Maximilian Voloshin "Civil War". History of creation Always seemed far from reality, immersed in mystical experiences and little. Voloshin civil war analysis
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Development of lessons in literature in grade 11.
"Revolution and Civil War in works
Maximilian Voloshin and Boris Pasternak"
Goals:
Show the perception of the revolution and the civil war by M. Voloshin and B. Pasternak;
Compare the views of poets.
Equipment:
works by M. Voloshin and B. Pasternak, portraits of poets, recordings of songs performed by Zhanna Bichevskaya (“Before the guns, as among the people ...”, “Farewell”).
Epigraph.
The only commandment is "BURN".
Your God is in you.
don't look for another...
(M. Voloshin "The Ways of Cain")
During the classes
1. Brief story students about creative way M. Voloshin and B. Pasternak.
2. Comparative analysis works of poets.
M. Voloshin "Civil War"
Some have risen from the underground
From links, factories, mines,
Poisoned by dark will
And the bitter smoke of cities.
Others from the ranks of the military,
Noble ruined nests,
Where they spent on the graveyard
Fathers and brothers of the slain.
In some hitherto not extinguished
Hops of immemorial fires,
And the steppe, wild spirit is alive
And Razins, and Kudeyarov.
In others - devoid of all roots -
The pernicious spirit of the capital Neva:
Tolstoy and Chekhov, Dostoevsky -
Anguish and confusion of our days.
Some lift up on posters
Your nonsense about bourgeois evil,
About bright proletariats,
Petty-bourgeois paradise on earth...
In others, all the color, all the rot of Empires,
All gold, all the ashes of ideas,
Shine all great fetishes
And all scientific superstitions.
Some go to free
Moscow and bind Russia again,
Others, having unbridled the elements,
They want to remake the whole world.
In both, the wave breathed
Anger, greed, gloomy hops of revelry, -
And after the heroes and leaders
A predator steals in a greedy flock,
So that the power of Russia is boundless
Open and sell to enemies!
To rot her heaps of wheat,
To dishonor her heaven,
Devour riches, burn forests
And suck out the seas and ores.
And the roar of battles does not stop
All over the southern steppe
Among the golden splendors
Horses trampled reapers.
And there, and here between the rows
The same voice sounds:
“Whoever is not for us is against us!
No one is indifferent: the truth is with us!”
And I stand alone between them
In roaring flames and smoke
And with all your might
I pray for both.
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (parts 11,12)
The hero of the novel "Doctor Zhivago" in spite of his will finds himself in the crucible of the civil war. During the battle, he prayed for both of them, he doesn’t want to hurt anyone: neither White nor Red, but History hurts: “But pity does not allow him to aim at young people (they are white), whom he admired, whom sympathized. And to shoot with a fool was too stupid and idle. And, choosing the minutes when none of the attackers got between him and his target, he began to shoot the 6th target at the burnt tree. He had his ways here."
Issues for discussion:
1) What do you see in common in the quoted works of M. Voloshin and B. Pasternak?
2) How does M. Voloshin explain the causes of the civil war?
3) Who suffered from the civil war?
4) What way out of this tragedy do the authors suggest?
M. Voloshin "Red Guard (1917)"
Walk through the neglected garden.
Feel the lock with a bayonet.
Plant the door with a butt.
The crowd burst into the house.
Fire machine guns:
Who? With whom? Isn't it all the same?
Petlyura, Grigoriev, Kotov,
Taranov or Makhno...
To loiter in a violent mob.
Become all your unbearable.
And die under a ditch
Shot for robbery.
"Sailor"
Broad-faced, high-bones, gloomy,
His hero is Kolchak. When
The entire Black Sea crew
Ripped off by a visiting agitator,
He became a Bolshevik, and himself
I took it at gunpoint and put it against the wall,
He heated, arranged ....
dungeons...
Thugs at home, looking for prey,
He robbed the loot, drank ...
“Let's take Paris ... the whole world ... and after
Let's turn over to Kolchak."
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (part 11, ch. 8)
Boris Pasternak introduces us to the members of the partisan detachment ("forest army"), who fought on the side of the Reds.
