Biological effects of radiation on the human body presentation. Presentation on the biological effect of radiation. Genetic disorders in the body
Completed by students__
9 "___" class
__________________
Basic concepts and terms about radiation:
Radiation is a phenomenon that occurs in radioactive elements, nuclear reactors, during nuclear explosions, accompanied by the emission of particles and various radiations, resulting in harmful and dangerous factors that affect people. Consequently, the term "ionizing radiation" is one of the aspects of the manifestation of physical and chemical processes occurring in radioactive elements.
The term "penetrating radiation" should be understood as damaging factor ionizing radiation arising, for example, from the explosion of a nuclear reactor.
Ionizing radiation is any radiation that causes ionization of the medium, i.e. the flow of electric currents in this environment, including in the human body, which often leads to cell destruction, changes in blood composition, burns and other serious consequences.
- radiation
By their properties, α-particles have a low penetrating ability and do not pose a danger until radioactive substances emitting α-particles enter the body through a wound, with food or inhaled air; then they become extremely dangerous.
radiation
-particles can penetrate into the tissues of the body to a depth of one to two centimeters
radiation
-radiation, which propagates at the speed of light, has a large penetrating power; only a thick lead or concrete slab can hold it back.
Alpha decay
beta decay
Gamma radiation
Human DNA
alpha particle
Sources of external exposure
cosmic rays, give a little less than half of all external exposure received by the population.
Finding a person, the higher he rises above sea level, the stronger the exposure becomes, because. the thickness of the air layer and its density decreases as it rises, and consequently, the protective properties decrease.
Earth radiation comes mainly from those rocks of minerals that contain potassium - 40, rubidium - 87, uranium - 238, thorium - 232.
Human internal exposure
Ingestion with food, water, air.
The radioactive gas radon is an invisible, tasteless, odorless gas that is 7.5 times heavier than air.
Alumina. Industrial waste used in construction, such as red clay bricks, blast furnace slag, fly ash.
Also, one should not forget that when coal is burned, a significant part of its components is sintered into slag or ash, where radioactive substances are concentrated.
Slide #10
nuclear explosions
Nuclear explosions also contribute to the increase in human radiation dose (what happened in Chernobyl). Fallout from atmospheric testing is carried across the planet, increasing general level pollution.
In total, nuclear tests in the atmosphere were carried out by: China - 193, the USSR - 142, France - 45, the USA - 22, Great Britain - 21. After 1980, explosions in the atmosphere practically ceased. Underground tests are still ongoing.
Slide #11
Slide #12
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Any type of ionizing radiation causes biological changes in the body both with external (the source is outside the body) and with internal radiation (radioactive substances, i.e. particles, enter the body with food, through the respiratory organs).
A single irradiation causes biological disturbances that depend on the total absorbed dose. So at a dose of up to 0.25 Gy. there are no visible violations, but already at 4 - 5 Gy. deaths account for 50% of total number affected, and at 6 Gr. and more - 100% of the victims. (Here: Gr. - gray).
The main mechanism of action is associated with the processes of ionization of atoms and molecules of living matter, in particular water molecules contained in cells.
The degree of impact of ionizing radiation on a living organism depends on the dose rate of radiation, the duration of this exposure and the type of radiation and radionuclide that has entered the body.
The value of the equivalent dose is introduced, measured in sieverts (1 Sv. = 1 J/kg). Sievert is a unit of absorbed dose multiplied by a factor that takes into account the unequal radioactive hazard to the body different types ionizing radiation.
Slide #13
Slide #14
Equivalent dose of radiation:
Equivalent dose of radiation:
N=D*K
K - quality factor
D - absorbed dose of radiation
Absorbed radiation dose:
D=E/m
E is the energy of the absorbed body
m - body weight
Slide #15
As for the genetic consequences of radiation, they manifest themselves in the form of chromosomal aberrations (including changes in the number or structure of chromosomes) and gene mutations. Gene mutations appear immediately in the first generation (dominant mutations) or only if the same gene is mutated in both parents (recessive mutations), which is unlikely.
A dose of 1 Gy in males (for females, estimates are less certain) at low radiation levels causes between 1000 and 2000 mutations with serious consequences and between 30 and 1000 chromosomal aberrations for every million live births.
Enable effects
1 of 17
Disable effects
See similar
Embed code
In contact with
Classmates
Telegram
Reviews
Add your review
slide 1
Biological effects of radiation
slide 2
Basic concepts, terms and definitions
- Radiation is a phenomenon that occurs in radioactive elements, nuclear reactors, during nuclear explosions, accompanied by the emission of particles and various radiations, resulting in harmful and dangerous factors that affect people.
- The term "penetrating radiation" should be understood as the damaging factor of ionizing radiation that occurs, for example, during the explosion of a nuclear reactor.
