What is Herodotus famous for in geography. Biographies of writers and poets. What geographical discoveries did Herodotus make in Scythia

Herodotus, who is usually called the father of history, was born in 484 BC in the city of Halicarnassus (however, this information is unverified, and no one will be able to name his exact date of birth). It is known for sure that he was born in the interval between the Persian wars. Also, contemporaries know a lot about his travels. Herodotus left a lot of information about the Egyptians, Phoenicians and other peoples. We will briefly consider geographical discoveries in this article.

Origin of Herodotus

A boy born in Halicarnassus, from childhood, watched how ships from distant lands come and go to the port. Most likely, this gave rise to a passion for uncharted lands, travel and discovery in him. In his younger years, he had to leave his small homeland because of the struggle against tyranny, which nevertheless was established here. After living a little in Samos, in 464 the traveler Herodotus sets off on his long journey, the geographical discovery of which will make a considerable contribution to science.

Herodotus in Babylon

The ancient majestic, spread out on the banks of the Euphrates, is Babylon. He started his journey with him. great person. The city was surrounded by a moat with water and strong double brick walls. The streets, which ran strictly as if on a ruler, filled houses three and even four stories high. The traveler especially notes the architecture of the times of queens Netoktida and Semiramis. Dams, irrigation canals, a bridge - all this was erected in Babylon precisely because of wise women. What kind geographical discoveries Herodotus associated with this place?

In general, he spoke respectfully about not forgetting his significance for culture. ancient world. Herodotus revealed to the world many information about the peoples who lived on the territory of the modern Tien Shan and Turkmenistan (Sogs, Sakhas, Ares, and so on).

Herodotus in India

While still in Assyria, the traveler heard a lot about the unknown country of India. His notes about her were of great interest to contemporaries. According to Herodotus, King Darius received the first information about the unknown corner when he sent his subjects to explore the path from the mouth of the Indus to the Red Sea.

There was a huge number of diverse and colorful birds, large animals and amazing plants. The Greeks of this time did not know rice. Therefore, to the question “What geographical discovery did Herodotus make in India?” you can answer this way: he gave the Greeks a new nutritious cereal - rice. He was also surprised by the "woolen fruit" - cotton. He wrote about the people of the country that people there speak different languages, there are nomadic and sedentary peoples, and they are all different: someone is engaged in fishing, and someone eats the same grass.

What geographical discoveries did Herodotus make in Scythia?

Speaking about the discoveries of the traveler in this country, it is worth mentioning that he was the first to give a detailed description of the life, customs and customs of Scythia. Before Herodotus, almost nothing was known about the Scythians. Since the scientist was born in a mountainous and uneven area, he was very struck by the fact that Scythia is a large plain rich in fertile black earth soil. The climate of the country surprised Herodotus, it seemed to him that the winter here lasts at least eight months. He dwells in detail on the description of the rivers of the territory: Istra, Tyra, Borisfen, and so on. His work on the tribes of Scythia turned out to be important for contemporaries, besides, it is confirmed by excavations carried out in our time. Herodotus truthfully described the customs and customs of some tribes, having personally familiarized himself with them. He was especially interested in the nomadic livestock-breeding tribes, since their way of life was unusual for a Greek. The traveler very vividly described the military tactics of the Scythians, which he liked. They knew how to retreat before the attacking troops, lure them into a territory convenient for them, and only then open a profitable battle.

Herodotus in Egypt

Egypt aroused curiosity more than all previously visited countries. He embodied for him the perfect combination of geography and history. The geographical discoveries made by Herodotus in Egypt were of tremendous importance for Greece at that time. The floods of the Nile struck him, he threw all his strength into unraveling its mysteries.

The traveler and historian left the first description of the Egyptians, their way of life, and in his work he especially noted the connection between the animal and man, which was not observed in Greece. The unspoken agreement concluded by the Egyptian with a cat, a crocodile, an ibis, surprises Herodotus. But nevertheless, he pays the most close attention to the study of the sacred waters of the Nile. He was very hooked on the island of Elephantine, where the “nilometer” was located. An ordinary well with walls lined with granite was connected to the river by a special device. On the boards, which were fixed very firmly, the level of the water in the Nile was noted. Returning from the island, the traveler decides to go to Libya.

