home biology tutor State languages of Iraq. On International Mother Language Day, Kurds talk about the importance of the Kurdish language

State languages of Iraq. On International Mother Language Day, Kurds talk about the importance of the Kurdish language

In this regard, we remembered the countries where they do not speak “their languages”.

From the history:

Official language - a language that has a privileged status in a state or an international organization. In relation to the official language of the state, the term is often used official language.

Switzerland - German, French, Italian, Romansh

The Swiss languages recognized by law as official and used by the majority of the country's population are German (63.7%), French (20.4%), Italian (6.5%) and Romansh (0.5%). AT oral speech dominated by local variants based on Alemannic dialects German language and Franco-Provençal patois. The presence of four legally recognized languages does not imply that every Swiss must know and speak all: in most cases, one or two languages are used.

At the same time, Swiss exists as an unofficial language, which is more often called the Swiss dialect.

Canada - English, French

English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as "official". This means that all laws at the federal level must be enacted in both English and English. French and that federal services should be available in both languages.

The top five non-official languages are Chinese (home language for 2.6% of Canadians), Punjabi (0.8%), Spanish (0.7%), Italian (0.6%) and Ukrainian (0. ,5 %). Indigenous languages, many of which are unique to Canada, are now spoken by less than one percent of the population and their use is declining in most cases.

Australia - no official language

The most widely spoken language in Australia is Australian. in English. It has 15.5 million speakers. The next most spoken languages in Australia are Italian (317,000), Greek (252,000), Cantonese (245,000), Arabic (244,000), Mandarin (220,000), Vietnamese (195,000) and Spanish (98,000).

There are also 390 Australian Aboriginal languages. Indigenous people - Australian Aborigines, speak Australian languages, which are divided into a large number of language families and groups. Most large tongue- "language of the Western desert" (more than 7000 speakers), divided into many dialects. largest language family- pama-nyunga, occupying 7/8 of the continent.

list of countries where spanish is spoken

KURDISH, the language of the Kurds. Official language of Iraqi Kurdistan. It is distributed in Kurdistan, in the republics of the former USSR (mainly in Armenia, Georgia, as well as in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, etc.), in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The total number of speakers is over 35 million people (2008, estimate), including about 20 million people in Turkey, about 6 million people in Iraq, about 7 million people in Iran, about 1 million people in Syria, and 36.5 thousand people in Russia (2002 , census).

Kurdish is one of the Iranian languages (Northwestern group). It is a collection of dialects. In Russian Iranian studies, there are 2 main groups of them. The northern one (the most common; the area is mainly Turkish Kurdistan, partly Syria, Iraq, Iran, Transcaucasia, Russia) includes the dialects of the Kurmanji and Zaza dialects (Zazaki, dymli). Southern (Iran, Iraq) includes two subgroups of the largest dialects [Sorani, Suleymani, Mukri, Synei (conditionally united by the linguonym "Sorani"); gorani, avramani, kandulai, badjalani (united by the term "gorani")], as well as insufficiently studied dialects of kermanshahi, luri, files, laki, etc. In Iranian studies, there is a point of view according to which 3 proper Kurdish languages are distinguished as part of the Iranian languages [Northern (Kurmanji), Central (Sorani) and Southern (Kelkhuri; includes the understudied dialects listed)], while Zaza and Gorani, whose speakers are also considered Kurds, are classified as separate subgroups of northwestern Iranian languages.

