Participle 1 from the reflexive verb German. Communion in German. Partizip (particip). Partizip I as an adjective

The participle I (Partizip I) is formed from the stem of Infinitiv with the help of the suffix -(e)nd according to a single scheme from all types of verbs, has an active voice value and expresses a long unfinished action that coincides in time with the action of the predicate. In Russian, it corresponds to the participle of the active voice of the present (or past) tense. For example:

bluhen - to bloom einladen - to invite lachen - to laugh laufen - to run rauchen - to smoke spielen - to play studieren - to study tanzen - to dance vorbeifahren - to pass by wachsen - to grow blühend - blooming

bluhend - blooming einladend - inviting lachend - laughing laufend - running rauchend - smoking spielend - playing studierend - studying tanzend - dancing vorbeifahrend - passing by wachsend - growing, etc.

If the verb stem ends in -el, -er, Partizip I gets the -nd suffix:

lächeln - smile -> lächelnd - smiling
bezaubern - charm -> bezaubernd - bewitching.

When forming Partizip I from verbs with sich, the pronoun sich saved:

sich nähern - approach -> ein sich näherndes Auto - approaching car
sich unterhalten - to talk -> die sich unterhaltenden Gäste - chatting guests.

In the sentence, Partizip I acts both as a definition in the full, inflected form, and as a function of the adverb of the mode of action in a short, invariable form. Wed:

Das lesende Mädchen sitzt am Tisch. The reading girl sits at the table.
Das Mädchen sitzt lesend am Tisch. The girl is sitting at the table, reading.

When translating into Russian Partizip I in the definition function, the choice between the present participle and the past participle is determined mainly by the tense of the predicate. For example:

Der fliegende Vogel stürzte plötzlich zu Boden. A flying (flying) bird suddenly fell to the ground.
Das brennende Schiff war von weitem zu sehen. The burning (burning) ship was visible from afar.

Partizip I in a short, unchangeable form performs the function of an adverbial mode of action in a sentence. In Russian, it corresponds to an imperfect participle. For example:

Er rauchte schweigend. He smoked silently.
Meine Schwester erzählte mir lachend davon. My sister laughingly told me about it.
Das Kind kehrte weinend heim. The child returned home crying.
Die alte Frau stieg schwer atmend die Treppe hinauf. An elderly woman, breathing heavily, climbed the stairs.
Eine Biene flog summend umher. A bee was buzzing around.

Sometimes mayben (or necessary) descriptive translation of constructs containing Partizip I in short form. Wed:

Tee oder Kaffee wirkt anregend, belebend.

Coffee or tea excites, refreshes
or:
acts exciting, refreshing;
or:
acts in an exciting, refreshing way.

Sein aufdringliches Benehmen wirkte abstoßend.
His obnoxious behavior repelled
or:
was repulsive,
or:
acted repulsively.

Der letzte Vortrag wirkte ermudend.
The last report is boring
or:
was tiring
or:
acted in a boring way.

The participle is a form of a verb that has both the features of a verb (time, pledge) and the features of an adjective (declension, use as a definition and predicate). There are two forms of participles in German: participle I (Partizip I or Partizip Präsens) participle II (Partizip II or Partizip Perfekt)

Participle formation

Partizip I	Partizip II
Participle I formed by adding the suffix -d to the infinitive of the verb: lesen d, spielen d, kommen d	Participle II is formed by adding the prefix to the stem of the verb ge- and suffix -(e)t in weak verbs or prefixes ge-, suffix -(e)n and root vowel changes in strong verbs: ge mach t, ge spiel t, ge deck t ge komm en, ge les en, auf ge schrieb en(For more details on the formation of the participle II, see "Basic forms of verbs")
Verbal properties of the participle I:	Verbal properties of the participle II:
time: simultaneity with the action expressed by the predicate pledge: valid (active)	time: precedence of the action expressed by the predicate pledge: particle II transitional verbs has a passive meaning (Passiv) participle II intransitive verbs has actual value(Active)

Participle Functions

Communion I (Partizip I) used: as

Communion II (Partizip II) is part of the three main forms of the verb and is used in the formation of complex verb forms: perfect, passive pluperfect, infinitives. In addition, participle II, as well as participle I, is used as , , .

Use of participles as a definition

Participle I and participle II, used as a definition for a noun, decline like adjectives, that is, with the addition of endings depending on the article: der lesend e Student er student, spielland e kinder; das gelesen e Buch

Partizip I

Partizip II

Common participial definition

The participle as a definition for a noun can be supplemented by secondary members and forms a common participial definition.

