The basic principle of continuous and separate writing is the selection of words in writing. Parts of words are written together, words are separated by spaces. The application of this rule is hampered by the fact that word combinations and whole words are not always clearly opposed in the language (for example, combinations with the particle not and words with prefix not-, combinations of nouns with prepositions and adverbs formed from such combinations).

There is a third type of spelling - hyphenated, or semi-fused. A hyphen can separate a word into parts (for example, firebird, light green, in a new way, because of, all-in, first, someone) and, conversely, combine parts of a phrase (for example, science fiction writer, cunning-cunning, out of the blue, out of the blue, two or three).

The main rules of this section are divided into general and related to individual parts of speech. The section ends with rules of a special type - corrective, or coordination rules (see § 151-156); they make in some cases changes in those spellings that follow from the basic rules.

Special cases of the use of the hyphen are set out above (see §§ 111–113).

General rules

§117

together.

1. Words with prefixes, for example:

a) with Russian prefixes: trouble-free, cashless, along the coast, extracurricular, intraspecies, appeal, run out, finish reading, scream, interlibrary, interregnum, the largest, non-specialist, unpleasant, not without interest, untalented, subhuman, misunderstand, depose, deforest, weaken, near-literary, stepson, stronger, post-perestroechny, ancestral home, prehistory, overtone, resist, superhuman, ultra-distant, co-editor, mediterranean, loam, striped, excessive;

b) with prefixes of foreign origin: illogical, avant-title, anticyclone, ahistorical, archival, hyperinflation, dismantling, disintegration, disproportion, immoral, international, infrastructure, irrational, counteroffensive, metalanguage, parapsychology, post-Soviet, protohistory, reevacuation, offal, superliner, transcontinental, ultra-left, extraterritorial, extraordinary.

Complex words are also written together with initial parts, Russian and foreign languages, close to prefixes, for example: forgiveness, all-encompassing, monthly, extraterrestrial, alien, pseudoscience, pseudosocialist, nationwide, universally recognized, half-moon, half-sweet, half-lying, half-jokingly, self-sufficient, self-healing; pan-American, quasi-scientific, pseudo-gothic, pseudo-folk.

2. Difficult words, the first part of which coincides with the form of the numeral ( two, three, five etc.), as well as words with first parts two-, three-, many-, little-, for example: two-month, three-ton, four-percentage, pentagonal, six-story, seven-mile, octahedron, nine-point, decathlon, eleven-year-old, twelve-hour, twenty-ton, thirty-degree, forty-bucket, fifty-year-old, ninety-year-old, centenary, two-hundred-ruble, one-and-a-half-year-old, one-and-a-half-year-old, dual power, three-finger; bilateral, tripod, polynomial, multi-stage, few people, little snow, unattractive.

3. Compound words with the first foreign (international) part ending in a vowel. The list of the main such parts of compound words:

• with the final about :auto-, agro-, astro-, audio-, aero-, baro-, benzo-, bio-, velo-, vibro-, video-, hecto-, helio-, geo-, hetero-, hydro-, homo- , dendro-, zoo-, iso-, kilo-, cinema-, cosmo-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, mono-, moto-, neuro-, neuro-, neo-, ortho-, paleo-, pyro -, pneumo-, porno-, psycho-, radio-, retro-, seismo-, socio-, spectro-, stereo-, thermo-, turbo-, phyto-, phono-, photo-, evaco-, exo-, eco-, electro-, endo-, energy-;
• with final a, e, and :air-, deck-, mega-, media-, tetra-; tele-; deci-, milli-, poly-, centi-.

Examples: autobiography, automobile plant, agro-soil, astrophysics, audio engineering, aerovisual, hyperbaric chamber, gas engine, biosphere, cycle track, vibration measuring, video equipment, hectowatt, heliogravure, geopolitics, heterotransplantation, hydroturbine, homosexual, arboretum, veterinarian, isobars, isothermal, kilometer, film, cosmic vision, macrocosm, meteorological service, microbiology, microcomputer, monoculture, motorcycle racing, neuropathologist, neuropsychic, neorealism, orthocenter, paleo-Asian, pyrotechnics, pneumosclerosis, porno film, psycholinguistics, radioactive, radio receiver, retro fashion, earthquake-resistant, socio-cultural, spectroprojector, stereo effect, heat-resistant, turbogenerator, phytoplankton, phonochrestomathy, camera, evacuation hospital, exothermic, ecosystem, electrically intensive, endothermic, energy-intensive;

airmail, aerochemical, decameter, megarelief, media company, tetra-substituted; telephoto lens, telefilm, teleKVN, remote-controlled; decigram, millivolt, polyvalent, multivitamin, centigram;

• with two or more of the following: aerial photography, hydrogeochemical, meteoradiosonde, radiotelecontrol, spectroheliogram, photographic filming, electrical and radio equipment; motorbike racing, astrospectrophotometry, paleophytogeographical.

4. Compound words with first part ending in I , for example: time-calculation, time-pulse, name-creativity, cotyledon, seed-cleansing, selfishness, selfish.

§118

The next bits of words are written hyphenated.

1. Combinations that represent the repetition of a word (often for the purpose of amplification), for example: blue-blue, strong, strong, much, much, barely, very, very, very, very, just, just a little bit, ah-ah, woof-woof, pah-pah, just about, they go- go, ask, ask; the combination is also spelled zero zero.

This includes repetitions of pronominal words. all, all, who, what(in different cases) where, where and others, for example: Everyone has arrived! She is happy with everything. Someone who just did not visit him! Already someone, and she is happy with them. There is nothing here! Something, but this will not happen! Where, where, and in this house is always fun. Somewhere, but he will not refuse to go to Moscow.

2. Combinations-repetitions of an expressive (often amplifying) nature, in which one of the parts is complicated by a prefix or suffix, as well as combinations of elements that vary in sound composition, for example: beauty-beauty, clever-reason, wolf-wolf, tower-teremok, grief-grieving, day-to-day, flour-torment, darkness-darkness, blue-blue, washed-over-washed, glad-radyoshenek, one-alone, white- white, early, early, a long time ago, little by little, little by little, firmly, firmly, crosswise, willy-nilly, some kind of no, after all, just, jump-jump, wait-wait, full-full, sick-sick, insofar as(adverb), sikkos-nakos, passions-muzzles, focus-pocus, things-dryuchki, shurum-burum, tyap-blunder, containers-bars, trali-vali, not khukhry-mukhry, shakher-makher, shura-mura.

3. Pair constructions consisting of words with the first part semi-, for example: half-city-half-village, half-German-half-Russian, half-fairy-tale-half-life, half-sleep-half-real; half-military-half-civilian, half-mocking-half-sympathetic, half-jokingly-half-seriously, half-lying-half-sitting.

4. Combinations of correlative or similar words in meaning, for example: sadness-longing, path-road, life-life, geese-swans, vegetables-fruits, bread-salt, fir-trees-sticks, cats and mice(a game), spoons, forks, arms and legs, one and only, alive and well, good health, unexpectedly, at the very least, any-expensive, sewn-covered, walks-wanders, lived-were, drink-eat, drink- feed, this and that, this and that, back and forth.

5. Combinations that have the meaning of an approximate indication of the amount or time of something, for example: a day or two, a week or two, write a letter or two, a year or two, two or three hours, three or four times, twelve or fifteen people, two or three boys, two or three; He will be back in March/April.

6. Compound words with the first part a letter or sound abbreviation (see § 206), e.g.: VHF transmitter, MW oven, HIV infection, DNA containing.

Nouns

Common names

§119

The following ranks of nouns are written together.

1. Nouns whose continuous spelling is determined general rules: words with prefixes and initial parts like false-, semi-, self-(see § 117, item 1), compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral (see § 117, item 2), compound words with initial parts like auto, air(see § 117, paragraph 3), compound words with the first part ending in −I(see § 117, para. 4), e.g.: superman, pseudoscience, three-ton, airstrike, biosphere, cotyledons.

2. Compound words such as: shelling, military doctor, state trade, foreign passport, spare parts, cyberspace, communist party, machine bureau, payment in kind, teacher's institute, political emigrant, socialist realism, special issue, special vocational school, wall newspaper, dance floor, transagency, household goods; collective farm, trade union organization, Komsomol, trade mission, destroyer.

3. Compound nouns with connecting vowels about and e , for example: plumbing, farmer, forest-steppe, poultry farm, vegetable store, new building, South Americans, sound image, syllabotonics; with two or more initial components: forest peat extraction, steam and water supply, glass-reinforced concrete, gas-water-oil saturation.

For deviations from this rule, see § 120, paragraph 6.

4. Compound nouns with first part on −and or −b, matching the shape imperative mood verb: hemlock, flirtatious, spiny, vyrviglaz, adonis, keep a tree, dzhimorda, kosiseno, hoarder, daredevil, noise head, robber army. Exception: Tumbleweed .

5. Nouns formed from hyphenated proper names (consisting of two parts with initial capital letters), e.g.: Addisabebians, Almaty residents(from Addis Ababa, Almaty), Buenosairesians, Yoshkarolinians, Costa Ricans, Los Angelesans, New Yorkers, Nutcrackers, Ulanudens, Ust-Kamenogorsks(names of residents of cities and states); Saint-Simonism, Saint-Simonist(from Saint Simon).

6. Combinations with floor- genus forms. case of nouns (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a consonant letter, except l , for example: half a bottle, half a bucket, half a house, half a meter, half an hour; half past two, half past ten, half past five etc.

Hyphen spelling combinations with floor- determined by the regulation § 120, paragraph 9.

§120

The following categories of nouns and combinations of nouns are written hyphenated.

1. Combinations of two nouns in which the first part has an independent declension:

a) combinations-repetitions of different types, pair constructions, combinations of correlative or similar words in meaning, the hyphenated spelling of which is determined by § 118, paragraphs. 2, 3, 4 general rules, for example: clever-reason, wolf-wolf, unfortunate misfortune, half-asleep-half-awake, friend-buddy, name-patronymic, purchase and sale, Marxism-Leninism;

b) combinations with single-word applications following the word being defined, for example: baba yaga, roly-poly, hero city, flying carpet, fiber flax, mother heroine, hornbill, hermit crab, parrot fish, self-collected tablecloth(stable combinations); new building, international journalist, emigrant writer, medical student, bloodhound dog, rookie soldier, amateur gardener, first-year student, old mother, beautiful girl, Masha the frolic(free combinations); with the second part unchanged: parade-alle, lottery-allegri, maximum program, minimum program. See also § 123, par. 2, note.

in) combinations with single-word applications preceding the word being defined, for example: old father, beautiful daughter, clever son, hero-pilot, sage-writer, naughty-monkey, tyrant-stepmother, hard worker-investigator, layman-editor, rogue-manager. Such applications are evaluative in nature.

Combinations of this type with proper names are usually written separately: old man Derzhavin(P.), baby Tsakhes(character of Hoffmann's story of the same name), simpleton Vanya etc.; but: Mother Russia(Nekr.).

2. Combinations with applications in which the first part is an indeclinable noun, for example: cafe-machine, single canoe, mezzo-soprano, cape-coat, operetta revue, relay-station, free-carriage.

These also include: a) combinations of note names with words sharp, flat, becar: C-sharp, G-sharp, E-flat, A-flat, A-becar etc.; b) combinations with the first parts gross, net, solo: gross weight, net balance, solo bill etc.; c) names of production brands and products of the type Tu-104, Il-18.

3. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in them. p. units hours with an ending, for example: aga-khan, unfortunate hunter, amusement park, miracle hero, echo-impulse.

This also includes terms with the names of Greek letters as initial elements, for example: alpha particle, beta decay, gamma radiation, delta wood, kappa factor, lambda characteristic, sigma function, theta rhythm.

4. Compound words with an indeclinable first part expressed by a noun in them. p. units hours without ending (with zero ending), for example: address-calendar, mizzen-mast, business class, boy-woman, fire-girl, major general, jazz orchestra, diesel engine, doping control, firebird, Internet project, caravanserai, march throw, online survey, PR campaign, cape, Rh factor, rock ensemble, sex bomb, transfer agent, tsar fish; unit names, e.g.: ampere-second, watt-second, hectowatt-hour, kilowatt-hour, kilogram-force; foreign names intermediate countries of the world: southwest, southeast, northwest, northeast.

There are many exceptions to this rule. Traditionally, all names are written together chemical compounds such a structure, for example: bromoacetone, butyl rubber, vinylacetylene, methylbenzene, methyl rubber, chloroacetone, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, ethylcellulose. Examples of other fused spellings: vimpelfal, kostutil, lotlin, plankart, falzapparat, quarter-final, stormtrap, yalbot.

5. Words with first parts disco(music), maxi, midi, mini(as a derogation from the rule of § 117, paragraph 3), e.g.: disco club, disco music, maxi fashion, midi skirt, mini dress, mini tractor, mini football, mini computer.