“It was scum, the scum of partisanism, the boys Sanka Pafnutkin, Gosha Ryabykh, Koska Nekhvalenykh, and Terenty Galuzin, trailing after them, the horsemen of all dirty tricks and outrages, clinging to her. Zakhar Gorazdykh was also with them, an even darker type, involved in the case of brewing moonshine, but temporarily not brought to justice, as having betrayed the main culprits. Yuri Andreevich was surprised by the presence of a partisan from the “silver company” Sivoblyuy, who was in the personal guard of the chief. According to the succession that came from Razin and Pugachev, this entourage, for the trust placed in him by Liberius, was called the ataman's ear.
They betrayed their "boss", but the conspiracy did not take place, since Sivoblyuy played a dual role. They were executed. Before the execution, they behaved disgustingly: they crawled on their knees, asked for forgiveness, humiliated themselves.
Issues for discussion :
1) What qualities of the Red Army soldiers, red partisans are distinguished by the authors?
2) What unites these images?
3) How do M. Voloshin and B. Pasternak feel about these people?
4) How do you feel about them?
5) Name literary works other authors, which also describe the Red Army.
M. Voloshin "Bolshevik"
Beast is a beast. With a twist in the mouth.
Behind the belt are two pistols.
Was chairman of the council
And earlier as a loader in the port ...
Was arrested. whole year
Sat in jail without charge
And hastily "contributed to the expense."
"Terror"
Were going to work at night. read
Reports, references, deeds.
The verdicts were hastily signed.
They yawned. They drank wine.
In the morning they distributed vodka to the soldiers.
In the evening by candlelight
They called out according to the lists of men and women.
They were taken to a dark courtyard.
They took off their shoes, underwear, clothes.
Tied up in bales.
Loaded on a cart. They took away.
Shared rings, watches.
At night they drove the shoddy, naked
On frozen rocks
Under the northeast wind
For the city in the wasteland.
They were driven with rifle butts to the edge of the cliff.
Illuminated with a hand lamp.
Machine guns worked for half a minute.
They finished with a bayonet.
The unfinished were thrown into the pit.
Hastily covered with earth.
And then with a wide Russian song
They returned home to the city.
And by dawn they made their way to the same ravines
Wives, mothers, dogs.
They tore the ground. They gnawed at the bones.
Kissed the sweet flesh.
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (part 12, ch. 1)
But not everyone has lost their human dignity. One of the partisans, Vdovichenko, before the execution, says "comrade".
Do not humiliate yourself, Boniface! Your protest will not reach them. These new oprichniks, these back-to-back masters of the new dungeon, will not understand you. But don't be discouraged. History will figure everything out. Posterity will pillory the bourbons of the commissar power and their dirty deeds. We are dying as martyrs of an idea at the dawn of the world revolution. Long live the revolution of the spirit. Long live global anarchy.
Issues for discussion:
1) With what epochs does B. Pasternak draw a parallel in this passage? (with the era of Ivan the Terrible and the era of the French Revolution.)
2) where do you see the strength and weakness of Vdovichenko's position?
3) Is he right that “history will sort everything out”?
Did history “figure it out” in the civil war?
4) How does M. Voposhin describe the “bourbons of the commissar power”?
5) What feelings do you experience when reading the lines of his poems describing the Bolsheviks?
6) What is common in the positions of B. Pasternak and M. Voloshin?
M. Voloshin "Peace"
It's over with Russia ... On the last
We chatted her, chatted,
Slipped, drank, spat,
Smudged on dirty squares,
Sold out on the streets: is it not necessary
To whom the land, republics, yes freedom,
civil rights? And the homeland of the people
He himself dragged out on the pus, like carrion.
Oh Lord, open, scatter,
Send us fire, ulcers and scourges,
Germans from the west, Mongol from the east,
Give us into slavery again and forever
To redeem humbly and deeply
Judas sin until the Last Judgment!
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (part 13, ch. 2)
Yuri Andreevich Zhivago left the partisan detachment secretly at night. It was “a man of a wild appearance ... In the bag he had left half-eaten bread crumbs served in ... the village, and a piece of bacon ...”
B. Pasternak argues: “This time justified the old saying: man is a wolf to man. The traveler, at the sight of the traveler, turned aside, the oncoming one killed the oncoming one, so as not to be killed. There were isolated cases of cannibalism. The human laws of civilization are over. Beasts were in power. Man dreamed prehistoric dreams of the cave age.
