Popular about science for children. Fun science for kids. Interesting facts about chemical reactions

1. Homemade phone Take 2 plastic cups. Make a thick cake out of plasticine a little larger than the bottom and place a glass on it. Make a hole in the bottom with a sharp knife. Do the same with the second glass. Pull one end of the thread (its length should be about 5 meters) through the hole in the bottom and tie a knot. Repeat the experiment with the second glass. Voila, the phone is ready! For it to work, you need to pull the thread and not touch other objects (including fingers). Putting a cup to your ear, the baby will be able to hear what you are saying on the other end of the wire, even if you are whispering or talking from different rooms. The cups act as a microphone and speaker in this experiment, and the thread serves as a telephone wire. The sound of your voice travels along a stretched string in the form of longitudinal sound waves. 2. Magic Avocado Stick 4 skewers into the fleshy part of the avocado and place this almost alien construction over a transparent container of water - the sticks will serve as a support for the fruit so that it stays half above the water. Put the container in a secluded place, add water every day and watch what happens. After a while, stems will begin to grow from the bottom of the fruit directly into the water. 3. Unusual flowers Buy a bouquet of carnations white color . Place each in a transparent vase, after making a cut on the stem. After that, add food coloring of a different color to each vase - be patient and very soon the white flowers will turn into unusual shades. 4. Colored Bubbles For this experiment we will need a plastic bottle. Fill it with water and sunflower oil in equal proportions, leaving a third of the bottle empty. Add some food coloring and close the lid tightly. The baby will be surprised to notice that the liquids do not mix - the water remains at the bottom and turns colored, and the oil rises to the top, because its structure is less heavy and dense. Now try shaking our magic bottle - in a few seconds everything will return to normal. And now the final trick - we put it in the freezer and we have one more trick in front of us: oil and water have changed places! 5. Dancing Grape For this experiment, we need a glass of sparkling water and a grape. Throw a berry into the water and watch what happens next. Grapes are slightly heavier than water, so they will sink to the bottom first. But gas bubbles will immediately form on it. Soon there will be so many of them that the grape will pop up. But on the surface, the bubbles will burst and the gas will escape. The berry will again sink to the bottom and again be covered with gas bubbles, and again emerge. This will continue several times. 6. Sieve - non-spill Let's conduct a simple experiment. Take a sieve and grease it with oil. Then we shake and show the crumbs one more trick - pour water into the sieve so that it flows along the inside of the sieve. And, lo and behold, the sieve will be filled! Why doesn't water flow out? It is held by a surface film, it was formed due to the fact that the cells that were supposed to let the water through did not get wet. If you run your finger along the bottom and break the film, the water will flow out. 7. Salt for creativity We will need a cup of hot water, salt, thick black paper and a brush. Add a couple of teaspoons of salt to a cup of hot water and mix the solution with a brush until all the salt is dissolved. Continue adding salt, stirring constantly until crystals form at the bottom of the cup. Paint a picture using the salt solution as paint. Leave the masterpiece overnight in a warm and dry place. When the paper dries, the pattern will appear. The salt molecules did not evaporate and formed crystals, the pattern of which we see. 8. Magic balloon Take a plastic bottle and a balloon. Put it on the neck and place the bottle in hot water - the balloon will inflate. This happened because the warm air, consisting of molecules, expanded, the pressure increased and the balloon inflated. 9. Volcano at home We will need baking soda, vinegar and a container for the experiment. Place a tablespoon of baking soda in a bowl and pour in some vinegar. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is alkaline, while vinegar is acidic. When they are together, they form the sodium salt of acetic acid. At the same time, carbon dioxide and water will be released and you will get a real volcano - the action will impress any kid! 10. Spinning disk Materials we need are the simplest: glue, a plastic bottle cap with a spout, a CD and a balloon. Glue the bottle cap to the CD so that the center of the hole in the cap aligns with the center of the hole in the CD. Let the glue dry, then proceed to the next step: inflate the balloon, twist its “neck” so that the air does not escape and pull the balloon onto the spout of the lid. Place the disk on a flat table and release the ball. The design will "float" on the table. The invisible air cushion acts as a lubricant and reduces friction between the disc and the table.

PART ONE - NECESSARY AND THEORETICAL

Chemical reaction is a process in which substances undergo chemical change in order to form brand new stuff.