6. The following groups of nouns formed with connecting vowels (as a deviation from the rule of § 119, paragraph 3):

a) names of complex units of measurement, for example: bed-place, car-place, passenger-kilometer, ton-kilometer, plane-departure, machine-hour, man-day;

b) Russian names of intermediate countries of the world: northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, as well as north-northeast, north-northwest, south-southeast, south-southwest.

7. A group of words denoting mainly positions and titles, with the first parts vice-, camera-, counter-, life-, chief-, states-, non-commissioned, wing-, headquarters, staff-, as well as the ex-(meaning ‘former’), e.g.: Vice Governor, Vice Chancellor, Vice Consul, Vice President, Vice Premier, Vice Champion; chamber junker, chamber page; rear admiral; Life Guards, Life Hussar, Life Dragoon, Life Medic; chief burgomaster, chief master, chief officer, chief prosecutor; lady of state, secretary of state; non-commissioned officer; adjutant wing; headquarters, headquarters physician, headquarters officer, headquarters captain; staff captain; ex-president, ex-minister, ex-director, ex-champion, ex-deputy prime minister.

8. Names that have the form of phrases with a function word (since they consist of three parts, they are written with two hyphens): Ivan da Marya, coltsfoot, don't touch me(plants), love-not-love(a game).

9. Combinations with floor- genus forms. case of nouns (as well as ordinal numbers in the function of nouns), if these forms begin with a vowel or a consonant l , for example: half a turn, half a window, half an orange, half a knot, half a hut, half a diocese, half a Christmas tree, half a screen, half a yurt, half an apple, half a lemon, half a leaf, half a eleventh.

10. Nouns formed from hyphenated common nouns, e.g.: vice presidency, general government, chamber junkers, privatdocentura, trade unionism, non-commissioned officer, non-commissioned officer(from vice president, governor general, chamber junker, privatdozent, trade union, non-commissioned officer).

Exceptions: southwester, pingpongist, flip-flop, miner, yacht club member.

§121

In all other cases (not covered by § 119-120), the continuous or hyphenated spelling of nouns is regulated in dictionary order.

1. Compound nouns, in which the first part is: a) the full basis of a self-used noun that has in it. p. units h. ending (non-zero); b) the truncated stem of a self-used noun or adjective.

Examples of hyphen spellings: a) admiralty board, wardroom, manufactory board, post director, press officer, yacht club; b) audience hall, ordinary doctor, CD, commerce board, conference hall, assistant professor, legal board; the names of political parties and trends and their supporters are also written, for example: social democracy, social democrat, national socialism, national socialist, radical extremism.

Examples of fused spellings: a) watch parade, sixth chord, seventh chord; b) bulwark.

2. Compound nouns, the first part of which occurs only in compound words.

Examples of hyphens: art-salon, beat-group, berg-collegium, braid pennant, web page, grand hotel, dalai lama, dancing hall, content analysis, cruise bearing, lawn tennis, music hall, pop music, subaltern officer, top model, tryn grass.

Examples of fused spellings: arcsine, backstage, mezzanine, bildapparat, bundeschancellor, water machine, uniform uniform, marshal u quintessence, cold cream, cabinet of curiosities, leitmotif, landlord, reich chancellor, field marshal, schmutztitul.

3. Nouns consisting of two or more elements that are not used separately in the Russian language (as independent words or repeating parts of compound words).

Examples of hyphens: alma mater, beef breze, boogie-woogie, jiu-jitsu, lend-lease, kebab, know-how, papier-mache, ping-pong, Turkish delight, tete-a-tete, weekend, fife-o-clock, fata morgana, happy ending, cha-cha-cha.

Examples of fused spellings: underground(and underground), rear guard, bel canto, beef stroganoff, bibabo, blancmange, beau monde, bonmeaux, bundestag, verliebr, child prodigy, judo, dixieland, ginseng, quipro quo, kickapoo, crossword, landwehr, meistersinger, maître d', notabene, sedan chair, price list, tom-tom, theremin, backgammon, orange blossom, hula hoop, chainword, sharivari.

Spelled differently words with the first part pa-(correlative with a separately used indeclinable noun): cf. pas de deux, pas de trois and padegras, padekatre, padepatiner, padespan.

§122

The following combinations are written apart.

1. Combinations with applications following the word being defined, if the first word is broader and more general in meaning, and the second is narrower and more specific. This includes the following cases:

a) two common nouns expressing generic and specific concepts in the classification natural objects, for example: oriole bird, cod fish, alder tree, rose flower, lapis lazuli mineral, lithium metal;

b) common noun expressing general concept, followed by a proper name, e.g.: city ​​of Moscow, the Volga river, girl Masha, uncle Styopa, cat Vaska, composer Glinka, artist Repin;

in) a common noun, acting as an official address or reference, followed by a common noun or proper name, for example: Comrade Colonel, Citizen Judge, Mr. Minister, Mr. Ivanov, Mr. Smith, Frau Martha, Mademoiselle Julie.

2. Combinations with fixed definitions following nouns, e.g.: pleated skirt, flared skirt, raglan coat, khaki suit, breeches, electric color, mini fashion, maxi coat, luxury wagon, gross weight, net weight, Hindi language, solo violin, tobacco chicken.

3. Set combinations that are equivalent to nouns (indeclinable or with a declension of one part or both parts), for example: casus belli, commedia dell'arte, individual article, persona grata, persona non grata, spread raspberry, rush hour, chetya minea.

4. Noun combinations in them. n. with the same noun in creation. P.:

a) having an amplifying value, for example: honor by honor, rank by rank, well done by a fellow, a fool by a fool, a muddler by a muddler, a log by a log, a pig by a pig(limited to a narrow range of evaluative nouns);

b) included in concessive constructions with subsequent union a or but, for example: friendship is friendship, and service is service; rest is rest, but treatment is also needed(any noun can be used in them).

5. Type Combinations January, March.

6. Combinations with the words major and minor, denoting keys, for example: C major, D minor, E flat major, F sharp minor.

Proper names and compound names

Names, aliases, nicknames, nicknames

§123

are written apart:

1. Combinations of a Russian name with a patronymic and a surname or only with a surname, for example: Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin, Leo Tolstoy.

2. Names of historical and legendary persons, consisting of a name and a nickname, for example: Vladimir the Red Sun, Vsevolod the Big Nest, Richard the Lionheart, Alexander Nevsky, Ilya Muromets, St. Basil the Blessed, Peter the Great, Pliny the Elder, Mary of Egypt; names of literary characters similar in structure, nicknames of animals are also written, for example: Fedka Wash yourself with Mud, White Bim Black Ear.

3. Double, triple, etc. non-Russian (European, American) compound names, for example: Guy Julius Caesar, Jean Jacques Rousseau, George Noel Gordon Byron, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Charles Spencer Chaplin, José Raul Capablanca, Erich Maria Remarque, John Paul II.

5. Western European and South American surnames that include service elements (articles, prepositions, particles) van, yes, das, de, della, del, der, dy, dos, du, la, le, background etc., for example: Van Dyck, Le Chapelier, Leonardo da Vinci, Lecomte de Lisle, Roger Martin du Tar, Piero della Francesca, Walther von der Vogelweide, Herbert von Karajan.

6. Italian, Spanish, Portuguese names and surnames preceded by the words don, dona, donna, dona, for example: Don Fernando, Don Pedro, Dona Clementa, Donna Maria.

§124

are written hyphenated:

1. Double (rarely triple) surnames (including those that include pseudonyms, as well as honorary names awarded for special merits), for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Nemirovich-Danchenko, Mamin-Sibiryak, Melnikov-Pechersky, Sergeev-Tsensky, Novikov-Priboy, Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Muravyov-Amursky, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Ovchina-Obolensky-Telepnev, Sklodovskaya-Curie, Toulouse- Lautrec, Sholom Aleichem, Andersen-Nexe.

2. Surnames with first parts San, Saint, Saint, as well as some surnames with the first part Poppy-, for example: Saint-Martin, Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Sainte-Beuve; McMahon, McKinley(but: McPherson, McCarthy, McDonald's).

3. Arabic, Turkic, Persian personal names with constituent parts denoting social status, family relations, etc., as well as service words - such as yeah, hell, al, al, ar, as, ash, bey, bek, zade, zul, kyzy, ogly, ol, pasha, ul, khan, shah, ed, el, er, for example: Abd al-Qadir, Tursunzade, Mammad-ogly, Yaver-kyzy, Ishmael Bey, Kemal Pasha, Mirza Khan, Ahmed Shah(but: Genghis Khan).

4. Armenian surnames with an initial part Ter-, for example: Ter-Gabrielyan, Ter-Petrosyan.

5. Japanese personal names with a final part −san, for example: Komiyama-san, Cio-Cio-san.

place names

§125

are written together:

1. Titles with second parts − city, − city, − gift, − burg, for example: Zvenigorod, Belgorod, Ivangorod, Kaliningrad, Volgograd, Krasnodar, Yekaterinburg(but: China town).

2. Titles with first parts Old-, Upper-, Lower-, Middle-, Middle-, Far-, as well as White, Red, Black etc., for example: Starobelsk, Verkhneturinsk, Nizhneangarsk, Dalnerechensk, Beloostrov(village), Krasnouralsk, Chernoistochinsk.

§126

are written hyphenated:

1. Names consisting of two parts, which are: a) a combination of two names, for example: Ilyinskoye-Khovanskoye, Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Cape Heart-Stone, Sadovaya-Spasskaya street; b) names with a connecting vowel about or e and the second part, written with capital letter, for example: Nikolo-Berezovka, Trinity-Sergius Lavra, Trinity-Lykovo, Arkhipo-Osipovka, Anzhero-Sudzhensk.

2. Names that are a combination of a noun followed by an adjective, for example: Novgorod-Seversky, Kamensk-Uralsky, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Gus-Khrustalny, Strugi-Red, Moscow-Tovarnaya(station).

3. Names that are a combination of a proper name followed by a generic common name, for example: Moscow River, Bear Mountain, Sapun Mountain, Varanger Fjord, Wall Street, Michigan Avenue, Hyde Park.

4. Titles with first parts Top-, Sol-, Ust-, for example: Verkh-Irmen, Sol-Iletsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk(but: Solvychegodsk).

5. Foreign geographical names, the hyphenated spelling of which, determined in dictionary order, corresponds to the separate or hyphenated spelling in the source language, for example: Sri Lanka, Costa Rica, New York, Buenos Aires, Salt Lake City, Stara Zagora, Ulan-Ude, Port Kennedy, Porto Alegre, Banya Luka, Rio Negro, Sierra Nevada, Issyk-Kul, Lake Maggiore.

6. Names that begin with functional words (articles, prepositions, particles), as well as with the first parts San, Saint, Saint, Saint, Santa, for example: English Channel, Las Vegas, Le Creusot, Los Angeles, De Long Islands, El Kuwait, Riyadh, San Francisco, Saint Gotthard, Saint Etienne, Santa Cruz, Saint Petersburg(but: Santiago).

Service words (both Russian and foreign) in the middle of compound names are distinguished by two hyphens, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main, Cherna-nad-Tisoy, Stratford-on-Avon, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas de Calais, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago del Estero, Saint-Genevieve-des-Bois, Dar es Salaam.

Note to § 125–126. In compound geographical names, compound adjectives are written together or hyphenated according to the rules of § 129 and 130 (when writing with a hyphen, both parts of such adjectives are written with a capital letter). Wed: Asia Minor Highlands, Starooskolsky District, Velikoustyugsky District, Vasileostrovskiy District, Middle Danube Plain, Lower Rhine Lowland, Middle East Region and Southeast Asia, Cape Northeast, San Francisco Bay, Ulan-Ude region, Asia-Pacific region, Dniester-Bug estuary, Volga-Don Canal, Baikal-Amur Mainline (but: Laplat lowland, cf. La Plata). In type names North China Plain, North Caucasian Military District, Sergiev Posad Region, East Siberian Sea, West Karelian Upland, Republic of South Africa, Central Andean Highlands writing adjectives with a hyphen is due to the use of a capital letter in the second part (see § 169).

§127

Separate compound geographical names are written: a) representing a combination of a noun with a preceding adjective or numeral, for example: South America, Kola North, Belarusian Polissya, Rudny Altai(Mountain chain), Veliky Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Sergiev Posad, Velikiye Luki, Tsarskoe Selo, Yasnaya Polyana, Upper Kuito(lake), ten thousand islands(archipelago); b) including such a combination, for example: Cape of Good Hope, Saint Helena, Three Pagoda Pass, Cape of the Four Winds.

Adjectives

§128

together.

1. Adjectives whose continuous spelling is determined by general rules: words with prefixes and with initial parts like all-, hedgehog-, semi-, self-(see § 117, paragraph 1), compound words with the first part coinciding with the form of the numeral, as well as many, little(see § 117, item 2), with initial parts like auto-, air-, poly-(see § 117, para. 3), with the first part ending in −I(see § 117, para. 4), e.g.: unpromising, all kinds of, nightly; five-story, low-income; auto-elevating, polytechnic; selfish.

2. Adjectives formed from nouns written together, for example: state apparatus, self-supporting(from state apparatus, self-financing), ultrasonic (ultrasound), tap water (water pipes), reinforced concrete (reinforced concrete), quarter-final (quarterfinal), ginseng (ginseng).