A common participial definition stands between the article and the noun, and minor members before communion. Such a definition is translated into Russian by a participial phrase standing before or after the noun being defined. The translation of a common participial definition begins with a participle, then all words are translated from left to right from the article to the participle:

das weinende kind	crying child
das laut weinende kind	loudly crying child
der geschribene brief	written letter
der von mir geschribene brief	written me a letter (a letter written by me)
der mir gestern geschribene brief	written a letter from me yesterday (a letter written by me yesterday)

In addition to the common participial definition, a noun can have other definitions with it. In this case, the noun with all these definitions is translated first, and the common participial definition is translated last:

Common participial definitions are typical for writing, in colloquial speech, definitive subordinate clauses are more often used.

Participle I of transitive verbs with particle "zu"

Participle I of transitive verbs with a particle zu as a definition, it has the meaning of passive obligation (less often possibilities) (compare with the infinitive construction "sein + zu + Infinitiv": "Die Aufgabe ist zu lösen."). This definition is translated into Russian as follows:

The definition expressed by the particle I with the particle "zu" can also be common:

Together with the words dependent on them, they form a separate participle turnover. In a separate participial turnover, the participle I or II usually stands at the end or (less often) at the beginning of the turnover. German isolated participial phrases are translated into Russian by both participles and participle turns- depending on what function the turnover performs in the sentence - definitions or circumstances.

The phrase after the noun is more often definitive and is translated into Russian as a participial phrase, in which particle I is translated by the real participle of the present tense (simultaneity of action), and particle II- passive (for transitive verbs) or real (for intransitive verbs) past participle (preceding action).

The turnover at the beginning of the sentence is more often adverbial and is translated into Russian as a participle, where: particle I is translated by an imperfect participle (simultaneity of action), and particle II(intransitive verbs) - perfect participle (preceding action)

Participle 1 in German (Partizip I) is one of the two existing forms of the German participle, characterized by the fact that it always conveys an active, active voice and an action simultaneously proceeding with the transmitted predicate, thus expressing the properties of tense and voice borrowed from the verb. Partizip I is formed in the same way for all verbs by adding a suffix to the indefinite form Infinitiv –(e) nd. Simply put, — d always added to the infinitive form. Thus, in this case, it does not matter at all whether this verb belongs to strong or weak German verbs. If the participle is used not in short, but in full form, then the corresponding personal ending is added in exactly the same way as it happens when adjectives are declined. This expresses the properties of adjectives embedded in the participle simultaneously with the features of the verb.

Related content:

For example:

Der Junge hob seufzend seine schwere Tasche. Sighing, the boy picked up his heavy bag (participle 1 from a weak verb in a short invariant form).

Der springende Mann sah wirklich Komisch aus. - The jumping man looked really strange (participle 1 from a strong verb in the full inflected form).

From the form in which - short or full - participle 1 is used in the sentence depends on which member of the sentence it acts. The participle 1 before the noun is a definition for this name, and the participle in a short form characterizes the action, that is, it refers to the predicate, is, as a rule, a circumstance of the mode of action and answers the questions “how?”, “how?”, “when ? etc. A feature of participle 1 is that it conveys an action that occurs in parallel, simultaneously with the action of the predicate, or an action that is on this moment time is not over yet. Participle 1 can also convey an action that is permanent. For example:

Warum sitt sie bei uns immer schweigend ? - Why does she always sit silently with us (participle 1 from a strong verb in an invariable form as a circumstance, a constantly repeating action).

Das stä ndig schweigende Mä dchen machte alle etwas nerveö s. - The constantly silent girl made everyone a little nervous (participle 1 from a strong verb in a declined form as an attribute to the noun following it, constantly repeating action).

Der bellende Hund Wollte nothing weglaufen. - The barking dog did not want to run away (participle 1 in the inflected form as a definition, the action takes place simultaneously with the action of the predicate and is not complete).

Der Hund cam an den Zaun bellend gelaufen. - The dog, barking, ran up to the fence (participle 1 in short form as a circumstance conveys the simultaneity of the action with the predicate).

Participle 1 in German, when used as a definition, can also stand together with a particle « zu» , acquiring within the framework of such a construction a shade of obligation. When used in a similar construction, the participle conveys a passive meaning. Such a construction may consist of one participle with a particle, or it may be extended by words dependent on it, for example:

Die zu kaufenden Lebensmittel werden bestimmt bis Montag reichen. - The products that need to be bought will definitely last until Monday (non-common definition with participle 1).

Die so kurzfristig zu renovation Wohnung sah furchtbar aus. - The apartment, which needed to be repaired in such a short time, looked terrible (common definition with participle 1).