Where do chemical reactions take place?

You might think that chemical reactions occur only in scientific laboratories, but in fact they take place all the time in the world around us. Every time we eat, our body uses chemical reactions to turn food into energy. Metal rusts, wood burns, batteries produce energy, photosynthesis in plants is all chemical reactions.

What is a reagent, reactant and final product?

Reactants and reagents are substances that take part in a chemical reaction. reactant is any substance that is used in a reaction. The substance that results from a chemical reaction is called final product.

Speed ​​reaction

Not all chemical reactions proceed at the same rate. Some happen very quickly, like explosions, while others can take a long time, like the process of rusting metal. The rate at which the reactants are converted into the final product is called reaction rate. The rate of a reaction can be greatly increased by adding energy such as heat, sunlight, or electricity. Increasing the concentration or pressure of the reactants also increases the rate of the reaction.

Reaction types

There are many types of chemical reactions. Here are some examples:

• Synthesis reaction. A fusion reaction is the process of combining two substances to form a new substance. This can be shown by the example A + B → A-B.

• Decay reaction. A decay reaction is one in which complex substance breaks down into two separate substances. This can be shown on example A-B→ A + B.

• Combustion. A combustion reaction occurs when oxygen combines with another component, resulting in water and carbon dioxide. The combustion reaction produces energy in the form of heat.
• Single substitution reaction. This is a reaction in which one reactant takes an element from another reactant. It looks like this: A + BC → AC + B.
• Double substitution reaction. Also called reaction metathesis. Imagine two reactants exchanging elements. It looks like this: AB + CD → AD + CB.
• photochemical reaction. In this reaction, photons are absorbed from light. One example of such a reaction is photosynthesis.

Catalysts and inhibitors

Sometimes a third substance is involved in a chemical reaction in order to speed up or slow down the reaction. Catalysts help speed up the reaction inhibitors on the contrary, it is reduced.

Interesting Facts about chemical reactions:

• When ice melts physical transformation of a solid into a liquid occurs. However, this is not a chemical reaction, as it is still the same substance (H2O is water).
• Mixtures and solutions are not chemical reactions, since the molecular composition of the substance remains unchanged.
• Majority cars receive energy from the motor in which the combustion reaction occurs.
• rockets set in motion by the fusion reaction of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen.
• When one reaction causes other reactions to form, this is sometimes called chain reaction.

PART TWO - FUN AND VISUAL

And now we offer you experiments, thanks to which the child will see for himself that a chemical reaction is great!

SODA VOLCANO

A simple experiment, for the organization of which you need the most common items and substances available in almost every home.

You will need:

• Baking soda;
• Vinegar;
• Large enough container to avoid leaks;
• Paper or cloth towels (just in case)

Instruction:

• Put the baking soda in a container.
• Pour in some vinegar.
• Watch for the reaction!

What's happening?

A solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is an alkaline medium, and vinegar is an acid. When these two substances react, a carbonic acid, which is very unstable and instantly decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. It is he, evaporating, and creates hiss.

Additionally, you can make a volcano that looks like a real one. This will require you creativity and skills, but the experience with vinegar and baking soda will look even more impressive!

FOUNTAIN FROM DIET COLAS AND MENTOS DRAGEES

A very famous experiment that is interesting to do the first time, and the second, and the third ...

Made popular by Steve Spangler, a cola and Mentos geyser is sure to amuse and surprise your kids, friends, and family (if you spend it outside, of course) and not in the living room).

You will need:

• Large bottle of Diet Coke;
• Approximately half a pack of Mentos;
• Geyser Tube toy (optional, but it's much easier to experiment with this device).

Instruction:

1. Find a place to experiment where nothing gets hurt when everything is covered in Diet Coke. An ideal place would be a playground on the grass, a yard. Please don't even try to make a geyser in the living room!
2. Stand the Coke bottle upright and unscrew the cap. Position the funnel or tube on top so that you can pour in the right amount of Mentos at the same time (about half a package is just right). This is quite difficult to do if you do not have a specially designed Geyser Tube toy (you can buy it on the Internet or search in stores), but it is quite possible.
3. Now for the fun part: Throw a Mentos into a Diet Coke and run as fast as you can! If you did everything right, a huge geyser should fly out of the bottle - this is a very impressive sight. The height record for such a fountain was about 9 meters!