Criticism of past ideas

Herodotus, traveling through different lands, received a huge experience for that time. He could also criticize the old ideas about the world. These geographical discoveries of Herodotus are also important!

The Greeks believed that the inhabited land has the shape of a circle. Herodotus refutes this misconception. He also said that the land mass should not be divided into three parts, and the borders should be drawn along the great rivers. To divide Europe, Asia and Libya (which had colossal differences in population and nature of the area), he proposed not along the rivers Phasis, Tanais, Nile, but along mediterranean sea, Ponto and Metaide. Traveling around the world, the scientist refuted the idea of ​​the Greeks that the earth is disk-shaped, rises along the edges, and deepens towards the middle.

Having read the works on geography and history written by the Greek Herodotus, one can no longer underestimate his great contribution to science! The traveler is called one of the main pioneers of his time. He collected the available knowledge about the world in one work, presented his contemporaries and followers with descriptions of many tribes, their way of life, and customs. Strabo became a follower of the great Herodotus.

HERODOTUS(lat. Herodotus, Greek Herodotus) (about 484 BC, Halicarnassus, Asia Minor - about 426 BC, Furia, Great Greece), an ancient Greek historian, called by Cicero the "father of history" ("On the Laws", I,1,5 ). Author of works devoted to the description of the Greco-Persian wars, outlining the history of the state of the Achaemenids, Egypt; gave the first systematic description of the life and way of life of the Scythians. The monumental work of Herodotus, dedicated to the history of the Greco-Persian wars and the description of the countries and peoples who fought with the Persians, is the first fully extant historical essay antiquity and at the same time the first in history ancient literature monument of artistic prose. Initially, it was called "History" (ancient Greek "research, research"); in the 3rd century BC Alexandrian scholars divided it into nine books, giving each of them the name of one of the nine muses - the first book was named after the muse of history, Clio.

According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Herodotus was born shortly before the campaign of Xerxes in Greece (480 BC) and lived until the Peloponnesian War (431 BC). His parents were noble and wealthy citizens. For participation in the struggle against the tyrant Halicarnassus Ligdamida, Herodotus was forced to leave his homeland and settled on the island of Samos. Tradition ascribes to Herodotus long travels in the countries of the East: in 455-444 he visited Phoenicia, Syria, Egypt, Babylon, Macedonia, the Greek colony of Olbia in the Northern Black Sea region, and visited Delphi. He describes as an eyewitness the peculiarities of the climate of Scythia, which is more severe than in Greece, he knows the layout of Babylon and the way in which its walls were erected; Herodotus gives data on the distances between Egyptian cities in the Nile Valley and tells in detail about the Egyptian customs that struck him.

Since the mid-440s, the fate of Herodotus has been closely connected with Athens and the circle of Pericles. It is known that in Athens Herodotus gave public readings of individual books of the History and was awarded for this by the Athenians (Eusebius, 4th century). A hidden polemic with Herodotus can be found in his younger contemporary Thucydides, who emphasizes that his own work is alien to fables, not so pleasant to the ear and not created to sound in a fleeting competition (Thucydides, "History", I, 22).

In 444-443, Herodotus, together with the philosopher Protagoras of Abdera and the architect Hippodames of Miletus, took part in the foundation of the pan-Greek colony of Thurii in southern Italy (hence his nickname Furian). The "History" breaks off with a description of the siege of Sest (478) and gives the impression of being unfinished; based on her textual analysis, it is generally accepted that Herodotus died in Thurii between 430 and 424.

Herodotus wrote the work "History" or "Statement of Events" in the Ionian dialect. main idea, which he traces in this work, lies in the opposition of Asian despotism and ancient Greek democracy. The Greco-Persian wars became the central theme of the "History", but in the course of the presentation of events, the historian introduced detailed geographical and ethnographic essays, the so-called logoi.

Herodotus begins the story with a story about the fate of the Lydian kingdom and proceeds to the history of Media before the accession of Cyrus, in connection with the campaigns of Cyrus, describes Babylon and the customs of its inhabitants, as well as the tribe of the Masagetes who lived across the river Arax (book 1). The history of the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses gives him a reason to tell about this country: this is how the famous Egyptian logos is formed (book 2, Euterpe); the story of Darius' unsuccessful campaign against the Scythians develops into a description of the way of life and traditions of the tribes that inhabited the Black Sea steppes (book 6, Melpomene).