A feature of the use of participle 1 in German is that, expressing an action that occurs parallel to the action of the predicate, it is always used in the same form, despite the change in the tense forms of the predicate. For example:

• Die von euch zu ü berwindenden Hindernisse werden nothing einfach sein. - The obstacles that you will need to overcome will not be easy (simultaneity of actions in the future).
• Die zu ü berwindenden Hindernisse sind nothing einfach gewesen. – The obstacles that had to be overcome were not easy (simultaneity of actions in the past).

The German participle (adv.) II is the third of the main verb forms. Weak and strong verbs (verb) form this form differently.

Weak verbs without prefixes, form this form by adding prefixes “ge-” and endings “- (e) t”, for example: stellen - put - ge stellt, bügeln - iron, iron - ge bügelt, retten - save - ge rettet, seufzen - sigh - ge seufzt etc.

Weak verbs, which include separable prefixes, form the form under consideration also by adding the prefix “ge-”, which takes place between the separable prefix and the verb stem, and the verb ending “- (e) t”, for example: aufpassen - listen carefully, follow - aufge passt, zuschicken - send - zuge schickt, einklemmen - pinch - einge klemmt, durchblättern - flip through - durchge blättert, etc.

Weak verbs, which include inseparable prefixes, form the form in question by adding only the ending "-(e)t", no "ge-" prefix added. Inseparable prefixes in their composition remain in their place, for example: versuchen - try - versucht, zerstören - destroy - zerstört, bemalen - paint - bemalt, verbessern - improve - verbessert, etc.

Weak verbs. with the first unstressed syllable form an adverb. 2 in the same way as v. with detachable fittings. For the most part, such verbs are borrowings from other languages, for example: reduzieren - reduce - reduziert, kalibrieren - calibrate - kalibriert, irritieren - irritate - irritiert, isolieren - isolate - isoliert, prophezeien - prophesy - prophezeit, etc.

Strong verbs. form the form of an adverb. 1 in general in exactly the same way as the weak ones. However, their stems undergo noticeable changes, consisting in a change in root vowels. Such a change is called alternation. According to the type of alternation, German verbs. are divided into different classes, the main of which are presented with examples in the following table. However, it must be remembered that the German language in this case is also extremely rich in exceptions.

Imperfect	Partizip 2	Meaning	infinitiv
ei-i/i:-i/i:
begriff	begriffen	comprehend	begreifen
blieb	geblieben	stay	bleiben
verpfiff	verpfiffen	lay down, betray	verpfeifen
i:-o/o:-o/o:
beroch	berochen	sniff	beriechen
verbog	verbogen	bend	verbiegen
uberzog	uberzogen	pull on, put on	uberziehen
i-a-u/o
started	begonnen	to begin	beginnen
verband	verbunden	to tie	verbinden
zersprang	zersprungen	crack	zerspringen
e-a/a:-o/e
frass	gefressen	eat	fressen
betraf	betroffen	touch	betreffen
half	geholfen	help	helfen
e:-a:-o:/e:
ubernahm	ubernommen	take over	ubernehmen
stahl	gestohlen	steal	Stehlen
ubersah	übersehen	miss	übersehen
e: / e / ä / ü / ö - o / o: - o / o:
verflocht	verflochten	interweave	verflechten
belog	belogen	slander	belugen
erlosch	erloschen	go out	erloschen
a/a:-i:/u:-a/a:
verfiel	Verfallen	collapse	Verfallen
zerließ	zerlassen	melt	zerlassen
vertrug	vertragen	postpone	vertragen
au/ei/o:/u:-i:-au/ei/o:/u:
verhiess	verheissen	portend	verheissen
verlief	verlaufen	leak	verlaufen
rief	gerufen	scream	Rufen
All other verbs and their derivatives:
tat	getan	commit	tun
ging	gegangen	walk	gehen
wurde	geworden	become	werden
stand	gestanden	stand	stehen
war	gewesen	exist, be	sein

prich. 2 can be definitions characterizing nouns. In such cases, the same rules apply to them as for par. 1. That is, they are declined like adjectives and can form common definitions, for example:

• Die zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. - A broken vase cost a lot of money (uncommon definition).
• Die von deinen Kindern zerbrochene Vase hat eine Menge Geld gekostet. - The vase developed by your children cost a lot of money (common definition).

