The story of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a summary. Biography of Nekrasov: the life path and work of the great folk poet. Childhood and education of the poet

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a poet and publicist who took a special place among the nineteenth century realist writers, who depicted true pictures of life. ordinary people. Nekrasov, whose we will consider briefly, highlighting the most important, used folklore, song intonations in his works, showing all the richness of a simple peasant language, thereby making his works understandable to the people.

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov the most important thing

Nekrasov N.A. - a classic, who at one time became the head of Sovremennik, under his editorship, the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine was published. This is a revolutionary democrat who wrote many wonderful works, among which notable work.

Childhood

However, let's start looking at short biography Nekrasov in order from the beginning of his life. The writer was born in the Ukrainian city of Nemirov. It happened in November 1821. He was born in the family of a small-scale nobleman, but his childhood was spent in Greshnevo, where the boy, at the age of three, moved with his parents to his father's family estate. Here the childhood of the writer passed.

School and University

At the age of 11, the boy is sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium, where the future writer tries to write for the first time. He writes small satirical poems, which often cause conflicts with teachers.

Nikolai Alekseevich studied at the gymnasium for five years, after which his father wanted to send him to military school. However, Nekrasov had other plans that did not coincide with his father's. Contrary to his father, the future writer enters the university, but he failed to pass the exams, so he attends the Faculty of Philology as an auditor. The father, because of the willfulness of his son, deprives him of financial support, so Nekrasov has to work. He writes poems for various publishing houses, receiving very little money for his work, which was barely enough to live on.

Literary activity and creativity

In 1838 Nekrasov published for the first time. His poem Thought was published in the magazine Son of the Fatherland. Later, his poems were published in other publishing houses, and already in 1840 Nekrasov published a collection of Dreams and Sounds with his own savings. True, he was criticized, so the collection was destroyed by the poet himself.

After criticizing poetic works, the writer also tries himself in prose, writes stories, plays, describing real life people. He continues to write anti-serfdom poems, which were forbidden by censorship.

From 1846 to 1866 Together with Panaev, Nikolai rented Sovremennik, where revolutionary democratic ideas were actively gathering. The works of young writers were collected here, many famous writers were published, until the government closed it in 1866.

Further, Nekrasov works as an editor in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. At this time, his famous poem entitled Who in Russia lives well is coming out. In addition, he prints poems Grandfather, Russian Women, writes Contemporaries.

The work of the last years of his life is saturated with elegiac motifs. One of the last works that was published was a cycle of poems, Last Songs.

The life of Nikolai Alekseevich, his biography and work ended in 1877 in December. The writer died in St. Petersburg.

If we talk about Nekrasov's biography briefly, highlighting interesting facts, then it is worth mentioning his personal life. As you know, he had several love affairs, among them it is worth highlighting Avdotya Panaeva, who was considered the most beautiful woman cities. They lived in a civil marriage, which many condemned. They had common child who died in early age. When Panaeva left Nekrasov, he became interested in the Frenchwoman Celine Lefren. Later he will meet a simple peasant woman, with whom he will marry. However, he will love only one throughout his life, and that was Panaeva.

From interesting facts it is worth mentioning the passion of Nekrasov. It was cards and hunting.

When the writer died, a lot of people came to his funeral, including Dostoevsky, Plekhanov, Zasodimsky.

Streets in St. Petersburg, Pargolovo, Rybatsky are named after Nekrasov.

1. The first years in St. Petersburg
2. “Who should live well in Russia”: Nekrasov’s last major work

Nikolai Nekrasov is known to modern readers as the "most peasant" poet in Russia: it was he who was one of the first to speak about the tragedy of serfdom and explored the spiritual world of the Russian peasantry. Nikolai Nekrasov was also a successful publicist and publisher: his Sovremennik became a legendary magazine of its time.

“Everything that, having entangled my life from childhood, an irresistible curse fell on me ...”