- Ionizing radiation is any radiation that causes ionization of the medium, i.e. the flow of electric currents in this environment, including in the human body, which often leads to cell destruction, changes in blood composition, burns and other serious consequences.
slide 3
Radiation happens
- radiation
- radiation
- radiation
slide 4
radiation
- By their properties, the particles have a low penetrating ability and do not pose a danger until the radioactive substances emitting particles enter the body through a wound, with food or inhaled air; then they become extremely dangerous.
slide 5
- particles can penetrate into the tissues of the body to a depth of one to two centimeters.
slide 6
- Radiation that propagates at the speed of light has a large penetrating power; only a thick lead or concrete slab can hold it back.
Slide 7
Sources of external exposure
- Cosmic rays (0.3 mSv/year) account for slightly less than half of all external exposure received by the population.
- Finding a person, the higher he rises above sea level, the stronger the exposure becomes.
- Earth radiation comes mainly from those rocks of minerals that contain potassium - 40, rubidium - 87, uranium - 238, thorium - 232.
Slide 8
Exposure to ionizing radiation
- Any kind of ionizing radiation causes biological changes in the body.
- A single irradiation causes biological disturbances that depend on the total absorbed dose. So at a dose of up to 0.25 Gy. there are no visible violations, but already at 4 - 5 Gy. deaths account for 50% of the total number of victims, and at 6 Gy. and more - 100% of the victims.
- The main mechanism of action is associated with the processes of ionization of atoms and molecules of living matter, in particular water molecules contained in cells.
- The degree of impact of ionizing radiation on a living organism depends on the dose rate of radiation, the duration of this exposure and the type of radiation and radionuclide that has entered the body.
Slide 9
Internal exposure of the population
- Ingestion with food, water, air.
- The radioactive gas radon is an invisible, tasteless, odorless gas that is 7.5 times heavier than air.
- Alumina. Industrial waste used in construction, such as red clay bricks, blast furnace slag, fly ash
- When coal is burned, a significant part of its components is sintered into slag, where radioactive substances are concentrated.
Slide 10
nuclear explosions
- Nuclear explosions also contribute to increasing the dose of human exposure. Fallout from atmospheric testing is carried around the planet, increasing the overall level of contamination.
- In total, nuclear tests in the atmosphere were carried out by: China - 193, the USSR - 142, France - 45, the USA - 22, Great Britain - 21. After 1980, explosions in the atmosphere practically ceased. Underground tests are still ongoing.
slide 11
Dose equivalent
- 1 Sound = 1 J/kg
- Sievert is a unit of absorbed dose multiplied by a factor that takes into account the unequal radioactive hazard to the body of different types of ionizing radiation.
slide 12
- Equivalent dose of radiation:
- N=D*K
- K - quality factor
- D - absorbed dose of radiation
- Absorbed radiation dose:
- D=E/m
- E is the energy of the absorbed body
- m - body weight
slide 13
- As for the genetic consequences of radiation, they manifest themselves in the form of chromosomal aberrations (including changes in the number or structure of chromosomes) and gene mutations.
- A dose of 1 Gy in males (for females, estimates are less certain) at low radiation levels causes between 1000 and 2000 mutations with serious consequences and between 30 and 1000 chromosomal aberrations for every million live births.
Slide 14
Genetic consequences of radiation
slide 15
slide 16
- The sensitivity of individual organs to radioactive radiation differs.
Slide 17
Methods and means of protection against ionizing radiation
- increasing the distance between the operator and the source;
- reduction of the duration of work in the radiation field;
- radiation source shielding;
- remote control;
- use of manipulators and robots;
- full automation of the technological process;
- use of personal protective equipment and warning with a sign of radiation hazard;
- constant monitoring of radiation levels and personnel exposure doses.
View all slides
Abstract
Lesson topic:
Lesson Objectives:
Equipment:
During the classes.
Addressing the students again:
How many atoms are in halogen molecules?
(Make a comparison with simple substances - metals).
4). Homework.
Lesson topic:
General characteristics of halogens.
Lesson Objectives:
1. Systematize students' knowledge about halogens.
2. Introduce students to the oxidizing properties of halogens.
3. Repeat, generalize and consolidate on the material of the chemistry of halogens chemical concepts such as "chemical bond", "crystal lattices", "oxidation and reduction".
Equipment:
TCO, presentation, PSCE, samples of halogens, CD "Chemistry for All".
During the classes.
one). Lesson initialization. Summing up the previous topic.
Formation of goals and objectives of the current lesson together with students.
2). The study of new material with elements of repetition of the past.
The teacher asks to answer the question:
Where are the halogens found in PS? Name these elements, indicate for each group number, subgroup.
