called a program. The advent of computers has revolutionized our lives. They have changed the way we approach work, study, leisure and other aspects of life. pros

Pros Development of logical, predictive and operational thinking. Successful use of computers, obtaining more productive results with their help, increases a person's self-esteem, his confidence in the ability to solve professional problems. From a positive attitude to various aspects of working with a computer, user satisfaction is formed. All this leads to the formation of positive personality traits in some users, such as, for example, business orientation, accuracy, accuracy, self-confidence, which are transferred to other areas of life. The computer brings us great convenience and facilitates our work. Saving paper. Computers help us communicate, we can talk and even see a person on the other side of the world. Minuses

Cons Simplification of solving problems with the help of a computer, reducing their semantic side Harms the psyche and eyes. It leads to a curvature of the spine if the sitting is not correct. Computer and Internet - people leave real life "Live" communication is reduced to zero Dependence on the computer appears back

Mobile phone A portable communication device designed primarily for voice communication. Currently, cellular communication is the most common of all types of mobile radio communication, therefore, most often a cell phone is called a mobile phone. At the same time, along with cell phones, satellite phones, radiotelephones and trunk communication devices are also mobile. pros

Pros You can call anywhere at any time Long distances no longer interfere with your communication mobile phone is compact and convenient, it is always with you You can find the information you need The phone has many different functions. We can read and watch videos in your phone Mini computer Cons

Cons Since the phone spreads electromagnetic radiation, and it is close to the human body, there is a concern about the dangers of this radiation to health during prolonged use of the device. This radiation is not ionizing, but it can cause a local increase in the temperature of living tissues and, according to some scientists, lead to the appearance of chromosomal aberrations in cells (the presence of an effect is debatable). Disputes about the harm or harmlessness of mobile phones are ongoing. Proponents of harm often speculate that the financial interest of phone manufacturers is the reason for hiding or “embellishing” the results of research on this topic. According to the principle of warning, health organizations recommend minimizing the time of using a mobile phone and being near the head, especially for children. There is an opinion that a mobile phone can cause cancer. A ten-year experiment conducted by WHO specialists in 13 countries showed that active cellular users suffer from carcinoma 50% more often than others. Minimum communication. You can not go anywhere, not visit anyone, but simply ask to call. back

Car Today cars have become very popular and occupy an important place in the life of every modern person. It is difficult to imagine modern life without a car, manufacturers are improving cars, supplying them with the latest technologies, creating new models and brands. pros

Pluses The ability to quickly move to any place and at the right time, the prestige and respect of other people. The car provides maximum comfort and coziness when moving. A car is a means of transportation that does not need to wait, in which there are always free convenient and comfortable places, in which it is warm in winter and cool in summer. Minuses

Cons The car pollutes the environment with exhaust gases. It is not only the atmosphere that suffers - the waste from transport activities gets into the water, cars increase the noise impact. Harmful to health: people walk less while sitting behind cars; breathe exhaust fumes. back

Nuclear Energy In nuclear power plants, nuclear energy is used to generate heat used to generate electricity and heating. Nuclear power plants have solved the problem of ships with an unlimited navigation area. In conditions of energy resources deficit, nuclear power is considered the most promising in the coming decades. The energy released during radioactive decay is used in long-lived heat sources and beta-voltaic cells. The energy of nuclear fission of uranium or plutonium is used in nuclear and thermonuclear weapons (as a trigger for a thermonuclear reaction). There were experimental nuclear rocket engines, but they were tested exclusively on Earth and under controlled conditions, due to the danger of radioactive contamination in the event of an accident.

Pros Electricity requires a small amount of fuel, so it is cheap No emissions into the atmosphere Easy to maintain and operate

Cons Possibility of accidents at nuclear power plants Problem of disposal of nuclear waste Promoting the proliferation of nuclear weapons

Fukushima-1 A major radiation accident (according to Japanese officials - level 7 on the INES scale), which occurred on March 11, 2011 as a result of the strongest earthquake in the history of Japan and the subsequent tsunami. Chernobyl nuclear power plant Destruction on April 26, 1986 of the fourth power unit of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, located on the territory of Ukraine. An explosion, as a result of which the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large amount of radioactive substances were released into the environment.

Technogenic emergencies

Hazardous objects in Russia More than 30 thousand hydraulic structures More than 45 thousand radiation, chemical, biological, explosion, fire hazardous objects More than 217 thousand km. pipeline transport More than 50% of the country's population lives in high-risk areas More than 45% of the entire territory of Russia is located in high-risk areas

Pros and Cons of Scientific and Technological Progress + Makes our life more comfortable + Facilitates human work + Increases information and mobility + New areas of communication appear - Leads to environmental degradation - Natural resources are depleted - Humanity is becoming lazier, less mobile - Scientific and technological progress can carry a mortal danger - various types of radiation, man-made accidents.

Conclusion Unfortunately, the hypothesis of this study was not confirmed. Progress has not only a positive impact on a person, but also a negative one. I concluded that new technologies inevitably lead to new problems. A person cannot help knowing, he has become a hostage of his knowledge.

“Do you think how great a person is? The fact that he built a technocratic civilization, cut a window into the Universe, etc.? Not! He is great because he survived all this and is trying to survive further ”(Strugatsky)

List of sources of information: A.V. Katansky “Reflections on Fuzeos or why you need to love physics” / “Physics at school”, No. 6, 2010, p.1-64 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki - Wikipedia.Progress http://dic .academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_philosophy - Encyclopedia. Scientific and technological revolution

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution

Higher professional education

Tver State Technical University

Department of "Economics of production management"

Course work

discipline: "Macroeconomics"

"The impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the economy"

Completed by: 2nd year student, GF,

group AUP 0904 I.A. Zhdanov

Checked by: Baranova L.F.

Tver, 2012

Introduction

2. Scientific and technological progress in Russia and its impact on the economy

2.1 Assessment of the development of the scientific and technological potential of Russia and its impact on economic growth

2.2 Priority areas for the development of Russian science, scientific and technological progress and their financing

3.2 Forecasting scientific and technological progress

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Scientific and technological progress (STP), recognized throughout the world as the most important factor in economic development, is increasingly associated with the concept of the innovation process both in Western and domestic literature.

Countries that have accepted this fact as a guide to action are prospering today.

In the economic literature, one can find different points of view on the content of scientific and technical progress. Sometimes it is considered as a process of development of productive forces and production relations, i.e. the process of improving almost all aspects of society. In this paper, scientific and technical progress is considered as a process of development of science and technology. The development of man as the main productive force is associated not only with scientific and technical progress, but also with socio-political transformations that are studied by other sciences, since they have different patterns.

This, as the American economist James Bright rightly noted, is a one-of-a-kind process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in obtaining innovation and extends from the birth of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus covering the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption, distribution.

The application of scientific discoveries in the use of natural resources, the development and formation of the productive forces of society is truly unlimited. Under certain conditions, with the help of science, the enormous forces of nature can be put at the service of production, and the production process itself can be represented as a technological application of science.

A concrete expression of scientific and technological progress is the continuous improvement of machines, tools and other means of production, as well as the introduction of progressive technology and the organization of production. A particularly important role in the development of scientific and technological progress is assigned to mechanical means of labor. The latter are one of the main elements of the productive forces of society and to a greater extent contribute to the development of scientific and technological progress and the growth of production. They contribute to saving social labor costs, rational and efficient use of labor resources.
Scientific and technological progress is one of the factors determining economic growth in the state. Our economy is not yet sufficiently receptive to the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge. Economic growth is achieved through the introduction of new equipment and technology into production, as well as the use of improved technologies for the use of resources, which in fact is the basis of scientific and technical progress.