What's happening?

There are several theories why this reaction occurs, but the most plausible version is a combination carbon dioxide in Diet Coke and the little dimples you find on Mentos.

The fact is that carbonated drinks foam due to carbon dioxide, which is added to bottles with a drink during manufacture. Carbon dioxide is not released from the liquid until you pour it into a glass and drink it. A certain amount of gas also comes out when you open the cap (by the way, quite a lot if you shake the bottle beforehand). Thus, a large number of The carbon dioxide in a soda bottle is just waiting to be bubbled out of the liquid.

When you toss something into a Diet Coke, you are speeding up the process, as your action reduces the surface tension of the liquid and also allows bubbles to form on the surface of the Mentos. Mentos candies are covered with small pits (resembles a golf ball), which significantly increase their surface area and allow a huge number of bubbles to form.

The experiment is best done with Diet Coke, and not with other carbonated drinks - it has a special, suitable composition, and besides, it is not so sticky. Also, the experience works better with cola, which was made not so long ago. A bottle that has been sitting on the store shelf for a long time is losing some of its "bubbly", so check the date of manufacture before buying.

We hope that both you and your children were interested - there is still a lot of exciting things ahead!

Some parents say to the baby: "You are the light of my life." But did you know that if you were light, you would circle the entire globe 7.5 times per second! If you became sound, you could fly around the Earth in 4 hours! If we lived on Jupiter, our day would consist of only 9 hours. It’s good that on Earth a day lasts 24 hours, because we need to do so much during the day! These are just a few entertaining scientific facts that can interest both an inquisitive child and an adult.

What is science?

Science is an organized and consistent study that includes observation, collection of scientific facts, experiments, verification of results and explanation of natural and man-made phenomena. This is an area that gives us the opportunity to better understand the world and create good things for the benefit of man and all living beings.

Ordinary scientific facts

Now that you know what in question Here are some interesting scientific facts:

• If you stretch the chain of human DNA, its length will be the distance from Pluto to the Sun and back.
• When a person sneezes, the speed of the air they exhale is about 160 km/h.
• A flea can jump to a height that is 130 times its own height. If the flea were a 1.80 m tall human, it could jump 230 m.
• Electric eel produces electricity voltage of 650 volts. Touching him is the most powerful shock that a person can experience.
• It takes light particles photons 40,000 years to travel from the core of the Sun to its surface, and only 8 minutes to reach the Earth.

Scientific facts about the earth

Earth is our home. To take care of her, we need to know important information about her:

• The age of the Earth is from 5 to 6 billion years. The Moon and the Sun are about the same age.
• Our planet is made up primarily of iron, silicon, and a relatively small amount of magnesium.
• Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has water on its surface, and the atmosphere is 21% oxygen.
• The surface of the Earth is made up of tectonic plates placed on the mantle - a layer located between the Earth's core and the surface. Such a structure earth's surface explains earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
• About 8.7 million species of living organisms live on Earth. Of these, 2.2 million species live in the ocean, while the rest live on land.
• ¾ of the Earth's surface is covered with water. When astronauts first saw Earth from space, they saw mostly water. Hence the name "blue planet".

Facts about the environment

Why do the seasons change? What happens to trash after we throw it away? What causes the weather to be hot or cold? This and much more children learn in the lessons of natural history at school. Consider some of the facts that convince us of what a beautiful planet we live on.

• Plastic completely decomposes in the ground in 450 years, and glass in 4,000 years.
• Every day, 27,000 trees in the world are used just to make toilet paper.
• 97% of all water on Earth is salty and unusable. 2% of water is in glaciers. Therefore, only 1% of water is usable.
• The meat processing industry contributes the most global warming. In second place among global problems is deforestation. About 68% of existing plant species are likely to become extinct in the near future.
• The population of the Earth is more than 7 billion people. This figure is expected to reach 8 billion by 2025.
• Unfortunately, 99% of the existing species of living organisms, according to scientists, will become extinct.