The described dialect division is based on a combination of phonetic, grammatical and lexical features that characterize each of the groups. Most character traits kurmanji, which distinguish it from Sorani, belong to the field of phonetics: the presence of aspirated p’, t’, k’, pharyngealized affricate c’, labio-dental fricative v (in Sorani it corresponds to labio-labial round-slit w); the absence of velarized l, as well as the diphthongoids ua, uê, uî specific to Sorani. In morphology, this is: the presence of indicators of the indirect case of the name differentiated by gender and number [there are no cases in Sorani, in it the plural of the name has general form into -an, while in Kurmanji the suffix -a(n) only indicates the indirect case plural]; opposition according to the gender and number of izafet forms [in Sorani, izafet has a general form in -l (y)]; the absence of the suffix indicator of certainty -eke (widely used in Sorani); in the verb system - the presence of the object conjugation of the transitive verb in the past tense forms (in contrast to the subjective in Sorani), as well as the analytical form of the passive (in contrast to the simple form in Sorani). One of the main features that distinguish Sorani from Kurmanji is the use in Sorani of multifunctional personal enclitic pronouns (see Klitika), penetrating grammatical structure of all southern dialects: they act as personal indicators of transitive verbs in the past tense, are part of complex prepositional complexes, are widely used in object-attributive functions, as well as in the construction of various syntactic constructions.

The main Kurdish dialects (Kurmanji, Zaza, Gorani, Avramani, Sorani, Suleimani, etc.) have significant literature, including artistic, religious, historiographic works [the first written monument in the Kurdish language (in Kurmanji) dates back to the 11th century]. However, the status literary language had only Kurmanji (the literary form was formed on the basis of the Hakkari dialect), Gorani (the literary form based on Avramani, was used until the middle of the 19th century) and Sorani (the literary form based on Suleimani). Modern literature most actively developed on Kurmanji and Sorani.

In Turkish Kurdistan, writing based on the Latin alphabet is used, in Iran and Iraq - the Arab-Persian alphabet, in Syria - alphabets based on the Arabic and Latin graphic alphabets (all from the middle of the 20th century). Writing in former USSR(mainly in Armenia and Georgia) since 1921 based on the Armenian, since 1929 - Latin, since 1945 - Cyrillic alphabet.

Lit .: Sokolova V.S. Essays on the phonetics of Iranian languages. M.; L., 1953. T. 1; Kurdoev K.K. Grammar of the Kurdish language (Kurmanji). M.; L., 1957; MacKenzie D. N. Kurdish dialect studies. L., 1961-1962. Vol. 1-2; Tsukerman I.I. Essays on Kurdish Grammar. M., 1962; Eyubi K. R., Smirnova I. A. Kurdish dialect of mukri. L., 1968; Bakaev Ch.Kh. The language of the Kurds of the USSR. M., 1973; Tsabolov R. L. Essay on the historical morphology of the Kurdish language. M., 1978; he is. Kurdish language // Fundamentals of Iranian linguistics. New Iranian languages. M., 1997. Part 2; Yusupova Z. A. Suleymani dialect of the Kurdish language. M., 1985; she is. Gorani Kurdish dialect. SPb., 1998; she is. Kurdish Avramani dialect. St. Petersburg, 2000; Pireiko L. A. Gorani. Zaza // Fundamentals of Iranian Linguistics. New Iranian languages: northwestern group. M., 1997. Part 2; Smirnova I. A., Eyubi K. R. Kurdish dialect of Zaza (Dersim). SPb., 1998; they are. Historical and dialectological grammar of the Kurdish language. SPb., 1999; they are. Kurdish dialect sonei. SPb., 2001; Todd T. L. A Grammar of Dimili also known as zaza. 2nd ed. Stockh., 2002.

Dictionaries: Bakaev Ch. Kh. Kurdish-Russian Dictionary. M., 1957; Farizov I. O. Russian-Kurdish Dictionary. M., 1957; Kurdoev K. K. Kurdish-Russian Dictionary. M., 1960; Khamoyan M. W. Kurdish-Russian phrasebook. Er., 1979; Kurdoev K.K., Yusupova Z.A. Kurdish-Russian Dictionary (Sorani). M., 1983.

The history of the Republic of Iraq originates in Mesopotamia, where in the valley of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers from the middle of the 4th millennium to new era Noisy Ancient Mesopotamia. Then the Sumerians came to the lands of Mesopotamia, who own the first written documents in the history of human civilization. The modern state languages of Iraq, Arabic and Kurdish, have little in common with the languages of their ancestors and the reason for this is the long history of the development of the people. Assyrian-New Aramaic and Turkmen are also accepted as official regional languages in the republic.

