Riddles in the Tatar language about the new year. The riddle about the duck in the Tatar language. Research work English and Tatar riddles. Tatar folk tales

Tatar folklore - page №1/1

Tatar folklore

The national culture of the Tatar people, like other peoples, was created over many centuries. One of its parts are various types and genres of poetic creativity. The folklore of each nation is important because it reflects its thoughts, views and experiences. The very development of folklore and its specificity is determined by the historical conditions of the existence of the people.
Tatar folklore reflected specific historical features of the life of the Tatars. Magic epics, fairy tales about animals show the features of the economic life of the ancestors of the Tatars, their rituals and customs, the philosophical views of the patriarchal-clan and early feudal society. Historical traditions and legends reflect the main eras and significant events: the foundation of the city of Bulgar, the invasion of the Mongols, the heroic struggle of the peoples of the Volga region for freedom and independence. Wedding poetry has managed to preserve some information about the ancient forms of family and marriage relations.
Folk art also reflected the national psychology of the people, their way of life; such qualities as love for the native Earth, Nature, respect for work, contempt and hatred for injustice, honesty, integrity, kindness and hospitality. To be convinced of this, it is enough to turn to the images of the positive heroes of fairy tales, songs, bytes, to proverbs and sayings.
Exploring Tatar folklore, one can find that it already laid the foundations for the flourishing of all traditional forms of art: music, choreography, painting, architecture. The richest and richest diversity is poetic and musical creativity. This is explained by the undemanding material costs of these types of folklore, and not by the limitations of folk abilities in other areas of creativity. After all, for songs and fairy tales, only the wealth of spiritual and creative energy is needed.

Of course, we didn't take the bumpy ride to search the thriving northern Lithuanian cities of Klaipeda and Palanga to no avail for concrete ruins and peeling. We traveled along the Curonian Spit. Anyone who once climbed the huge dunes barefoot and looks down into the sandy desert, which is framed on both sides by the sea and the fabulous forest, can only love Lithuania. As for the eyes, nothing resembles civilization, and snotty barbers and water shortages are forgotten and goodbye. We were tiny black dots swallowed up by the sandy mountains, and we didn't happen to be lying in Russia.

Tatar folk tales

"Shah Rooster"

There was a rooster in a chicken coop. A rooster walks around the yard, walks, looks around in all directions, looks after order and puts on airs. The rooster jumped on the fence and cries:

Ku-ka-re-ku! Ku-ka-re-ku! I am a rooster shah, a padishah rooster and a rooster khan, and a rooster sultan! My little, black, white, motley, golden chickens, who is the most beautiful in the world? Who is the bravest in the world?

Once we had fine sand from our fingers, we followed Migle, Monika or Aurelia through Klaipeda, which was largely populated by Germans. Home is where you jump off the bus right into a knee puddle and where you first have to climb over a wall, paving stone ice and rubble to get to the home home.

Poltergeist and plush chair - university comparison

In the worst case, you expect a stack of unpeeled dishes. Education at Vytautas Magnus University. Kaunas students are not familiar with such fears. Outside the plush conference rooms with plush microphones, banners and swivel chairs, there are real tables, chairs that can last two hours without major medical consequences, and windows in every classroom of classrooms that radiate the colors of a friendly elementary school. But that's not all: new TVs, computers and beamers are glowing everywhere, and blown-up projectors with years of insect corpses have long been sent as a donation gift to the University of Mainz.

All the chickens came running - blacks, pieds, gray, white, golden - surrounded their shah, the great padishah, their bright khan, the mighty sultan and sang:

Ku-da, ku-da, ku-da, clear khan, ku-da, ku-da, ku-da, marvelous sultan, ku-da, ku-da, ku-da, bright check, ku-da, ku -yes, ku-yes, bright padishah, to equal someone with you! There is no one in the world braver than you, there is no one in the world smarter than you, there is no one in the world more beautiful than you.

Elevators can be used without panic attacks! No wonder the university also does more on the outside than my own. And then only the library: instead of being swallowed and blocked for reasons of fire protection, as you know it from home, it is open and flooded with light, giving off the smell of wood. Even outside the classroom, the organization is Lithuanian-relaxed, in the end, everything always goes as planned: courses that should be in English are held in Lithuanian due to student protest, seminars canceled due to a small number of participants, rooms and changed To add a little more confusion to the start-of-semester celebrations, different versions of the same curriculum have been circulated.

Ku-ka-re-ku! Ku-ka-re-ku! the rooster crowed even louder. - Who in the world has a voice louder than a lion's? Who has mighty legs, who has a colorful dress?

You, our shah, have a colorful dress; you, padishah, have strong legs; you, Sultan, have a voice louder than a lion's, - the chickens sang.

The rooster pouted with importance, raised his high comb and sang with all his might:

Ku-ka-re-ku! Ku-ka-re-ku? Come closer to me and tell me louder: who has the highest crown on his head?

Incidentally, none of this happened to me personally, but I was allowed to watch as the 45-minute delay of a cross-cultural studies instructor—hopefully a cross-cultural crisis experiment—left native students suspiciously cold. Hours are simply marked in different ways, namely, mostly not at all.

Lithuania in the Refugee Crisis

In joint work, we have so far had exactly two working wall clocks in the main buildings. Because in this fabulous backstory, when Lithuania was still the largest empire in Europe, so traditional minorities such as Russians, Poles, and Tatars immigrated, there isn't much here. Anyone who enters this mysterious, largely unknown country, despite having a clearly foreign background, is either a tourist or an exchange student, but most likely an exchange student.

The hens came up to the very fence, bowing low to the important rooster, and sang:

You have a crown on your head that shines like heat. You are our only shah, you are our only padishah!

And the fat cook crept up to the rooster and grabbed him.

Ku-ka-re-ku! Ay, woe! Ay, trouble!

Ku-ku-yes! Where where? the chickens screamed. The cook caught the mighty padishah by the right leg, the cook stabbed the great shah with a sharp knife, the cook from the bright khan plucked the colorful dress, the cook cooked delicious soup from the invincible sultan.