3. Adjectives, the second part of which is either (a) not used as an independent word, or (b) in independent use has a different meaning, not related to this compound word. Examples:

a) long-legged, blue-eyed, gray-bearded, broad-shouldered, sharp-leaved, cudgel-headed, navigable, victorious, armor-piercing, rapid-fire, adobe, herbivorous, heavy-weight, paper-layered, heterogeneous, multi-valued, everyday, jelly-like, moisture-loving;

b) generous(cf. stuffy‘hard to breathe’), Russian speaking(cf. lingual– in technical terminology: referring to the tongue as a muscular organ in the oral cavity’), swept(‘having the appearance, shape of an arrow’, cf. prominent‘visible, noticeable, significant; outstanding; tall, stately, imposing’).

§129

The following ranks of adjectives are written hyphenated.

1. Adjectives formed from nouns with a hyphen, e.g.: vice presidential(from vice president), diesel engine (diesel engine), fax modem (fax modem), social democratic (social democracy), rear admiral (rear admiral), governor general, chamber junker, privatdocent, non-commissioned officer, adjutant wing, staff captain, ku klux klan; northeastern (northeast), northwest, southwest, southeast; adjectives formed from hyphenated proper names, for example: St. Petersburg(from St. Petersburg), New York (New York), Addis Ababa (Addis Ababa), Costa Rican (Costa Rica), los angeles (Los Angeles), san francisco (San Francisco), Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata), Ulan-Ude (Ulan-Ude), Yoshkar-Ola (Yoshkar-Ola), Ust-Kamenogorsk (Ust-Kamenogorsk), salt-ilec (Sol-Iletsk), Orekhovo-Zuevsky (Orekhovo-Zuevo); rio de janeiro (Rio de Janeiro); Novgorod-Seversky, Leninsk-Kuznetsky(from city names Novgorod-Seversky, Leninsk-Kuznetsky); English Channel (English Channel); Saint-Simon (Saint Simon), sukhovo-kobylinskiy (Sukhovo-Kobylin). Exceptions: moskvoretsky(from Moscow river), Kitaygorodsky(from China town).

2. Adjectives denoting shades of quality (mainly color or taste), for example: pale yellow, deep blue, light blue, dark blond, dull green, bright red, soft pink, reddish brown, bottle green, matte white, silver gray, sweet and sour, bitter salty, tart-sweet, bittersweet, flashy-bright, booming-loud, and also (with an adverb in the first part) yellow-red, blue-black. Exception: silver fox(only in this combination).

This rule also applies to any individual-author's formations denoting combinations of features. Such complex adjectives are widely used in artistic and journalistic speech, for example: hard-voiced galloping(P.), viciously shameless boastful antics(S.-SH.), sweet-smelling, rudely resolute, stubbornly presumptuous, severely impenetrable, touchingly romantic.

3. Adjectives formed from combinations of first and last name, first name and nickname, for example: walter scottish(Walter Scott), Jules Vernovsky, Romain Rollanovsky, Robin Hoodsky, Childe Haroldovsky, Kozma-Prutkovsky, Charlie Chaplinsky, as well as adjectives like uncle Stepin, aunt Valin(see § 166).

4. Adjectives related to scientific and technical terminology with a repeated root of the type water-water, gas-gas, one-to-one and type electron-electron, proton-proton, spin-spin.

5. Musical terms containing as part of the name of the notes, for example: C major, D minor, B flat major, F sharp minor.

6. Obsolete short adjectives like self-friend, self-third, self-heel.

§130

In other cases, compound adjectives (the last part of which can always be used as an independent word - an adjective or participle) are written together or with a hyphen according to the following rule.

1. are written together adjectives formed from the stems of words, the relationship between which is subordinating, for example: railway (Railway), coal (coal), agricultural, copper mining, skiing, water sports, thunderous, machine tool (build machines), coal-mining, gas-provided, machine-readable, nitrogen-containing(option: nitrogenous), dental, low-temperature, wide-furmat, year-round, kind-hearted, small-scale wholesale, English-speaking, freshly painted, newly elected, foreign policy, ancient Russian; Latin American (Latin America), Western European, Far Eastern; highly artistic, narrowly practical, seriously ill, highly respected, above, evergreen, instant, potent, flammable.

2. are written hyphenated adjectives formed from two or more stems of words denoting equal concepts, for example: convex-concave, gardening, scientific and technical, socio-political, spinning-weaving, administrative-command, meat-and-milk, sound-letter, porcelain-faience, income-expenditure, pull-down, nitrogen-potassium-fusfur, white-blue-red(flag), black and white, English-Russian, Japanese-Chinese, Afro-Asiatic, Volga-Kama, Ural-Siberian, Cyril-Methodian.

3. From the rule of para. 1-2 has many exceptions. So, they are written together, despite the equal in meaning relation of the bases, adjectives deaf-mute, drilling and blasting, steam-water, water-air, gas-steam, gas-gasoline, oil and gas, hip etc. On the other hand, they are written with a hyphen, despite the subordinating relation of the stems, adjectives bourgeois-democratic, military-historical, housing-cooperative, parachute-landing, civil-law, copyright-law, criminal-procedural, medical-advisory, medical-physical culture, shooting-sports, state-monopoly, experimental-psychological, chemical- technological, rocket-technical, dairy and livestock breeding, genetic engineering, electron beam, nuclear power, party nomenclature, currency exchange etc. The hyphenated spelling of such words is facilitated by the presence in the first stem of the suffix of relative adjectives ( −n-, −enn-, −oe-, −sk-).

In controversial and doubtful cases of writing complex adjectives, one should refer to the academic spelling dictionary.

§131

are written apart phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective or participle, for example: absolutely necessary, diametrically opposed, vitally important, functionally close, relatively fast, limited fit, fundamentally new, slavishly obedient, encyclopedically educated, chemically pure, environmentally friendly, distinctly expressed, scientifically justified, socially protected, socially oriented, separately taken, poorly concealed , highly hostile, permanent, freely convertible. See also Note to § 130 para. 1.

numerals

§132

are written together:

a) cardinal numbers with a second part −twenty, −eleven, −ten, −one hundred, −sti, −hundred, −hundred and (only in oblique cases) −stam, −stami, −stam, for example: twenty, eleven, fifty, ninety, two hundred, three hundred, five hundred, six hundred, two hundred, seven hundred, about eight hundred;

b) ordinal numbers with a second part −tenth, −eleventh, −tenth, −hundredth, −thousandth, −millionth etc., for example: thirtieth, twelfth, sixtieth, four hundredth, fifteen thousandth, six hundred millionth.

§133

are written apart:

a) compound quantitative numerals, including combinations that include, in addition to numerals, nouns thousand, million, billion etc., for example: forty-seven, one hundred and eighty-nine, seven hundred and forty-nine, three thousand four hundred and ninety-four, one million two hundred thousand one hundred and fifty etc.;

b) compound ordinal designations, which may include, in addition to cardinal numbers, nouns thousand, million etc., and the last part in them is an ordinal number, for example: twenty-fifth, three hundred and fifty-eight, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-four, two thousand one, one million two hundred thousand one hundred and five etc.

pronominal words

Pronominal words (as opposed to significant words) act as nouns (e.g., who what), adjectives (eg. what, such), adverbs (e.g., when, then, where, there), numerals (e.g., how much, so much).

§134

are written together pronoun words:

a) with prefix not- on which the emphasis falls: someone, nobody, something, nothing, some, once, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no reason, several;

b) with prefix neither-(always unstressed): no one, nothing, none, no one, never, nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, not at all, not at all. In combination with prepositions, the forms of such pronominal words are written apart, for example: no one, nothing, no one, no one, no one, no one.

§135

are written hyphenated pronoun words:

a) with the initial part (prefix) something (koi-): someone, something, something, someone, sometime, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somehow, as well as someone, someone etc. In combination with prepositions, the forms of these pronominal words are written apart, for example: with someone, with someone, about something;

b) with final parts (postfixes) -someone, -something, -that: anyone, anything, anyone, anyone, ever, anywhere, anywhere, from anywhere; somebody, something, some, someone, sometime, somewhere, somewhere, from somewhere, somehow, somehow; someone, something, some, such and such, someone, once, then, somewhere, there, somewhere, there, from somewhere, from there - somehow, somehow, so much, so much.

Is written apart pronoun each other.

Adverbs

Introductory remarks

Adverbs formed with the help of prefixes from words of various parts of speech, in accordance with the general rules of continuous and separate spelling, are written together. However, there is an objective difficulty in distinguishing between adverbs with prefixes and combinations of nouns with prepositions in the language, expressing, like adverbs, adverbial meanings. In addition, among the adverbs there are a significant number of units, the traditional separate spelling of which does not correspond to both the general principle of the continuous transmission of individual words in writing, and the particular rules for writing adverbs. This predetermines in many cases the dictionary order of establishing the continuous or separate spelling of adverbs.

Due to the difficulty of distinguishing between prefixed adverbs and prepositional case combinations, this section considers not only adverbs proper (written both together and separately), but also stable combinations similar to them, called adverbial combinations below. To denote the initial parts, written together or separately with the subsequent part, the term "preposition-prefix" is used.

§136

are written together:

1. Adverbs formed using prefixes from adverbs, for example: outside, utterly, until now, for nothing, in vain, from the outside, forever, tomorrow, in half, completely, for good, from now on, the day before yesterday, until now, now, earlier, the day after tomorrow.

2. Adverbs formed from adjectives and containing either (a) full forms or (b) short forms of adjectives (including old and now obsolete), e.g.:

a) live, hard-boiled, insolently, for the first time, close, straight, loose, hand-to-hand, manually, quietly, idle, clean, in advance, often, free of charge, directly, at random, clean up;

b) doubly(cf. double), in short(cf. brief), completely, to the right, in general, until dark(but: dark to dark, see § 137, paragraph 4), dry, at the same time, easily, long ago, lightly, cleanly, for a long time, in vain, rashly, left, right, blindly, completely, drunk, again, again.

3. Adverbs formed from pronominal words, for example: with might and main, at all, at all, completely, then, why, why, why, from there, then, because, how much, why, therefore, therefore.

4. Adverbs formed with prefixes in, on from collective numbers, for example: two, three, four, ten, two, three, two, three, four, ten.

5. Adverbs with first part quite, for example: half-heartedly(look), half-heartedly, half-heartedly, half-heartedly (play, ride, dance), half-turned, half-height, half-heartedly, half-heartedly, half-heartedly (listen), half price; half-open, half-drunken, half-full.

6. Adverbs with spatial and temporal meanings, in which the prefix is ​​combined with noun forms top, bottom, front, back, side, height, depth, distance, near, breadth, century, beginning, for example: up, up, to the top, up, up, up, over, over, over; down, down, down, down, down, down, down; forward(and in front, in front, in front), ahead, in front; back(and behind, behind, behind, behind), back; to the side, to the side, to the side(but: at hand, see § 137, para. 1; side by side, see § 137, paragraph 4), side; up, up; deep into; afar, afar, afar, afar, afar; near; in breadth; forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever, forever(but: in (on the)forever and ever, (on the) eternal eyelids; from century to century, see § 137, paragraph 4); at first, at first, at first, at first.

Some of these adverbs can be used as prepositions with the gender form. p., for example. cornice at the top of the wall, footnote at the bottom of the page, the surroundings are clearly visible from above the hill, a picnic near the lake, stand at the side of the table.

Note to paragraphs. 1, 2, 3, 6. It is necessary to distinguish between conjointly written adverbs and coinciding with them in literal composition, but separately written combinations of prepositions with words of other parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns). Context plays a big role in this distinction. It is in the context that the real meaning and typical syntactic links words of different parts of speech. Wed the following pairs of examples: leave for good(adverb, answers the question "how?") - referred to very old data(pretext on the pertaining to a noun data, + adverb at all related to adjective old and forming a phrase with it); talk to someone directly - go to a straight road; act in concert with someone - count two visits as one; surprised then laughed(adverb, answers the question "when?") - there are fields behind that house(pretext behind+ pronoun topics); at first(adverb, answers the question "when?") everyone was interested - at the beginning of the journey, everyone was joking animatedly(pretext in+ noun Start, forming with the word dependent on it way phrase); look up - stones fell from the cliff onto the top of the wagon; a forest is visible in the distance - in the distance, hidden by fog; look into the distance - peer into the distance of the steppes; spread deep and wide - delve into the depths, into the essence of the problem. Depending on the understanding of the text, the writer can choose both continuous and separate spelling in such cases, for example: dive deep (deep into) ocean, go deep (deep into) woods, nest above (on top) tree.