Such descriptions of individual localities and peoples bring the "History" closer to the works of Ionian logographers and, in particular, to the writings of Hecateus of Miletus, to whom Herodotus repeatedly refers. However, unlike logographs, Herodotus includes episodes-short stories in the outline of the historical narrative, close to the oral traditions that existed among the Eastern peoples and tell about dramatic turns in the events of history and the fate of people: stories about Gyges and King Kandavl (book 1, 8-13) , about Solon and Croesus (book 1, 29-56), about Cyrus and Astyages (book 1, 108-129), about the ring of Polycrates (book 3, 40-43). Belief in the omnipotence of fate, the breadth of the historical and spatial perspective, the slowness of the narrative give the "History" an epic character: in the treatise "On the Sublime" (Pseudolonginus, 1st century), Herodotus was called "the great imitator of Homer."

The work of Herodotus is permeated by the theme of the inconstancy of fate and the envy of the deity to the happiness of people. Like Aeschylus in the tragedy The Persians, Herodotus condemns Persian kings for excessive insolence and the desire to disrupt the world order, which commanded the Persians to live in Asia, and the Hellenes in Europe. Ionian revolt 500 BC e., which involved the Greek states in a long and bloody war, Herodotus considers it a manifestation of indiscretion and pride. When describing the Greco-Persian wars, Herodotus uses the memories of eyewitnesses, inscription materials, oracle records; he visits the battlefields in order to more accurately reconstruct the course of the battles. Repeatedly he notes the merits of the Alkmeonid clan, to which he belonged.

The goal of the scientist was not only to sing the exploits of the Greeks in the struggle for freedom, but also to reveal the causes and consequences of their victories. Herodotus believed in the active intervention of the gods in the course historical events, but at the same time acknowledged that the success politicians depend on their personality. When writing his work, Herodotus used both personal observations and stories of other people, and written sources. His descriptions are reliable and in many cases are confirmed by modern archaeological research.

The success of the work of Herodotus in ancient times was facilitated by his art of storytelling, the proximity of his "History to the epic". The surviving numerous Greek manuscripts from the 10th to 15th centuries reflect an unbroken handwritten tradition dating back to antique editions of the text. During the Renaissance, Lorenzo Valla translated the "History" into Latin language(Venice, 1479). Russian translations of Herodotus were published with comments by F. G. Mishchenko in 1888 and G. A. Stratanovsky in 1972. For modern scientists, "History" is an invaluable source of encyclopedic information about the history of ancient countries.

AT school years each studied compulsory program disciplines, including history and geography. And, of course, everyone has heard about the ancient Greek traveler Herodotus, whom fans of distributing clichés enrolled as the "fathers of history" on the grounds that the scientist wrote a voluminous work with the same name. Let's try to understand the validity of this statement, and at the same time find out what Herodotus discovered in geography.

Curriculum vitae

A progressive man of his time, a historian and geographer, the first traveler - this is who the legendary Herodotus was. His biography contains some gaps due to the significant antiquity of the events, but the basic information is available. Herodotus was born in the Dorian colony of Greece, ancient Halicarnassus ( modern city Bodrum). The most probable date of birth of the scientist is 484 BC. e.

The family in which the boy was brought up was very wealthy and famous, having numerous connections. This fact allowed the young Herodotus to receive an excellent education for those times. Rio's mother and Lix's father raised another son, Theodore. A strong influence on the worldview and tastes of the boy was exerted by his relative Paniasis, who was a famous poet.

Scientific nugget of antiquity

If it were not for the two Persian wars, in the interval between which Herodotus was born, the biography and fate of the young man would have turned out differently. Once he decided to compile a detailed chronicle of the Greco-Persian wars, and at the same time describe the customs, customs, geographical details of the areas that he decided to visit. The scientist was driven to travel by curiosity that appeared after studying the myths, knowledge about which he learned from the logogriffs. In addition, he wanted to see with his own eyes what the lands available for viewing in that era looked like.