Issues for discussion:
1) Are the human laws of civilization in full force today?
2) If not, who is to blame?
3) What do you think needs to be done to
"human laws of civilization" triumphed?
4) What does B. Pasternak dream about?
5) Why "man dreamed prehistoric dreams of the cave age"? What does B. Pasternak mean by this?
6) Why, according to M. Voloshin, “Russia is over”?
7) To whom does the poet turn for help in his poem? Why?
8) What does M. Voloshin call for? (To cleanse.)
M. Voloshin "Rebel"
There is no law - there is only coercion.
All crimes are created by the law.
Those who are cramped in the herd are criminal:
Don't judge them, don't punish you.
(Doctor Zhivago was crowded in the herd. He became a criminal for the state. Pasternak was also crowded in the herd. He was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize, they wanted to forget his work. It is not Zhivago who should be judged, but who, in this case?)
Before the criminal
Guilty state...
(The state is really guilty before Zhivago. He suffocated, passed away, but did not become a hypocrite.)
All the evil of the universe must
Taking in,
transform yourself .
(It means that Aristotle is right that a person is cleansed only in suffering? Civil war is suffering. Maybe it was sent to purify souls? The Russian people accepted the evil of the universe, endured it. Endured the evil of civil war, did not forget how to love life.)
Your God is in you
And don't look for another
Neither in heaven nor on earth:
Check
Whole external world:
Everywhere the law, causality,
But there is no love
Its source is You!
B. Pasternak "Doctor Zhivago" (part 13, ch. 2).
B. Pasternak writes about the disasters of the civil war:
“These pictures and spectacles gave the impression of something unearthly, transcendent. They seemed to be particles of some unknown, extraterrestrial existences, mistakenly brought to earth. And only nature remained true to history and was drawn to the eye as it was portrayed by the artists of modern times.
Issues for discussion:
1) What does B. Pasternak glorify? Why? (Nature.)
2) What story is nature true to? (History of harmony.)
3) Human history wants to crush man. How much? Could she crush everyone? Who couldn't? (She could not crush Michelangelo, Sakharov, Solzhenitsyn, Zhivago and many other titans of the spirit.)
3. Summing up.
Yuri Zhivago turned out to be above the very essence of the civil war. Let him go down, become a slut, but he did not betray himself, he retained his "self",
He writes the poem "Hamlet".
The hum is quiet. I went out to the stage.
Leaning against the doorframe,
What will happen in my lifetime.
The twilight of the night is set on me
A thousand binoculars on an axis.
If only possible, Abba, Father,
Pass this cup.
I love your stubborn intention
And I agree to play this role.
But now there's another drama going on
And this time, fire me.
But the schedule of actions is thought out,
And the end of the road is inevitable.
I am alone, everything is drowning in hypocrisy.
To live life is not a field to cross.
The hero enters the stage of life. He agrees to obey the laws of nature. But those around are ready to be a hypocrite, to please, to sacrifice honor and dignity.
The only commandment: "BURN".
Your God is in you
And don't look for another
Neither in heaven nor on earth:
Check
All outside world:
Everywhere the law, causality,
But there is no love
Its source is You!
God is love.
(M. Voloshin)
What did B. Pasternak and M. Voloshin call for? (to creative burning, to creativity.)
Where should one look for God? (In himself.)
The Bible says:
“For my love, they are at enmity with me, but I pray.”
"They repay me for good with evil, and for my love with hatred,"
“I am a wanderer on earth. Do not hide your commandments from me."
Is it easy to love? (Not.)
Each of you is also a stranger. What commandments have been revealed to you? What commandments will you leave for those who litter after you?
It was... everything was...
so full, so many...
More than the heart can hold:
And the golden arks of religions,
And crazy blood clots of ideas...
All the rapture of rhythm and words,
The whole Apocalypse of clouds and lightning,
The flame of fever and the thrill of chill
From impending disasters.
I witnessed shifts in consciousness
Geological landslides of souls
And the feverish restructuring of the Cosmos
in "twenty second powers"...