Interesting facts about animals

The animal kingdom is beautiful and amazing. It has tame otters, powerful eels, singing whales, giggling rats, sex-changing oysters, and many other equally amazing representatives. Here are some facts about animals that your child will surely enjoy:

• Octopuses have three hearts. An even stranger fact: lobsters have their urinary tracts on their faces, while turtles breathe through their anus.
• In seahorses, males produce offspring, not females.
• The kakapo parrot has a strong, pungent odor that attracts predators. That is why kakapo are under the threat of extinction.
• A squirrel plants more trees than the average person in a lifetime. How can this be? The fact is that squirrels hide acorns and nuts underground, and then forget exactly where they hid them.
• Lions are hunted mainly by lionesses. Lions intervene only when necessary.

Interesting Plant Facts

Plants green our planet, produce oxygen, make the Earth habitable. Trees and plants are probably the most useful among the living inhabitants of the Earth. Here are some interesting facts about plants:

• Like humans, plants recognize other plants of their species.
• In total, there are more than 80,000 edible plants on Earth. Of these, we eat about 30.
• Humanity is rapidly destroying forests. About 80% of all forests have already been destroyed.
• The oldest tree in the world (sequoia) is located in the USA, in the state of California. His age is 4843 years.
• The height of the tallest tree in the world is 113 m. It is also located in California.
• The largest tree in the world is an aspen growing in the USA, in the state of Utah. Its weight is 6,000 tons.

Facts about space

sun, stars, planets, Milky Way, constellations and everything that is in the Universe is located in vacuum space. We call it space. We offer several fun facts about him:

• The Earth is tiny compared to the Sun, which is 300,000 times larger.
• The entire cosmos is absolutely silent, because sound does not propagate in a vacuum.
• Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system. The temperature on the surface of Venus is 450°C.
• The force of gravity changes the weight of a person on different planets. For example, the force of gravity on Mars is lower than on Earth, so an 80 kg person on Mars would only weigh 31 kg.
• Since there is no atmosphere or water on the Moon, nothing can erase the traces of the astronauts who set foot on its surface. Therefore, traces will probably remain here for another hundred million years.
• The temperature of the core of the Sun - the closest star to the Earth - is 15 million degrees Celsius.

Facts about famous scientists

For a long time, people thought that the Earth was flat, that the change of seasons depended on the mood of the gods, and that evil spirits caused illness. This continued until the great scientists proved otherwise. Without them, we would still be living in ignorance.

• Albert Einstein was a genius, but his talents were revealed rather late. After the death of the scientist, his brain was the object of numerous studies.
• Nicolaus Copernicus refuted the theory that the Earth is the center of the universe. He developed a model solar system with the sun at its center.
• Leonardo da Vinci was not only an artist. He was also an outstanding mathematician, scientist, writer and even a musician.
• Archimedes invented the law of fluid displacement while taking a bath. It's funny that, according to legend, he jumped out of the bath with a cry of "Eureka!" He was so excited that he forgot that he had no clothes on.
• Marie Curie, the woman chemist who discovered radium, was the first person in the world to win the Nobel Prize twice.

Scientific facts from the world of technology

Technology is the engine of progress. We are so dependent on technology in Everyday life that it even scares. We offer some interesting facts about the technical devices that we encounter on a daily basis:

• First computer game appeared in 1967. It was called "brown box" (translated from English - "brown box"), because that's what it looked like.
• The world's first computer, ENIAC, weighed over 27 tons and occupied an entire room.
• The Internet and the World Wide Web are not the same thing.
• Robotics is one of the most relevant today scientific fields. However, back in 1495, Leonardo da Vinci drew the world's first diagram of a robot.
• The Camera Obscura is a prototype camera that influenced the development of photography. She was used in Ancient Greece and China for projecting images onto the screen.
• There is an interesting technology in which plant waste is used to generate methane, which, in turn, can be used to generate electricity.

Scientific facts from the engineering industry

Engineering helps create beautiful things - from houses and cars to electronic gadgets.

• Most high bridge in the world - the Millau Viaduct in France. It is located at an altitude of 245 m, supported by beams suspended on cables.
• The Palm Islands in Dubai can be called a modern wonder of the world. These are man-made islands floating on the water.
• The world's largest particle accelerator is located in Geneva. It was built to assist the research of more than 10,000 scientists and is located in an underground tunnel.
• The Chandra Space Observatory is the world's largest X-ray telescope. It is also the largest satellite launched into space.
• Today is the most grandiose project in the world - the New Valley in Egypt. Engineers are trying to turn millions of hectares of desert into farmland. Imagine what would happen if we could green the Earth in the same way! Our planet would return to its original purity!