Even Indian restaurants and Turkish kebab shops are run by Lithuanians. Apparently, Kaunas Migrant's only permanent residence runs a Lithuanian pizzeria, where every pizza is served on half a bar of garlic sauce. However, his beard is almost too voluminous Italian and pitch black to not get stuck.

Since foreigners do not come to them, many young Lithuanians dream of living abroad, preferably in Norway, so they want to learn foreign languages. The only question is who should live here when boys are emigrating en masse to prosperity and not displacing immigrants.

And people eat and praise:

Oh yes, delicious rooster! Oh, fat rooster!

« Three sisters"

There lived a woman. She worked day and night to feed and clothe her three daughters.

And three daughters grew up, swift as swallows, with faces like the bright moon.

One by one they got married and left.

Several years have passed. The old mother is seriously ill, and she sends a red squirrel to her daughters.

Shiame Nami, the most successful Lithuanian of all time

The Lithuanian people owed numerous elegies, military victories, piano sonnets, basketball medals and poker victories to their work. After he burned to death under Soviet occupation in the name of freedom, he wrote several novels. Until then, I have one bad and two good news, but first the bad. Lithuania not only has the highest suicide rate in Europe, but also the fourth highest in the world, just behind Guyana, South Korea and Sri Lanka.

But women promise that they have to leave Finland and Scandinavian equality, here a little less than there. Pictures of bread packages circulating on social media and word of mouth propaganda spread like wildfire where there is this careless bread to buy what our plates demanded.

Tell them, my friend, to hurry to me.

Oh, - the eldest sighed, having heard the sad news from the squirrel, - oh! I'd love to go, but I have to clean those two basins first. -

Clean two basins?! - the squirrel got angry.

So be with them forever inseparable!

And the basins suddenly jumped up from the table and grabbed the eldest daughter from above and below. She fell to the floor and crawled out of the house like a big turtle.

No German bread but tasty and reasonably nutritious. The inserted photos have nothing to do with suicide, siam or cumin; they simply demonstrate that winter has entered before the leaves have completely fallen from the trees. Someone thought: why not? Why not give the starring role to the poor potato, which is always discarded by schnitzel and fish as an extra? More recently, Frederick the Great revered the earthly apple.

At the end of the semester, I have to talk about the weather and the warmth of Lithuanian hearts. There are two weather conditions here, one outside and, due to a leaking plastic window, the other in the room, which is in no way inferior to the weather conditions. Since my neighbor regularly runs to the university from the cold, lately I have room often for me and a small biotope on my plate. That's not entirely true: autumn storms hit over the beds that almost hit my Advent candles, and if you sit at the table for too long, you risk freezing on the windowsill.

The squirrel knocked on the door of the second daughter.

Oh, - she answered, - I would now run to my mother, but I am very busy: I need to weave the canvas fair.

Well, now weave all my life, never stopping, - said the squirrel.

And the second daughter turned into a spider.

And the younger one was kneading the dough when the squirrel knocked on her door. The daughter did not say a word, did not even wipe her hands, ran to her mother.

The honest effort of heating is nothing but a constant waste of energy. On the other hand, the weather outside is pleasing: there is snow, that the fearless and always impeccably dressed Lithuanians posed in nylon tights and high heels. In the fight for the most magnificent Christmas lights, Kaunas, meanwhile, is engaged in a fierce arms race with Vilnius. The trees are woven into dazzling blue fairy lights, the well that has been turned off since October, the face of Kaunas finally seems to surge again, and the entire avenue of freedom shines peacefully towards itself.

Here and there the colors are lit in a narrow degree between neon and prots, but no one treats themselves differently - except for almost all nightly private fireworks. In the meantime, the lecturers are spreading the Christmas spirit: it's the last week of lectures, and we're quite fashionably saying goodbye to everyone with a speech for the holidays and at home. Lithuanians like warm words and warm gestures, especially in the weather. The Lithuanian teacher gave us one last bright instruction in the local cuisine and broke my unconditional love for Lithuanian food for the last few meters. It also suffices, however, in fatty fried, honeyed doughs that sound great, but are nothing more than a babbitter's sugar shock.

Bring sweetness and joy to people, my dear child, the squirrel told her, and people will take care and love you, and your children, and grandchildren, and great-grandchildren.

Indeed, the third daughter lived for many years, and everyone loved her. And when it was time for her to die, she turned into a golden bee.

All summer long, day by day, the bee collects honey for people. And in winter, when everything around is dying from the cold, the bee sleeps in a warm hive.

Almost as sweet was the suggestion of a second professor, an innocent, passing Italian teacher for a group photo of the entire class and stop. A small conversation with Lithuanians can basically be broken down into five topics. As part of this set of topics, the following favorite topics of conversation are especially joyfully considered. Here the Russian steals the show from the Christ child in front door discipline. Tough and crushed, the locals talk about the Russian threat as something very specific. No one doubts that sooner or later he will return, again declaring the lost territories, the Russians.

Shurale

Once upon a time in one village there lived a lumberjack. One day he came to the forest. Chopping wood, singing songs. Suddenly, from a dark thicket, a shurale (goblin) came out to meet him. It is all covered with black hair, a long tail wriggles, long fingers move, long shaggy ears move too. I saw a lumberjack shurale and laughed:

As you can imagine, the crisis in Crimea did not lighten the mood. One thing is certain, that the Russian strikes again. However, he must not wait too long, because he is said to emigrate once a year abroad. Thus, in a hundred years, the annexation of Lithuania should be seen as an individual project. This topic evokes sympathy or amusement on the part of the Lithuanian interlocutor, sometimes a mixture of both: the phrase "poor lunatics" will do this quite well. As is the custom in this country, a man shows himself at this stage of his most disgruntled side and gets angry merrily and with that own note of self-irony in most of the newly elected Peasants' Party in Parliament around.

That's who I'll play with now, that's who I'll laugh with now! What's your name, man?

The woodcutter realized that things were bad. Need to come up with something. And says:

My name is Last Year.

Come on, Last Year, let's play with you, tickle, - says the shurale, - who will tickle whom.

And all shurale oh masters of tickling! How to get away from this?

I have no time to play, I have a lot of work, - says the woodcutter.

With all the established pessimism, Lithuanians can joke about themselves, especially about their low population, and that hardly anyone from the Baltic countries knows what Lithuanian is. Fortunately, none of my interlocutors ever considered the mention of the German occupation, two themes dominate here.