The teacher explains the etymology of the name "halogens" and calls the students to the blackboard to write electron-graphic formulas for halogen atoms.
Addressing the students again:
How many electrons are on the last energy level have halogen atoms?
What else common features structures of atoms have these elements?
Determine their possible oxidation state.
Guess what properties (oxidizing or reducing agent) the halogen atoms will exhibit in chemical reactions? Why?
The students, together with the teacher, sum up the possible oxidation states of these elements, changes in EO and the oxidizing power of halogens in the F-At series. They find out that F is the most electronegative element not only in the VΙΙ group, but also in the entire PS. Its EO value is 4. Based on this, fluorine never exhibits a positive oxidation state. The oxidation state of fluorine in compounds is always -1. All other halogens may exhibit variable CO values. -1,+1, +3, +5, +7.
Next, we turn to the characteristics of halogens - simple substances. Here, students use the basic theoretical knowledge about the types of chemical bonds and crystal lattices. Therefore, the discussion of the material begins with questions to students:
Determine the type of chemical bond in halogen molecules? (Make a comparison with simple substances - metals).
Determine the type of crystal lattice in halogen molecules?
(Make a comparison with simple substances - metals).
We get acquainted with other characteristics of simple substances: state of aggregation, color, boiling and melting points, etc. (demonstration of halogen samples, a video disk, work with a table in a textbook).
Then we move on to study. chemical properties halogens and consider their interaction with simple and complex substances, and also take into account the conditions of their interaction. All reactions are accompanied by a video from the disc.
3). Fixing the material. A test is offered.
Presentation on the topic "The biological effect of radiation" in physics in powerpoint format. This presentation for schoolchildren describes how nuclear power plants affect environment, about the consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants, about the types of radiation and the ways of penetration of radiation into the human body. Presentation author: physics teacher, Dzyurich Elena Alekseevna.
Fragments from the presentation
Impact of nuclear power plants on the environment
- Local mechanical impact on the relief - during construction.
- Runoff of surface and ground waters containing chemical and radioactive components.
- Changes in the nature of land use and exchange processes in the immediate vicinity of the nuclear power plant.
- Changes in microclimatic characteristics of adjacent areas.
- Reservoirs-coolers during the operation of nuclear power plants change the microclimatic characteristics of the adjacent areas.
- Nuclear power plants during normal operation are much (5-10 times) “cleaner” in environmental terms than coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs).
Consequences of an accident at a nuclear power plant
- The consequences of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
- In case of accidents, nuclear power plants can have a significant radiation impact on people and ecosystems.
- The accident at a nuclear power plant in Japan cannot be compared with Chernobyl.
Ensuring the safety of the ecosphere and protecting the environment from the harmful effects of nuclear power plants is a major scientific and technological challenge nuclear power securing its future.
Emissions and Discharges of Harmful Substances during NPP Operation
Harmful effects on humans and the environment are emissions and discharges of radioactive and toxic substances from NPP systems.
The impact of radioactive emissions on the human body
Different radioactive substances penetrate and affect the human body in different ways. It depends on the chemical properties of the radioactive element.
Ways of penetration of radiation into the human body
- Radioactive isotopes penetrate with food or water.
- Radioactive particles from the air enter the lungs.
- Isotopes, emitting γ-radiation, are able to irradiate the body from the outside.
Questions for consolidation
- What is the reason negative impact radiation on living organisms?
- Tell us about ways to protect yourself from exposure to radioactive particles and radiation.
- What device can be used to measure the amount of radioactive radiation?
- How does the intensity of radiation depend on the distance to the source of radioactive radiation?
MBOU Kishkinskaya sosh
Biological action
radiation
Physics lesson Grade 9
Physics teacher: Kuzmina Nina Yurievna
The radiation factor has been present on our planet since its formation, and as further studies have shown, ionizing radiation, along with other phenomena of a physical, chemical and biological nature, accompanied the development of life on Earth.
However, physical action radiation start study only at the end 19th century, and its biological effects on living organisms - in the middle
Ionization radiation refers to those physical phenomena that are not felt by our senses, hundreds of specialists, working with radiation, received radiation burns from high doses of radiation and died from malignant tumors caused by overexposure.
However, today world science knows about biological impact radiation more than the effect of any other factors of physical and biological nature in the environment.
When studying the effect of radiation on a living organism, the following features were determined:
The effect of ionizing radiation on the body is not perceptible by a person. People do not have a sense organ that would perceive ionizing radiation. There is a so-called period of imaginary well-being - the incubation period for the manifestation of the action of ionizing radiation. Its duration is reduced by irradiation in high doses.
· Action from small doses can be summed up or accumulated.
Radiation acts not only on a given living organism, but also on its offspring. - this is the so-called genetic effect.