Science is a wonderful field of study that inspires many people. All you need to do is get your child interested in it. And who knows, maybe your child will grow up to be a second Einstein.

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In elementary grades, the teacher asked us to bring books to class for extracurricular reading. They were kept in a closet, and when she was busy, she told us to take them and read so that we would not make any noise. I don't remember why, but I brought the book Sheets of the Stone Book by Alexander Linevsky. The reading promised to be extremely dreary, as it was dedicated to the life of people in the Stone Age. But I was wrong, the book turned out to be extremely interesting even for my very young age. And so, as an adult, I decided to reread it. The first thing that surprised me was that after so many years I remember not only the plot, but also episodes and even small details. Yes, the creation of Linevsky leaves a deep mark. But I was also able to find a lot of new things for myself, for example, the relationship of people, the struggle for power, the importance of curiosity and the desire for knowledge.

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When we say "eyes the color of the sky", we don't even think about how right we are. After all, the blue color betrays to our eyes the same phenomenon as the sky, namely the scattering of light. The iris consists of 2 layers: the outer mesodermal (which, in turn, is divided into the anterior ...

• May 8th, 2014 03:51 pm

AT school years this book struck me with its scale, as a rule, all the popular science that I read before was about close objects and processes: mechanics, mathematics, even chemistry seemed to me mysterious, but tangible. And in the "Prehistoric World" it was said about something very huge - such as galaxies, the Universe and very old - the birth of our planet and life on it. Such books not only deepen our knowledge, but allow us to take a fresh look at the world around us.
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• April 18th, 2014 05:30 am

So I decided to change direction a bit and plunge into biology. I would like to start with the book "Entertaining Physiology", which is unique in many respects. In my opinion, the most main value of this book is that it is not about anatomy, but about physiology! The author does not just list the organs with their functions and a list of biological characteristics, but explains why it is arranged in this way, and not otherwise, how it developed evolutionarily, and what kind of engineering idea Mother Nature tried to implement. Unlike school course biology, it shows the diversity of physiological processes in a wide variety of representatives of the fauna. This book will be interesting to read not only for children, but also for adults. ()

• April 10th, 2014 , 10:56 pm

Recently, I already wrote about another work by Levshin V.A. - "", but the trilogy "Master of Scattered Sciences" is very different from him both in style and in content. Despite the fact that this book is considered to be mathematical, it contains a large number of problems and facts from physics, biology and even geography (alas, I am still weak in this discipline ...).
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• April 3rd, 2014 10:48 pm

What I have always disliked about our education system is its detachment from life. We are told about the laws of physics, biological processes and chemical reactions, but they remain formulas and drawings in a notebook. Unfortunately, very often children do not associate this knowledge with real life because they are never taught how to use them. " Entertaining physics» Perelman Ya.I. just helps to fill this gap in education for both children and adults. The book was written at the beginning of the last century, but has not lost its relevance (well, except that some constants are corrected in modern editions). I remember how once in my childhood, after reading this book, I looked at the world around me with completely different eyes, I suddenly realized that physical laws are absolutely everywhere, and even the simplest phenomena have their own mysteries and paradoxes. This little book provides examples from different branches of physics: optics, dynamics, thermal phenomena and much more.
Take, for example, the spinning of a wheel. What could be simpler, it is as old as mankind. Did you know that when a wheel is moving forward, it has parts that stand still or even move backwards. And here's another riddle, if you take a wooden barrel (for making beer or pickles), lower the lamp there and turn off the light, you will see that there are holes there, some even large ones, but the liquid does not flow out of it.
And, of course, my favorite paradox: the closer things are to Earth, the heavier they are. And what will happen if you dig a very deep well and go down into it. Are we getting heavier or lighter?
In addition to paradoxes and riddles, you will find in the book many very simple experiments that will captivate not only children, but also adults. For example, how can you boil an egg in a paper pot or start a fire with a piece of ice. Did you know you can create an echo with two cymbals?
Despite the interesting content, the book is written, in my opinion, in too academic language, so it may seem boring. In this it is very different from story-adventure books like "" or "", so I would rather recommend it to those who are consciously interested in physics.
It is probably also worth mentioning that the author of this book Perelman Yakov Isidorovich is not the father of Perelman Grigory Yakovlevich, who solved one of the "millennium problems" - proved the Poincaré hypothesis, because he died 24 years before his birth (although modern biology allows us to solve these minor inconveniences ). Although both people have the same last name and are really talented people, they do not have family ties. This is also supported by the fact that the first became famous as a popularizer in the field of mathematics, physics and astronomy, and the second, as a brilliant hermit mathematician, on the contrary, ignoring all social areas of life. Here's another paradox for you :-)
I completely forgot one more interesting fact from the biography of Perelman (the one that is older), he was one of those people who suggested moving the clock back an hour to save fuel. He would have known what kind of debate this would develop into and how much fuel would be burned for them for how much in vain :-)