Great injustice, and you are far from forgiven and forgotten. Erasmus in a Baltic brotherly state such as Estonia is the highest feeling for some students. And the school class in which we had our German lesson was more Lithuanian than garlicky. In short, you are very fascinated and curious about this foreign country that everyone is talking about and that absorbs so many family members. Apart from this basic curiosity, there are two ways to tackle this topic. Foreign theme also includes.

Ah well! - Shurale gets angry. - Do you want to play with me? Well, then I'll spin you around in the forest so that you'll never get out of it!

Okay, - says the woodcutter, - I will play, only you first help me to split this deck. - He swung and drove the ax into the deck. She cracked. “Now help me,” the woodcutter shouts, “put your fingers into the crack so that it doesn’t close, and I’ll hit it again!”

Friendly economic comparison with the Baltic neighbors. Everyone here has to admit that the Estonian strikes are the best, but what about Latvia and Lithuania? The generous Lithuanian likes to sum up this competition by saying that the quality of life and economy in both countries is in no way inferior to each other. However, my history colleague's book claims that Lithuania was the least developed in the Baltics prior to the Soviet era.

Journey of a little raindrop

A short digression about the sewer system. Once upon a time there was a small raindrop, one of countless many, that fell to the ground due to statistical probability and the mood of fate in Lithuania. There, on the streets of Kaunas, he joined with all the other newborn raindrops to a trickle that turned into a mighty stream. For the raindrops were far from the end of their journey: in a city with no drains, they were doomed to be disoriented through the streets and alleys. As they floated down the sidewalk and flooded the sidewalks, little raindrops and his friends finally made it to Gully, like the door to a new home where they hoped to have a fun rebirth or nirvana among their peers.

The stupid shurale stuck his fingers into the crack, and the woodcutter quickly pulled the axe. Here the goblin's fingers were pinched tightly. He twitched, but it wasn't there. And the woodcutter grabbed an ax and was like that.

Shurale shouted to the whole forest. Other shurales ran to his voice.

What's wrong with you, why are you screaming?

Fingers pinched last year!

When did you pinch? - ask shurale.

Now pinched, last year pinched!

You will not understand, - says one shurale. - Immediately you have now and last year.

Yes Yes! Shurale shouts, and he twitches his fingers. - Last Year, Last Year! Get him! Punish him!

How can you catch up with last year? - says another shurale. How can he be punished?

Last year he pinched, and now he suddenly screamed. What was silent last year? - the third shurale asks him.

Can you now find the one who pinched you? It was so long ago! - says the fourth shurale.

The stupid shurale could not explain anything to them, and all the shurales fled into the thicket. And he put the deck on his back and still walks through the forest and shouts:

Fingers pinched last year! Fingers pinched last year!
Tatar riddles

The oven is full of cheesecakes,

old joker, In the middle one kalach.

On the street does not order to stand, (Sky, stars, month).
Pulls home by the nose(freezing).

Winged but not flying (mill). "Eating fast

chews lightly,

Doesn't swallow on her own

"Four boys under one hat" (table). does not give to others"(saw).

"Two brothers went swimming" (buckets).

Tatar folk proverbs and sayings

Without a homeland, you will be a cute wingless bird

If you lose good, you will gain again,

If you lose a friend, you won't get it back.

For couch potatoes and the sun comes out on time.

A good dzhigit has everything in his hands on fire.

You can't catch a hare without work.

No matter how much you beat the water, you won't knock down the oil.

What is the owner, such is the cattle.

Without a cloud there will be no rain, without people the work will not be done.

Tatar folk games

"Timerby"

The players, holding hands, make a circle. They choose the driver - Timerbay. He becomes the center of the circle. Driver says:

Five children at Timerbay,

Friendly, fun play.

We swam in the fast river,

They lashed out, they splashed.

Well washed

And dressed up nicely.

And neither eat nor drink,

They ran into the forest in the evening.

looked at each other,

They did it like this!

With the last words, this is how the driver makes some kind of movement. Everyone must repeat it. Then the driver chooses someone instead of himself.

Rules of the game.

Movements that have already been shown cannot be repeated. The indicated movements must be performed accurately. You can use various items in the game (balls, pigtails, ribbons, etc.).

"Ayu-bү re"

("Gray wolf")

One of the players is the "Grey Wolf". Children go "to the forest" to pick berries. One of the players asks:

Where are you going, my friends?

Children in chorus:

We are going to the dense forest.

What do you want to do there?

We'll get raspberries there.

Why do you need raspberries, children?

We'll make jam.

If a wolf meets you in the forest?

The gray wolf will not overtake us.

Children come to the place where the gray wolf is hiding and sing:

I will pick berries and make jam.

There will be a treat for your beloved grandmother.

There are a lot of raspberries here, all and not to collect!

And wolves, bears are not to be seen at all.

Here the gray wolf rises, and the children run over the line. Whom the wolf stains, he takes away to himself.

So he can stain 4-5 children, and the last one becomes a gray wolf.

Aksak tө lke"

("The Lame Fox")

One of the guys is a “lame fox”, the other is the “owner of the house” - a bear, all the other guys are chickens. "The owner of the house" - in a circle, next to which - a large circle - "chicken coop". "Fox" - beyond the line, in the "burrow".

From his hole, the fox on one leg jumps to the "owner of the house." The fox and the bear start a conversation.

Where are you, lame fox,

Are you wading in the dark at night?

Grandma is waiting for me dear,

Don't you know about it?

Why rush to her?

The coat is dried on the stove.

What if the coat catches fire?

I'll dip my coat into the river.

Will the water wash her away?

It will be hard for me then.

Well, how about, lame fox,

Can you live without a coat?

Do not worry, sleep, master,

When you wake up, you will understand!

The “master of the house” goes to bed, and the fox jumps into the chicken coop. The chickens wake up and scatter in different directions, and the fox, jumping on one leg, tries to stain someone. Whoever gets tarnished becomes a fox.

Abdrakhmanov Amir

Tatar gymnasium №15, 7th grade

Kirovsky district district, city of Kazan

supervisor

Bikmukhametova Aida Ramilovna

Kazan 2013

general description of work

The relevance of this topic : Comparative study attempted for the first time riddles the British and Tatars.