Putting forward the task of accelerating economic growth, it is important to assess the features of the current situation in Russia. Russia is now at a stage when the extensive path of development does not increase real economic indicators, and the intensive one, which is based on a qualitative improvement in production, is becoming more and more significant. That is why the question of the essence and influence of scientific and technical progress on the economy is relevant at the present time.

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of scientific and technological progress on the development of the economy.

The following tasks were set during the work:

1. Define STP and consider criteria for evaluating its effectiveness.

2. Determine the relationship between scientific and technical progress and the innovation process.

3. Determine the place of scientific and technical progress in the Russian economy

4. Consider the impact of scientific and technical progress on economic growth in Russia.

The work consists of three chapters. The first chapter discusses the main characteristics of scientific and technical progress and its essence, the second - the place of scientific and technological progress in the economic system of Russia, the third - the mechanism for stimulating and forecasting scientific and technological progress.

1. Theoretical aspects of scientific and technological progress

1.1 The essence of scientific and technological progress and its types

scientific technical innovative

Sergeev I.V. in his article from the journal "Organizational Economics" defined the NTP as follows:

Scientific and technological progress, in his opinion, is a continuous process of improving the tools and objects of labor, technology, organization of production and labor on the basis (basic) of the achievements of science. .

The concept of scientific and technological progress is broader in content than the concept of scientific and technological revolution. The scientific and technological revolution is an integral part of scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technological revolution is a fundamental change in science and technology that has a significant impact on social production.

If scientific and technological progress can develop both on an evolutionary and revolutionary basis, then the scientific and technological revolution is a spasmodic process.

There are macro and micro revolutions.

A macrorevolution is such a revolution, the results of which most fundamentally affect all social production or many of its spheres. Examples of macro-revolution can be electrification, radio, the introduction of computers.

A microrevolution is a revolution, the results of which affect only certain sectors of the national economy or industry, for example, homeless steel production in ferrous metallurgy, heart transplantation in medicine.

Lyubushin N.P. in his article "Dialectics of scientific and technological progress in modern conditions" There are nine most important types of scientific and technical progress:

1. opening

2. invention

3. rationalization proposal

4. industrial design

5. utility model

6. trademark

7. know-how

8. engineering

9. design solution

Discovery - the discovery of something that objectively exists, but was not previously known. That is, this is the establishment of previously unknown, but existing patterns, properties, phenomena of the material world, which make changes to our knowledge of the world. The discovery must be proven, theoretically substantiated and experimentally confirmed by the author.

An invention is a newly created, previously unknown object. It should not repeat in its essence those inventions for which copyright certificates were previously issued. New designs can be recognized as an invention: machines, mechanisms, devices. Also, an essentially new solution to a problem in any field can be recognized as an invention.

A rationalization proposal is a proposal to organize any activity in the most appropriate way, to improve the applied equipment, products and production technology. Using equipment and materials in a more efficient way is also a rationalization proposal.

An industrial design is a new artistic solution of a product suitable for implementation in an industrial way, in which the unity of its technical and aesthetic qualities is achieved. The problem solved with the help of an industrial design is to determine the appearance of the product. Industrial designs can be a whole single product, its part, a set of products, variants of products.

A utility model is a technical solution that does not meet the requirements for inventions in terms of its level. The utility model can make changes and improvements in the design of machines. Utility models include the constructive implementation of means of production and consumer goods, as well as their components. A mandatory feature is that the solution to the problem lies in the spatial arrangement of material objects. Utility models are not recognized as projects and layout plans for structures and buildings; suggestions regarding the appearance of products. A trademark is a designation intended to distinguish the goods and services of some producers of goods and services from similar goods and services of other manufacturers. First of all, a symbol is recognized as a trademark, a symbol that is placed on manufactured products. A trademark is a symbol for designating not one but all goods of a given manufacturer. Trademark Functions:

Facilitate the perception of difference or create differences,

Giving names to products (80% of trademarks are verbal),

Facilitate product identification

Facilitate product memorization

Indicate the origin of the goods,

・Communicate product information

· Signaling quality assurance.

Engineering is the technical services necessary for the development of innovation and for the development of production. These are consultations, project expertise, technical training and other scientific and technical services, i.е. engineering is a wide variety of scientific and technical work necessary for the development and supply of new modernized products for production, as well as to ensure the most profitable implementation of other stages of the innovation process, not only related to the implementation and operation of a new product, but also with the reengineering of the innovation process.

A design solution is the result of any design, expressed in a set of technical documentation necessary for preparing the production of any object (design, technological preparation, development from design and estimate documentation). The design solution allows you to get the following effect:

Lightweight design.

· Simplification of manufacturing technology.

· Reduced consumption of raw materials.

· Cost reduction.

At the present stage, the following features of scientific and technological progress are observed:

1. There is an increase in the technological orientation of scientific and technological progress, its technological component. Progressive technologies are now the main link in scientific and technological progress both in terms of the scale of implementation and results.

2. There is an intensification of scientific and technological progress: there is an increase in the volume of scientific knowledge, an improvement in the qualitative composition of scientific personnel, an increase in the efficiency of costs for its implementation and an increase in the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress measures.

3. At the present stage, scientific and technological progress is becoming more and more complex, systemic. This is expressed primarily in the fact that it now covers all sectors of the economy, including the service sector, penetrates into all elements of social production: the material and technical base, the process of organizing production, the process of training personnel and the organization of management. In quantitative terms, complexity is also manifested in the mass introduction of scientific and technological achievements.

4. An important pattern of scientific and technological progress is the strengthening of its resource-saving orientation. As a result of the introduction of scientific and technological achievements, material, technical and labor resources are saved, and this is an important criterion for the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress.

5. There is an increase in the social orientation, which is manifested in the increasing impact of scientific and technological progress on the social factors of human life: the conditions of work, study, life.

6. There is an increasing trend in the development of science and technology to preserve the environment - the greening of scientific and technological progress. This is the development and application of low-waste and waste-free technologies, the introduction of effective methods for the integrated use and processing of natural resources, and a more complete involvement in the economic circulation of production and consumption waste.

1.2 Innovation process in the system of the country's economy

Nikologorsky D. in the article "Modernization as a stage of development" from the journal "Economist" argues that scientific and technological progress, recognized throughout the world as the most important factor in economic development, is increasingly associated with the concept of the innovation process in both Western and domestic literature . This, as the American economist James Bright rightly noted, is a one-of-a-kind process that combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in obtaining innovation and extends from the birth of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus covering the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption, distribution. .

Innovation is an economic and social rather than a technical term. It doesn't have to be something technical. First of all, let's find out the essence of innovation.

Gubenko A.I. in his article “Evaluation criteria in the selection of innovative projects” believes innovation can be defined in terms of supply and demand, as changes in the value and satisfaction received by the consumer from the resources he uses (or innovations in their use).

Thus, entrepreneurs are distinguished by an innovative type of thinking. Entrepreneurship is based on economic and social theories, according to which change is a completely normal and natural phenomenon. The main task of society, and especially the economy, is seen in obtaining something different, different from the previous one, and not in improving what already exists. Thus, the challenge for entrepreneurs is to learn how to implement innovative solutions in a systematic way.

Systematic innovation, therefore, consists in a purposeful, organized search for change and in a systematic analysis of the opportunities that these changes can provide for economic or social innovation.

The following changes, or sources of innovation, are distinguished:

· An unexpected event, which may be an unexpected success, an unexpected failure.

· The discrepancy between reality, such as it is, and its reflection in the opinions and assessments of people.

· Changing the needs of the production process.

· Changes in industry or market structure.

· Demographic changes.

· Changes in perception and values.

· New knowledge, scientific and non-scientific.

There are few technological innovations that can rival the impact of inventions such as hire-purchase, which has literally transformed the entire world of commerce.