§137

are written apart:

1. without, for, before, under, with, about with forms of nouns (including those not used outside of these combinations), for example:

• without end, without tension, without blunts, without rest, without waking up, indiscriminately, without asking, to no avail, without restraint, without stopping, without fatigue, without concealment;
• for blaze, for fidelity, for appearance, for seed, for order, for laughter, for warmth;
• to the point, beyond recognition, to the bone, half to death, to death, to the point of falling, to hell;
• under the side, in the evening, downhill, under the breath, under the key, at the end, under the spoon, under the mikitki, under the armpits, under the head, under the slope, under the arm, under the force, under the bushel, under the bridle, under the slope, in the morning, under the hop, under the guise;
• at death, with money, with one's own, with one's own;
• in reserve, also with the reflexive pronoun form: About myself(not aloud).

2. Adverbial combinations consisting of a preposition-prefix with and forms of the genus. n. noun on −at (−a), for example: at a glance, from hunger, from fright, from the fly, from a swing, from a raid, from a swoop, from a fright, from a run, from acceleration, on a grand scale, on the move(and from fright, from flight, from a raid, from a swoop, from a fright, from a run, from acceleration, from a swing).

3. Adverbial combinations of prepositions-prefixes in, with with the second part starting with vowels, e.g.: in exchange, in an embrace, to spare, tight, in girth, alone, overnight, in retaliation, in an armful, in hunting, at a loss, to please, reproachfully, point-blank, reproachfully, openly, in general , in both, with a needle, from the inside out, with caution, with caution, out of habit, with a desire, with intelligence, with intent.

4. Adverbial combinations formed by the repetition of nouns or numerals with a preposition and written in three or four words, for example: side by side, side by side, eye to eye, hour by hour, head to head, foot to foot, footprint, hand in hand, hand to hand, century to century, year to year, time after time, time after time, time after time, time after time, from dark to dark, soul to soul, point to point, honor by honor, rank by rank, word for word, one by one, two by two, three by three(but: criss-cross, see § 118, item 2).

5. Adverbial combinations (two or more) in which a noun that implements one certain value, is used in different case forms with the same or different prepositions, for example: with the knowledge and without knowing, in the head and in the head, in the legs and at the feet(about the bed) to the side and aside, to the side and on the side, in a dead end and in a cul-de-sac, in isolation and for a person, for memory and from memory, conscience and conscience; abroad, abroad and from abroad; in the bosom and in the bosom, at home and at home, backyard and in the backyards, on the backs and on backs, on all fours and on all fours; squatting, squatting and from squats; on fists and on fists, on fists and in the middle of nowhere, running errands (take) and on errands, on bail and on bail, on the back and back down (yard), on tiptoe and on tiptoe; on all fours, on all fours and from all fours; under the spoon and under the spoon; armpit, underarm, underarm, armpit and from under the armpits; under the hood, under the hood and from underneath.

There are exceptions to this rule, determined both by the writing tradition and other rules, for example, it is written separately from evil, but slick out of spite, from the inside out - inside out, alone - one by one, to the point - desperately; are written together inside - inside - from the inside, obliquely - obliquely, racing - racing, old - old, married - married, ground - ground.

§138

are written hyphenated:

1. Adverbs with a prefix in- (in-) formed from ordinal numbers, for example: first, second, third, tenth(also spelled in the main, in the last).

2. Adverbs with a prefix on- ending in −mu, −him, −ski, −tsuki, −i formed from adjectives (including pronominal adjectives mine, ours, everyone etc.), for example: in a new way, in an empty way, as before, in a good way, in your way, in your way(also spelled introductory word apparently), in Petya's way(from adjective Petin); in every possible way, like a human, like a friend, like Russian, like German, like a Cossack, like a fox, like a dog(and colloquial in their way, in our way, in what way); adverbs according to him, according to her, according to them, formed from indeclinable pronominal adjectives; in a social-democratic way, in a Jules-Verne way, in an aunt-Valina way.

§139

In all other (not regulated in § 136–138) cases, adverbs (adverbial combinations) are written together or separately, and their spelling is established in dictionary order. The spelling of such units does not depend either on the use of that part of the word that follows the preposition-prefix, or on the preposition-prefix itself and is determined only by the written tradition. The vast majority of these adverbs (adverbial combinations) are formed from prepositional-case forms of nouns or are such forms.

The following are examples of adverbs and adverbial combinations in alphabetical order of prepositions-prefixes in, for, to, on, from, to, from. The continuous or separate spelling of such adverbs and adverbial combinations is regulated by the academic Russian Spelling Dictionary. For example,

• are written contiguously: in the evening, plenty, smooth, hot, plenty, in addition, borrowed, locked up, completely, flying in, instantly, truly, on time, around, waddling, overturning, mixed up, side by side, in a hurry, in the dark, back to back, half-starving, in a mess, waking up, waddling, at random, at odds, at random, by surprise, seriously, aloud, in a hurry; written separately: on the run, in depth, in voice(scream), in debt, at odds, in mockery, nety, in step, in good time, fully armed, publicly, in pandanus, in addition, in flood and in bottling, in installments, at retail, in hearts, in the old days, as a burden, on the move, in the course, as a joke;
• are written contiguously: familiar, flush, contagious; written separately: for nothing, for the eyes, for breasts, for the soul, for health, for midnight, for noon, for peace, for the collar;
• are written contiguously: out, by the way; written separately: to a person, to a place, to a word;
• are written contiguously: backwards, towards, outward, outstretched, headlong (smash), by heart, obliquely, there is, on the contrary, at random, for show, ahead, recklessly, snapped up, along, down the drain, to death, hastily, on the alert, on an empty stomach, at random, on the run, in the morning, on the alert, frankly, nasharmaka, in reality; written separately: on the moor, on the run, in trouble, on the weight, in front of the eyes, the other day, on the hind legs, on the run, for wear, on the fret, on the fly, on the outskirts, to the touch, for a couple, afloat, for selection, for holding , in the wings, for the need, for singing, for joy, for a plant, for rare, for trouble, for lynxes, for galloping, for glory, for hearing, for demolition, for lookout, for slaughter (feed), on fufu, on tsugunder, on the clock, on sharap, on yuru;
• are written contiguously: born, partly; written separately: from the heart, from the heart, from the belly;
• are written contiguously: in the evening, truly, by hearsay, across, in half, midnight, in the middle, in the morning, in a whisper; written separately: in the evenings, on call, up to the throat, on the cheap, down to the heart, out of malice, to the maximum, inwardly, firstly, up to the shoulder, today, in the old fashioned way, by authorization, up to the ears, on the go;
• are written contiguously: too, outside, shoulder, early in the morning, awake; written separately: from a bay-floundering, with a hook, from grief, with a smelly, with a candibober, from a kondachka, from a sheet, with a vengeance, with tension, with a pantalyk, red-handed, with a heart.

Service words and interjections

§140

are written together

1. Prepositions formed from prepositional-case combinations: mean, together (with), instead of, up to (before), contrary (with), like, as a result of, like, along with (with), about, over, vernacular instead of, between, between.

2. Conjunctions and particles formed from combinations of prepositions and conjunctions with pronominal words, for example: however, on the other hand, so, in total, as long as, since, insofar, moreover, moreover.

3. The following conjunctions and particles: so that, if, also, too, so that (so that).

4. let's go, ahti, crow, wow, ohohohonki, ohti, tararakh, goplya, oplya, hoot, uhma, ehma, eva, ege, ecos.

§141

are written hyphenated the following service words and interjections.

1. In accordance with § 118 para. 1 and 2 repeat particles all in all, no matter what, something (here's something, that's it); repetition of interjections and onomatopoeia, for example: ah-ah-ah, woof-woof, mu-mu, well-well, oh-oh-oh.

2. Complex prepositions: because of, from under, as well as dialect over, over and colloquial for the sake of, for the sake of.

3. Particles: all the same, all the same, again, just like that, just like that, just like that.

4. Interjections (including onomatopoeia): bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, bye-bye, come on, come on, oh-hoo, oh- ho-ho, bang-bang, tick-tock, tra-ta-ta, la-la-la, ha-ha, he-he, hee-hee, chick-chick, chick-chirp, e-ge-ge, heh heh.

§142

are written apart following service words.

1. Prepositions formed from prepositional-case combinations of nouns, other than those listed in § 140, paragraph 1, for example: as, in relation to, in favor of, in continuation, as a result, during, in the course of, in honor of, in number, during, in the name of, at the expense of, about, with the help of.

2. Conjunctions, particles, introductory words: and then, as if, be it(before construction with union or), anyway, long live, it would be good, it should be, if (if only), and then, as if, just, like that(before listing), as soon as, as soon as, maybe, not that, because, because, before, perhaps, as if, therefore, so to speak, so, that is, that is, that would(particle: to keep you quiet!).

3. Combination goodbye.

Combinations with particles

§143

are written hyphenated combinations with the following particles.

1. with particles -de, -ka, -te, -that, -s adjoining the preceding words, for example: He says he doesn't know anything. Answer the question. That's it! Damn what! She already knows what's up. Know something she knows. What a night! Where is he now, how does he live? All yes yes no; won't say yes, sir / Or no, sir(P.).

2. with a particle -still following the word to which it refers:

a) behind the predicate (expressed not only in the personal form of the verb, but also in other ways), for example: He arrived in spite of himself; The question has been decided positively; He is happy to see her;

b) behind the impersonal form of the verb (participle or gerund) not as part of the predicate, for example: a criminal who managed to escape; a film shown on television; he spoke, saying everything he wanted;

in) by adverb: pretty, finally.

§144

Combinations with the following particles are written separately.

1. with particles would (b), same (well), whether (eh).

2. With particles other than those listed in § 143, paragraph 1, for example, with particles already, I mean, after all, even, they say.

3. with a particle still preceding the word to which it refers (usually a predicate), for example: He did arrive on time; He is glad to see her.

negative spellings not

Introductory remarks

Writing a negative not depends on whether not part of a word (prefix) or a separate word - a negative particle. Prefix not- is written together with the part of the word following it, particle not written separately with the word following it. Wed, for example: Not the execution is terrible - your disgrace is terrible(P.); A difficult lot, not gratifying / Was taken out for you by fate, / And early with a merciless life / You entered into an unequal battle(Tyutch.).

The difficulty for the writer is to distinguish between particle and prefix. The rules are designed to help the writer distinguish between the prefix not- and particle not and on the basis of this, choose a continuous or separate spelling.

Particle not expresses negation without creating a new word, whereas with the prefix not- a word is created, cf.: Not experience is the reason, but prudence and Inexperience leads to trouble(P.).

With words of some grammatical categories not can only be written separately (see § 146, paragraphs 1-4), with words of other categories - both together and separately (see § 147-149). In addition, there are conditions that determine only the continuous spelling not regardless of the grammatical category of words (see § 145). Only negative is written separately not referring to the whole phrase (see § 146, paragraph 7).

The spelling is not

§145

Regardless of the grammatical affiliation of the word negation not it is written together in the following cases.

1. If after not , which has a negative meaning, a part of the word follows, separately (without not ) does not exist as an independent word, for example:

• nouns: fable, tumbler, ignorance, ignoramus, adversity, unseen, invisible, slave, scoundrel, touchy, ailment, forget-me-not, hatred, bad weather, malfunctions, fidget, slob, foolish, loser, non-Christ;
• adjectives (as well as adverbs formed from them in −o): negligent, inconspicuous, irrevocable, unharmed, inevitable, unchanging, absurd, necessary, invincible, unceasing, inseparable, inexpressible, unending, incessant, undoubted, incomparable, absurd, unfortunate, clumsy, unbearable, unshakable, indisputable, indomitable; carelessly, absurdly, necessary, undoubtedly;
• Verbs: to dislike, to dislike, to be indignant, to be unwell, to be unwell, to hate, to be unwell;
• adverbs and other invariable words: unbearable, unbearable, unbearable, unknowingly, by chance, unwittingly, impossible, inadvertently, really.

2. If part of a word not in independent use has a different meaning, not related to the given word, for example: ignorance('ignorance'; keeping means ‘field of activity’, cf.: he was in charge of...); flaw('flaw'; prosperity means ‘prosperity, lack of need’); misfortune(‘trouble’, not ‘lack of happiness’), unimportant('bad'; important means ‘proud’ and ‘significant’); narrow-minded('not very smart'; far means ‘at a great distance’); lack(meaning ‘not enough’), enemy('enemy'). Wed also: unprecedented chance, wrong light, incredible event, impossible character, involuntary lie, useless boy, immediate response, immediate reaction; unevenness(meaning ‘uneven place on the surface’); not without reason(meaning ‘not in vain’).

3. Included in attachments under- and not without- (heaven-):

• under- with the value of incompleteness, insufficiency compared to the norm, for example: underweight, imperfection, underweight, underestimation, shortcoming; unripe, underdeveloped; to underdo, to underdo, to underestimate, to underestimate, to underestimate, to underestimate, to undersalt;

• not without- (heaven-) with the value of a moderate, but sufficiently significant degree of the characteristic, for example: notorious(‘quite famous’), unreasonable, useless(‘pretty useful’), fruitless('pretty effective').

Separate spelling is not

§146

Negation not written separately in the following cases.