Target this study is to conduct a comparative study riddles Tatar and English people.

Main tasks research:

1) reveal the history of the riddles in the languages ​​we study;

2) establish what the riddles we are considering are;

3) identify all the existing similarities and differences in the forms and meanings of these riddles in the languages ​​we study;

Main research methods :

Comparative - typological, allowing to identify similar, partially similar and different features;

The study of linguistic and methodological literature on issues related to the conduct of a comparative study;

The study of popular science, regional studies, methodological literature on the research topic;

Note down the necessary facts;

A selection of material from the Internet.

Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to conduct a comparative study of Tatar and English riddles.

1. Introduction. It justifies the relevance of the chosen topic, as well as scientific novelty.

2. The first chapter tells about the history of the origin and research of Tatar and English riddles.

3. In the second chapter, a description of the Tatar and English riddles is given.

4. The third chapter deals with riddles in Tatar and English fairy tales.

5. The fourth chapter is a comparative analysis of Tatar and English riddles.

6. Conclusion.

7. List of references.

1. Introduction

Riddles are an ancient genre of folk art. They originated in ancient times, and have their roots deep into the centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no written language. Therefore, the question of primary sources is still open. In a riddle, a subject description of some phenomenon is given, the recognition of which requires considerable thought.

The riddle is a special, interesting, cheerful world. Despite the complexity of the riddles, guessing them is a game designed for fun, a comic mood, a joyful anticipation of the correct answer. Riddles are especially popular among children. In English lessons, we often guess English riddles and it became interesting for me to study and compare English and Tatar riddles.

2. History of origin and research of Tatar riddles.

Historical materials about the origin of the Tatar riddles have not been preserved. "Tabysh-help me find it." Initially, riddles were associated with magic, in pagan times shamans made their predictions in the form of riddles, they believed in the magic of the word.

Ike akkosh uzha,

Bersen-berse uzha,

Җitә almyy. (Ai һәm koyash)

Over time, kingdoms, states were formed, and riddles were already used in the speech of ordinary people. Riddles reflected the life and thoughts of people, showed how people perceive the world.

Gөl gөl echendә,

Göl piyala echendä,

Kuk ta tugel, җir da tugel,

Donya anyn echendә. (Kozge)

Riddles were usually used in the work of folk poets-improvisers (chichen, akyn), who arranged competitions in riddles (eytesh) in front of the public. For Aityshev riddles, both the interrogative part and the answer must necessarily have a poetic form:

Donyada and ң әche dә andң tөche ni? (Tel)

Researchers-scientists, having studied the history of the emergence of riddles, conclude that the Tatar riddles were a kind of folklore. The recording of Tatar riddles dates back to 1303, it was then that in the dictionary Codecus cumanicus about 50 riddles were introduced. The collection of Tatar riddles began relatively late. The first printed riddles appeared in M. Ivanov's "Tatar Reader" (1842), prepared as a textbook for teaching the Tatar language in the Orenburg Neplyuevsky Cadet Corps - a military educational institution.

In 1871, the Hungarian linguist Gabor Balint arrived in the Volga region to study the language of the Kazan Tatars. The works of folk art, which he wrote down from the baptized Tatars in the city of Kazan, he used in his work devoted to the study of the language of the Kazan Tatars, which contains 46 riddles.

In 1880, M. Salikhov released a small collection of folklore called " Tabyshmaklar һәm һәrtөrle halyk arasynda әitelә torgan makallar”"(" Riddles and proverbs "), where he placed 39 riddles. In 1884, K. Nasyri released a folklore collection called"Fәvakilһel җөlasa”, where he placed 27 riddles.

In the collection "D ә fgylksl min sabi v sabiyat” (“Prevention of laziness in boys and girls”), compiled by Taip Yakhin, above dshem in Kazan in 1900 printed about 88 riddles.

N. Isanbet is widely known as a scientist, researcher of Tatar folklore. They collected a large a collection of Tatar riddles. In 1941, the book “Tatar Folk Riddles” was published, where 1468 riddles were placed. He collected these riddles for a very long time. The book consists of 7 sections: riddles about nature, h riddles about a person and his life, riddles about life, about education, weapons, puzzles, riddles-questions, riddles-tales, ancient riddles, religious riddles.In 2002, on the basis of this collection, the book "Tatar Folk Riddles" was published, edited by G. Validi.

3.History of origin and research English riddles.

English riddles are not part of English folklore, but rather part of Old English poetry. English riddles have a certain literary origin. The English riddle usually appeared in verse form in Old English poetry or Old English literature. The Old English manuscript (The Exeter Book) has preserved about 60 verse riddles relating to Old English literature. For example:

I thought that was quite curious, that a mere worm,

a thief in the dark, at what a man wrote,

his brilliant language and its strong foundation.

The thief got no wiser for all that he fattened himself on words.

The moth ate the words. I thought very curious

that just a worm, a thief in the dark, ate what a man wrote,

its magnificent language and material basis.

The thief did not become wiser from the fact that he grew fat from words.

Answer: bookworm

In Old English literature, riddles had two purposes. First, to interest and intrigue the audience of the poet. Secondly, to provide information that would later be useful for the successful use or understanding of poetic language.

The Anglo-Saxons were addicted to the genre of riddles. The riddle was not easy for the Anglo-Saxons
entertainment, guessing riddles was a method of teaching in schools.

English clergyman and writer Saint Aldhelm ( Aldhelm, Ealdhelm; 639 - May 25, 709), for pedagogical purposes, wrote the book "Riddles", consisting of one hundred riddles - a favorite teaching method of the ancient English. The riddles of Aldhelm also reflected his love of nature, so characteristic of the spirit of the English. In "Riddles" by Aldhelm occupies the main place biblical themes. But in them
much is also said about animals, plants, stones, stars, various natural phenomena, as well as about utensils, household items and tools.