P. Kokhno, in his article “Prospects for the Scientific and Technical Development of Russia” from the journal “Society and Economics”, points out the existence of many forms of innovation management at various levels: from corporate divisions to the state. In general, called upon in modern conditions to implement a special economic policy. Like almost any other policy, it is not the same in different countries, although it is subject to the same goal: to stimulate innovative activity and develop scientific and technical potential.

Recently, the state has begun to implement a number of measures aimed at enhancing innovation processes, which inspires cautious optimism. The adopted national security strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 provides for the creation of a national investment system as the basis for ensuring the country's economic and technological security in the modernization of the economy.

The place and role of innovation policy in the structure of state regulation of the economy are determined by the peculiarities of the innovation process as an object of management. It is, to a greater extent than other elements of scientific and technical progress, associated with commodity-money relations, mediating all stages of its implementation. This circumstance is quite convincingly manifested in the conditions of the regulated market economy of the capitalist countries. The bulk of innovation processes are implemented here by private companies of various levels and scales, and such processes, of course, act not as an independent goal, but as a means of better solving the production and commercial problems of a company achieving high profitability.

When embarking on the development and implementation of this idea, companies, of course, must begin with an advance in cash capital. The essential specificity of this type of investment is that it is associated with a sharply increased threat of their loss: innovations are risky. The success rate of translating a new idea into a new product is only 8.7%; out of every 12 original ideas, only one reaches the final stage of mass production and mass sales. Twiss, an American innovation specialist, notes that commercial success is achieved only in 10% of the initiated projects, therefore, the failure rate can be estimated at 90%. In other words, the return on investment in the innovation process has very little to do with guaranteed payments of loan interest on capital in a bank or a dividend on shares.

Let's find out what motivating forces make entrepreneurs take such a significant risk. These forces for any economic system (a small innovative firm; a large corporation; a group of industrial companies; "associations" of industrial firms, universities, government laboratories in various combinations, etc.) can be divided into internal and external, or into those having objective and subjective nature. Thus, the need to replace obsolete equipment (objective reason) or the desire of a group of talented engineers to realize their creative potential (subjective reason) can be attributed to the number of internal incentives for innovation activity. The set of internal incentives for innovation activity is individual for each individual company and in some cases plays a decisive role in making a decision about the innovation process. Thus, for a newly created small firm, the birth and development of an innovation may be the only opportunity to gain a place in the market.

Sokolova L.V. In the article "Contradictions and Conditions for the Technological Development of the Russian Economy" from the journal "Problems of Forecasting", he argues that the state innovation policy in industrialized countries is aimed at creating a favorable economic climate for the implementation of innovation processes and is, obviously, a link between the "clean" ( academic) science and production tasks. In general, the role of the state in the field of innovation support can be reduced, without pretending to be complete, to the following points: the state promotes the development of science, including applied science, and the training of scientific and engineering personnel (the main source of innovative ideas); government orders, mainly in the form of contracts, for R & D provide initial demand for many innovations, which then find wide application in the country's economy; fiscal and other elements of state regulation form the stimulating effect of the external environment, which determine the effectiveness and need for innovative solutions of individual firms; the state acts as an intermediary in organizing effective interaction between academic and applied science, stimulates cooperation in the field of research and development of industrial corporations and universities.

Shcherbakov, in his article from the journal Problems and Practices, noted that currently economists distinguish three groups of countries according to the degree of activity of state intervention in the economy: in the first, the concept of the need for active state intervention in economic management prevailed (Japan and France); the second is characterized by a predominant emphasis on market relations (USA, UK); the third adheres to the "intermediate" option in economic, including innovation, policy: state regulation is combined with a low degree of centralization of the state apparatus, indirect methods of influence are used with a developed system of coordinating the interests of government and business.

These are the main features of the innovation process and the state policy that regulates it.

1.3 The effectiveness of scientific and technological progress

Scientific and technological progress has a very significant impact on increasing the rate of economic growth, ensuring the conservation of energy resources and raw materials, the release of labor, the solution of social problems by improving working and living conditions, and improving the quality of consumer goods.

The effectiveness of scientific and technological progress is the degree to which the goal of scientific and technical progress is achieved, measured by the ratio of the effect to the costs that caused it. In accordance with the purpose of the scientific and technological progress, this efficiency is socio-economic in its content.

T. Semenov in his article from the journal "Problems of Theory and Practice of Management" argued that performance indicators are a quantitative measure, the value of which ensures the effectiveness of innovations. The effect of scientific and technical progress is its result, a specific product of innovation, which is an organic component and basis of the production effect.

The effects of scientific and technical progress differ in content, level and stages of the process. According to the content, informational (scientific and technical), economic, resource-environmental and social effects of scientific and technological progress are distinguished.

The information effect of scientific and technical progress is a direct result of research, development and development of innovations associated with the accumulation of new knowledge, advanced technical and organizational experience and labor skills. It develops the scientific, scientific, technical and intellectual potential of society, individual labor collectives and regions.

The economic effect of scientific and technical progress is the result of the use and dissemination of innovations, expressed in the growth of the final social product and national income.

The resource effect of scientific and technical progress is associated with its ability to compensate for the scarce resources of the national economy, release them for expanded production, and also involve previously unused resources in circulation.

The social effect of scientific and technical progress is to create more favorable conditions for the use of the creative forces of workers, for the comprehensive development of the individual.

Comparison of these types of effects in cost form is impossible. At the same time, part of the savings in social labor, accompanying the structural, resource, environmental and social effect, can be calculated.

The specificity of cost planning in the field of scientific and technical progress is due to their features. By their economic nature, all these costs, both one-time and current, are advanced, i.e. divert resources from direct production for a long period. The time lag - the period from the investment of funds to the receipt of the final effect - is approximately 10 years. Here, the share of associated costs is large - for production capital investments, training and retraining of personnel, and nature protection. Costs include costs in the production of new equipment and its use for the billing period.

Socio-economic efficiency at the enterprise level is determined not by scientific and technical progress as a whole, but by individual innovations and their complexes. At the same time, innovations are considered effective, the absolute efficiency of which (Eabs) is not lower than the normative (En) and basic

Eabs = Dchp / Knt,

where Dpp is the increase in net production (self-supporting income as a result of innovations; Knt is the increase in costs for scientific and technological progress.

Profit growth (DP) as a result of the introduction of new technology is calculated by the formula:

DP \u003d (C 2 - C 2) * A 2 - (C 1 - C 1) * A 1,

where C 1 , C 2 - the wholesale price of a unit of production before and after innovation;

C 1 , C 2 - unit cost of production before and after innovation;

A 1, A 2 - production, pieces.

In this case, the influence of various factors on profit is established. STP provides profit growth due to two factors - cost reduction (reduction of unit costs of wages, material costs, insurance payments per unit of production, change in depreciation charges, expenses for the maintenance and operation of equipment) and product quality improvement (surcharges on the wholesale price and increase in volume production due to cheaper and better product quality).

Calculations of the effect of scientific and technical progress at the stage of formation of R&D plans are carried out by developers on the basis of technical and economic indicators of innovation agreed with the main consumer. At subsequent stages, when forming a plan for economic and social development, the calculation is carried out by the developer together with the manufacturer in agreement with the main consumer (customer).

When comparing options and evaluating their cost-effectiveness, it is necessary to take into account the impact on costs and results of the time factor. This is due to the difference in the timing of design, construction, mastering the production of products by options, as well as the difference in the structure of costs by years of design and creation of the necessary fixed assets and working capital.

Capital investments made during the period of design, construction and development of production are “frozen” for a number of years, which leads to the loss of opportunities to produce the necessary products and at the same time receive cost savings in other areas of the national economy. The longer the period of freezing capital investments, the less expedient their structure by years of construction, the greater such losses.