Some statistics and facts

The most popular state language in Iraq is Arabic. In the country, it exists in the form of an Iraqi (Mesopotamian) dialect.
Of the 36 million citizens of the republic, every fifth speaks Kurdish. In Iraq, its Central Kurdish dialect is adopted, called "Sorani" by the locals.
Turkmen in Iraq is a southern dialect of the Azerbaijani language. It is considered native by at least 5% of the country's population.
Any of the regions of Iraq, according to the Constitution, has the right to declare any language official if the majority of the population votes for it in a referendum.
The Arabic script is used to write Persian, South Azerbaijani, Sorani and, of course, the main state language of Iran. New Aramaic speakers use the Syriac script, while ethnic Armenians use their own alphabet.

Sorani and Sulaymaniyah

Sulaymaniyah in eastern Iraq is not the best Old city in the country. It was founded in late XVIII century and is today the unofficial capital for the inhabitants of the republic, speaking Sorani. The historical center of Iraqi Kurdish culture, Sulaymaniyah does business, teaches students, publishes newspapers and airs radio and television programs.

Arabic in Iraq

The total number of speakers of the Iraqi version of Arabic in the world is at least 15 million people, of which 11.5 live in Iraq. The territory of Mesopotamia has always been multicultural, and it was inhabited by representatives of the most of different nationalities. This allowed the main state language of Iraq to develop in an environment of many dialects and dialects and caused a huge amount of borrowings. Iraqi Arabic often contains Aramaic, Persian, Kurdish, Turkish, and Akkadian words.

Note to the tourist

English is the most spoken language in Iraq foreign language, but the percentage of those who know it at least at an elementary level is very low. If we add to this not the most prosperous situation in terms of safety for tourists, Iraq is still not a very popular state for comfortable educational travel.

This term has other meanings, see Kurmanji. Kurmanji, Kurdmancî Self-name: Kurdmancî Countries ... Wikipedia

Kurdish Taxon: subgroup Ancestral home: Kurdistan [source not specified 77 days] Range: Middle East ... Wikipedia

Self-name: كوردی, Kurdî, Köpdi Countries: Turkey, Iran ... Wikipedia

Iranian Taxon: group Range: Middle East, middle Asia, North Caucasus Number of carriers: approx. 150 million Classification ... Wikipedia

At present, alphabets based on Arabic and Latin are used to write the Kurdish language. The Arabic script is used by the Kurds of Iraq and Iran. There are also 3 types of Kurdish Latin alphabets: Turkish (31 letters). Used in Turkey and Azerbaijan ... Wikipedia

Kurmanji, Kurdmancî Self-name: Kurdmancî Countries: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Armenia, Syria Regions: Mesopotamia Official status: autonomous Kurdistan within Iraq Regulatory organization ... Wikipedia

Kurdish- Kurdish is one of the Iranian languages (Northwestern group). Distributed in Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria and the USSR. Official language (along with Arabic) of the Republic of Iraq. The total number of speakers is 20 million people, including 97 thousand people in the USSR. (1979 ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

This term has other meanings, see Kurmanji. Kurmanji, Kurd. Kurmancî, kirmanckî is the historical self-name of the Kurdish people. Currently, several ethnic groups of Kurds call themselves that, not all of which speak ... ... Wikipedia

Kurdistan Kurd. كوردستان, Ḧikumetî Herêmî Kurdistan ... Wikipedia

Books

Etymological dictionary of the Kurdish language. In 2 volumes. Volume 1. A-M, Tsabolov R.L. The dictionary fills a significant gap in Kurdish historical linguistics. The work was done on the basis of two dialects of the Kursk language - Kurmanji Sorani ...
Etymological dictionary of the Kurdish language. In 2 volumes. Volume 2. N-Z, R. L. Tsabolov. A two-volume etymological dictionary (vol. I was published in 2001) fills a significant gap in Kurdish historical linguistics. The history of Kurdish vocabulary is being developed: the separation of the original ...

State languages ​​of Iraq. On International Mother Language Day, Kurds talk about the importance of the Kurdish language