1. With all forms of verbs (except full participles; see § 150 for them):

a) with the infinitive and conjugated forms, for example: don't know, don't know, don't know, didn't know, didn't know, take your time, take your time, take your time, don't like it, out of luck;

b) with short forms of participles, for example: not used, not starched, not uncorked, not developed, not closed, not busy, not drunk;

in) with adverbs, for example: not wanting, not being distracted, not hurrying, not joking, not having time, not having met.

2. With numerals and countable nouns, for example: not one, not two, not five, not both, not a sixth, not a hundred, not a thousand, not a million.

3. With pronominal words, for example: not me, not me, not you, not you, not him, not that, not mine, not ours, not theirs, not anyone, not like that, not everyone, not everyone, not so much, not like this, not always, not everywhere, not in my own voice, not in my own.

4. With adjectives that are used only in short form: not happy, should not, not much.

5. With adverbs (except those formed from adjectives using the suffix −o), as well as with invariable words used as a predicate, for example: not near, not in time, not quite, not right, not for the future, not seriously, not in passing, not yesterday, not enough, not tomorrow, not in vain, not otherwise, not forever, not forever, not on purpose, not really, not behind , not completely, not today, not too much, not from above, not immediately; not sorry, not married, not shameful, not necessary.

6. With any words written with a hyphen, for example: not commercial and industrial, not research, not a conference hall, not a social democrat, not in a comradely way, not in Russian, not in our way.

7. With any combination of words:

a) with combinations consisting of significant words (in these cases, the negation does not refer to the word that follows not , but to the whole phrase), for example: not a candidate of science, not a citizen of Russia, not a researcher, not a specialist in the field of philology, not directly proportional;

b) with prepositional case combinations, for example: not for children, not for fame, not with them, not along the way, not without reason, not under power, not according to conscience, not from timid, not about war, not in the spirit, not able, not in his mind, not to the face, beyond the power.

Merged / separate spelling is not

Introductory remarks

With nouns, adjectives (full and short forms and forms comparative degree), with adverbs in −o, full participle forms not can be written both together and separately (with the exception of the cases specified in § 145). In § 147 conditions are given that reveal the particle not (separate spelling not ) in combination with nouns, adjectives and adverbs, in § 148 - conditions that identify the prefix not- (fluid spelling not ) in the same parts of speech. A special rule (§ 150) concerns merged and separate spelling not with full forms of participles.

§147

−o negation not spelled apart in the following cases.

1. As part of constructions with opposition: not ... but, not ... but, ... but not ... In such structures not can only be a negative particle, for example:

Not happiness, but just luck; He didn't tell the truth, but a half-truth(cf. Told a lie); Not love, but infatuation(cf. His dislike for animals);

Not a good person, but rather a bad one(cf. He is a bad person); The title is quirky, not original(cf. Non-original title); Not a simple egg, but a golden one(cf. Tough question); It is not the healthy who need a doctor, but the sick; He is resourceful, not cunning; The new sentence is not fairer, but only more severe;

You did not act badly, but horribly; Understanding this is not easy, but very simple..

Particle is written in the same way not in constructions with opposition and in the absence of union a, for example: This is not entertainment, this is a lesson; Not pleasant - a spectacular sight; A gift is not expensive - love is expensive; He does not act more energetically - more fussy.

2. As part of constructions that reinforce denial:

a) with words not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, for example: This is not true at all; This case is by no means unique; This is by no means obvious; She is far from brave; He is by no means stupid; It's no fun to talk about it; Not in the least embarrassed; She is not more educated than her husband;

b) with negative pronouns: not at all, not at all, no one, no one, no one, never, nowhere, not at all, nothing, nothing, nothing etc., for example: The case is in no way suitable; A worthless project; He is no friend of mine; not in the least envious, not needed by anyone, in no way useless, good for nothing, incapable of anything, not interesting in anything; He is no prettier than his sister;

in) with union no no, for example: Neither the hosts nor the guests know a man; Not needed by me or you.

3. In combinations almost…, almost…, isn’t…, no further than…, not later than…, not earlier than…

§148

With nouns, adjectives, adverbs in −o negation not spelled together in the following cases.

1. If the word with not can be replaced by a word with a similar meaning without not . This possibility means that not - a prefix that forms a special word, for example: non-intervention(neutrality), not true(False); frivolous(frivolous), unhealthy(painful), shallow knowledge(surface), unfriendly(hostile); quietly(quiet), often(often), not easy(difficult), not close(far), quite a few(lot).

2. If nouns and adjectives are combined with not denote non-belonging to any category of persons or phenomena, for example: non-doctors, non-phraniuses, non-Marxists, non-Christians, non-specialists, non-Muscovites, non-Russians, non-democrats, non-poets, non-terms, non-metals, non-spirits; A non-Russian will look without love / At this pale, bloody, / Whip-slashed Muse(Nekr.); The non-doctor will not understand this; Non-specialists liked the report; A non-Egyptologist will not understand him; A non-mathematician cannot solve this problem; A non-linguist would not write such a dictation; non-academic institutions, non-food additives, non-military industries.

3. If before a noun with not there is a definition or a preposition. The presence of these words is a sign that not with this noun forms a single word, for example: Fired for absenteeism; It's all my eternal bad luck; To his rashness was added his usual indecisiveness; Everyone knows about her bad manners; I doze off at the balls, / Before them, a mortal reluctant(Gr.).

4. If with an adjective, as well as with an adverb on −o there are words very, extremely, quite, extremely, clearly, rather (enough), enough, egregiously, exceptionally, eminently- words with the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the sign, emphasizing the statement, for example: very dishonest work, slept very restlessly, became extremely inactive and slow, answered extremely unintelligibly and unsatisfactorily, very extraordinary, very thoughtlessly, extremely unresponsive person, extremely unpleasant, clearly inappropriate undertaking, rather unfortunate ending, fairly consistent, blatantly illiterate, exceptionally unfavorable circumstances , highly indecent.

5. If there are clarifying adverbs in the form of the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs, for example: even more uninteresting, much uglier, much more unpleasant, more and more inaccessible, a little more incomprehensible, and also if the form of the comparative degree is used in negative constructions like: there is nothing worse than... or in constructions with unions than... the, for example: the simpler the better; the further, the more disappointing.

However, very rarely forms of the comparative degree from such formations with not- meet, for example: The floating ghost has become even more obscure(P.); It’s not easier, more secretive than it was small in all Izvala(Boon.).

§149

In all other cases (not regulated by § 147-148) in the absence of words in the context that help to recognize the negation or affirmation and, therefore, to distinguish the particle not from prefix not- , the writer must check which words - reinforcing the negation or emphasizing the assertion - are possible in meaning in this context.

If it is possible to substitute words expressing opposition or reinforcing negation ( at all, by no means etc., see § 147), is not written separately, for example: way there(not at all) not far; weather was(not at all) not hot; He(far) not calm; They are(not at all) not guilty; They live(at all) not rich; Confess your mistake(at all) not humiliating; left, but(not at all) not for long; May be,(at all) and it's not bad that he didn't get there; Understand these rules(not at all) not easy.

With the possibility of substitution of words emphasizing the statement ( very, enough and others, see § 148, paragraph 4), not spelled succinctly, for example: way there(very) narrow-minded; They live(quite) not rich; weather was(enough) not hot; He(very) restless; They are(obviously) innocent; left, but(very) briefly; May be,(very) and it’s good that he didn’t get there; Understand these rules(quite) not easy.

Thus, the writer must be aware of what he wants to express: the negation of the sign - and then write not separate from the next word (ex.: he is not healthy, not important, not rare, not accidental, not significant, not surprising, not democratically) or assertion of the sign - and then write not together (cf.: he is unhealthy, cases are not uncommon, unimportant, not accidental, insignificant, not surprising, in an undemocratic way). The choice of spelling will also determine the understanding of what is written by readers.

§150

not spelled apart:

a) if they have dependent words, for example: a person who does not shun any means; not knowing what he is doing; not caring about food; friends who have not seen each other for many years; version not supported by facts; a genius not recognized by his contemporaries; object not identified by ground services; not bound by obligations; not obligated to obey; unmoved by her tears; a dress that has not been washed for a long time; unpainted roof since spring;

b) as part of constructions with opposition (see § 147, paragraph 1) or constructions that reinforce negation (see § 147, paragraph 2), for example: this is not a finished work, but some kind of sketches; not knowing, but only guessing; not warring, but peacefully neighboring countries; not respected - beloved; by no means calmed, not at all embarrassed, not at all pleased, not noticed by anyone, never discouraged, not loved by anyone.

With full participle forms negation not spelled succinctly:

a) in the absence of dependent words, for example: unarmed soldiers, unopened letter, unreturned valuables, non-working pensioners, non-belligerents, unopened flower, unrealized advantage, unproven theorem, unfinished novel, unrecognized genius, unidentified object, open door, unwatered plants;

b) as part of constructions emphasizing the statement (see § 148, paragraph 4), for example: highly undeserved censure, highly thoughtless act, manifestly unreasonable demands.

Corrective rules (coordination rules)

Introductory remarks

The purpose of these rules is to prevent the appearance of such spellings that follow from the basic rules, but violate the established patterns of compatibility of letters in a word or make it difficult to correctly understand the semantic relationships between the connected language units. Their other name - the rules of coordination - shows that the essence of these rules is to take into account the relationship between continuous, hyphenated and separate spellings.

§151

Merged spellings with one capital letter in the middle of a word are not allowed. Therefore, after the initial part of the word, which, according to the basic rules, is written together - after the prefix, the first part of a complex or compound word - a hyphen should be written if the second part is a proper name and therefore is written with a capital letter. Examples:

anti-Mayakovsky, archi-Plyushkin, non-Russia (… it is difficult for non-Russians to understand Russia. - From gas.), pre-Beethoven, pre-Bryullov (... and at least be you once-Bryullov.- Dost.), super-Mephistopheles(words with prefixes);

semi-Africa, micro-Chernobyl, cinema-Ostap, neo-Robinson, radio-Pinocchio, TV-Pechorin, photo-Moscow(Difficult words);

lit-Chapaev, owl-Chichikov, sport-Odessa(compound abbreviated words);

half of Baikal, half of Georgia, half of Moscow(These spellings "correct" the rule of § 119, paragraph 6).

§152

Continuous spelling with a prefix or the first part of a compound word is not allowed if the second part of the word contains a hyphen. The continuous spelling must be replaced by a hyphen, resulting in spellings with two hyphens. For example, you should write: semi-conference room, semi-social demo krapgy, ultra cheer patriot, radio music hall, TV press conference, TV talk show, anti-social democratic, false trade unionist, pseudo-historical-revolutionary.

§153

Continuous or hyphenated spelling with a prefix or the first part of a compound word is unacceptable if the second part contains a space, that is, it is a combination of words. In these cases, the continuous or hyphenated spellings recommended by the main rules should be replaced by separate ones. For example, you should write: pseudo doctor of science, pseudo work of art, round table body, mini washing machine; the ex Soviet Union, pseudo Van Tog, half a day, half a tablespoon, half of the Moscow region; the same in paired constructions with the floor: semi-village - semi-dacha settlements, semi-sanatorium - semi-rest house, semi-parody - semi-literary feuilleton, semi-nursery - semi-kindergarten(in such constructions, the hyphen sign is also replaced by a dash according to the rule of § 154).

§154

In the following cases, a dash should be used instead of a hyphen.

1. In combination with an application, if one of the parts contains a space.

Examples with non-single-word definables: meeting with guests of the Olympics - foreigners, senior lieutenant - artilleryman, war veterans - disabled people, about Mikhail Bulgakov - an actor, researcher- astronaut. Wed foreign guests, artillery lieutenant, disabled soldiers, Bulgakov-actor, cosmonaut.

Examples with non-single-word applications: works of poets - contemporaries of Pushkin; articles about Gorky - public figure, about Marshak - the translator of Shakespeare; the sad fate of the house - an architectural monument; contact the director - artistic director; among the countries participating in the negotiations. Wed poets-contemporaries, Gorky-writer, Marshak-translator, house-monument, managing director.

2. In combinations with an application, if one of the parts in turn is a combination with an application and contains a hyphen, for example: a story about a medical student - climber; meeting with a friend - an amateur chess player; with a neighbor - a science fiction writer. Wed climbing student, writer neighbor.

3. In pair structures like semi-villages - semi-dacha settlements(see § 153). Wed half-asleep-half-awake(§ 120, para. 1a).

4. In combinations that have the meaning of an approximate indication of the amount or time of something, if at least one of the parts contains a space, for example: Came just for a day or two. He was in this city twenty or twenty-five times. It will cost two hundred - two hundred and fifty rubles. She will arrive in January - early February. Wed: a day or two, twenty or thirty times, two hundred or three hundred rubles, in January-February(see § 118, paragraph 5).

5. In combination with numeric designations, if the digit is preceded by a part containing a space, for example: operation "Tagged Atoms - 2", the script of the film "The meeting place cannot be changed - 2"(cf. film "Octopus-5").