In addition, the growth of the productivity of social labor leads to a decrease in the value of those means of production in which capital investments are made.

Conclusions to chapter 1

Scientific and technical progress is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge. Scientific and technical progress includes a number of stages, at each of which it is manifested and new or improved inventions and technologies are created. It is impossible to unambiguously identify its essence, generally speaking, the essence of scientific and technological progress is a change in the place and role of a person in the labor process, the transfer of human functions to a machine. There are four effects of STP: informational, economic, resource and social. When comparing options and evaluating the economic efficiency of innovations, the impact on costs and results of the time factor is taken into account.

The innovation process is increasingly associated with scientific and technical progress, as it combines science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. Innovation in general is a change in the value and satisfaction that a consumer receives from the resources he uses. There are many forms of innovation management. The place and role of innovation policy in the structure of state regulation of the economy depends on the characteristics of the innovation process as an object of management. According to the degree of activity of state intervention in the economy, including innovation policy, there are three groups of countries (with active intervention, "intermediate", with a predominance of market relations).

2. Scientific and technological progress in Russia and its impact on the economy

2.1 Assessment of the development of the scientific and technological potential of Russia and its impact on economic growth

Today, economic growth is more than ever related to the efficiency of production. To do this, it is necessary to qualitatively transform the productive forces by introducing into them the latest achievements of science and technology.

The main directions of economic growth and the means to achieve these goals are as follows:

Efficient use of the accumulated production potential, comprehensive rationalization and balance of reproduction processes in all industries.

The introduction of the latest scientific achievements in all sectors of the economy, the role of a radical transformation of the administrative apparatus.

Activation of social policy, increasing the human factor in the direction of influencing production efficiency, by introducing a more rational employment structure, effective use of educational and qualification potential in training and advanced training.

In the modern world, the economic power of a country is determined not so much by the volume of GNP produced and the availability of capital and labor resources, but by the size of its scientific and technical potential, the efficiency of its use, expressed in the number of inventions and discoveries, new types of products, primarily equipment and technologies. . Scientific and technical potential has become today a resource of a special kind, without which modern competitive production becomes impossible. The scientific and technical potential of a country is the total resource of its scientific and technical sphere, which creates new products and technologies. It is inextricably linked with the economic resource, although relatively it can be more or less than the latter. We can talk about the national scientific and technical potential, about the scientific and technical potential of an industry, a company, a university, a research institute, a laboratory, and, finally, an individual scientist, designer, or creative engineer. The scientific and technical potential, however, is determined not only by the amount of available scientific and technical resources, but also by their quality, the ability to manage these resources, correctly assess prospects, and the internal interest of scientists in discoveries and inventions. For example, two laboratories with equal financial and human resources, working on the same equipment, may have significantly different potentials if one has a staff consisting of "average scientists" with low work motivation and low creative abilities, and the other has a brilliant creative staff focused on real invention and led by a talented leader. And vice versa, no matter how much you endow the “average scientist” with resources, he is unlikely to ever make a discovery that a talented researcher will make who does not seem to have the most necessary equipment and support.

Nevertheless, when characterizing the state of scientific and technological progress in modern Russia, it is necessary to start with the costs of research and development (R&D) and other resource indicators. After the collapse of the USSR, R&D spending in the Russian Federation, like spending on military purposes, began to decline. From 1989 to 1998, the labor force in the Russian R&D sector more than halved, and funding even more. R&D capital and the number of patent applications filed in Russia have more than halved. But starting from 1999, the resource provision of the R&D sector began to grow following the growth of the Russian economy that had begun.

New Russia inherited 70% of the scientific and technical potential of the former USSR. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2001 there were over 4,000 scientific organizations in the country, including 2,677 research institutes and 289 design bureaus. More than half (2213) of research institutes worked in the business sector. Today in Russia there are about 30 thousand small innovative enterprises that provide hundreds of thousands of jobs, although they are not included in the field of R&D. In 2001, the number of people employed in the field of R&D amounted to 885.6 thousand people, or almost half as much as in 1990. The share of this personnel in the total number of people employed in the national economy of Russia decreased from 2.5% in 1990 to 1.4% in 2001. At the same time, the number of researchers amounted to 422.2 thousand people, which is also almost half as much as it was in 1991. The share of doctors and candidates of sciences was less than 12% of the total number of personnel engaged in research and development. The total number of people employed in Russian science was declining until 1998, when it amounted to 855.2 thousand people in general and 417 thousand researchers, but then it began to grow. However, this growth is lower than the growth in total employment and GDP.

At the same time, an intensive process of feminization of Russian science is taking place. Thus, the proportion of women among scientists and specialists performing R&D approached 60% in 2002, while in 1991 it was 46%. At present, 12% of scientists and specialists performing R&D work in the system of the Academy of Sciences, 82% in branch scientific organizations, and 6% in scientific departments of universities. By type of scientific activity, the personnel potential of Russian science is distributed as follows: 9.5% of scientists and specialists working in the field of R&D are engaged in physical sciences; 10% in mathematics, 3.5% in environmental sciences, 9.8% in life sciences, 54.9% in engineering and 8.5% in social sciences. But the process of aging of Russian science is underway. Today, more than half of doctors and 40% of candidates of sciences are already of retirement age, and the predominant age of employees of research institutes and design bureaus is in the range of 50-55 years. Such a structure of scientific and technical potential has its impact on the economic growth of the state (Tables 2.4 and 2.5) .

The sharp decline in Russia's scientific and technical potential and the decline in the prestige of its science is the real drama of the country. But this process is largely objectively conditioned. After all, if the country's GDP is 9 times less than the US GDP, then maintaining its scientific and technological potential at the American level is hardly a real and necessary task. Nevertheless, per unit of GDP in Russia, even today, there are more people employed in the scientific field, including researchers, than in the United States. Therefore, Russian science should be more actively restructured taking into account the real situation, purposefully fit into the realities of the market, into those transformational processes that have engulfed the bulk of the Russian economy. But so far this is not happening. Directors of institutes often do not select qualified personnel for new topics, do not change research topics in accordance with the requirements of the country's developing economy. Today, the task of orienting applied scientific research towards their commercialization in industry, towards strengthening the link between fundamental research and applied research and applied research with innovation is of particular relevance. An important role should also be played by international cooperation in the field of serious discoveries and inventions at the international level, in which Russian research can take its rightful place.

However, negative processes led to a decrease in the efficiency of R&D costs in Russia. Continuing the Soviet tradition of the last period of the existence of the USSR, in Russia the production of new types of machines, equipment and apparatus was reduced - from 1.2 thousand to 1 thousand. During this period, the share of new products in the total volume of engineering products decreased from 6.5 to 3.4%. Only in recent years have these figures begun to improve. Once the USSR produced a large number of metal-cutting machine tools (over 200 thousand per year), which was more than in the USA. By 1998, this production was reduced to 7.6 thousand, then it began to grow and in 2001 amounted to 8.3 thousand pieces. Machine tools with numerical control in Russia were produced in 1990 16.7 thousand, in 1998 - 0.1 thousand, in 2001 - 0.3 thousand pieces. In 1999-2001 the production of machine tools began to grow, the number of new types of machines and equipment, the use of advanced production technologies, as well as innovative and active organizations in the industry increased (Table 2.2).

Economic growth is also influenced by such an indicator of scientific and technical progress as the number of new patented inventions. The following should be noted here: the beginning of 2000 was marked by a critically low number of applications for inventions filed by Russians. In 2005, only 32.2 thousand applications were received, which is almost two times less than in the RSFSR in 1985. 2006 was unique in its own way and somewhat discouraging in terms of patenting indicators. On the one hand, according to Rospatent, over the past three years, the number of applications for a Russian patent has increased by more than a third (more than 100,000 per year). On the other hand, in 2006 the Russians filed a record low number of patent applications abroad: only 483 pieces.