Nikolai Nekrasov was born on December 10 (November 28 according to the old style) in 1821 in the small town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province. His father Alexei Nekrasov came from a family of once wealthy Yaroslavl noblemen, was army officer, and mother Elena Zakrevskaya was the daughter of a possessor from the Kherson province. Parents were against the marriage of a beautiful and educated girl with a poor military man at that time, so the young people got married in 1817 without their blessing.

However, the couple's family life was not happy: the father of the future poet turned out to be a harsh and despotic man, including in relation to his soft and shy wife, whom he called a "recluse". The painful atmosphere that reigned in the family influenced Nekrasov's work: metaphorical images of parents often appeared in his works. Fyodor Dostoevsky said: “It was a heart wounded at the very beginning of life; and this wound that never healed was the beginning and source of all his passionate, suffering poetry for the rest of his life..

Konstantin Makovsky. Portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov. 1856. State Tretyakov Gallery

Nicholas Ge. Portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov. 1872. State Russian Museum

Nikolai's early childhood was spent in his father's family estate - the village of Greshnevo, Yaroslavl province, where the family moved after the resignation of Alexei Nekrasov from the army. The boy had a particularly close relationship with his mother: she was for him best friend and the first teacher, instilled in him a love for the Russian language and the literary word.

Things in the family estate were very neglected, it even came to litigation, and Nekrasov's father took on the duties of a police officer. When leaving on business, he often took his son with him, so from an early age the boy had a chance to see pictures that were not intended for children's eyes: knocking out debts and arrears from peasants, cruel reprisals, all kinds of manifestations of grief and poverty. In his own poems, Nekrasov recalled the early years of his life as follows:

The first years in St. Petersburg

In 1832, Nekrasov turned 11 years old, and he entered the gymnasium, where he studied until the fifth grade. Studying was difficult for him, relations with the gymnasium authorities did not go well - in particular, because of the caustic satirical poems that he began to compose at the age of 16. Therefore, in 1837, Nekrasov went to St. Petersburg, where, according to the wishes of his father, he was supposed to enter the military service.

In Petersburg young Nekrasov through his friend at the gymnasium, he met several students, after which he realized that education interested him more than military affairs. Despite the demands of his father and the threats to leave him without material support, Nekrasov began to prepare for entrance exams to the university, but failed them, after which he became a volunteer at the Faculty of Philology.

Nekrasov Sr. fulfilled his ultimatum and left his rebellious son without financial assistance. All of Nekrasov's free time from studies was spent looking for work and a roof over his head: it got to the point that he could not afford to have lunch. For some time he rented a room, but in the end he could not pay for it and ended up on the street, and then ended up in a beggar's shelter. It was there that Nekrasov discovered a new opportunity for earning money - he wrote petitions and complaints for a small fee.

Over time, Nekrasov's affairs began to improve, and the stage of dire need was passed. By the early 1840s, he made a living by composing poems and fairy tales, which later appeared in the form of popular prints, published small articles in the Literary Gazette and the Literary Supplement to the Russian Invalid, gave private lessons and composed plays for Alexandrinsky Theater under the pseudonym Perepelsky.

In 1840, at the expense of his own savings, Nekrasov published his first collection of poetry, Dreams and Sounds, consisting of romantic ballads, which traced the influence of the poetry of Vasily Zhukovsky and Vladimir Benediktov. Zhukovsky himself, having familiarized himself with the collection, called only two poems not bad, while he recommended printing the rest under a pseudonym and argued this as follows: “Subsequently you will write better, and you will be ashamed of these verses”. Nekrasov heeded the advice and released a collection under the initials N.N.

The book "Dreams and Sounds" was not particularly successful with either readers or critics, although Nikolai Polevoy spoke of the beginning poet very favorably, and Vissarion Belinsky called his poems "come out of the soul." Nekrasov himself was upset by his first poetic experience and decided to try himself in prose. Their early stories and he wrote stories in a realistic manner: the plots were based on events and phenomena, the participant or witness of which was the author himself, and some characters had prototypes in reality. Later, Nekrasov also turned to satirical genres: he created the vaudeville "This is what it means to fall in love with an actress" and "Feoktist Onufrievich Bob", the story "Makar Osipovich Random" and other works.