• March 13th, 2014 , 09:11 pm

Unfortunately, in my childhood the book "Journey to the Country of Economics" did not come across to me. But my husband was more fortunate - he read it (and more than once) in elementary grades. During the years of our life together, I heard from him many quotes from this book regarding current economic events.
In the end, I decided that I owed it to myself to read this miracle of children's literature. With patience, we dug through more than one box of books in the bowels of the cottage. Finally, the motley edition of 1992 was in my hands. The first thing that struck me was the abundance of colorful pictures and notes in the corners of the page - the authors definitely tried to attract young readers. Yielding to my impatient nature, I sat down to read right on the floor in the basement, surrounded by mountains of books (I did not want to put it all back). With great effort, I mastered my laziness, gathered everything back and returned with a find to the light of day.
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• February 6th, 2014 , 09:13 pm

Continuing the theme of physics, I could not pass by one of the greatest minds of our time, who, in collaboration with his daughter, wrote a book for children. Today we will talk about the work of Stephen and Lucy Hawking "George and the secrets of the universe." As you might guess, I read this book as an adult, so I cannot objectively assess how much children will like it. But I feel like I'm alive easy language and an interesting plot, will attract young readers.
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• February 3rd, 2014 08:44 pm

And here is the continuation of my story on biology (Part 1 you can read):

...
The world around continued to grow, fear grew with it. When Sella became the size of Pavlik, he suddenly grabbed her hand, afraid to fall.

Somehow it was not very courageous of me, he thought to himself, but continued to hold on. They slowly moved to the nightstand next to the bed. Only when he was on solid ground did he let go of Sella's hand. Then they decreased together.

Pavlik began to notice that some incomprehensible silhouettes began to appear on the smooth, polished wooden surface. It certainly wasn't a speck of dust, every evening he wiped the dust with a damp cloth.

What is it?

This is bacteria. When you were big, you couldn't tell them apart because they are so small. Now that you are small too, you can see them.

There were few of them, and they were all different shapes. Most were round or oval in shape, some were very long. One even had an indefinite shape, when he looked closely, he noticed that it was changing shape. Suddenly, Sella tugged at his sleeve and pointed to one of them. She was bigger than the others. Suddenly, a line appeared in the middle of it, which began to increase. Literally a minute later, different sides two bacteria have already spread.

Are they plants or animals?

They are neither, they are somewhere in between. They can move like animals, but some of them feed on sunlight, just like plants.

Finally, they stopped decreasing, the fear gradually passed. It definitely didn't sound like a boring lecture.

Oh, look: how funny, - laughing and jumping merrily, Sella ran to the bacterium, shaped like a shoe. Suddenly she stumbled and, waving her arms, sprawled on the floor. Peacock helped her up. “For a girl, she is still clumsy,” he thought to himself, but immediately felt embarrassed by such thoughts, afraid to offend her even in his thoughts. When she dusted herself off, they both looked at the long rope lying on the floor - the cause of the fall, it was pulled from one of the bacteria.

Is it a tail? - Pavlik asked

Bacteria do not have tails, it is a flagellum, something like a tail, with the help of which some bacteria move.

They don't look dangerous," Pavlik said thoughtfully.

Most bacteria are not dangerous to humans, they live their own lives and practically do not notice our existence, just like we do them. But some bacteria can be dangerous and cause terrible diseases. When you fall, you can hurt yourself and get abrasions. Bacteria can get into this wound and begin to multiply. You and I saw how one large bacterium turned into two small ones, small ones grow very quickly and divide again, and there are already 4 of them. This can go on indefinitely. This leads to the fact that the wound does not heal, but rather begins to hurt and fester.