I was a brave fighter; now a proud hero covers me,
Youth, gold and silver,
Wire bent into a spiral. That puddles kiss me.
Then I call to fights with a sonorous voice
Diligent comrades. Sometimes a horse carries me:
Through the forests, or sea stallion (ship)

Carries me on the waves, shining with decorations.
Sometimes a girl, adorned with gold,
fills my chest; then I must, devoid of ornaments,
To wallow naked and headless;
Then I hang again, in wonderful decorations,
I bliss on the wall, where the warriors feast ( bull horn)

The first collection of English true riddles "The Demands Joyous" ("The Merry Riddles" primer "Merry Riddles") appears in London in 1525. The riddles from this collection were of French origin.

In the 30s X VI century, a collection of riddles by William Rastell is published ( William Rastell ) « A Hundred Merry Riddles » Primer "One Hundred Cheerful Riddles", containing 76 riddles.

In 1792, an "untitled" collection of riddles was published. "A Choice Collection of Riddles, Charades, Rebuses" letters . "The best collection of riddles, charades, rebuses."

An important role in the history of collecting and studying English riddles was played by Archer Taylor, an American paremiologist (a person who studies proverbs). He was president of the American Folklore Society. ) (1936-1937), member of the London and Irish Folk Societies ( London Folklore Society, Folklore of Ireland Society ), as well as editor of the American Folklore Magazine ( Journal of American Folklore ). In 1939, his book " A Bibliography of Riddles "("Bibliography of riddles"). And in 1951 his book " English Riddles from Oral Tradition "("English riddles from oral tradition").

In 1983, the book "Dictionary of Riddles" was published. "(Dictionary of Riddles"), edited by Mark Briant ( Mark Bryant ), which presents the history of riddles from ancient times to the present day, and also collected about 1500 riddles in English, French, Italian and other languages.

4.Tatar riddles.

The genre of the riddle in the Tatar language is mainly referred to by two terms: tabyshmak and shomak. (They are found in various phonetic variants in almost all Turkic-speaking peoples.) The first of them is formed from the verb taboo "find, find" by adding the affix of the mutually joint voice -ysh and the suffix -mak. Ancient forms - tapzuguk (Mahmud Kashgari, XI century), tamysyk (Codex Cumanicus, XIV century). The term tamarsyk is very close to the latter. The root of the second name is the verb youmu "to close, hide". Iomak (or shomak) has a semantic affinity with the word yoshak "ball". Starting to guess riddles, the Tatars sometimes say: “Yomgak zhib әrәm, akhyryn tap” (“ Shake the ball to you, find its end.”)

In folklore, there are three main types of Tatar riddles: metaphorical (sometimes allegorical) riddles, riddles-questions (non-metaphoristic) and arithmetic (counting) riddles.

- Metaphorical riddles based on metaphors.

Alsu bitle kyz uste, tup itep

kuaktan sikerep toshte (apple);

Ike yangan yoldyz bar, ike kara kondyz bar (eyes, eyebrows) ;

ike tishek, take ishek (nose, mouth).

Through the images of riddles, a diverse world appears before us. In riddles metaphor(a word or expression used in a figurative sense, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature) usually combined with hyperbole( , in order to strengthen and emphasizing the thought) : an egg is a barrel, a candle is a pillar, a bee is a hawk, a crane, etc. No stranger to mysteries e and litote ( artistic understatement of the magnitude, strength of the meaning of the depicted object or phenomenon) : Mitch tuli peremech, urtasynda ber kalach "The oven is full of peremachs, in the middle - kalach." Here the sky, the moon and the starsplaced in the oven of a peasant's hut.

In Tatar riddles, constant metaphors can be identified. For example, the pronoun Uze"myself": Uze kurenmi, yuly ozelmi (thought); Uze su, Uze katy (ice);

Riddles with constant metaphor are especially numerous. sandyk"box": Altyn sandyk echendə achylmagan hatym bar (brain and memory); Җir astynda - yabyk sandyk (grave);

Tatar riddles a negative comparison is characteristic, where no comparison is giventwo objects, and the opposition of one object to another:At tugel - chaba, urman tugel - shauly

(streamlet); Uze tugərək, tup tugel, koyrygy ozyn, tychkan tugel (beets); Uze yomry - ai tugel, tose

sary - may tүgel, koyrygy bar - tychkan tүgel (turnip). In such riddles, the similarity is formally denied.of the object being thought of with another object, in essence this object is a dike hint at clue.

H metaphorical - h “Patsha kemga bash iya?” (Hairdresser)

Usually in such riddles-questions artistic imagery is absent. To solve them, you need to correctly understand the meaning of the question, to catch its tricky side, which is not so simple. W riddles-tasks are very close to riddles-questions of a comic nature.

Nәrsә өstәl yanynda bigrәk kirәk? ( Avyz)

Nindi Savyttan Echep Bulmy? ( Bush Savyttan.)

Kai vakytta kuyan ite tamle bula? ( Ashagandha.)

To aichan bernindy tavysh ta ishetep bulmy? (Typ-tyn vakytta)

Arithmetic riddles deal with numbers. Unlike ordinary tasks, they are built in a fun way. The score itself is not difficult, but various traps await the guesser on the way to the correct solution. In other words, the solution of such riddles requires not only arithmetic operations, but also guessing a joke, a secret meaning.

Ber keshe meң sumga yoz bash mal algan. At - ille sum, syer - utyz sum, saryk bish sum tora. Bu keshe nichi bash at, nichi bash syer һәm nichi bash saryk algan?( Un at, ike syer, siksan sigez saryk algan).

Utyra, di, durt matche,

Һәr mәche aldynda - өch mәche,

Һәr mәchenenң koyrygynda - ber mәche,

Barysy nicha mache bulgan? ( Dүrt mәche bulgan. Alar өineң dүrt pochmagynda utyralar. Һәr mache үzenen koyrygynda utyra).