Publishing activities of Nekrasov: Sovremennik and Whistle

Ivan Kramskoy. Portrait of Nikolai Nekrasov. 1877. State Tretyakov Gallery

Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Panaev. Caricature by Nikolai Stepanov, "Illustrated Almanac". 1848. Photo: vm.ru

Alexey Naumov. Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Panaev at the patient Vissarion Belinsky. 1881

From the mid-1840s, Nekrasov began to actively engage in publishing activities. With his participation, the almanacs "Physiology of Petersburg", "Articles in Poetry without Pictures", "April 1", "Petersburg Collection" were published, and the latter was especially successful: Dostoevsky's novel "Poor People" was first published in it.

At the end of 1846, Nekrasov, together with his friend, journalist and writer Ivan Panaev, rented the Sovremennik magazine from the publisher Pyotr Pletnev.

Young authors, who had previously published mainly in Otechestvennye Zapiski, willingly switched to Nekrasov's publication. It was Sovremennik that made it possible to reveal the talent of such writers as Ivan Goncharov, Ivan Turgenev, Alexander Herzen, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin. Nekrasov himself was not only the editor of the magazine, but also one of its regular contributors. His poems, prose, literary criticism, journalistic articles were published on the pages of Sovremennik.

The period from 1848 to 1855 became a difficult time for Russian journalism and literature due to a sharp tightening of censorship. To fill in the gaps that arose in the content of the magazine due to censorship bans, Nekrasov began to publish in it chapters from the adventure novels Dead Lake and Three Countries of the World, which he wrote in collaboration with his common-law wife Avdotya Panaeva (she was hiding under the pseudonym N .N. Stanitsky).

In the mid-1850s, the demands of censorship softened, but the Sovremennik faced a new problem: class contradictions split the authors into two groups with opposing beliefs. Representatives of the liberal nobility advocated realism and the aesthetic principle in literature, supporters of democracy adhered to a satirical direction. The confrontation, of course, splashed out on the pages of the magazine, so Nekrasov, together with Nikolai Dobrolyubov, founded an appendix to Sovremennik - the satirical publication Whistle. It published humorous novels and stories, satirical poems, pamphlets and caricatures.

At various times, Ivan Panaev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, and Nikolai Nekrasov published their works on the pages of the Whistle. Photo: russkiymir.ru

After the closure of Sovremennik, Nekrasov began publishing the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine, which he rented from the publisher Andrei Kraevsky. At the same time, the poet worked on one of his most ambitious works - the peasant poem "Who should live well in Russia".

The idea for the poem appeared to Nekrasov as early as the late 1850s, but he wrote the first part after the abolition of serfdom, around 1863. The basis of the work was not only the literary experiences of the poet's predecessors, but also his own impressions and memories. According to the author's idea, the poem was to become a kind of epic, demonstrating the life of the Russian people from different points of view. At the same time, Nekrasov purposefully used for writing it not a “high calm”, but a simple spoken language, close to folk songs and legends, replete with colloquial expressions and sayings.

Work on the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia" took Nekrasov almost 14 years. But even during this period, he did not have time to fully realize his plan: a serious illness prevented him, which chained the writer to bed. Initially, the work was supposed to consist of seven or eight parts. The route of the heroes' journey, looking for "who lives happily, freely in Russia", lay across the whole country, to St. Petersburg itself, where they were to meet with an official, merchant, minister and tsar. However, Nekrasov understood that he would not have time to complete the work, so he reduced the fourth part of the story - "A Feast for the Whole World" - to an open ending.

During the life of Nekrasov, only three fragments of the poem were published in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski - the first part with a prologue, which does not have its own name, "Last Child" and "Peasant Woman". "A Feast for the Whole World" was published only three years after the death of the author, and even then with significant censorship cuts.