M. A. Voloshin. "Quarter of century"
Almost 125 years ago, on May 16, 1877, in Kyiv, in the family of a member of the city chamber of the criminal and civil court Alexander Maksimovich Kiriyenko-Voloshin and Elena Ottobaldovna, nee Glezer, the son Maximilian was born. He was destined to be at the turn of the century, in the years of the agony of the Romanov Empire, "at the dawn" Soviet power, to become one of the brightest spokesmen for the aspirations of the best part of the intelligentsia, not poisoned by the bacilli of hatred that infected the world during the First World War (1914 - 1918) and the 1917 revolutions in Russia - February and October.
M. Voloshin surprised, more precisely, amazed his contemporaries with the versatility of interests: an outstanding, deep poet, art historian, philosopher, thoughtful literary critic, artist, architect, translator, memoirist. He was fascinated by astronomical and meteorological observations, geology, and biology.
First of all, M. Voloshin is known as the creator of the enchanting (by design and implementation) Cimmeria Reserve in the Eastern Crimean town of Koktebel on the Black Sea coast. In 1903, M. Voloshin built a house there according to his own design, almost every year he comes to the Crimea dear to his heart (the following poignant lines speak of his love for this magical, many-sided peninsula: “All the thrill of life of all ages and races lives in you. Always. Now. Now") from numerous trips around Europe.
Moscow and St. Petersburg, with their stormy and unpredictable political turmoil, never became close to him, and he tried to leave the capitals as quickly as possible - "the poet and thinker has absolutely nothing to do among the chaotic clashes of desires and opinions called politics." And, finally, in 1916, M. Voloshin firmly settled in his Cimmeria. He wrote: “So my whole soul is in your bays, About Cimmeria, a dark line, Enclosed and transfigured.” For many years, until his death in 1932, the house of the poet and artist became a kind of Mecca for the creative intelligentsia, a haven for his many friends, a center where the arteries converged that fed the progressive thought in European art in the first third of the 20th century.
In his autobiography, he wrote: “Having returned to the Crimea, I no longer leave it: I do not escape from anyone, I do not emigrate anywhere. And all the waves of the civil war and the change of governments are passing over my head ... ”The author of brilliant research in the field of art history“ Faces of Creativity ”, a courageous and reliable eyewitness account - a book about revolution and civil war "Burning Bush" (shrine, spiritual values that do not burn in fire) and, at the same time, shocking the audience lectures "Ways of Eros", "Apollo and the Mouse", "Oedipus" (which caused hundreds (!) Of responses in newspapers pre-revolutionary Russia), is still located, as it were, on the periphery of our consciousness. The spiritual world of the artist, the courage, innovation and persuasiveness of his thoughts, the amazing “ability to see in beauty his living connection with the era, with the earth, with people - all this captivates an open-minded reader ...” (S. Narovchatov). The accuracy of M. Voloshin's assessments and generalizations come from specific impressions, therefore they are arch-convincing and impeccably reliable.
Our hero, as a thinker, grew up in the pre-stormy season. First World War, which M. Voloshin categorically did not accept and condemned with all the force of his creativity (few major cultural figures on both sides of the fronts were able to rise above primitive nationalism - the Russian M. Gorky, the Frenchman R. Rolland and A. France, the Germans G. Hesse and T. Mann, Austrian S. Zweig), the revolutionary events of 1917 and the outbreak of the Civil War on 1/6 of the Earth did not shake the essence of his humanistic worldview. He saw in these events the fatal tragedy of the people. Yes, the bloody madness of fratricide, of course, frightened him. But M. Voloshin was not at a loss and was not silent. His lecture “Russia crucified” (the full text is signed by the author’s hand - May 17, 1920 in Koktebel - the “whites” of Baron Pyotr Wrangel were still in the Crimea) - bright to that the confirmation.
The author can say with confidence that you will not see a more accurate description of time in any writer or philosopher (perhaps, only our fellow countryman, writer V. G. Korolenko is closest in terms of humanistic spirit and skill - their positions are similar). Moreover, these characteristics amaze with the “Nostradamusian” level of predictions: a true artist of the word foresaw the degradation of the new regime, its return to the empire, already Soviet. As researchers of M. Voloshin's work wrote back in the 80s of the 20th century, he “did not understand the class nature of the civil war and ... took a position “above the fight”. How "neutral" is this position?