Most of the Tatar riddles are made about household items, labor, nature, and the environment of the Tatars. By studying the riddles, we can get an idea of ​​how and with what tools the Tatar worked, what animals and birds surrounded him in the household and what wild animals he most often encountered, what grew in the field and garden, what the village looked like, what household utensils , objects of labor and

everyday life surrounded him, what and how was produced on the farm. The choice of the subject of substitution in riddles is subject to its own laws. The most common is the selection of a replacement object that matches those signs that they want to emphasize in the guessing object, which are reported in the riddle as a clue for guessing. So, for example, a riddle about haymaking, a scythe: Үlən

astynda ut yogerə; Yelan shua kilə, yary җimerelə kilə (The scythe crawls through the grass like a snake, as fast as

fire, so the scythe is most often replaced by the words snake, fire)

Thematic richness of Tatar riddles includes the following sections:

1) H heavenly luminaries;

H әrsә tөnne yaktyrta,

Nәrsә yana-yandyrmy? (Ay)

2) Z the earth and its relief, minerals, water;

Borynsyz chypchyk boz tishar (tamchy)

3) seasons, year, month, week, day;

Ak syer tryp kitә,

Kara syer yatip kala (yaz)

4) natural phenomena;

Ayagi yuk, kuly yuk,
Sөylәshergә tele yuk,
Koyash kebek nury yuk,
Kurergә kuze yuk,
Һich җitmәgәn җire yuk.
(gyl)

5) trees, fruit trees, forestry;

Җәy kienә, kysh chishenep tashly.
(Urman)

6) herbs and plants, haymaking;

Kyynamy, sukmy, uze elata.
(Kychytkan)

7) arable farming;

Tarazse yuk, ishege yuk,
Eche tuli halyk.
(Kyyar)

9) insects;

Җany bar yes kany yuk,
Yök tartyrlyk hale yuk.
(Cheben)

Ber koshhym bar: tynmy,
Agachka oy stern;
Oe-җirdә,
Җyry − kүktә.
(Turgai)

12) animals;

Timerche da tugel,
Balta ostasy yes tugel,
Yze avylda berenche eshche.
(at)

13) a person;

Үze soyaksez, Soylәgәn suze hisapsyz. (Keshe)

14) family, related relations;

Bulgan, di, ber kart belan karchyk: alarnyn ber kyzy, ber malailary bulgan; shul malaylarnyn - kart belen karchyklary, shul kart belan karchyknyn ber kyzy, ber malailary bulgan. Boo no?

15) village, buildings;

Tubәn өydә dүrt bүre,
Dүrtese da kүk bүre.
(Өй niguese, pochmaklars)

16) house and its parts;

Ishektan kergan dә suzylyp yatkan.
(Idan)

Bagana yana, kүmere-kole yuk.
(Sham)

18) the decoration of the hut;

Men tugan ber kaesh bugan.
(Seberke)

19) dishes;

Bәlәkәy genә ak tana
Borynym bar dip maktana.
(Chaynek)

20) food, food;

Su tugel - syek,
Kartugel − ak.
(Сөт)

22) clothing, jewelry;

Bash-ayaksyz - buoy bar,
Gәүdәse yuk - kuly bar.
(Kulmak )

Ike tugan suga bara,
Bersen-berse uza bar.
(Ike chilak belan suga baru)

Kuze yuk, teze yuk,
Yörmәgәn җire yuk,
Kermagan kuly yuk.
(Akcha)

25) literature, literacy, writing;

Yze Belmi, keshedan soramy. (Nadan)

Үlchәүlәrdә үlchәnmi,
Satylmy Bazarlarda.
(Akyl)

26) musical instruments;

Avyzy bar - tele yuk,
Tavyshy bar − suze yuk.
(Kurai)

27) weapons;

29 ) about the letters of the alphabet, metagrams and charades;

Kazannyn urtasynda no bar? (n)

Nindi suzde alty "n" bar? (altyn)

Kulmakne ikegә aersan, nәrsә kilep chyga?

Kulda bar, elgada yuk.
Urdakte bar, kazda yuk.
(" Ү "harefe)

Barda yuk, yukta bar.
(" Yu "harefe)

The Tatar riddle remains an independent genre of folklore to this day. Riddles have mobility and are in constant motion. New ones appear and obsolete ones are constantly added to them.

Yөrtәlәr any һәrvakyt
Katy-katy tipkelep,
Җan-farmanga yogerә st,
Tormy ber dә үpkәlәp.
(Football tuba.)

Kosh ta tugel, at ta tugel,
Uze ocha, yok tashiy.
(Airplane)

Keshelarne ochyrta,
Yze cat is ugly;
Umbrella kebek җәelse dә,
Gil-yangyrdan saklamy.
(Parachute)

5. English riddles

The Tatar word riddle, i.e. tabyshmak, corresponds to the English riddle, which means “a question asked to someone, difficult to understand, having an unexpected answer (riddle - a question that is difficult to understand, and that has a surprising answer, that you ask somebody as a game). In English, there are words enigma, mystery and puzzle, also translated into Russian as a riddle. Enigma means a person, thing or situation that is mysterious and difficult to understand. Mystery and puzzle - something difficult to understand and explain (Mystery, puzzle - something that is difficult to understand or to explain).

English riddles are not part of English folklore, but rather part of Old English poetry. More generally, an English riddle is any confusing question. Today, it is most likely a funny, humorous game for children, rather than a literary work, as it was in ancient times.

In an English riddle, a description of some phenomenon or object is given, the recognition of which requires considerable thought. In the riddles of all peoples, the most ancient and most widespread form of "verbal concealment" of well-known concepts about objects is a metaphor. Metaphor(from - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with any other on the basis of their common feature.

There are English riddles. Riddles-metaphors represent the uniqueness of this genre. After all, a riddle is not just a given metaphorical question, but a very cunningly formulated question. for example "What is it that we often return but never borrow?"(thanks). Reading this riddle for the first time, you might think that we are talking about some kind of subject. But in fact, the answer will not be an object, but the word thank you, which, if you think carefully (and this turns out to be obvious), we never borrow (...never borrow), but always say thanks to someone (...that we often return ). The text of the riddle itself does not contain a metaphor. However, if we know the answer, then the riddle itself and the answer acquire a metaphorical meaning. Here are other examples of English metaphorical riddles: “What is always coming but never arrives?” (tomorrow); "What is broken when you name it?" (silence); "What lives on its own substance and dies when it devours itself?" (a candle); "What is it that you must keep after giving it to someone else?"(a word); It can be concluded that English riddles are often metaphorical in conjunction with riddles.