§155

In constructions with repetitions, no sign is placed between two parts if at least one of the parts contains a space. This includes the following cases.

a) Structures built according to the “word + not+ the same word (or a word formed from it). Should write: it is necessary not necessary, but ...; the sea is not the sea, but ...; scary not scary, but ...; like it or not, but ...; waits, can’t wait, looks, doesn’t look enough, rejoices overjoyed. Wed writing repetitions without not: they sit, they sit, they look, they look, they wait, they wait(see § 118, paragraphs 1, 2).

b) Constructions-repetitions of prepositional combinations with forms of pronominal words, for example: They don't give a damn about everything; From whom they just didn’t happen to anyone!; With whom with whom, but this should not have happened to him; What they just did not rely on!; What is what, and he understands this. Wed everything-everything, everyone-everyone, who-who, something-what(see § 118, para. 1).

Prepositional-case constructions with correlative pronominal words are also written in the same way, for example: talked about this and that; thought about this and that. Wed this and that(see § 118, para. 4).

§156

A special kind of corrective rules is the separate spelling of forms of pronominal words with initial no, no, something (koi-), used with prepositions: with no one, with nothing, with no one, about something etc. (see §§ 134–135).

Hyphen spelling of words

1. Nouns that are written with a hyphen.

1) Names of intermediate countries of the world (southeast, northwest, northeast).

3) Terms scientific, technical, socio-political, military ranks, as well as the names of mechanisms and objects (prime minister, dynamo, vacuum pump, lieutenant general, saw-fish, chair-bed, cape-tent, stop-cock).

4) Words with foreign language elements vice - , life - , chief - , non-commissioned - , headquarters - , ex - in the first part (vice admiral, life guard, chief conductor, non-commissioned officer, staff doctor, ex-champion).

5) Words with floor - if the second part of the word starts:

A) with a letter l (floor- l ista, half- l imona);

b) capital letter (floor- M oskvy, half- At ral);

B) a vowel (floor- a orange, half I block, floor a Academy).

Note.Words from semi- are written together(semi-car, station).

2. Adjectives.

1) Educated from difficult nouns with hyphenated writing (New York, Southeast, Life Guards, Ivanovo-Voznesensk).

2) Educated from two bases denoting equal concepts; union can be inserted between parts and or but : commercial and industrial (commercial and industrial), interest-free winning (interest-free, but winning).

3) Compound adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous features: voluntary sports societies (voluntary sports), calculators (calculators), feudal serf system (feudal serfdom), comparative historical method (comparative historical)

4) Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (bottle green, milky white, golden red). If a second part the words does not indicate color, then writing conjoined(light-eyed, dark-skinned, black-eyed, red-faced, white-barreled)

Note. The greatest number of errors occurs when determining the spelling of adjectives of the type white-barreled, snow-white, dark-skinned, which are confused with adjectives denoting shades of color (white-gray, pale white, dark yellow)

5) Terms (atomic-molecular, purulent-inflammatory, gastrointestinal, bourgeois-democratic)

6) If First part words ending in –ico (historical-archival, medical-judicial, technical-economic, dialectical-materialistic)

7) Formed from a combination of an adjective with a noun, but with permutation these elements: literary and artistic(fiction), vocabulary and technical (technical dictionaries)

8) Educated from combinations of first and last name, name and patronymic, two surnames ( Jules Verne fiction, Walter Scott novels, Ilfo-Petrovskaya satire, Boyle-Marriott law, Ivan-Ivanychev jacket)

3. Adverbs.

1) With attachment on - and suffixes -to (-him) , as well as ending with -tski, -ski, -i (damp in autumn, be your way, punctual in German, live like a soldier, howl like a wolf)

2) With attachment in - (in-) and suffix –s (s) : firstly, thirdly. These introductory words, separated by a comma, indicate the order of thought.

3) Educated repetition words or stems (barely, hardly, hardly, slightly).

4) Formed by a combination synonymous or words related by association (topsy-turvy, out of the blue, good luck, out of the blue, at the very least, not today - tomorrow)

5) Indefinite adverbs and pronouns with particles something, something, something, something (someone, something, after all, something, some).

Spelling H and HH in adjectives and participles

Action algorithm

1. From what part of speech is the word formed that answers the question which?

↓ ↓

From noun from verb

↓ ↓

Adjective 2. I analyze the word

↓ ↓

H 1. –an - (-yan-) ( leather en th) exceptions: glass tin wooden	HH 1. –enn - (-onn-) (public) exceptions: windy	a) there is a plugin b) there is a suffix –ova - (-eva-) c) there is a dependent word ( incl. about.) G) perfect. view exceptions:wounded	a) No prefixes b) No suffix –ova- (-eva-) c) there is no dependent word ( single) G) imperfect. view
2. -in- (owl)	2. …n+ n (sleep + n + th)	Participle	Adjective verbal
		HH	H

Notes:

1. In short participles one is written H, Can I ask you a question by whom? (problem n a - question by whom?).

AT short adjectives so much is written H how many in full, you can not ask a question by whom? (holding back people nn s - can't ask a question by whom?)

2. There is a group of words whose spelling is not regulated by the rules. The writing of these words remember

NN: sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, desired;

N: smart, named brother (BUT: named after…).

3. In adverbs and nouns formed from participles and adjectives, so many H, how much was in the derivative form (sure nn oh - sure nn about; brought up nn th - brought up nn ik; elect nn th - chosen nn ik; smoked n th - smoked n awn).

4. In adjectives forged, chewed combinations ov and yov are part of the root, not the suffix.

Spelling NOT and NO

It should be remembered that the particle NOT - negative. If it is removed from the sentence, then the meaning of the sentence is reversed. (He did not leave - he left). Amplifying particle. It reinforces the negation that is already in the sentence. (There is not a single star in the sky = there is not even a single star in the sky).

Homogeneous members may be preceded by a repeating union no no , it can be omitted or replaced by the union and (The Cossack is on his way to the north, the Cossack does not want to rest neither in an open field neither in the oak forest neither at a dangerous crossing).

The largest number of errors is allowed in sentences with an affirmative meaning.

Action algorithm

1. They ask the question: was it?

↓ ↓

Well no

↓ ↓

NOT 2. Is the proposal complex or simple?

↓ ↓

Yes Yes

↓ ↓

NEITHER

(rhetorical

Offer)

EXAMPLES.

What thoughts n ... came to mind!

Did thoughts come? - Yes. Is the offer simple? - Yes. - Writing NOT.

Wherever fate and happiness throw us ... wherever it takes us, we are all the same.

Fate threw, happiness brought? - Yes. - Which Proposition? - Difficult. - Writing NO

The wires hummed, the wires began to play: we have never seen anything like this.

Have we seen? - Not. - Writing NOT.

BUT:

1. With double negation, it is written NOT(first NOT must come before the word be able – could not know).

2. If there is a word in the sentence it is forbidden , written before the verb NOT (It is impossible not to confess).

3. If the subordinate clause begins with a union Bye , followed by NOT (Strike before the iron is cold).

4. If there is a NOT particle before the verb, it is written before other words NI (Crew not looked like neither to the tarantass neither on the stroller neither on the chaise...)

Spelling prefixes

There are prefixes in Russian three types: immutable(spelled the same regardless of pronunciation), changeable(prefixes on –з - (-с-), which are written depending on which consonant, deaf or voiced they are before), and prefixes pre- and at- , whose spelling depends from the value, which is attached to the word if a prefix is ​​attached to it.

UNCHANGABLE	CHANGABLE(there are 6 of them)	CONFIGURATIONS pre - at -
Always spelled the same	Before voiced consonant is written voiced h , before deaf- deaf with	They are written depending on the meaning given to the word by adding a prefix.
about -, before-, on-, over-, about - before-, co-, behind-, under-, under-, in-, under-, over- and etc.	From -and is -(get rid of, disappear) Vz -and sun - (sigh, ascend); Without -and demon - (carefree, wordless); Once -and races - (scatter, laugh); Bottom -and nis - (overthrow, descend); Through -and through - (extremely, too much)	At - 1. Approximation, attachment (glue, come, fly in). 2. Incomplete action (slightly open). 3. Proximity to something (coastal, seaside, suburban). 4. Start or end an action (get down to business, come up with). Pre- 1. Pre-= very (nasty = very nasty, funny) 2. Pre - = re (break the law, turn)
There is only an attachment with-, prefixes h - can not be. Not to be confused with prefixes –з - (-с-) (unbending, unmade)	ATTENTION 1. Prefixes on –з - (-с-) consist of two or more letters. 2. As they are heard, so they are written. Say words with these prefixes out loud!	Pairs to be distinguished: Etc e give (a friend) - pr and to give (shine); Etc and to be (somewhere) e to visit ... (i.e. live); Etc e to create (to life) and create (door); Etc e to bow (before ...) - pr and bow (head to shoulder); Etc e to see (the enemy) - pr and to look after (to take care of, take care of), etc.

Y and I in roots after prefixes

Andchanges to S at the beginning of the root if:

1. The prefix ends with consonant,

2. The prefix must be traditional, and not transferred from another part of speech, i.e. derivative, or borrowed (for example: over-, inter-, post-).

Examples: skillful - without s boring, look for - time s throw off, total - under s to live, proactive - without s initiative

BUT:above and interesting, between and university, post and industrial, by and say.

Spelling of function words

It is necessary to distinguish between unions in writing (on the other hand, to, also, too), prepositions (about, towards etc.) from those parts of speech from which they originated and which are written separately.

1. Remember: response options that state that the words for (what), what (would), then (same), so (same), (at) a meeting other always are written together or apart, need discard as false, since both spellings are possible.

2. Of the remaining two, you need to choose the only correct option. This will help the following thought actions:

a) unions can be replaced by other unions: to= in order to (I came to talk to him) too= also = and(conjunctions are equivalent, therefore interchangeable) The others also shouted loudly (= and the others) but= but (The hike was difficult, but (= but) interesting.) b) the preposition is used with noun or pronountowards= to(A dog ran out to meet us.)

a) service words can be lower or move to another place: what would(What would you give as a gift?) Same(can be inserted most) (They did the same as yesterday.) same way(can be inserted like…) (Everyone fought just as (= as always, as before) bravely.) for that(can be substituted most) (I thank you for what you have done for me) b) on the(what?)meeting (He went to meet him without excitement)

3. In tests, there can be a task: In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? It should distinguish between spelling adverbs, derivative prepositions from consonant combinations of prepositions with pronouns, as well as continuous and separate spelling NOT with different parts of speech .. In this case, continuous and separate spelling is determined context.

a) What for raise false hopes? (Why = for what purpose?- adverb)	a) What for go and find it. (for what = for what objects- pronoun with a preposition)
b) Then and came to get the information you need (came for a purpose - adverb)	b) Then and came what I was looking for (came for some object - pronoun with preposition)
in) From what(= why - adverb) I love you, silent night?	c) was from what sadden (i.e. there was a reason, an object for the given state)
G) Why(= for what reason?) Are you that bad at judging people?	G) Why(= on what grounds) do you judge the change in the weather?
e) I did not recognize familiar places because haven't been here for a long time (I did not recognize familiar places, because (union)haven't been here for a long time)	e) Changes in life cannot be judged because fleetingly see (on passing signs)
f) Misunderstandings often occur because(= because) that people don't understand each other	f) Further depends from that how things turn out (depending on circumstances)
g) The experiment was carried out successfully, besides for the first time (in addition to this)	g) At the same time(at what?) publishing house has a small printing house
h) The presentation is interesting, and(in addition to this) good in form	h) What does here he is with his claims? (interrogative sentence)
and) Adverbs with spatial and temporal significance up, down, up, down, forward, up, away, away, deep, wide, first, first, finally, forever(possibility to insert defining word does not entail behind a separate writing: up - to the very top)	and) Nouns with a pretext (only if there is an explanatory word to the specified nouns in the sentence itself or according to the meaning of the context) into the depths of the ocean, into the foggy distance, at the beginning of autumn, forever and ever, from the beginning of the lesson
to) Prepositions: due to = due to(due to bad weather) due to = due to (due to illness) about = about(talk about tickets) like = like(like a trench) like = like(like a park) instead of = for(instead of you) BUT:keep in mind, mean the city	to) During, during(interchangeable, indicate time) within a week, put money into the account, agrees in gender and number, the task is similar to triangles, in contrast, in conclusion

Spelling b after hissing in various parts of speech

Action algorithm

1. I see hissing

Verb always	Adverb ↓ Refers to exceptions? ↓ ↓ no Yes	Noun ↓ Does it belong to the 3rd class? ↓ ↓ Well no	Adjective I determine the category ↓ ↓ ↓ Qualities. Relates attraction ↓ ↓ ↓ Short on declination
b	b -	b -	- - b

Verb	Adverb	Noun	Adjective
bspelled always	bspelled always	b is spelled
1. In the 2nd person unit. h. (eat, sleep). 2. In the infinitive ( keep, guard) 3. In the master- nominal inclination (cut off, hide)	wide open back Entirely Exceptions: Already Married Unbearable	Only in existence. 3rd declension Rye, daughter BUT: At the dachas(not 3rd fold); baby(not 3rd fold)	b NOT spelled 1. In brief adjectives husband. kind (what?) Pretty, good, prickly, fresh 2.B relative adj. When declining (prickly, fuel) b spelled When declining possessive attach. (hare b him, bear b them)

Spelling separators b and Kommersant

1. It should be remembered that the separating Kommersant written in junction of prefix and root, and the separating bfundamentally(in the middle or at the end of it before the end).