The first who decided to compile a detailed work describing the main aspects of the emergence and course of wars between the Persians and Greeks was Herodotus. He made a contribution to the development of geography along the way: in order to get a reliable idea of ​​​​everything, it was necessary to visit many countries. This was fully reflected in the famous work of Herodotus ("History"), which consists of 9 books with the names of muses instead of titles.

Persian notes

A significant part of his work is devoted to the description of countries, customs, landscape, weather patterns, political and religious structures. Herodotus undertook a voyage at the age of twenty through the states as well as Persia. On the roads of these countries it was possible to move fearlessly, as they were well guarded, and the traveler was provided with the necessary places for rest. Needing no funds, the scientist probably traveled quite pleasantly without experiencing any discomfort. Thanks to detailed description the terrain and customs that he met on his way, Herodotus's achievements in geography are based. This is the only scientist, using the works of which, contemporaries can get an idea of ​​​​the ancient world order and true geographical knowledge.

He traveled along the road from Ephesus to Susa, saw the great Babylon in its heyday with its majestic buildings, huge libraries, gardens and fanatical cults, was in Ektaban, the capital Probably, Herodotus was present in the destroyed Assyria. All this is carefully recorded in the book that Herodotus planned and created. The contribution of the Halicarnassian scientist to the development of geography is obvious and beyond doubt.

He interestingly describes the manners of the Persians: they did not erect temples to the gods and did not give the deities a human appearance, they preferred fruits and wine to meat, sacredly honored the right to life and at the same time despised those with leprosy, considering them cursed. The Persians valued military prowess above all else.

The scientist learned a lot by visiting these lands. But this is only a part of what Herodotus discovered in geography.

Herodotus and the Land of the Pyramids

But the longest Halicarnassian lived in Egypt. He collected detailed information about the climate of this African region: the floods of the Nile, droughts. He described living creatures unprecedented in his homeland: crocodiles, birds, hippos. He studied the current wonders of the world: the pyramids and the Sphinx, learned from the priests basic information about Ancient Egypt, and even personally measured the pyramid of Cheops. Herodotus was in the city of the kings, he saw Lake Merida, near which in those years there was a labyrinth containing up to 3 thousand rooms. This building especially struck the scientist, which, of course, was reflected in his geographical and historical work. Thus, everything that Herodotus discovered in Egypt became world property.

After Egypt, he visited Libya. There he studied the life of the desert dwellers. Later, confident that he would rise to Alexandria by sea, the scientist went down to Saudi Arabia, but, probably, having received an inhospitable reception from the overly religious inhabitants of this country, he was forced to return.

Journey to Scythia

Sailing along the Black Sea, the scientist listed many rivers along with tributaries flowing into it, visited the Greek colonies located on the banks of Pontus Euxinus, but this is not the only thing that Herodotus discovered in geography. Among other things, the "father of history" made a long journey to the lands of Scythia (the southern tip of Ukraine). This area struck the geographer: long winters and rainy summers, ice that Herodotus had no idea about, vast steppes and pastures. From the Scythians, Herodotus heard many myths, in particular, about the gold of one-eyed people living to the north. He also realized that there are powerful, full-flowing rivers that do not necessarily originate in the mountains, as he was taught from childhood. I learned about the tribes that live nearby: the Ural hunters and the Agripei. In all likelihood, he was told about the inhabitants of the Urals and the Urals, and at the same time Herodotus learned about the nature of those places: forests full of fur-bearing animals, mountains, beautiful and inaccessible. Also, the Halicarnassian heard that far in the north there is eternal cold and desertion, and winter lasts half a year. It was in Scythia that Herodotus learned these priceless geographical ideas and subsequently shared them with the whole world.

Herodotus visited Colchis (modern Georgia), the Balkans, including Southern Italy, and reached the end of the world, which, according to the ancient Greeks, was in India. The historian was shocked by the wealth and customs of this place. He described the rituals and habits of the Hindus, strange, in his opinion, plants and cereals (bamboo, rice), trees with fruits in the form of woolen balls, and huge deposits of gold. Therefore, the first association that should arise after pronouncing the name Herodotus is geography. Briefly touching on his wanderings, one can draw conclusions about the significance of his work.