· Various organs of a living organism have their own sensitivity to radiation. With a daily dose of 0.002-0.005 Gy, changes in the blood already occur.
· Not every organism as a whole perceives radiation in the same way.
· Irradiation is frequency dependent. A single high-dose irradiation causes more profound consequences than a fractionated one. .
Radio waves, light waves, the thermal energy of the sun - all these are types of radiation
However, radiation will be ionizing if it is capable of breaking chemical bonds molecules that make up the tissues of a living organism, and, as a result, cause biological changes.
The energy directly transferred to the atoms and molecules of biological tissues is called direct the action of radiation. Some cells, due to the uneven distribution of radiation energy, will be significantly damaged.
Our body, in contrast to the processes described above, produces special substances that are a kind of « cleaners » .
You can activate the processes of absorption of free radicals by including antioxidants, vitamins in the diet. A, E, C or preparations containing selenium. These substances neutralize free radicals by absorbing them in large quantities.
Every cell in the body contains a molecule DNA , which carries information for the correct reproduction of new cells.
DNA - it is deoxyribonucleic acid consisting of long, rounded molecules in the form of a double helix. Its function is to ensure the synthesis of most of the protein molecules that make up amino acids. Molecule chain DNA consists of separate sections that are encoded by special proteins, forming the so-called human gene.
Radiation can either kill a cell or distort information in DNA so that defective cells will appear over time. Changing the genetic code of a cell is called mutation.
Average degree gravity radiation sickness observed in persons exposed to radiation of 250-400 rad. They have a sharp decrease in the content of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood, nausea and vomiting are observed, and subcutaneous hemorrhages appear. A lethal outcome is observed in 20% of those irradiated 2-6 weeks after irradiation. .
LITERATURE:
1. Savenko V.S. -Radioecology. - Minsk: Design PRO, 1997.
2 . A.V. SHUMAKOV A Brief Guide to Radiation Medicine Lugansk -2006
3. Beckman I.N. Nuclear Medicine Lectures
4. L.D. Lindenbraten, L.B. Naumov Medical radiology. M. Medicine 1984
5 . P.D.Khazov, M.Yu. Petrov. Fundamentals of medical radiology. Ryazan, 2005
6 . P.D. Khazov. Radiation diagnostics. Cycle of lectures. Ryazan. 2006
- Desyatkova Tatyana Vladimirovna teacher of physics, Achita branch of SBEE SPO SO "Krasnoufimsky Agrarian College"
- "The biological effect of radioactive radiation"
- The use of the positive beneficial aspects of radioactive radiation and the possible timely prediction of the prevention of its negative consequences is currently of practical interest.
- Fill the table
- Radioactive radiation is also called ionizing radiation,
- because passing through living tissue, it causes the ionization of atoms.
- The ratio of the radiation energy Eizl absorbed by the irradiated body to its mass m.
- D \u003d E iz / m
- 1 Gy - gray
- 1 Gy - 1 J / kg
- 1 Gy is the dose of absorbed radiation at which the energy of ionizing radiation of 1 J is transferred to a substance weighing 1 kg.
- Relative activity factor (KOBA) or quality factor κ
- Dose equivalent
- The product of the dose of absorbed radiation and the quality factor
- H = D k
- 1 Sv is equal to the equivalent dose at which the dose of absorbed gamma radiation is 1 Gy.
- Permissible radiation dose<0,25 Гр
- Radiation dose causing radiation sickness 1-6 Gy
- Lethal radiation dose 6-10 Gy
- Anywhere on the surface of the Earth, underground, in bodies of water, in the atmosphere and in outer space, there is ionizing radiation, or
- natural radiation background.
- The average value of the equivalent dose of absorbed radiation due to the natural radiation background is about
- 2 mSv per year.
- The most significant contribution to the natural radiation background is made by radioactive radon and its decay products that enter the body during breathing.
- Its concentration is especially high in closed, unventilated areas.
- The presence of a natural radiation background is a necessary condition for evolution on earth.
- A prerequisite for evolution is variability as a consequence of gene mutation.
- One of the factors causing mutations is the natural background of ionizing radiation.
- In the absence of a natural radiation background, there would probably be no life on Earth in its present form.
- Acute damage to the body of an adult is detected starting from a threshold equivalent dose
- 0.5 Sv.
- The increased sensitivity to radiation of rapidly multiplying cells makes it possible to use radioactive radiation to destroy malignant tumor cells.
- GOOD LUCK ON THE TEST!
- A) D \u003d E izl / m
- B) D \u003d m / E izl
- A) J
- C) Gr
- A) Quality factor
- B) Equivalent dose
- B) Permissible dose
- 4. The average value of the equivalent dose of absorbed radiation due to the natural background radiation is about……
- 5. The lethal dose of radiation is ….
- Well done!