Nekrasov died on January 8, 1878 (December 27, 1877 according to the old style). Several thousand people came to say goodbye to him, who accompanied the coffin of the writer from home to the Novodevichy cemetery in St. Petersburg. This was the first time that Russian writer gave national honors.

Nikolay Alekseevich Nekrasov Born October 10 (November 28), 1821 in Ukraine, not far from Vinnitsa, in the town of Nemirov. The boy was not even three years old when his father, a Yaroslavl landowner and retired officer, moved his family to the Greshnevo family estate. Childhood passed here - among the apple trees of a vast garden, near the Volga, which Nekrasov called the cradle, and next to the famous Sibirka, or Vladimirka, which he recalled: "Everything that walked and rode along it and was led, starting with postal troikas and ending with prisoners chained, escorted by escorts, was the constant food of our childish curiosity."

1832 - 1837 - studying at the Yaroslavl gymnasium. Nekrasov studies averagely, periodically conflicting with his superiors because of his satirical poems.

In 1838 it began literary life that lasted forty years.

1838 - 1840 - Nikolai Nekrasov volunteer student of the philological faculty of St. Petersburg University. Upon learning of this, the father deprives him of material support. According to Nekrasov's own recollections, he lived in poverty for about three years, surviving on small odd jobs. At the same time, the poet enters the literary and journalistic circles of St. Petersburg.

Also in 1838, the first publication of Nekrasov took place. The poem "Thought" is published in the magazine "Son of the Fatherland". Later, several poems appear in the Library for Reading, then in the Literary Supplements to the Russian Invalid.
Nekrasov's poems appeared in print in 1838, and in 1840 the first collection of poems, Dreams and Sounds, signed N.N., was published at his own expense. The collection was not successful even after criticism by V.G. Belinsky in "Notes of the Fatherland" was destroyed by Nekrasov and became a bibliographic rarity.

For the first time, his attitude to the living conditions of the poorest strata Russian population and open slavery is expressed in the poem "The Talker" (1843). From this period, Nekrasov began to write poems of a virtually social orientation, which censorship became interested in a little later. Such anti-serfdom poems appeared as "The Coachman's Tale", "Motherland", "Before the Rain", "Troika", "Gardener". The poem "Motherland" was immediately banned by censors, but was distributed in manuscripts and became especially popular among revolutionaries. Belinsky appreciated this poem so highly that he was completely delighted.

With the borrowed money, the poet, together with the writer Ivan Panaev, rented the Sovremennik magazine in the winter of 1846. Young progressive writers and all those who hated serfdom flock to the journal. The first issue of the new Sovremennik took place in January 1847. It was the first magazine in Russia expressing revolutionary democratic ideas and, most importantly, having a coherent and clear program of action. In the very first issues, "The Thieving Magpie" and "Who is to blame?" Herzen, stories from Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter, Belinsky's articles and many other works of the same kind. Nekrasov published "Hound Hunting" from his works.

The influence of the magazine grew every year, until in 1862 the government suspended its publication, and then completely banned the magazine.

In 1866 Sovremennik was closed. Nekrasov in 1868 acquired the right to publish the journal Domestic Notes, with which he was associated last years his life. While working in Otechestvennye Zapiski, he created the poems “Who Lives Well in Russia” (1866-1876), “Grandfather” (1870), “Russian Women” (1871-1872), wrote a series of satirical works, the top of which became the poem "Contemporaries" (1878).

The last years of the poet's life were covered by elegiac motifs associated with the loss of friends, the realization of loneliness, and a serious illness. During this period, works appear: "Three Elegies" (1873), "Morning", "Despondency", "Elegy" (1874), "Prophet" (1874), "To the Sowers" (1876). In 1877, a cycle of poems "Last Songs" was created.

The funeral of Nekrasov at the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg acquired the character of a socio-political manifestation. Dostoevsky, P. V. Zasodimsky, G. V. Plekhanov, and others delivered speeches at the funeral service. In 1881, a monument was erected on the grave (sculptor M. A. Chizhov).