Participles 2 can participate in the formation of participle revolutions based on the same rules as 1. In participial revolutions, ph. 2 convey an already completed or passive action, for example:

• Das letzte Tennisspiel gewonnen, fühlte sie sich ganz stolz darauf. - Having won the last tennis set, she felt very proud of it.
• Das Mittagessen für ihre Familienangehörigen endlich zubereitet, konnte sich Barbara ein bisschen ausruhen. - Having finally prepared dinner for her household, Barbara could get some rest.

In this post, you will learn how to say in German words like, “Paid; paying; which must be paid." Speaking in grammatical terms, we will talk about how to build participle I (Partizip I), participle II (Partizip II) and constructions “particle zu + Partizip I”.

So, in order to tell us all the above forms, we need to know what endings the adjectives used with the definite and indefinite articles of nouns have.

I remind you:

With the definite article:

case	male	female	av.r.	plural
Nominative	-e	-e	-e	-en
Genetiv	-en	-en	-en	-en
Dative	-en	-en	-en	-en
Accusative	-en	-e	-e	-en

With the indefinite article:

case	male	female	av.r.	plural (none)
Nominative	-er	-e	-es
Genetiv	-en	-en	-en
Dative	-en	-en	-en
Accusative	-en	-e	-es

1. "Paid"

So, in order to say, for example, "bill paid", we must form Partizip II of the weak verb zahlen (to pay). This verb is of weak conjugation, so we form Partizip II on our own: we remove the ending -en and to the stem of the verb (zahl)add at the beginning ge- and in the end -t . It turns out ge + zahl + t =gezahlt.

If the verb is of strong or irregular conjugation, as evidenced by its presence in, then we simply take its third form. If it is not in the table, we form Partizip II, as described above.

If the verb has a separable prefix (for example, auf), then it is attached to the Partizip II form. For example, auf + gezahlt = aufgezahlt.

(main detachable prefixes: auf-, an-, ab-, aus-, zu-, vor-, ein-, mit-).

We return to the “paid account”. The word "account" in German is feminine, as evidenced by the article die (die Rechnung). Inserting Partizip II of the verb zahlen > gezahlt between the definite article and the noun, we get die gezahlte Rechnung (paid bill).

At the same time, the ending of the word “gezahlt” will depend on the case in which the word “account” is located. That is, the word “gezahlt” has exactly the same endings as the adjective in the corresponding case.

For example:

I have a paid bill - Ich habe eine gezahlte Rechnung ( accusative– Accusative)

With the invoice paid, I gave other documents - Mit der gezahlten Rechnung gab ich weitere Unterlagen (dative - Dativ)

2. “Paid”

In order to say “billed bill”, we take the stem of the verb (that is, without the ending -en) and add the suffix -end. It turns out zahlend (Partizip I). We insert this form between the definite article and the noun. It turns out die zahlende Rechnung (paid bill).

As with Partizip II, we add zahlend the same endings as the adjective.

The form with the suffix -end expresses an action at the stage of flow, implementation. It has an active meaning and can stand without a noun. Then the word has no ending.

For example:

Everyone stood in silence - Alle standen schweigend (schweigen - be silent)

3. “To be paid”

The construction with “zu + Partizip I” has a passive meaning and means that the action need or can do. At the same time, the shade of the meaning of obligation or possibility is determined by the context.

As in the previous cases, we insert this construction between the article and the noun.

Example:

I believe that this is a solvable problem (that is, a problem that can be solved) - Ich meine, es ist ein zu lösendes Problem.

– If the negation of nicht is added before zu, then this is an indication that the action cannot be performed.

Example:

This is a problem that cannot be solved - Das ist ein nicht zu lösendes Problem.

– If the verb has a separable prefix, the particle zu is placed between the separable prefix and the stem of the verb. Moreover, if the verb is reflexive, that is, it has the reflexive pronoun sich (for example, “to prepare” - sich vorbereiten), then the particle sich disappears.

Example:

There is a task on the table for which you need to prepare - Auf dem Tisch liegt eine vorzubereitende Aufgabe.

Practice!

– Translate the following sentences into German using Partizip I, II or “zu + Infinitiv I”

1. Key words: do - machen, task - die Aufgabe

This is a job done Das ist eine gemachte Aufgabe

- This is the task to be done - Das ist eine zu machende Aufgabe

- This is a task that is being done - Das ist eine machende Aufgabe

2. Key words: alarm clock - der Wecker, call - klingen

Ringing alarm - Der geklungene Wecker

Ringing alarm - Der klingende Wecker

Alarm clock to ring Der zu klingende Wecker

3. Key words: open - aufmachen, door - die Tür.

Opened door – Die aufgemachte Tur

Opening door - Die aufmachende Tur

The door to be opened Die aufzumachende Tur