2. Both signs are written only before certain letters that need to be remembered.

3.Kommersant and b share vowel and consonant and write between them.

Dividing Kommersant	Dividing b
1. The prefix ends in a consonant about-, times-, without-, from-, s-, pre-, in-( about b phenomenon)	1. After the consonants in the root (in b southern)
2. Root starts with 4 vowels e-, e-, u-, i -(in b to go, about b dark, before b anniversary, without b lingual)	2. Before consonants e-, e-, u-, i - + and- (in b south, solo b and, sparrow b uh, sparrow b pits)
ATTENTION 1. Before other vowels Kommersant not written (save, iron, agitate) 2. The rule does not apply to compound words (communist cell - communist cell)	ATTENTION 1. Before other vowels. b not spelled 2. In words foreign origin b written before -is he(champagne b he bool b he mailed b is he)

Consolidated and separate spelling NOT with different parts of speech

General rule: together are written nouns, adjectives, verbs and formed from them participles and participles, which without NOTnot used(ignorant, absurd, hating, indignant).

Of the 8 parts of speech are written (with the exception of the examples given):

1. Always separate:

Verbs(have not seen, have not been, do not go, will not look);

Participles(not seeing, not visiting, not resurrecting, not falling);

Numerals(not one, not fifth, not hundredth);

Pronouns(not mine, not me), behind exception negative and indefinite without preposition (something, someone, nothing, nothing);

+ comparative degree adjectives and adverbs (not better, not worse, not closer)state category words(no pity, no pity)short adjectives, which do not have a full form or have a different meaning in the full form (not happy, not ready, should not, not intending, not inclined, not obligated).

2. Either together or separately:

1) nouns, adjectives(quality) and adverbs on the -o (-e).

These parts of speech are written according to the same rule.

APART a ) if present or implied opposition with union a (not caution, but cowardice; not a simple, but a complex plan; not rarely, but often) b) if there are words far from, not at all, not at all (far from clever, not at all smart, by no means beautiful)+ negative adverbs and pronouns nothing, not at all, nothing etc. a) brief communion (not resolved, not given) b) c dependent word(i.e. in participial turnover) (a bonfire that does not fade in the wind, mistakes not noticed by the student, a story not published on time) a) pronouns - in three words, if have an excuse(not from anyone, not to anything)

Action algorithm

1. Is the word used without NOT?

↓ ↓

No Yes

↓ ↓

Writing together 2. I determine the part of speech:

↓ ↓

Refers to the 1st block refers to the 2nd block

↓ ↓

Writing apart 3. is there a contrast or words far from

not at all, not at all negative pronouns or adverbs

↓ ↓

Well no

↓ ↓

Apart 4. Is this a sacrament?

↓ ↓

Full brief

↓ ↓

5. Are there dependent words? apart

↓ ↓

Well no

↓ ↓

separately together

DICTIONARY OF DIFFICULT SPELLINGS .

Consecrated by the genius of Pushkin Flags flutter

Old-timer of our city Myriad of stars

The rain turned into drizzle January hoarfrost on the glass

cobbled pavement board fence

A ray flashed Lead the horse by the bridle

Schemer Belorus (Belarus)

Immunity Privilege

Cancel Order Milligram

Ellipse Abstract

Aluminum Compromise

Artistic illustration Calorie count

Occupied Territory Barricade

Masonic Lodge Marble Colonnade

Wrote an elegy

Racial discrimination In anticipation of the future

Worldview of a young philosopher Laureate

Spartakiad Autumn threshing

Mowing in the field Treating a guest

Trees grow interspersed Books and things mixed

Seven magnitude earthquake No comment

Feel Peer / Peer

Nature is silent Correspondent

Crystal Clear Crystalline Grid

Good handwriting Professor's assistant

Retelling of the story Take the reins

Die Infamous Coral Reef

Artillery To serve in the cavalry

swarmed in the grass, come on time

Philosophical treatise persuasive request

Shriek loudly Nature has changed and cheered up

1. Spelling something, something, something, etc.
Through a hyphen, the prefix something and suffixes are written with the words - something, - either, - something, - the same. For example:
anyway, somewhere, anyway
Remember: like

2. Spelling of words with half-, half-.

vowel gender - watermelon half-apple
FLOOR - Capital letter half - Slytherin half - Moscow
l floor - benches half a lemon

HALF + word = always together: half-breed, half boots, half fur coat

In other cases, words with half- are written together:
half a bridge, half a wagon

Separately, words with half- are written if there is a definition between half- and the word:
the floor of the cherry orchard, the floor of my yard

3. Spelling of adverbs.
The following adverbs are written with a hyphen:
a) formed by the repetition of the same word or root words: little by little, many, many;
b) having a prefix in - and suffixes -om / -him, -i: in a new way, in a winter way, in a comradely way;
c) having the prefix v-/vo- and the suffix -ih/-s: firstly, thirdly.
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between adverbs written with a hyphen and homonymous parts of speech:
Cold (how?) in winter (adverb). Walk on (what?) winter (adjective) snow.
Remember: exactly the same, side by side.

4. Spelling of complex adjectives.

Through a hyphen	Slitno
1. Adjectives denoting a shade of color: bright red. 2. Adjectives formed from complex nouns written with a hyphen: southwestern. 3. Adjectives denoting quality with an additional connotation: sweet-salty. 4. Adjectives, the first part of which ends in -iko: chemical-biological. Exception: words beginning with Veliko-: Velikorusskiy. 5. Adjectives between parts of which you can put a coordinating conjunction And (formed from composing phrases): Russian-German dictionary (Russian and German).	1. Adjectives formed from subordinating phrases: railway (railway). 2. Adjectives formed from compound nouns spelled together: reinforced concrete.
	1. Adjectives formed by fusion of words: wild.

5. Spelling of complex nouns.

Through a hyphen

Slitno

1. Nouns formed by combining two equal words without a connecting vowel: sofa bed. 2. Some geographical names: St. Petersburg. 3. Nouns denoting cardinal points, parties, units of measurement: northwest, liberal democrat, kilowatt-hour. 4. Nouns, the first part of which is vice-, ex-, staff-, etc.: vice-premier, ex-champion, staff captain

1. Compound words, the first part of which is the beginning of the word, the second is the whole word: nurse (nurse), wall newspaper (wall newspaper). 2. Nouns, the first part of which is micro-, macro-, agro-, meteo-, cinema-, bio-, auto-, etc.: microbiology, auto racing. 3. Nouns whose first part is a -i verb: daredevil. 4. Nouns denoting the inhabitants of the locality, even if the name of the locality is written with a hyphen: Alma-Ata, but Alma-Ata.

Remember: workday, labor hour, tumbleweed.

6. Spelling of derivative prepositions.
Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of nouns in different case forms, adverbs and participles into another part of speech. In this case, the spelling of the word may change.
To distinguish a derivative preposition from a homonymous independent part of speech, you should see if you can ask a question to the word or if the word itself is part of the question.
For example:
Walk (how?) around (adverb). Walk (around what?) around the house (derived preposition).
If you can ask a question by the way, then this independent part speech, but if the word itself is part of the question, this is a derivative preposition.
Writing prepositions: on the contrary, in front, near, inside, around, along, near, according to, around, about, due to, during, in continuation, in conclusion, due to, in view of, thanks to, despite, despite.
It is necessary to distinguish between a derivative preposition and an adverb to meet and a noun with a preposition to meet. If it is a noun, then a word can be inserted between it and the preposition:
Run (how?) towards (adverb). Run (towards what?) towards the wind (derived preposition). Run to a meeting with a friend (noun with a preposition, as you can: Run to a long-awaited meeting with a friend).
The spelling of derivative prepositions and homonymous independent parts may coincide (towards - towards) or may differ. It should be remembered:

Remember: keep in mind.

7. Prepositions because of, over, under, over are always written with a hyphen.

8. Spelling unions.
Unions also, too, in order to, but should be distinguished from homonymous combinations in the same way, the same, whatever, for that. Unions also, too, so that they can be replaced by synonymous and, in order to. Union but is synonymous with union but.
For example:
He/she was also late. (= and he was late)
He is small in stature, but handsome. (= He is small but handsome.)
In homonymous combinations, particles and would be omitted or rearranged to another place. In addition, in such combinations, logical stress always falls on pronouns:
The same word, but not so to say. (That word, but not to say so.) In combination, there is always a clarification for what.
I am grateful to him for the fact (for what exactly?) That he believed me.
Remember: no matter what.

9. Spelling of adverbs and nouns with prepositions, pronouns with prepositions.
Adverbs such as up, down, away, up, headlong, following, therefore, etc. should be distinguished from homonymous combinations of nouns with a preposition. If these words do not have dependent words, they are adverbs, if dependent words are nouns with a preposition.
For example:
look up (adverb) - look up (what?) at home (noun with a preposition); go away (adverb) - fly away into the distance (what?) of heaven (noun with a preposition).

Lecture: Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words of various parts of speech

Hyphen spelling of words

We write with a hyphen complex:

S., formed by adding two bases without connections. chapter: rocking chair, wardrobe.

S. with vice-, non-commissioned, life-, headquarters-, ex-, etc.: Vice-Miss World, ex-champion, non-commissioned lieutenant. Excl.: Rear Admiral.

C., meaning cardinal points, parties, units of measurement: southwest, social democracy, watt-hour. Exception: workday.

Some geographical names: Rostov-on-Don, San Marino, St. Moritz.

Composite surnames: Petrov-Vodkin, Skladovskaya-Curie.

Foreign surnames, the first part of which begins with Saint, Saint: Saint Exupery, Saint Louis.

NB! Compound names with the first part don- are written with a hyphen only when we do not use the second part of the name separately: Don Juan, Don Aminado. But when don is used in the sense of "master", then we write it separately: Don Fernandez, Don Alvarez.

Articles and particles in foreign surnames are written separately: Maria von Trapp, Le Corbusier, Robert de Niro, Garcia de Orta. (Except for those cases when surnames are not used without them, then we write with a hyphen: van der Waals).

Sometimes we write them together: La Fontaine.

Hyphens are not needed in the names of different categories that correspond to the Russian name, patronymic and surname: Guy Caligula.

Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written separately: Pippi Longstocking.

Names of plants: Ivan-tea.

P., meaning a shade of color: light purple, dark purple.

P., formed from complex S., which are themselves written with a hyphen: northeastern, social democratic.

P., meaning quality with an additional touch: sharp-sour, embarrassed-pleased.

P. with the first part in -iko: dialectical-materialistic. Excl. words with great-: grand ducal.

P., between the parts of which you can put with. AND: Russian-Dargin wedding(Russian and Dargin).

Word repetition: white-white, far, far, exactly the same. Excl.: side by side.

Repeating the same stem, but with different endings or prefixes: early-early, red-red.

NB! Two identical S. in an amplifying combination, where one is in I.p., the other in T.p., we write separately: fool fool, honor honor.

If the first part is Ch., written in numbers: 10% milk, 20 ruble drink, 7-storey building.

Ordinal numbers, where the first element is represented as numbers: 89 millionth, 12 thousandth.

Ordinal Ch., if they are written in numbers with a grammatical ending: 7th floor, 80th year.

Special terms and names, abbreviations, which include a letter of the alphabet: β-rays.

Complex meters and onomatopoeia: heh heh, wah wah wah, quack quack.

Prepositions from behind, from under, above, behind.

N. firstly, thirdly, etc., as well as N., with prefixes in - and suffixes -ki, -ski, -i, -om, -him: in French, your way, dog-like, ant-like, autumnal(dressed). NB! on the mountain (the term of the miners).

NB! Distinguish:
Dressed (how?) in spring (N.).
They sailed (on what?) in the spring (P.) sky.

A combination of two synonymous words: any-expensive, topsy-turvy(colloquial).

P. from two or more bases with equal meaning: sanitary and epidemiological, meat and dairy.

Spelling of words

Complex S., P. and N., the first part of which is Ch., written in letters: six-year-old, five-ton, six-fold, nine-story.

All compound words: state farm, caretaker, head teacher.

S., the first part of which is the beginning of the word, the second is the whole word: nurse (medical brother), pedagogical team (teaching staff).

S., the first part of which is agro-, air-, auto-, aqua-, aero-, hydro-, zoo-, cinema-, counter-, macro-, meteo-, micro-, moto-, pseudo-, radio -, tele-, photo-, electro-: electric car, motorcycle helmet, aquamarine, comedy film, microstroke, parking lot.

S., the first part of which is G. in -i: daredevil. NB! Tumbleweed.

S., meaning residents of the area, even if the name of the area is written with a hyphen: Puerto Rico, but Puerto Rican.