Streets were named after Nekrasov: in St. Petersburg in 1918 (former Basseynaya, see Nekrasov Street), in Rybatsky, Pargolovo. His name was given to Library No. 9 of the Smolninsky District and Pedagogical School No. 1. In 1971, a monument to Nekrasov was unveiled at the corner of Nekrasov Street and Grechesky Prospekt (sculptor L. Yu. Eidlin, architect V. S. Vasilkovsky).

Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich, (1821-1877) Russian poet

Born in the town of Nemirovo (Podolsk province) in the family of a small estate nobleman. Childhood years were spent in the village of Greshnevo in the family estate of his father, an extremely despotic man. At the age of 10 he was sent to the Yaroslavl gymnasium.

At the age of 17 he moved to St. Petersburg, but, refusing to devote himself to military career, as his father insisted, was deprived of material support. In order not to die of hunger, he began to write poetry commissioned by booksellers. At this time, he met V. Belinsky.

In 1847, Nekrasov and Panaev purchased the Sovremennik magazine founded by A.S. Pushkin. The influence of the magazine grew every year, until in 1862 the government suspended its publication, and then completely banned the magazine.

During the period of work on Sovremennik, Nekrasov published several collections of poems, including Peddlers (1856) and Peasant Children (1856), which brought him fame as a poet.

In 1869, Nekrasov acquired the right to publish the journal Domestic Notes and published it. During his work in Otechestvennye Zapiski, he created the poems “Who Lives Well in Russia” (1866-1876), “Grandfather” (1870), “Russian Women” (1871-1872), wrote a series of satirical works, the peak of which was the poem “ Contemporaries" (1875).

At the beginning of 1875, Nekrasov fell seriously ill, neither the famous surgeon nor the operation could stop the rapidly developing rectal cancer. At this time, he began work on the Last Songs cycle (1877), a kind of poetic testament dedicated to Fekla Anisimovna Viktorova (in the work of Zinaida Nekrasov), last love poet. Nekrasov died at the age of 56.

Future great poet was born on November 28 (October 10, according to a new style) in the family of a small estate nobleman, in the town of Nemirov, Vinnitsa district, Podolsk province in Ukraine, where the regiment in which his father served was stationed at that time.

He spent his childhood in the village of Greshnev, in his father's family estate. This is a small village, and later a village in the Yaroslavl district, standing on the road that connected Kostroma and Yaroslavl along the left bank of the Volga. The Nekrasov estate was built by grandfather Sergey Alekseevich Nekrasov in the very early XIX in. Images of the Greshnevskaya estate have not been preserved. Behind the manor's house, in the depths of the garden, there was a small two-story outbuilding - a musician's, further - a kennel.

In 1928, the eighty-year-old Greshnev peasant P. O. Shirokov recalled the manor's estate: “The estate was surrounded by a fence, painted yellow, and with black arcs. The manor house (...) is one-story, small. He went out into the road and into the garden. In front of him is a front garden. The terrace is long. There was a way to the house from her. In total there are four rooms in the house. Directly to the left is the dining room, and then the bedroom (this is a corner one, it also went into the garden), and it also seems to be a girl's room, and even a room. And under the house there is a cellar ... And behind the house is the master's kitchen, and then a bathhouse. And just like the manor's house, further along the road, there was a human ... "

Musician in Greshnevo
Children's hobbies of the poet

Nikolai Nekrasov grew up in a large circle of brothers and sisters. The comrades of his childhood games were brothers Andrey and Konstantin, close in age, and sisters Elizabeth and Anna. Nikolai was especially friendly with his brother Andrei and sister Elizabeth, all three were of the same age. With his sister Anna Nekrasov was close to the end of his days.

Very early, Nikolai Nekrasov began to write poetry. In the poet's dying notes in one place it says: "I began to write from the age of 6." Elsewhere it says: “I started writing poetry at the age of seven, I remember I dedicated something to my mother on her name day.”