Riddles without metaphors, are perceived not as riddles proper, but as jokes in the form of riddles. To solve them, it takes no less ingenuity and ingenuity than when guessing metaphorical riddles. Usually the answers to such riddles lie on the surface or lie in the text of the riddles themselves. for example , "What do people in Europe call little gray cats?" (little kittens); "What makes a Dalmatian dog spotted?" (his spots); "What has a head like a cat, feet like a cat, a tail like a cat, but isn't a cat?" (a kitten); "Which one of our President had the largest shoes?" (the president with the largest feet); Old English. In English, there are also such riddles-questions with comic answers. for example , “Some months have thirty days and some months have thirty-one days. How many months have twenty-eight days?” Answer : "All twelve months have 28 days. Some have more as well.” "When is a yellow dog most likely to enter a house?". The question arises, what is a “yellow dog” (“a yellow dog”), and the answer is actually not even related to the dog. Answer: "When the door is opened".

In fact, there are a lot more riddles-questions in English than riddles-parables. For example, “What has a head like a cat, feet like a cat, a tail lake a cat, but isn’t a cat?” (a kitten).

The next type of riddles are riddles-tasks. They are very similar to riddles from school textbooks, if not for one circumstance. Here, for example, is one of these riddles: “A flock of geese flew, to meet them one goose. “Hello,” he says, “a hundred geese!” “No, we are not a hundred geese. As if there were so many more, so much so, yes a quarter as many, but you, goose, so there would be a hundred of us geese. How many geese flew? Answer: 36 geese

There are a lot of riddles of this type in English, they are represented by a group of riddles called "Number Riddles" (Number Riddles) and "riddles using letters" (Letter Riddles). Let us first give examples of "numerical riddles » (Number Riddles): «When do 2 and 2 make more than 4?» (when they make 22); "Why is 2 times 10 the same as 2 times 11?" (because 2 times 10 is twenty and 2 times 11 is twenty-two (twenty, too)); "Make five less by adding to it?" (add the Roman numeral I (one) to V (five) and you get IV (four));

Now let's look at English riddles using letters (Letter Riddles): "What 3 letters make a man of a boy?" (a, g, e: age); "Why is the letter A like noon?" (because it is in the middle of DAY); "Why is the letter E like London?" (because it is the capital of England); "What ends with E and begins with P and has a thousand letters?" (postoffice); "How do we know that S is a scary letter?" (because it makes CREAM SCREAM); "What starts with T, ends with T, and full of T?"(teapot);

We see that the riddles-tasks, like the riddles-questions mentioned above, are extraordinary, they are really tests for ingenuity, developing, activating our mental activity.

By topic, English tasks are divided into the following sections:

Riddles about animals (Animal Riddles)

Why are dogs such poor dancers? Why are dogs such bad dancers? - They have two left feet. (Because they have two left paws).

Classic Riddles

What always ends everything? - What always ends everything?- The letter \g\. - Letter |g| ( in the Russian version it would be Y)

Riddles for children (Kids riddles)

Can giraffes have babies? Can giraffes have babies? -No, they only have giraffes . - No, they can have little giraffes.

Riddles about letters (Letter Riddles)

Which alphabet is a hot drink? What letter of the alphabet is a hot drink? -T(tea) . - T and tea are pronounced the same 'tee'.

Medical Riddles

Why is an eye doctor like a teacher? - What are the similarities between an oculist (eye doctor) and a teacher? -They both test the pupils. - They both check the students - pupils (eng.pupil- pupil, pupil)

Riddles about numbers (Number riddles)

When do elephants have feet eight? When do elephants have eight legs? - When there are two of them . - When the elephants two .

- Illogical riddles (Paradox Riddles)

How is seasickness like an auction? - How similar maritime disease and auction ? - One is the effects of a sail and the other is a sale of effects. - One - influence swimming , other - sale impressions (this mystery built , apparently , on the consonance words sale and sail , which at translation give such here paradox )

- Ridiculous riddles (Ridiculous Riddles)

What kind of can never need a can opener? - Which tin bank not need opener ? - a pelican - Pelican . … Ridiculous! and the meaning is this:Can - tin can (from canned food, for example, or Pepsi),peli can ends withcan ... that is, the British do not require a bottle opener))

Riddles about words(Word Riddles)

What kind of clothed do lawyers wear? What clothes do lawyers wear? -Lawsuits - court suits. (law - law, suit - suit, and lawsuit - court case).

Riddles about work(Work Riddles)

Why was Count Dracula glad to help young vampires? -Why Count Dracula was happy to help young vampires-He liked to see new blood in the business. - He liked to see new blood in the business. (Here it's a matter of steady turnovernew blood in the business (new to business)

Having considered examples of English riddles in this paragraph, one should highlight their feature, which is inherent in most English riddles. Namely: many English riddles have a purely interrogative form (“What is ...?” or “Why ...?”) And the answer begins with the words “because ...”. for example , "What dose everyone have that he can always count on?" (his fingers); Why was Washington buried at Mt. Vernon? (because he was dead).

6. Riddles in fairy tales

The next type of riddles are riddles in fairy tales.A riddle in a fairy tale is an ambiguous phenomenon. Researchers distinguish

riddles and difficult tasks that are divided into 3type: 1) labor-

nye tasks that the heroes perform with the help of magical assistants; 2) difficult tasks performed thanks to the knowledge of the hero, his participation in previous events; 3) solving riddles or allegorical speech.

Tasks from the first two groups are performed by means of some magical properties, objects or assistants, and the latter require the hero to whom they are intended, a sharp mind, quick wit and ingenuity.

A riddle is one of the means that directs the action of a fairy tale, enlivens it. Both in the Tatar and English languages ​​there are such riddles. In the Tatar fairy taleMӘGЪNӘLE KYZ

”("Intelligent Girl") The groom comes to see his future bride and concludes that she is crazy because she does not understand that she speaks in riddles that show her intelligence. (Burychka җylarga kitү - үlek өstendә elau st, yaki ata-ana kaberena baru; yөz tәңkәne bish tiengә alyshtyru - kyznyң әtise auga kitkәn digәn үz, yagni yөz tәңkәlek aigyrga atlanyp bish tienlek kuyan artynnan kua-kua atny yandyryp kharap itөmҙm. Atynny kyshka yaki җәygә baylaү - ishegaldyndagy arba yaisә chanaga baylәү bula. "Matchaga ikeshәrlәp manderdek" dip, kyz sinen әdәpsezlegenңnәn - koimakny ikeshәrlәp ashavynan kөlgәn.) So, for example, in the fairy tale "The Peasant's Wise Daughter",

literally “The wise daughter of a peasant”, the king asks the girl the following riddle-condition: “Come to me and not dressed, and not naked, not on foot, and on nothing, not along the road, and not without a road”("Then said the King, - Come to me not clothed, not naked, not riding, not walking, not in the road, and not out of the road, and if though can do that I will marry her") .