It sounds creepy, - Pavlik shrugged his shoulders, - So playing football and riding a bike is really very dangerous.

If you follow simple rules, then no.

Well ... Again the rules ...

They are quite simple:

Rule number 1. When you ride a bike, rollerblade or play football, you must wear protection to prevent abrasions.

But if they still appeared, then there is the following rule:

Rule number 2. It is necessary to rinse the wound and treat it with special means, for example, brilliant green or iodine. These special products contain substances that kill bacteria. Even if some bacteria survive, but there are few of them, our internal defenders will be able to defeat them, but I will tell you about them next time.

If you keep these two simple rules, then the bacteria are not dangerous to you.

And why can't you treat everything around with these special solutions, then all the bacteria will die, and you won't have to follow any rules.

This is not a good idea. First, bacteria live everywhere, both deep in the sea and high in the mountains, so you can't rid the whole world of bacteria. And secondly, bacteria can be useful, - with a very smart look, completely unsuitable for her appearance, said Sella.

How can these little creatures be useful? - Pavlik did not believe her

Do you love kefir? - Sella asked, and a glass of kefir appeared in her hands.

Do not be impudent, - the fairy cut off, - White bread at night is harmful. So what am I...? Oh yes! Kefir is obtained from milk with the help of bacteria, - Pavlik almost choked when he heard this. “But these are good bacteria,” Sella continued as if nothing had happened. These bacteria are called lactic acid, they turn milk into kefir and yogurt.

And some bacteria are able to secrete various beneficial substances and even drugs. There are entire factories where these bacteria live in very good conditions and multiply rapidly, releasing the substances necessary for humans.

And another very important fact A: Special bacteria live in our intestines and help us digest food. Have you heard of dysbacteriosis? This disease begins when the number of bacteria in the intestines decreases. To prevent this from happening, you need to drink kefirs and yogurts.

That is, bacteria can be both dangerous and beneficial? And how to distinguish them?

For this, there are special scientists - microbiologists, they study bacteria and determine which are useful and which are harmful. If the bacteria are useful, then they show how they can be used. And if harmful, then develop special means of protection.

It's late and it's a long story, I'll tell you next time. Deal? Sella winked at him.

Deal! - Pavlik even jumped for joy and noticed that the bacteria began to decrease, - We are growing again, - he noted without fear.

When he returned to his normal size (it’s a pity that he was normal, but he could still grow at least a couple of centimeters), just in case, he asked

Now you are not afraid of bacteria.

Of course not, they are very interesting. I liked them.

You see, when you learned more about them, you moved from fear to interest.

Bacteria are really amazing creatures, - Pavlik thoughtfully, and asked a question that worried him very much, - Will you still come?

Of course, I will come, but I promised to tell you about the defenders of our body. And now it's time for you to go to bed. Good night and pleasant dreams.

And she disappeared, only a light pop was heard.

It was the most exciting adventure. He was sorry that Sella was gone, but he was already imagining their next adventures. Our world turned out to be much more interesting than he thought. He decided not to tell anyone about her, it would be his little secret.

And the next day, he and his mother went and together bought him protection for cycling.

The book, in a strange way for me, connected the Russian language and mathematics (two completely opposite things): in the plot, the boy walks through the maze, where each room is called a letter of the alphabet, and on it his companion Arithmetic tells something from mathematics to this letter. So she introduces him to fractions, roots, and more. Arithmetic does not just tell him, but offers games and interesting puzzles that readers can also solve. Unlike the ones I wrote about earlier, there is no twisted plot and many characters, but this book is designed for elementary school children, who, I'm sure, will really like it.
I would also like to note at the end that when I read “In the Labyrinth of Numbers” I was a little surprised how some simple things for me, such as “set”, border on more complex ones, such as “roots”, in school curriculum they were widely separated in time. But this does not mean that the material is difficult to learn, the book is written in an understandable language, and the examples there are very illustrative. I would even say that I looked at what I already knew with different eyes.
In general, I recommend this book to all future mathematicians for extracurricular reading. Even such a boring subject for many (but not for all) can be interesting! And this is the most important thing if you want your children to learn the material and enjoy it.