Based on this, we can conclude that our products are not competitive in the future. And if we take into account that an increasing share of Russian patents is obtained by foreign applicants, then it's time to talk about a new wave of crisis in the innovative development of Russia, about the loss of technological potential, and not at all about the emerging rise.

2.2 Priority areas for the development of Russian science and scientific and technical progress and their financing

The state at each stage of its development must determine the priority areas of scientific and technical progress and ensure their development.

It should be noted that at the end of the existence of the CMEA, a comprehensive program of scientific and technical progress was developed for the long term, and the following priority areas were identified in this program: integrated automation of production; electronization of the national economy; development of nuclear power industry; creation of new materials and technologies for their production; development of biotechnology; creation and development of other progressive technologies. In our opinion, these were well-chosen priority directions for the development of scientific and technical progress, which can be called acceptable for our country in the near future.

The EU countries are implementing a comprehensive STP program called "Eureka", and it, in fact, includes the same priority areas of STP. In Russia, the list of priority areas includes more than 16 (although in Japan it is about 33), but in the first place is the development of biotechnology. Consider the essence of some progressive technologies.

Biotechnology is one of the most important areas of scientific and technical progress, a new rapidly developing branch of science and production based on the industrial application of natural and purposefully created living systems (primarily microorganisms). Productions based on biological processes arose in ancient times (bread-making, wine-making, cheese-making). Thanks to the successes of immunology and microbiology, the production of antibiotics and vaccines began to develop. Biotechnology products are widely used in medicine and agriculture. After the Second World War, biotechnology methods began to produce fodder protein (oil, waste from the pulp and paper industry are used as raw materials). In the 1950s, the DNA double helix model was discovered. In the 70s, a technique for isolating a gene from DNA was created, as well as a method for propagating the desired gene. As a result of these discoveries, genetic engineering arose. The introduction of alien genetic information into a living organism and the techniques that force the body to implement this information constitute one of the most promising areas in the development of biotechnology. Using genetic engineering methods, it was possible to obtain interferon and insulin.

Flexible automated production (FAP) is an automated production system in which, on the basis of appropriate technical means and certain solutions, it is possible to quickly change over to the production of new products in a fairly wide range of its range and parameters. The beginning of HAP was laid in the 50s in connection with the creation of CNC machines. Major advances in robotics, the development of various automated control systems, CAD, the emergence of microprocessors have dramatically expanded the possibilities for creating and implementing HAP. Modern HAPs include:

· Computer-aided design systems.

· Automated control of technological preparation of production, numerical programming devices.

· Robots (manipulators).

· Automated vehicles.

· Automated warehouses.

· Automated control systems for technological processes, product quality.

· Automated control and enterprise management systems.

HAP can significantly reduce the time for designing and reconfiguring production for the release of new products.

Robots, robotics - the field of science and technology associated with the study, creation and use of a fundamentally new technical means of integrated automation of production processes - robotic systems.

As for the financing of scientific and technical progress, in Russia there is a program-targeted form of state regulation of innovations, which implies specific financing of the latter through state targeted programs to support innovations, including in small science-intensive firms; a system of state contracts for the purchase of certain goods and services is being created, credit incentives are provided to firms for the implementation of innovations, etc.

To date, the formation of a modern system of state support for fundamental science in Russia has been completed, the main components of which are: - Basic funding that ensures the implementation of planned scientific research, the maintenance and development of the infrastructure of science: scientific installations, equipment, buildings, structures, etc. This part of the state support for science as a whole is realized mainly through the Russian Academy of Sciences; - Targeted programs focused on the implementation of scientific research in priority areas. These programs are financed by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation; - Support for projects proposed by the scientists themselves on their own initiative. Today, Russian science is extremely dependent on the basic budget funding. The strategic interests of the state would be met by financing at the level of 2-3% of GDP, which is typical for most stable developing countries. A weak science and technology sector, absorbing less than 2% of GDP, is typical for countries with a raw-material export orientation. However, despite the fact that the share of expenditures on fundamental research and the promotion of scientific and technical progress in the total budget expenditures has been increasing since 1998, the share of expenditures on science in GDP has been constantly decreasing and does not reach not only the value of 2% of GDP, but also that specified in the Doctrine development of Russian science 3 percent share in total budget expenditures.

In 2000, expenditures on science and recipients of the budget According to the Federal Law "On the Federal Budget for 2000", adopted by the State Duma in December 1999, the section "Basic research and promotion of scientific and technological progress" provides for expenditures of 14,426 .6686 million rubles, which is more than the amount in 1999 by 2792.2 million rubles and is 124% compared to 1999 or 129% compared to 1998. Subsequently, the amount was increased to 15926.6686 million rubles.

On the whole, a paradoxical situation is observed today: in recent years, budgetary funding of science has continued to constantly decrease, while internal spending on science, which includes both budgetary funding and non-budgetary sources, has remained unchanged. All this testifies to the development of mechanisms for multi-channel financing of scientific and technical activities at the level of direct executors. Thus, the basic budget funding is aimed at supporting, mainly, academic and university science. The main instruments for supporting branch science are the system of State scientific and technical programs and State scientific centers.

Speaking about the main institutions for financing scientific and technical progress in Russia, the following can be noted: 1993 was marked by the emergence of State Research Centers (SSC), proclaimed one of the priority areas of state support. In accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On State Scientific Centers of the Russian Federation" dated June 22, 1993 No. 939, the status of such a center can be assigned to enterprises, institutions and organizations of science, as well as universities that have unique experimental equipment and highly qualified personnel, the results of scientific whose research has received international recognition. The idea was that the most priority areas of research and the strongest scientific teams - the so-called core of science - represented by individual institutes - should receive additional funding.

In addition to the SSC, a network of innovation and technology centers (ITC) is also developing, which has positively proven itself in world practice as a form of organizing small science-intensive businesses. They are created by combining contributions from the federal budget, funds from the regions and private investment. Today there are 37 ITCs in Russia, and 18 of them were formed mainly at the expense of the regions.

Along with the State Scientific Center and the ITC, the most well-known institutions for supporting science and innovation are the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), the Russian Fund for Technological Development (RFTD), which provides not grants, but interest-free loans, the Foundation for Assistance to the Development of Small Forms of Enterprises in the Scientific and Technical Sphere (Assistance Fund), as well as the Venture Innovation Fund (VIF). The budgets of these organizations are small: for example, the Assistance Fund's budget is equal to 1.5% of the country's total budget expenditures on civilian research.

Conclusions to chapter 2

So, it turned out that the priority areas of scientific and technical progress in the Russian Federation are biotechnology, flexible automated production and the creation of robotics, the development of which is currently funded by the modern system of state support for fundamental science in Russia. However, the budgets of these organizations are small, as a result of which R&D costs have decreased by an average of 2%.

The scientific and technical potential of the country has decreased since the collapse of the USSR, and not only quantitatively: the number of candidates and doctors of sciences has decreased, the aging of personnel and the so-called feminization have occurred. The negative processes that took place in the first half of the 1990s (before 1997, due to a reduction in the number of people employed in the scientific field) led to a decrease in the efficiency of R&D spending in Russia, which in turn had a negative impact on the country's GDP (in 1996 and 1998 there was a negative GDP growth). There was also a decrease in patent applications filed, which indicates the non-competitiveness of innovation activities.

Only after 1998 does the increase in the main macroeconomic indicators begin, and there is also an increase in the effectiveness of R&D. The country is reaching a stable level of development with positive annual growth.

3. Mechanism for the implementation of scientific and technological progress in Russia

3.1 Stimulation of scientific and technological progress

Stimulation is the most dynamic element of control associated with the impact on the interests of the participants in the "research-production" process, their conscious social needs, as a result of which they accelerate the scientific and technical progress from internal motives, and not just on orders from above.