Let's try now, from a distance of more than 80 years, to hear the voice of a person who was disgusted by the inhumane attitudes of both the "whites" and the "reds", a person who wanted to stay in this troubled time with a pure soul. Aren’t such thoughts of M. Voloshin still relevant today: “Political fighters in the heat of struggle too easily cut questions into “yes” and “no” and, turning to a person walking by, exclaim: “Either with us, or against us!”, absolutely regardless of the fact that this person can be neither for one nor for the other, and sometimes for both, and that, in conscience, he cannot be reproached for either one or the other.
The thinker confirmed these words with actions that could cost him his life, when he hid both white volunteer officers and underground communists in his Koktebel house. In a letter to A. N. Ivanov, he wrote that "volunteer counterintelligence threatened to hang him." M. Voloshin saved the general, professor-historian, archaeologist and local historian N. A. Marx, who did not want to go to the service of Wrangel, from lynching by the White Guards. The thoughts expressed by M. Voloshin in Russia Crucified were equally unacceptable for ideologists white movement, and the Red Commissars, who unleashed a terrible terror in the Crimea after the defeat of Wrangel's troops. The text of the lecture was a real powder charge in the Koktebel House of the Poet. If the Bolsheviks had discovered him, M. Voloshin's fate would have been sealed. Both during the years of Stalinist terror and during the Nazi occupation of Crimea, the archive was carefully kept by the thinker's wife, Maria Stepanovna Voloshina (1887 - 1976).
M. Voloshin in "Russia crucified" managed to find not only the pulse of the present, but also the future, he saw all the "absurdity", in his own words, of the revolution, which paradoxically repeated the actions of the tsarist government. “Just like Peter, they (Bolsheviks. - CM.) dream of throwing Russia a few centuries ahead, just like Peter, they want to create a new soul for her surgically, just like Peter, they civilize it with executions and torture: there is no significant difference between the Preobrazhensky Order and the Secret Chancellery and the Extraordinary Commission " . M. Voloshin speaks of a “monarchy with a social program” and in socialism he feels a cancerous tumor of totalitarianism: “He (socialism. - S.M.) will be led by the inevitable logic of things to look for it (statehood. - S.M. ) in dictatorship, and after - in Caesarism.
History of creation Always seemed far from reality, immersed in mystical experiences and little adapted to real life, M. Voloshin after October revolution suddenly became incredibly energetic. When it came to saving someone's life, he acted decisively and fearlessly: he rescued people who were threatened with prison, or even execution, regardless of their belonging to red or white. On his account, many saved lives, including Osip Mandelstam, Sergei Efron, Kuzmina-Karavaeva.
In the whirlpool of stunning, unprecedented events, the poet feels like a chronicler. He hurries to consolidate the images of these years in verse, deploying a whole string of them: "Bourgeois", "Speculator", "Sailor", "Red Guard", "At the station", "Civil War". And invariably in Voloshin's poems - his faith in the bright fate of Russia and his willingness to go through all the trials with her. Both sides read his works of this period.
Composition: a) tie - 1 and 2 stanzas, the author represents the warring parties; b) the development of the action - 3-7 stanzas, the differences between them are explained; c) action - stanzas 8-10, we see what the confrontation led to; d) culmination - stanza 11, The same voice sounds: "Whoever is not for us is against us. There are no indifferent ones: the truth is with us." e) denouement - the last stanza, it expresses the main idea, summing up all that has been said: And with all my strength I pray for both.
Mood The main mood of the poem is bitterness, sadness about the fate of Russia, captured by the war: To rot her wheat piles, To dishonor her heaven, To devour wealth, burn forests And suck out seas and ores. But the work ends with unchanged words expressing faith in a brighter future.
Means of expressiveness and figurativeness - in the first half, anaphora is used - the repetition of the words "one" and "other" to draw attention to the difference between the parties; - there are a lot of epithets in the poem, which makes it very accurate and colorful; -to enhance the impression, the author uses words of a colloquial style (rot, devour, etc.).
Conclusion M. Voloshin's poem "Civil War" was created in 1919. It clearly reflects the position of the author in relation to historical events that time. He believed that the overthrow of the old government was inevitable, but the main thing was the understanding that humanity is one family of peoples, that universal human values are more important than any others. Its main activity is the fight against terror of both the “whites” and the “reds”.