7.Conclusion

The mystery is more than entertainment. To solve it, you need to show ingenuity, innovative thinking, patience and logic, and these qualities are very important for development. Thanks to riddles, you can learn to think. The subject of riddles is very diverse, which means that they help to learn more about the world around us.

Tatar riddles

English riddles

There are no definite historical materials about the origin of the Tatar mysteries. It is known that the riddle was called “yomak”, that is, “yomyk-closed”, now they call it “tabyshmak” - i.e. "Tabysh-help me find it." Initially, riddles were associated with magic, in pagan times shamans made their predictions in the form of riddles, they believed in the magic of the word.

Over time, kingdoms, states, and riddles were already used in the speech of ordinary people. Riddles reflected the life and thoughts of people, showed how people perceive the world. Researchers-scientists, having studied the history of the emergence of riddles, conclude that the Tatar riddles were a kind of folklore.

English riddles are not part of English folklore, and, most likely, part of Old English poetry. English riddles have a certain literary origin. The English riddle usually appeared in verse form in Old English poetry or Old English literature. In Old English literature, riddles had two purposes. First, to interest and intrigue the audience of the poet. Secondly, to provide information that would later be useful for the successful use or understanding of poetic language.

Both in the Tatar and in the English riddle, a description of some phenomenon or object is given, the recognition of which requires considerable thought. In the riddles of all peoples, the most ancient and most common form of "verbal concealment" of well-known concepts about objects is metaphor based on the transfer of similar features from one object to another.

Both English riddles and Tatar ones are metaphorical and non-metaphorical.

M metaphorical:

“Mich tuly pәrәmәch, urtasynda ber kalach” (Ai һәm yoldyzlar)

"What is broken when you name it?"(silence) (But, English riddles are often metaphorical in conjunction with riddles.

H metaphorical - h riddles that do not contain metaphors, are perceived not as riddles proper, but as jokes in the form of riddles. To solve them, it takes no less ingenuity and ingenuity than when guessing metaphorical riddles:

“Patsha kemga bash iya?” (Hairdresser)

"What do people in Europe call little gray cats?" (little kittens)

In fact, there are many more riddles-questions in English than riddles-parables. For example, “What has a head like a cat, feet like a cat, a tail lake a cat, but isn’t a cat?”(a kitten).

Unlike English, Tatar riddles are presented mainly in the form of an indirect question. Most often, in Tatar riddles, the question is not outwardly expressed, and they have a metaphorical and descriptive character.

Tyshka kuydym - tash buldy,
Өygә kertem - su buldy.
Inde nihƙl itәem,
Duck kuisam - boo buldy.
(Boz)

Many English riddles have a purely interrogative form ("What is ...?" or "Why ...?") and the answer begins with the words "because ...". For example, "What dose everyone have that he can always count on?" (his fingers);

On the subject of Tatar riddles richer and are divided into the following sections:

1) heavenly bodies;

2) land and its topography, minerals, water;

3) seasons, year, month, week, day; 4) natural phenomena;

5) trees, fruit trees, forestry; 6) herbs and plants, haymaking;

7) arable farming;

8) vegetables;

9) insects;

10) fish;

11) birds;

12) animals;

13) a person;

14) family, related relations; 15) village, buildings;

16) house and its parts;

17) objects of heating and lighting;

18) the decoration of the hut;

19) dishes;

20) food, food;

21) weaving, sewing, needlework;

22) clothing, jewelry;

23) living, wealth, poverty, money;

24) road, vehicles;

25) literature, literacy, writing;

26) musical instruments;

27) weapons;

28) religion, myths, clergy;

29) about the letters of the alphabet, charades;

31) riddles-questions;

32) arithmetic riddles.

33) riddles in fairy tales

By subject, English riddles are divided into the following sections:

1) Riddles about animals (Animal Riddles)

2) Classic Riddles

3. Riddles for children (Kids riddles)

4. Riddles about letters (Letter Riddles)

5. Medical Riddles

6. Riddles about numbers (Number riddles)

7. Illogical riddles (Paradox Riddles)

8. Ridiculous Riddles

9. Riddles about words (Word Riddles)

10. Work Riddles

11 ) Riddles in fairy tales

There are riddles in both Tatar and English in fairy tales.

The Tatar riddle remains an independent genre of folklore to this day.

Kosh ta tugel, at ta tugel,
Uze ocha, yok tashiy.
(Airplane)

Keshelarne ochyrta,
Yze cat is ugly;
Umbrella kebek җәelse dә,
Gil-yangyrdan saklamy.
(Parachute)

An English riddle is any confusing question. Today, it is most likely a funny, humorous game for children, rather than a literary work, as it was in ancient times.

What can you count on no matter what? (Your fingers or toes (or both!))
What teaches without talking?(a book)

The mystery is more than entertainment. To solve it, you need to show ingenuity, innovative thinking, patience and logic, and these qualities are very important for development. Thanks to riddles, you can learn to think. The subject of riddles is very diverse, which means that they help to learn more about the world around us.

Bibliography

1.N.Isanbet "Tatar folk riddles" Tatar book publishing house, Kazan, 1970.

2. Nәkyi Isәnbәt Tatar halyk tabyshmaklaryYar Chally "Idel-Yort" Nәshriyati 2002

2. Titova N. G. History and study of folk riddles in domestic and foreign linguistics // Modern philology: materials of the international. in absentia scientific conf. Ufa: 2011.

3. http://www.justriddlesandmore.com.

4. .

5.Old English riddles laura Digan Department of English language Faculty of arts University of Glasgov, February 2011