Stimulation of scientific and technological progress - the creation of advantages in meeting the economic and social interests of organizations and enterprises that develop and master new highly efficient equipment. Its organic component - economic incentives - is the establishment of a correspondence between the self-supporting income of enterprises and STI (scientific and technical object) and their real contribution to achieving the effect of STP, solving scientific and technical problems. The mechanism of economic incentives for scientific and technical progress includes its basic principles (complexity, prospects, normative nature, publicity) and forms (taxation, fund formation and financing, lending, price setting and other economic standards, organization of wages, economic responsibility, risk insurance).

The complexity of stimulating scientific and technical progress assumes the organic unity of bonus systems based on the results of scientific, technical and production activities. These systems have a common source (self-supporting income), comparable estimated indicators (profit growth, cost reduction, etc.).

However, this should not mean the dissolution of incentive funds for the creation and development of innovations in a single payroll fund used for bonuses based on the results of current economic activity, remuneration based on the results of the year, etc. The results of scientific and technical progress are evaluated taking into account the payback period of innovations (on average - 2 years), only direct participants in their development and development are rewarded, while taking into account not only the economic, but also other types of effect of scientific and technological progress. Stimulation of scientific and technical progress assumes both material and moral encouragement, as well as appropriate punishment, a decrease in the funds for payment and social development of teams that produce obsolete and inefficient products, and their dissolution.

When organizing incentives, it should be taken into account that the acceleration of scientific and technical progress implies the development of not only science and technology, but also socio-economic relations, including those within the collective. Science as an object of stimulation is distinguished by the universality of its language and methods, and the use of technology and technology is largely associated with the specific interests and traditions of a given country, region, and workforce. If at the micro level a separate innovation is stimulated as a cell of scientific and technological progress, the process of successive changes in the stages of the cycle, then at the level of the enterprise, not to mention the national economy as a whole, it is necessary to stimulate not only individual activities of scientific and technical progress, but, above all, structural changes in the economy, the process of updating production in general, including the transformation of technology and technology, organization of production and management, culture and qualifications of workers. Prospects in stimulating scientific and technological progress require taking into account not only the annual self-supporting, but also the national economic effect for the entire period of using the innovation. At the same time, the creation and development of new generations of equipment and technology, as well as competitive innovations that are not inferior to the highest world level in this field, are especially encouraged. Until now, in Russia, premiums for new equipment in the industry amounted to only 2-3% of the total amount of incentives, which made the acceleration of scientific and technical progress a secondary task compared to overfulfillment of plans in terms of sales and profits. The share of remuneration of inventors in the resulting effect has decreased over the past 15 years by three times (to 1%). The normative nature of incentives implies the establishment of a direct relationship between the actual economic effect of scientific and technological progress (subject to social and environmental requirements) and the amount of premiums. This also means stimulation in real, not calendar time (for a specific result, not for a quarter), the abolition of the regressive scale, in which the largest premium (as a percentage of the amount of savings) is due for minor innovations.

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1

The impact of scientific and technological progress on people

Man of the 21st century... What happened to him? How has scientific and technological progress affected people? And did they feel safer than those who lived a century ago? It is these questions that V. Soloukhin raises in his article.
According to the author, "technology has made powerful each state and humanity as a whole," but has one person become stronger because of this? Soloukhin makes us think about the fact that many changes are taking place in the world that can help people feel more secure and comfortable. And if you look from the other side, what can one person do? He remained the same as he was without planes and cell phones, because if he has nowhere to call and fly, then why do he need these phones and planes? In addition, we are people of the 21st century, we have begun to forget what we had acquired earlier, for example, what it means to write letters, to walk long distances.
I agree with the opinion of the author. Technological progress has not made one man stronger than he was before. I recall the work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Mtsyri", where the main character, being alone in the forest, meets a wild beast - a leopard (I don't remember exactly if it was a leopard). Mtsyri begins a fight with the beast and, thanks to the knife, kills him. But a modern person, having met an animal in the forest, would also not be able to use any other device to kill the beast, even despite the fact that in the 21st century technology has become many times more developed than in the time of M.Yu. Lomonosov.
What do we mean in this world now? Can people now live without a mobile phone or a computer? Will we, like our grandparents, be able to walk 10 km to school every day? I think it's worth thinking about it. After all, it seems that the stronger technology becomes, the less strong and adapted to life a person becomes ...

."To be or not to be"

Is life worth those humiliations, misfortunes that a person experiences on his way? Isn't it easier to stop mental turmoil with one movement than to fight for truth and happiness for a whole century?
In an excerpt from "Hamlet" W. Shakespeare talks about the meaning of life. On behalf of Hamlet, the author reflects: "... Is it worthy to submit under the blows of fate, or is it necessary to resist?", thereby raising one of the eternal questions: "For what does a person live?" William Shakespeare says: "What dreams will be dreamed in that mortal dream when the cover of earthly feelings is removed? This is the key. This is what prolongs our misfortunes for so many years.", implying that the meaning of life is in the ability to feel: to rejoice and love, sadness and hatred... Thus, the author raises a very important, in my opinion, the problem of finding the meaning of life.
I completely agree with the author: there is nothing more beautiful in the world than human feelings, so diverse and vivid in their manifestations. A person who understands the essence of life will never say: "I want to die." On the contrary, he will hold on to life to the last, overcoming pain.
The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times and therefore cannot leave us indifferent. Many writers and poets addressed her. LN Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace" fully reveals the theme of the search for the meaning of life. The main characters, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, are looking for spiritual refuge. Through mistakes and suffering, the heroes gain peace and confidence.
Life is not always favorable to a person, most often it does not spare anyone. I recall the work of Boris Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man". The main character, Alexey Meresyev, deprived of both legs during an air battle, has not lost his will to live. Alexei has demonstrated extraordinary resilience. Not only did his existence not lose its meaning, on the contrary, the hero felt the need for happiness, love, and understanding more acutely.
Life is boring, not colored by dreams, searches, discoveries, joy. And although sometimes failures fall on the head of the seeker of truth, at the end of the path everyone will be rewarded according to their deserts.
I would like to finish with a phrase from the movie "Forrest Gump": "Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what filling you will get." Indeed, sometimes the most delicious candy is hidden behind a nondescript wrapper.

Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)

Nowadays, people have forgotten about the meaning of the word nobility, it has become a kind of archaism in the modern world. Now nobility is ridiculed, as in ancient times the vices that afflict the soul were ridiculed.

The nobility of a person is determined not by position and noble origin. This is exactly what the author of the text Yu. Tsetlin is talking about, noting that to a greater or lesser extent, nobility is characteristic of any firm and honest person.

I fully agree with the position of the author of this text that many people substitute values, taking "puffiness and arrogance" for true nobility. There is a lot of confirmation of my position in literature, for example, Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables. Former convict Jean Valjean, becoming mayor, saves his worst enemy from the inevitable death, who has slandered him for many years. Risking his life, Jean Valjean pulled the old man out from under an overturned cart, mired in a swamp along with his passenger. As an example of pseudonobility, we can cite the heroine of the novel Dangerous Liaisons by Choderlos de Laclos, Marquise de Merteuil. The Marquise, being a rich, noble woman with excellent manners, cruelly took revenge on her opponents because of trifles, not disdaining lies, betrayal and hypocrisy.

Probably for a very long time people will substitute values, forgetting about their original meaning. So far, nobility as a normal phenomenon, and not deviation, seems to me to be something unattainable. Dream. Utopia.