Following the example of his father, the poet passionately loved hunting, this topic left a noticeable mark in his work. Carefully and lovingly, the future poet perceived the nature around him.

Peter and Paul Church in Abakumtsevo, three versts from the Nekrasov estate

From childhood, Nekrasov was seized by another strong passion - for cards. Playing cards was then widespread in Russia. Biographers note that the passion for playing cards can be called the hereditary passion of the Nekrasov family, starting with Nikolai Nekrasov's great-great-grandfather, Yakov Ivanovich, an "innumerably rich" Ryazan landowner. As a result of the passion for the game, his son, the great-grandfather of the poet Alexei Yakovlevich, got only the Ryazan estate. Nekrasov's grandfather, Sergey Alekseevich, was a passionate gambler, and in order to pay his debts, he was forced to sell his house in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century and move with his family to Greshnevo. Nekrasov's father, Alexei Sergeevich, also paid a great tribute to the cards.

The poet's father, Alexei Sergeevich Nekrasov

School life of Nikolai Nekrasov

In August 1832, Nikolai Nekrasov, together with his brother Andrei, were sent to study at the Yaroslavl gymnasium.
The Nekrasov brothers entered the first grade, but in 1833 the Yaroslavl gymnasium was transformed from a four-grade school into a seven-grade one, as a result of which Nikolai and Andrei went straight to the fourth grade instead of the second grade.

The gymnasium where N.A. Nekrasov, now a military hospital

Nekrasov read a lot during his studies, although randomly. He took books from the gymnasium library, sometimes he turned to the teachers of the gymnasium. In addition, there was a small library in Greshnev.

Also in the gymnasium, Nekrasov actively wrote poetry. “In the gymnasium,” he recalled, “I fell into phrase-mongering, began to read magazines, and at the same time wrote satires on my comrades. One of them, Zlatoustovsky, blew me hard ... ". It was during the gymnasium period that the 16-year-old boy began to write down his first poems in his home notebook. In addition to satirical works in his initial creativity the sad impressions of childhood were also traced, brightly coloring early period his creativity.

Apparently, the young man had the least time left for study. ON THE. Nekrasov recalled: “They didn’t study, but they were more engaged in revelry, and I hit the cartege and other fun hard.”

Another memory that Nekrasov left about the time of studying at the gymnasium is reflected in two lines:
... you used to come to class
And you know: the whipping will begin now!

Nekrasov studied worse and worse. In 1835, at the final exams in the fifth grade, he received the following marks: the law of God - 2, literature - 3, logic - 2, mathematics - 1, history - 1, Latin - 3, geography - 2, German- 2, French - 2. As a result, in the fifth grade, he was first left for the second year, and then for the third, and the third year Nekrasov studied even worse than in the previous two.

The results of school life
N.A. Nekrasova

As a result, in the fifth grade, high school student Nikolai Nekrasov was first left for the second year, and then for the third, and the third year Nekrasov studied even worse than in the previous two.

In the summer of 1837, Alexei Sergeevich, whose patience, apparently, came to an end, took his son from the gymnasium. Thus, Nekrasov's official education was completed, and he remained a half-educated gymnasium student for the rest of his life. "Successes" in studies, the poet constantly brought his biographers,
in perplexity. In the literature about the gymnasium period of his life, they usually wrote in passing.

There is nothing discrediting in Nekrasov's "third year": we know few poets and artists who shone at school with their successes. The poor progress of the young poet, on the other hand, shows the well-known relativity of school marks, because, despite them, Nekrasov made a brilliant career, became the editor of leading literary magazines, a classic of Russian literature and a very rich man.

Nekrasov with the dog Kado, 1861

Over time, this half-educated high school student became one of the main "rulers of thoughts" of several generations of Russian youth, in his works he taught how to live throughout the country and did an unusually lot to bring about a tragic - in 1917 - turning point in the fate of our Motherland.