1. Theater of Fascinating Science at the Moscow Planetarium

m. Barrikadnaya
Daily, on weekdays - groups, on weekends - individual visitors
5-8 years old
Ticket - 500-600 rubles.

For children of 5-8 years old, the Theater of Fascinating Science is open in the lobby of the Moscow Planetarium, which offers several interactive programs - you can go on a virtual space flight to the planets of the solar system and find out how Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn differ from the Earth. On the Living Clock and Compasses course, children learn from birds and plants to determine the time of day and navigate in the forest, and with the Adventures of a Water Drop program, they explore the properties of water in a scientific laboratory. You can visit the programs of the Theater of Fascinating Science with subscriptions to the Planetarium. Weekends are spent here scientific ideas for individual visitors, for which you can purchase a single ticket.

2. Children's center scientific discoveries"InnoPark"

m. Sokolniki
Enrollment for the course "Scientific Adventures" starts on December 6
5-12 years old
Course (4 lessons) — 2,400 rubles.

Science Adventures is a general development course for preschoolers and first graders.
In a playful way, children will be introduced to such disciplines as geography, biology, physics and chemistry. Also on November 15, InnoPark is launching a new educational project in physics and astronomy "Everything is on the shelves" for children aged 9-12. Each participant will try to simulate a series of experiments himself, in order not only to learn, but also to understand this or that scientific pattern.

3. Teaching Lab at the Darwin Museum

m. Akademicheskaya
On Saturdays
From 6 years old
Ticket - 200 rubles, with a parent - 300 rubles.

Until the end of November, classes from the cycle “The World Under the Microscope” are held in the new Educational Laboratory of the museum. Here the children will immerse themselves in mysterious world unicellular and multicellular organisms invisible to the human eye. And they will find out what the world around us looks like under high magnification (from potato cells to living inhabitants of water bodies near Moscow); compare plant and animal cells. Children will be told about how a modern microscope works, and they will be allowed to observe the life of tiny creatures and their relationships.

4. Center "Eureka-Park"
m. Akademicheskaya
On weekends
4-12 years old
Ticket - from 400 rubles.

The main goal of the center is to popularize science and awaken children's interest in research. This is achieved through the synthesis of entertainment and knowledge in the classes "Life under the microscope", "Brilliant detective", "Chemistry: miraculous transformations", "Meet the robot!" and "Electrorobot for little ones". At the last lesson, children (from 4 years old) get acquainted with the basics of electricity and learn what current is, how a battery works, why an electric motor is spinning. Each child collects their Robot, tests it and takes it home. Parents are actively involved in the process.

5. Children's lecture hall and the University of Children of the Polytechnic Museum

m. Avtozavodskaya, m. Lubyanka, m. Oktyabrskaya
On Sundays
7-13 years old
A visit to a lecture hall - from 250 rubles, a semester at the University (11 lessons) - 3,000 rubles.

Children's lecture hall is a place where scientists and specialists come to tell children about complex things in a simple and exciting way. There are classes in neurobiology, anatomy, genetics, physics, economics, architecture, anthropology, geography, music history and many other disciplines. The lecturers have already been architect Yuri Grigoryan, astronomer Vladimir Surdin, practical philosopher Oscar Brenifier, naturalist photographer Igor Shpilenok, musician Pyotr Theremin. The lecture hall is experimenting with different formats: a video art lecture, a science marathon, or the popular triple tour “How did I become a scientist?” On it, the scientist talks about his career, the children visit the places of his study and work, and at the end - a lecture by the scientist.

7. The cycle of classes "Why study" in the Garden. Bauman

m. Red Gate
Saturdays until December 13
7-13 years old
Lesson - 1,100 rubles.

The cycle of classes "Why study?" from the project-developer of scientific quests for children "Holiday of Science" tells children about natural science, chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, geography and other subjects studied at school. Each lesson takes place by age (7-8 years old, 9-10 years old, 10-13 years old) and includes 3 formats: visual theory, practice, homework. Classes in the cycle complement each other, but are independent, you can skip something, in the spring the course will be repeated.
For example, on November 15, there will be a lesson in mathematics. For an hour and a half, children will touch well-known mathematical incidents and paradoxes with their own hands. They will recalculate the surrounding things in “great-great-great-grandfather’s” ways. And they will find out why we count in tens, where in right angle 90º, not 100, as ancient scientists considered everything in the Universe.