Nobility (according to Yu. Tsetlin)

Everyone has their own opinion about what is good and what is bad. It is customary to associate this with a large number of personal associations, with differences in the intellectual and spiritual development of people, with the specifics of the social situation around them. But there are such phenomena that have had the same significance for mankind at all times.
One of these phenomena is nobility. But real nobility, the main manifestations of which are honesty and fortitude, nobility that is not put on display, just the same as the author of this text writes about. Yu. Tsetlin is concerned about the problem of true human nobility, he talks about what kind of person can be called noble, what features are inherent in this type of people.
Today, a noble person is a rarity. After all, noble deeds are activities aimed primarily at helping people, activities based on sensitivity to their problems. Yu. Tsetlin in the text proposed for analysis gives a vivid example of a truly noble person - Don Quixote. Through the image of a well-known literary hero, the author of the article shows that the desire to fight evil and injustice is the foundation of true nobility, the foundation on which an outstanding personality is built.
Y. Tsetlin believes that "one must be able to remain an honest, unshakable, proud person under all circumstances", for which, however, both humanity and generosity are characteristic.
I fully agree with the opinion of the author of the text: a noble person is distinguished by sincere love for people, a desire to help them, the ability to sympathize, empathize, and for this it is necessary to have self-esteem and a sense of duty, honor and pride.
I find confirmation of my point of view in the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin". The main character of this work, Tatyana Larina, was a truly noble person. The love of her life initially turned out to be unrequited, and the heroine of the novel had to marry not for love. But even when her lover, Eugene Onegin, told her about the feeling that suddenly flared up for her, Tatyana Larina did not change her principles and coldly answered him with a phrase that had already become an aphorism: “But I am given to another and I will be faithful to him for a century.”
Another ideal of a noble person was splendidly described by L. N. Tolstoy in the epic novel War and Peace. The writer gave one of the main characters of his work, Andrei Bolkonsky, not only external nobility, but also internal, which the latter did not immediately discover in himself. Andrei Bolkonsky had to go through a lot, rethink a lot before he could forgive his enemy, the dying Anatoly Kuragin, an intriguer and traitor, for whom he had only hated before. This example illustrates the ability of a noble person to achieve true spiritual heights.
Despite the fact that there are fewer and fewer noble people every decade, I think that nobility will always be appreciated by people, because it is mutual assistance, mutual assistance and mutual respect that unite society into one indestructible whole.

The benefits of education (according to A.F. Losev)

We often think about the benefits that our actions bring to us. Depending on personal needs, character traits, life principles, we give priority to either spiritual satisfaction or material gain. But there are activities that benefit us both morally and materially.
The article by A.F. Losev, a well-known Russian philosopher, discusses just such a type of activity. The author extols science and education, talks about the benefits education gives to a person.
In modern society, it is very important to be educated. Without education, it becomes a difficult task not only to find a job, but also to analyze the events taking place around a person that concern him. Now, in many countries, basic general education is compulsory, because without the basic knowledge acquired in school, it is impossible to live in society.
In this text, A.F. Losev focuses the reader's attention not on the need for education, but on the spiritual aspect of the benefits that we receive from education. In his opinion, education, both motivated by the desire to cultivate a personality in oneself and conditioned by material needs, in any case brings a person "sweet fruits" - moral satisfaction.
I fully share the opinion of the author of the text that an educated person feels needed and useful to society. And this cannot but become the reason for his spiritual development.
My point of view is confirmed in the story of A.P. Chekhov "The Jumper". One of the main characters of this work, Dymov, a doctor by vocation, was truly devoted to his profession. He saved people, risking his life, and sacrificed himself for the sake of society. And throughout the entire period of his scientific activity, Dymov formed his personality, developed spiritually.
Another good example is the image of Bazarov in the work “Fathers and Sons” by another Russian classic, I. S. Turgenev. Bazarov's life principles were formed as a result of his passion for science. He became a personality, doing medicine, conducting various experiments.
Education plays a huge role in the life of every person. It brings us "sweet fruits" of spiritual satisfaction and material benefits. But the most important advantage that education gives a person is, of course, the foundation for the formation of personality, the formation of life goals and principles, and the development of the spiritual component of a person.

Personal education in the process of learning (according to I. Botov)

Often, by the word "education" we mean knowledge that will help us get a highly paid and prestigious profession. Less and less often we think about what else it provides besides material benefits ...
That is why Igor Pavlovich Botov in his article touches upon the problem of the need for moral education, emphasizing precisely the importance of the correct upbringing of the individual in the learning process.
The author draws our attention to the fact that an educated but immoral person will have a corrupting effect on society. A child who has not learned the basics of morality in his school years will grow up spiritually stingy. That is why it is so important for a teacher to put all the best into the soul of a student, and then, perhaps, in the future we will encounter less heartless officials, unscrupulous politicians and criminals.
Igor Botov is not indifferent to the problem posed by him, he believes that the term "education" should be completely replaced by another one - "education".
I fully agree with the author, because the methods of modern education, in my opinion, prioritize primarily material gain, relegating spirituality to the background.
I see life examples confirming my position every day at school: the growing indifference to moral values ​​among my peers from year to year, their lack of spirituality really causes alarm. It is less and less common to meet a teacher who is not indifferent, who enters the classroom with a desire to teach something to children, and not just to conduct another lesson and go home as soon as possible. This state of affairs causes sadness, because it is the teacher who can lay the first basics of “humanity” in the child.
For example, it is worth remembering the work of Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin "French Lessons". Lidia Mikhailovna, in order to somehow help the boy, who did not want to take money and food from her, began to play with him in the wall for money. When the director became aware of this, she lost her job, but the act of the teacher became for the boy a lesson in kindness and understanding for the rest of his life.
Once upon a time, Aristotle said: "He who advances in the sciences, but lags behind in morality, goes more backward than forward." The words of the philosopher perfectly reflect the situation of the present education, which is in such need of morality.

Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)

It is impossible to imagine our world without a sympathetic, lively attitude towards each other. People are always in great need of someone's compassion and understanding. But, unfortunately, we do not often think about it.
In this text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem of selfishness, the lack of compassion in some people. In my opinion, it is quite relevant. This moral problem forces the reader to think deeply about his behavior. The author talks about children who, in order to create a museum, took away the most precious thing from their mother - letters about their son who died at the front.
The position of the author of the text is clear. B. Vasiliev believes that people sometimes do not think at all about the pain that their rash act can bring to others. So for the mother, after the letters were taken from her, the son "faded away, died, died a second time, and now forever."
One cannot but agree with the author's opinion that a person is sometimes very selfish and ruthless. Thinking only about personal gain, he commits cruel acts that bring grief to others.
This problem is reflected in the story of I. Turgenev "Mumu". Janitor Gerasim picked up the puppy. He loved him very much, looked after him, fed him, cared for him. Mumu became the only joy in the life of a dumb janitor. But the lady did not like the puppy, and therefore Gerasim was forced to drown Mumu. It is impossible to convey in words his state after such an act. Because of the whim of the mistress, he lost his only friend.
The literary critic and public figure D.S. Likhachev addressed this problem. In one of his letters, he says that in our time, unfortunately, there are more and more callous and soulless people, incapable of pity, compassion for others, who cared only about themselves.
Thus, we come to the following conclusion: people should treat each other with understanding and compassion.