Words with prefixes outside-, after-, over-, a-, anti-, archi-, infra-, counter-, ultra-, etc. (these words are not complex), and also with the initial parts pan-, quasi- , pseudo-: pre-perestroika, extra-plot, immoral, superhuman, archival, counterattack, trendy, interplanetary, pan-English, pseudonym.

S., in which the second part is city, city: Nizhny Novgorod, Stalingrad.

S., in which the first part is a board- or the second part is a meter: flight attendant, ammeter.

P., formed from complex S.: plumbing, waste disposal.

P., formed from s / h, in which the words are connected in a way of agreement: dark-skinned (dark skin).

Words formed by adding the bases: wild, tripod(connecting vowels O and E).

NB! It is necessary to distinguish between N. (up, down, away, headlong, following) and homonyms (S. c p.). If there are no dependent words, this is N., if there is - S. with p .: climb up(N.) - climb to the top (what?) buildings (S. with p.).

Words with half-, half-

Words with semi- are always written together: low shoes, semi-formal.

Words with half- are hyphenated if the root begins with:

vowel: half apricot, half watermelon;

capital letter: half of Arkhangelsk, half of Dagestan;

with L: half ribbon, half ruler.

NB! Separately, we write words with half- when there is a definition between the floor- and the word: the floor of my grandfather's garden, the floor of a small mug.

In other cases, we write half-words together: half an hour, half a book, half a shoe.

Didn't find what you were looking for in this lecture? look "Spelling of Service Words".

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Slides captions:

Lesson number 10. Continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of words of different parts of speech.

The purpose of the lesson: 1) repeat the spelling of complex adjectives; 2) repeat the spelling of adverbs; 3) repeat the writing of derivative prepositions; 4) repeat the spelling of unions.

Spelling of complex adjectives. Through a hyphen If the adjective is formed from two equal words, between which the union And can be put: Fruit and berry (fruits and berries) If the adjective is formed from compound noun hyphenated: Northeast (from northeast) If the adjective denotes shades of color: dark blue Solid If the adjective is based on the phrase: Zheleznodorozhny (railway) Agricultural (agriculture)

Hyphenated spelling of adverbs.

Continuous and separate spelling of adverbs. Together With words that are not used in modern language: On the ground, on an empty stomach, on one side Adverbs on -th: Often, scattered But: on the side, on the back Adverbs with a prefix formed from the same adverbs: Soon, hastily, crosswise Adverbs with roots - up, -down, -height, -depth, -distance, -age, -beginning, if there are no explanatory words for them: Look up, but at the top of the mast Separately Adverbs in -ah denoting a state, place or time: in hearts, in heads But: in the dark, in a hurry If the preposition-prefix ends in a consonant, and the word begins in a vowel: Tight, armful, without looking back, without restraint

Distinguish! In the autumn forest - dress in autumn In the forest (what?) Autumn, autumn - adjective, written separately Dress up (how?) In autumn, in autumn - adverb, written with a hyphen. Return (when?) On time (adverb) - during the lesson (noun) Work (how?) Manually - adverb (adverb) Go to a meeting with a friend (to a meeting - a noun with a preposition)

Writing adverbs why, then, why, because, why, therefore, therefore, therefore. Adverbs why, then, why, because, why, therefore, therefore, why, how much are written together, in contrast to combinations of prepositions with pronouns that are consonant with them. Compare: Why raise vain hopes? What you follow, you will find (proverb). He did not tell about this in order (not in order) to arouse in us simple curiosity. - Following that, a shot rang out (in combination with three words after that). Then he came to get the necessary information (came with some purpose). - That's why I came for what I was looking for (came for some object). Why (why) I love you, silent night! (Polonsky). - There was something to be sad about (i.e. there was a reason, an object for this state). Misunderstandings often occur because (because) people do not understand each other. “What happens next depends on the circumstances. Why (for what reason) do you judge people so badly? - By what (by what signs) do you judge the change in the weather? I did not recognize familiar places only because I had not been here for a long time. “Changes in life cannot be judged only by what you see fleetingly. How much (at what price) are potatoes on the market now! - They beat on anything.

Note 1. The question of continuous or separate spelling in the case under consideration is sometimes determined by the context. So, the correlation of the question and the answer matters. Compare: a) Why did he come here - To get the necessary information (the goal, which is expressed by the adverb why); b) Why did he come here? - For the necessary information (an object that is expressed by a pronoun in combination with the preposition for). In other cases, the answer is given by the correlation of homogeneous members. Compare: a) From constant winds and because it rarely rains in these places, the soil here is noticeably weathered (homogeneous circumstances of the cause; therefore - adverb); b) From the speech of the speaker and from what will be added in the debate, you can expect a lot of interesting things (homogeneous additions; from that combination of a preposition with a pronoun). Note 2. In some cases, there may be a double interpretation of the text and a double spelling. Compare: a) Because he speaks (engages in conversations), it is of little use; b) From what he says (the content of his statements), there is little sense. Note 3. In the colloquial style of speech, there are constructions with spelling that deviates from the rule, for example. - Why are you angry with me? - Yes, according to the same (separate spelling is explained by the presence of the word itself, acting as an intensifying particle).

Remember spelling adverbs! Hardly Not a little Following Not at all Secretly (to do) Not at all In secret (to keep) Two by two Abroad One by one towards In the middle Tomorrow From youth On the fly From the raid there is From the bottom to the top To death (to fight) On a grand scale To the death (to go) On the move Little by little immediately Side by side side Interleaved Close Drawn Fording Just barely Doubled In general In conclusion On time In the end Alone Together In general instantly for the first time In derision later Little by little

Continuous and separate writing of derivative prepositions. derived preposition Homonymous part of speech Due to (=because of) the rains, the river overflowed its banks. In (what?) The investigation (n. p.p.) in the case had a lot of obscurities. In view of (= due to) rain, the tour will not take place. Keep in mind. They built something like (= like) a raft. Agree in gender, number, case. We agreed on (= o) an excursion. The money went into the school account. (How long?) For a year, I worked hard on music. There are many rapids in the course (n. p.p.) of the river. (How long?) Over the course of a year, he got acquainted with the history of the country. New characters are introduced throughout the book. Despite the cold, we went camping. (Compare: Although it was cold, we went camping) He answered without looking (not looking) at his father.

Consolidated spelling of unions. Union. Homonymous part of speech. 1) All peoples want (it would be impossible to omit, the union adds an explanatory clause) there would be no war. What should I read about space? (would be removed or rearranged, which is an interrogative pronoun, would be a particle. What should I read about space?) 2) Our class will also go to the museum. (But you can’t omit it. The union can also be replaced by the union as well or the union And, which must be put at the beginning of the sentence. Wed, and our class will go to the museum) We found the same lake in the mountains as the geologists. (SAME can be removed. We found the same lake in the mountains as the geologists) 3) I will also study at the university. (SAME cannot be omitted. Also = too = and. And I will study at the university.) I did it (how?) just like he did. (you can also remove it. And one more thing: it goes on as well) 4) The spool is small, but expensive. (on the other hand = but the spool is small, but expensive.) I hid behind that tree. (For - a preposition, then - a pronoun) 5) Unions, and moreover, are close in meaning to the expression "along with that." The students were given leaflets with tasks and, moreover, they were warned that they were given two hours to solve them. Attached to that statement are Required documents. Where will you stay? 6) Union so (meaning introductory word"therefore") is spelled together. So it's all over. And that's how it ends every time.

Separate spelling of unions Unions are written separately because, since, so, in order to, then how, that is, that is, as if, thereby, all the more so, and not that, all the more so, etc., for example: And the dogs were silent, because no one disturbed them; He looked as if he could not believe his eyes.

Homework. A1. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) Atmospheric, oceanic and terrestrial data are transmitted (C)START to territorial, (FOR)THAT to regional and finally to world meteorological centers. b) TO (WOULD) reduce cold losses (C) DURING loading or unloading refrigerated ships, their holds and hatches are made small. c) (FOR) FOR Thousands of years, the only tool for logging was an ax - (B) IN THE BEGINNING, stone, then iron. d) (DURING) DURING operation in space, the instruments are not affected by the atmosphere and (ON) THEREFORE allow obtaining a sufficiently accurate scientific information. A2. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) (DURING) DURING expeditions, specialists determine the species composition of animals and plants, and ALSO (SAME) take samples of soil, water and air. b) IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND WHAT (SAME) laws govern the Universe, people conduct research in space. c) HARDLY (WILL) today there is ANY (ANY) branch of industry in which, one way or another, a tree would not be used. d) It is (B) VERY likely that (B) SOON there will be a natural merger of cable television with the Internet networks.

A3. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) artificial satellite Earth (B) was FIRST launched into space in 1957, and (B) DURING subsequent years, developers space technology solved serious problems. b) WHAT (WOULD) a yacht sailing with a side wind (C) NEVER be blown to the side, its hull must have a large lateral resistance. c) In the old days, ships could carry large loads only along rivers and lakes, (FOR) THIS (FOR) FOR CENTURIES, river vessels remained the main type of water transport. d) Automobile factories are interested in building racing cars BECAUSE (THE) new engineering solutions proven by racing are (CO)TIME used in the production of production models. A4. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) (FOR) FOR many centuries, only tree trunks are taken out of the forest (B) in the form of logs, and the stumps remain in the ground. b) Quality is a multifaceted concept, and SO (SAME) dynamic: (CO)TIME the requirements for the product change. c) (I) SO, everything that is stored in the memory of a computer is represented (B) as numbers. d) WHAT (WOULD) become a teacher at the Zagreb Polytechnic Institute and work in it (IN) AFTER several years, the professor perfectly mastered Croatian. A5. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) The problem of synonymy, which attracts Special attention researchers (B) DURING the last two decades, is relevant for lexicography, as well as (SAME) for other areas of linguistics. b) The main trouble was that the beavers were only (ON) HALF overgrown with hair and (FOR) THIS would inevitably freeze on the way. c) In the twilight (AT) THE MEETING we were walking some strange, AS (IF) something frightened person. d) Artistic truth is created by the writer SO (SAME) as honey is created by a bee: from all flowers (BY) a LITTLE bee takes, but takes the most necessary.

A6. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) It is not possible to see the figure in the picture prodigal son, his face is almost invisible, but (B) FOLLOWING him we mentally fall to our knees and ALSO (SAME) experience a meeting with the father, like the returned son. b) (C) DURING the day M.V. Lomonosov observed the passage of Venus across the solar disk and (IN) AFTERNOON published his findings in a special paper. c) (B) A CONSEQUENCE of the fact that the work of electric potential forces does not depend on the shape of the path of a unit charge, on each of the parallel-connected conductors one and THEN (SAME) voltage appears. d) In response to strong arguments, the doctor agreed to be my second; I gave him SO (SAME) a ​​few instructions (IN) ACCOUNT of the conditions of the duel. A7. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words written separately? a) The village of Ozertso is changing, but in the shallow river SO (SAME) the month is sinking, and SO (SAME) strength is given to it by the keys, and the boys drink from the ladle of their palms, like a century ago. b) My companions THAT (SAME) examined the coast (B) FOR a whole hour and found amber of a bizarre shape. c) The sounds gradually weaken, (PO) LITTLE fade, and soon they (CO) EVERYONE can no longer be heard. d) AND (NOT) DESPITE what the travelers knew about the fast approaching twilight, the darkness EVERYTHING took them by surprise. A8. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words written separately? a) (B) DURING the whole of July it rained, (FOR) THIS path leading to the gazebo turned into a small stream. b) (I) SO, let's summarize everything that has been said: the forest is our healer, our wealth and, (ON) THE END, the best outfit of the earth. c) The poet's vocation is to create for eternity, (FOR) THIS is why he is “his own highest court”, (FOR) AS only a few can appreciate his creations. d) WHAT (WHATEVER) the critics claim, Fet's poems are unusually melodic, (BY) THIS sound of the verse you can always recognize the poet's creations.

A9. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words written separately? a) Pavel Petrovich (NOT) ONCE helped his brother when he was tormented, thinking of HOW (WOULD) dodge and find the missing amount. b) (IN) AT THE BEGINNING of the young writer's novel it was difficult to judge the author's talent, but (IN) AFTER the readers appreciated his work. c) (IN) AT THE BEGINNING it seemed that Kirill's words at the meeting did not make any impression, but (IN) SOON it turned out that the whole department was discussing his speech. d) The forest sleeps silently, motionless, (AS) AS if it peers WHERE (THAT) with its tops. A10. Open parenthesis. In which sentence are both underlined words spelled together? a) SO (SAME), like other representatives of the Moscow world, Famusov appreciates rank and wealth, (FOR) THAT he is looking for a suitable party for his daughter. b) (C) DURING all his life, this poet was independent in his judgments and (FOR) THIS is lonely. c) Chatsky returns to Moscow, TO (WOULD) find happiness, and comes to the Famusovs, (FOR) BECAUSE he loves Sophia. d) (FROM) THAT cycle of Pushkin's poems, which is called "freedom-loving", (FOR) TRUE, it is impossible to separate the poem "Arion".