Geographic footprint

Considering that in ancient times travel was made either for conquest or for commercial purposes, it can be said that Herodotus first founded What Herodotus discovered in geography:

• for the first time described in detail the real picture of the world of those times;
• compiled maps of the basins of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas;
• collected information about the life of the Sarmatians and Scythians, which later helped in the excavations;
• discovered a mythical female ethnic group: the Amazons;
• the first geographer who described the terrain and features of the rivers of Ancient Egypt;
• explored the Balkan Peninsula;
• marked the boundaries of the ecumene (known territory) and identified three climatic zones: the northern (Scythia), the second, located in the Mediterranean, and the third - part North Africa and Arabia;
• described signs, rituals, myths, the history of many peoples.

In ancient times, there was confidence that the world was finite, so Herodotus, being a materialist, did not try to look "beyond", but explored those lands where he could get.

After a stormy life, his dream is sweet

The life of Herodotus was full of adventures, including not very pleasant ones. For political reasons, his family was forced to leave native home and settle on the island of Samos. After 10 years of travel, he found peace in Furia, which was founded by the descendants of the Sybarites. Contradictory information speaks of the date of death of this outstanding person, but most agree on 424 BC. e. A friend of Sophocles, a favorite of the kings, an outstanding historian and geographer, was buried in the city square in Thurii, which was a great honor. The inscription on the grave briefly lists his merits and touches on some details of his biography. In addition, the cenotaphs of Herodotus are found in Macedonian Pella and great Athens.

Final thoughts

Herodotus is not just a museum exhibit or a person long gone from the pages of textbooks. What Herodotus discovered, what he achieved in the field of history and geography, in which he was a pioneer, gives him the right not to be forgotten. The only scientist of antiquity who created not a description of one part of the world, but recreated the whole from fragments. Therefore, his "History" is not only a huge contribution to geography as a science, but is also doomed to be known.

History reference

Herodotus was born not quite in Ancient Greece, and in its colonial city of Halicarnassus. Today, this place is the Turkish resort city of Bodrum. The exact date of birth is unknown, but historians attribute it to 484 BC. e. Herodotus was lucky with an excellent education, which was obtained thanks to the wealth of his parents. Initially, there was a desire in him to know the world, and not to limit himself to the myths that logographers liked to refer to. By and large, it was thanks to them that such a science as history was born.

Having reached the age of twenty, Herodotus decided to go on a journey to explore the territories that at that time were accessible to humans. At that time, there was no single idea about the shape of the Earth as a sphere. The Pythagorean school, which was, in fact, the initiator of this hypothesis, only gained popularity. Just guessing what the earth really is, Herodotus decided not to philosophize, but to find out in practice.

He began with the Egyptian territories already known in Greece. Herodotus collected information he saw about the life of the people, their customs, about the floods of the Nile, recorded data on the pyramids. These records will be the beginning of the historical chronicle (which is why Herodotus was later awarded the “title” of the father of history). Having passed Egypt, he descended to the south, but, remaining confident in the proximity of the ocean, thanks to which he could return back - clockwise through Gibraltar to Alexandria, Herodotus went back to Saudi Arabia.

Probably, the excessive religiosity of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula forced them to quickly leave these lands and continue their journey, first to Babylon, Persia, and then to India, distant at that time. Having reached the end of the world, which ended here, Herodotus described in detail the customs and habits of the inhabitants of this country. He recognized the equality of India and her possible future power in the world.

Significance for modern times

For a correct understanding of Herodotus' assessment of the boundaries of the world, it is worth recalling the worldview of those years. Today a myth is a fiction, a fairy tale, then it is an event of reality. Any of his heroes, the ancestor, had a continuation of his kind, however, already in the usual human form. To meet a descendant of, say, Hercules on the street of Athens was a reality and an everyday occurrence, not a distorted fantasy. If the world had a beginning, then it had an end. And the search for something "beyond" Herodotus the materialist was hardly interested.

In any case, instead of going "beyond the horizon" of India, he went south modern Russia, to Scythia. He compiled descriptions and maps of the Black, Caspian and Azov seas and the rivers flowing into them. Herodotus collected interesting information about the life of the Scythians, their customs. The legendary Amazons - a mythical tribe of militant women, found its confirmation in the writings of Herodotus, where the marriages of the Amazons with the leaders of the Scythian tribes are mentioned. The myth and reality of what he saw remains a mystery, as well as the very existence of the female ethnic group.