"Fathers and Sons" (according to M. Ageev)

Parents...Love...Care...Patience...What unites these concepts? What is the true meaning of them? Why are we embarrassed by our parents, do not appreciate their love and care? These questions are suggested by the author of the original text.
M. Ageev raises a problem that the greatest minds of the past pondered and which remains relevant today. It can be described as the problem of "fathers and sons".
What prevents us (children) from knowing the true value of parental love? Why do we always strive to be away from them (parents), to become independent? After all, parents are the dearest and closest people. They want to help us, but sometimes we rudely reject their help and do not think about how much it hurts them. We (children) must remember that they gave us life! Then why are we ashamed of our parents, how they dress, how they talk and what they do. After all, when they are not around, emptiness, sadness, severe pain appear in the soul, which cannot be drowned out in any way. We remember how we treated them disrespectfully, how many insults we brought them, although parents never show how much they hurt!
The author's point of view on the indicated problem, in my opinion, is absolutely clear: he believes that children often perceive only the external beauty of a person, not realizing the depth of parental love, their spiritual generosity. It often happens that we do not have the courage to admit to other people that the person you recently talked to is your dad or mom.
As for me, before I was often embarrassed by my mother, I didn’t like the way she dressed, the way she spoke, but now, gradually, with age, I understood a lot. My parents are everything to me. I live for them, and they live for us children. Therefore, whatever parents do, they will always do only for us, constantly forgetting about themselves.
Continuing to reflect on the problem raised, I would like to give arguments from fiction.
One such example is D. I. Fonvizin’s comedy “Undergrowth”. Despite the fact that Mrs. Prostakova is a rude, greedy landowner, she loves her only son Mitrofan and is ready for anything for him. But the son turns away from her at the most tragic moment.
This example shows us that parents try to do everything for the benefit of their children. But children, unfortunately, cannot always appreciate and understand this.
Relations between children and parents cannot be cloudless, ideal. But we must learn to understand each other.
The hero of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Stationmaster" Samson Vyrin loves his daughter very much, but a passing hussar takes Dunya with him. Distraught with grief, the father becomes an inveterate drunkard and dies, and Dunya appears only at his grave.
In conclusion, I would like to say that you need to take care of your parents, respect them and not harm them.

The fate of the book (book or internet?) (according to S. Curius)

But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader. but about feelings, all adjectives, I wrote below, maybe there is no need to describe them?

Book or Internet? What does modern society choose? What is the advantage of library information over computer information? What is the fate of the book? S. Curius reflects on this in his article.
The author in this text raises the problem of the future of the Book.
This problem, posed by S. Curius, is very relevant in modern society. Television, computer, Internet, of course, greatly facilitate the work, they have their own advantages. But only a book can awaken real feelings in the reader.
The position of the author is obvious: the book will not die, but its printed format will certainly change to a computer one. A book is primarily a text, but in what format it is presented does not matter for the essence of the book.
I fully agree with the author's position that the book will not die. Slow reflection on the text, the durability of paper, high-quality information - in this the book surpasses the computer.
The facts that we encounter every day speak in favor of the author's position. Let's remember how in childhood my mother read a fairy tale at night. At this time, we begin to get acquainted with the book. Thanks to her, we can be transported to unknown places, meet amazing characters, accomplish a feat. What feelings visited us? Only bright, joyful, carefree. Only a book can do this.
Mankind has achieved great success in its development: a computer, a telephone, a robot, a conquered atom... But a strange thing: the stronger a person becomes, the more anxious is the expectation of the future. What will happen to us? Where are we heading? Let's imagine an inexperienced driver who is driving at breakneck speed in his brand new car. How nice it is to feel the speed, how nice it is to realize that a powerful motor is subject to your every movement! But suddenly the driver realizes with horror that he cannot stop his car. Mankind is like this young driver, who rushes into an unknown distance, not knowing what is lurking there, around the corner.
Nowadays, a computer makes a person's life more comfortable and convenient, but a book will always remain a "disinterested and faithful friend." One can accuse the author of conservatism, but still there is a problem, and it is far from being as simple as it might seem at first glance.

Can a computer and the Internet replace books (according to K. Zhurenkov)

"Computer" and "Internet" are two words that we hear almost every day. These concepts have firmly entered our lives, have become an integral part of it, without which now, in the 21st century, it is almost impossible to imagine human existence.
The Internet is a global network that has covered (a web that has enveloped) all spheres of human life; in a matter of seconds, with its help, with a simple keystroke, you can get the information you need. With this speed and accessibility, the Internet has won many fans, who, unfortunately, have forgotten that this truly great achievement of civilization is by no means the only one. At one time, the same revolutionary breakthrough was the invention of a printing device, thanks to which people had the opportunity to read the great works of Russian and foreign classics. Turning page after page, readers got the opportunity not only to “touch” the heroes of brilliant works, to live their lives, but also to penetrate the consciousness of the creator himself, empathize and create with him.
The computer and the Internet appeared, and reading, accompanied by magical
by touching the pages, gave way to purely visual perception
artwork from the monitor screen, often even in a summary. It is the problem of the displacement of the book by the computer and the Internet that the author of the source text touches upon.
K. Zhurenkov discusses the pros and cons of the Internet, arguing that it is necessary as a reference tool. The author also considers e-mail to be its undoubted advantage, which, in his opinion, actively revives the epistolary genre. In addition, Zhurenkov is sure that the Internet can be used to teach improvisation and writing, but nothing more.
The problem raised by the author of the text proposed to us undoubtedly exists, it is by no means invented by him, and the author certainly has his own point of view on it. He believes, not without reason, that the book, in spite of everything, will continue to exist, as it has undoubted advantages: firstly, paper is more durable, secondly, it does not require a power source, and thirdly, viruses will not “eat” it and will not be erased by an inattentive user; fourthly, the book cannot hang in the most interesting place.
It is difficult to disagree with the author's assertions: he very thoroughly proves the advantages of the book, its materiality and stability.
Continuing to reflect on the problem raised, I would like to give other arguments in favor of books, and especially fiction.
In addition to the opportunity discussed above to get in touch with the characters and the author of the work through the pages, there is another aspect that advocates paper media: turning over the pages and looking at them, we capture in memory not only the text, but also the images that are born in our imagination in connection with each new sheet. The monitor does not allow you to manually turn the page, and therefore, the tangible imagery disappears, which is so important for memorizing and understanding artistic expression.
works.
It is absolutely impossible not to mention the greater eye fatigue caused by even the most modern and perfect screen, which, in addition to harm to health, also reduces the level of perception of information from a computer and the Internet.
In conclusion, I would like to quote the author of the original text, who, in my opinion
look, uses a truly ingenious comparison that expresses both the essence of the real problem and its solution: “One thing is music completed and fixed on a tape or other medium, and quite another is jazz as improvisation not driven into frames.”

Book (according to Etoev)

The book…What is it for you? A good adviser or plain paper bound? For some, this is the world. And even life.
What is the significance of the book in the fate of man? How can the first books influence the further life path? Etoev reflects on these topical issues in his text.
The author claims that “a person measures the steps of his heart by good books”, calls the latter the “point of convergence” of people. The publicist convinces readers that the book is “a real space of life”.
Of course, the author's position cannot be called detached. In the words of Etoev, there is admiration for the book, he conveys great significance to it and reveals new facets of the problem of the meaning of the book in human life.
It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of the author. Indeed, books can influence the worldview, the character, the actions of the individual. They can unite people, and in childhood, books lay the foundations of morality and morality.
There are many examples in world and Russian literature in which there is a reflection of the problem given in the text - Paustovsky's "Golden Rose", Gorky's "Childhood", Bronte's "Jane Eyre", articles by Arakcheev, Astafiev, Genis ... This series can be continued for a long time. But it is worth paying special attention to one of Likhachev’s “Letters about the Good and Beautiful”: the publicist tells how he and his family loved to read Leskov and Mamin-Sibiryak, and that the books of these authors influenced his future work.
In addition, it can be said that one book can influence the course of history. For example, Adolf Hitler grew up in a religious, believing family, but after reading the book “As Zarathustra Spoke” by Nietzsche, he changed his attitude towards the world towards Nazism and fascism.
Thus, the book is our teacher, mentor, our guiding star with which we go through life. Our principles and beliefs depend on which book we choose as a desktop book. That is why it plays an important role in our life.