Safely returning home, Herodotus made a good political career, and then retired to the territory of modern Italy, to the colony of Thurium, where he died in 426 BC.

Notable in the campaign of Herodotus, in addition to collecting information about the lands and science, can be called his task. Unlike all travels of that time, which were military and pursued an exclusively predatory goal, Herodotus traveled to new lands with an educational purpose. There were also merchants with their, in modern slang, shop tours, but still these are applied trips. Herodotus is the initiator of tourism as such, and today the lands he saw - Egypt, India, Turkey and southern Russia - are one of the most popular tourist destinations.

Conclusion

Herodotus undoubtedly laid the foundation for travel. But, what is especially pleasant, they did not become the lot of exclusively men. Moreover, women in some ways even surpassed even science fiction writers. Jules Verne's fearless Phileas Fogg (again for the sake of a woman!) circumnavigated the earth in 80 days. American Nellie Bye did it in 1889 in 72 days.

Herodotus

One of the first learned travelers was Herodotus, who, according to Cicero, is"father of history". Herodotus was born around 484 BC in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and noble family with extensive trading connections. At a young age, due to political turmoil, he left hometown and lived on the island of Samos. Disillusioned with politics, Herodotus began to take an interest in the history of his people and, above all, in mythology. Many researchers believe that it was the desire to visit the places where Hercules performed his exploits that prompted Herodotus to travel. Being from a wealthy family, Herodotus did not need money.

He traveled all over Greece and Asia Minor, then sailed to the Phoenician city of Tire. Most of all, Herodotus was attracted by the East and its rich cultural heritage. Herodotus traveled around Libya, visited Babylon, but he was especially struck by Egypt, where he stayed for three months. In Egypt, he asked the inscriptions to be translated for him, asking the priests about the history of this state. He was interested not only in the life of the pharaohs, but also visited the workshops of embalmers. He measured the length of the perimeter of the base of the pyramids in steps, making specific mathematical calculations. Returning to Greece, Herodotus shared his knowledge with his compatriots. This was his first trip.

The second journey of Herodotus passed through Asia Minor, from where he arrived by ship to the Northern Black Sea region, through the Helespont to the Milesian colony of Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. There he met with the nomadic tribes of the Scythians, observed their customs, rituals, studied their social system.

Herodotus devoted his third journey to the study of the Balkan Peninsula. He traveled around the Peloponnese, the islands of the Aegean Sea (Delos, Pharos, Zakif and others), then traveled through southern Italy and the north of the Balkan Peninsula.

Herodotus traveled for 10 years (from 455 to 445 BC), and set out all his observations in 9 books, each of which was named after one of the muses. In his famous work "History" Herodotus described not only the history of many peoples, but also ethnographic signs, i.e. description of facial features, skin color, type of clothing, way of life, rituals, folk signs, general way of life, etc.

The "History" of Herodotus whimsically combines his personal observations, real information about distant countries, obtained in wanderings, with a retelling of mythological events. Herodotus is suspicious of stories about goat-legged people or werewolves from the Neuri tribe, but quite seriously describes giant gold-mining ants from the desert of India. Herodotus did not believe the testimony of the Phoenicians, who circled the African continent, that during the voyage the sun turned out to be on their right side.

Despite the existing inaccuracies, it is difficult to overestimate the significance of Herodotus' work. He collected many ancient ideas about the world, described the geography of many countries, the life of different peoples.

Only fragments of his writings have come down to us, but the main thing is that Herodotus is the first Greek tourist, because, unlike his predecessors, he wandered not for the sake of achieving some other goals, but for the sake of the journey itself, i.e. for the sake of pleasure, the satisfaction of one's own inquisitiveness and curiosity.

Herodotus believed that the Etruscans, or, as the Greeks called them, Tyrrhens or Tyrsenes, came from the state of Lydia, located on the territory of Asia Minor, are the clearest example of a traveler people. The name of the legendary Etruscan prince Tiersen is preserved in the name of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Returning as a young man to his homeland, to Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Lygdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaic festivals and read passages from the description of his travels there, causing general delight. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, to Thurium, where he died about 425 BC, leaving behind the fame of a famous traveler and an even more famous historian.

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