Cultural and spiritual life in the late XIX - early XX century. Spiritual life in Russia since the beginning of the 20th century. at the beginning of the XXI century Spiritual life of the 20th century table
Question 01. What importance did the Soviet government attach to the eradication of illiteracy?
Answer. The Soviet government attached great importance to the eradication of illiteracy. Firstly, it was initially focused on the growth of the number of the proletariat, and the development of technology at that time had long reached a stage where at least a minimum level of education was required to work in an enterprise. Secondly, education was organized absolutely differently from pre-revolutionary standards, and through it the Communist Party rooted its ideals among the masses.
Question 02. What are the negative and positive sides had a new soviet school?
Answer. Positive sides:
1) access to education was given to groups of the population that previously, due to property and national characteristics, had almost no access to it;
2) education became completely free;
3) elements of self-government were introduced into education;
4) new pedagogical methods were introduced, including more time for independent work students in groups
5) a large-scale and quite efficient system work with homeless children;
6) an effective system for the elimination of adult illiteracy has appeared.
Negative sides:
1) many received places in universities not on the basis of knowledge, but on the basis of class affiliation and loyalty to the party;
2) many teachers died or immigrated, new ones were also recruited on the principle of loyalty to the new regime, because of which the level of education fell.
Question 03. Why did a significant part of the Russian intelligentsia not accept the Bolshevik regime? What are the motives of those who recognized Soviet power?
Answer. Firstly, before the revolution, a significant part of the intelligentsia occupied an active political position, it was not monarchist, but the majority of the intelligentsia did not have communist views either. Most importantly, during the Civil War, the power of the communists showed its face. The intellectuals did not belong to the proletariat, whose dictatorship was proclaimed by the authorities, many went through prisons and concentration camps, where they got only because of their class affiliation. Many were shocked by the rejection by the new government of any alternative opinion. It is not surprising that such a number of intellectuals did not accept Soviet power, it is more surprising that part of the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia accepted it. The latter really believed that the new government would be able to create a new person and build a real paradise on earth.
Question 04. What role did the collection "Change of milestones" play?
Answer. The “change of milestones” convinced many intellectuals both at home and in immigration that serving Soviet power, they serve the cause of the restoration and revival of Russia, and the Soviet government is not as “red” as it wants to appear. This collection of articles influenced many famous cultural figures who later returned from immigration to the USSR.
Question 05. What are the reasons for the persecution directed against the Orthodox Church and its ministers?
Answer. The socialist revolutionary movement was originally atheistic (this applied to representatives of all parties, not only the Bolsheviks). But it was not only that. After the seizure of power, the Bolsheviks wanted to remain the only ones who determine the spiritual life of the country.
Question 06. What are the main features of the "new Soviet art"?
Answer. Main features:
1) the new art "thrown into the dustbin" the achievements of the old;
2) it was required to evaluate the works in terms of not their artistic merit, but the class affiliation and political preferences of the author;
3) art has not only new ideas, but also new expressive forms;
4) art was supposed to serve the construction of a new society, therefore, for example, serious artists and poets began to create posters.
Fight against illiteracy. Construction of the Soviet school. IN AND. Lenin, defining the main enemies of the socialist revolution, among others, also called the illiteracy of the population of Russia.
In 1918, the restructuring of public education began. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR." This document was based on the most advanced for that time ideas of both Russian and foreign teachers. The new Soviet school was free, it introduced elements of self-government. Pedagogical innovation was encouraged, respect for the personality of the child was cultivated. However, sometimes the pedagogical searches of that time crossed all boundaries of reason: desks were expelled from the school, the lesson system, homework assignments, textbooks, marks were cancelled.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918 "On the rules for admission to higher educational establishments"The advantage in entering universities was received by the workers and the peasant poor. In order to raise their general educational level to the minimum required for studying in high school, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes. By 1925, graduates of the workers' faculty, sent to study on party and Komsomol vouchers, accounted for half of all applicants. The state provided them with scholarships and hostels. This is how the Soviet intelligentsia began to be created.
power and intelligence. In the prime of their creative powers, the proletarian revolution was met by the luminaries of artistic culture " silver age". Some of them very soon realized that in the new conditions, Russian cultural traditions would either be trampled down or put under the control of the authorities. Appreciating above all the freedom of creativity, they chose the lot of emigrants. By the mid-20s, many of the most prominent masters of culture were abroad (I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin, A. K. Glazunov, S. S. Prokofiev, S. V. Rakhmaninov, F. I. Chaliapin, I. E. Repin, V. V. Kandinsky, M 3. Chagall and many others).M. Gorky also took a critical position in relation to the Bolshevik power, who went abroad in 1921 and settled on the island of Capri (Italy). However, not everyone chose the fate of emigrants. eminent figures cultures, having gone into deep spiritual opposition to the ruling regime, continued to create in the traditions of Russian dissent - A. A. Akhmatova, M. A. Voloshin, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Bulgakov.
The Bolsheviks, having come to power, sought to attract scientists to close cooperation, especially those who in one way or another contributed to strengthening the country's defense and economy or had unconditional world recognition. They were provided with more tolerable, in comparison with other segments of the population, living and working conditions. Many well-known scientists considered it their duty to work for the good of the Motherland, although this did not mean at all that they shared the political and ideological views of the Bolsheviks. Among them we meet the names of the founder of the theory of modern aircraft construction N. E. Zhukovsky, the creator of geochemistry and biochemistry V. I. Vernadsky, the outstanding chemist N. D. Zelinsky, the biochemist A. N. Bach, the father of cosmonautics K. E. Tsiolkovsky, the laureate Nobel Prize physiologist I. P. Pavlov, agronomist-tester I. V. Michurin, a prominent specialist in crop production K. A. Timiryazev, and others.
The beginning of party control over spiritual life. After the end of the civil war, and especially after the events in Kronstadt, the Bolsheviks began to take more and more actively the spiritual life of the country under their control. In August 1921, the newspapers published a sensational material about the exposure of the so-called Petrograd Fighting Organization, which was allegedly preparing a "bloody coup". A group of well-known Russian scientists and cultural figures were declared active participants in this organization. Although the investigation was carried out hastily and did not have convincing evidence of the guilt of those arrested, some of them were sentenced to death penalty. Among the executed were the famous chemist Professor M. M. Tikhvinsky and the greatest Russian poet N. S. Gumilyov.
At the end of August 1922 Soviet government expelled from the country 160 major Russian scientists - the pride of not only Russian but also world science. Among those expelled were the philosophers N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, L. P. Karsavin, E. N. Trubetskoy, the historian A. A. Kizevetter, the sociologist P. A. Sorokin, and others. leave Russia. Not sharing the ideological principles of Bolshevism, they nevertheless were not active fighters against it.
In 1922, a special censorship committee, Glavlit, was established, which was obliged to exercise control over all printed materials so that materials not pleasing to the authorities did not leak onto its pages. A year later, Glavlit was joined by the Glavrepert Committee, designed to control the repertoire of theaters and other entertainment events.
Nevertheless, until 1925, culture developed in conditions of relative spiritual freedom. The stormy inner-party disputes of the Bolshevik leaders prevented them from working out a single line in the field of ideology. With the strengthening of JV Stalin's position, the party "turns to face culture." In 1925, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution "On the policy of the party in the field fiction". She marked the beginning of ideologization and party dictatorship in relation to artistic creativity. Speaking to the intelligentsia, N. I. Bukharin suggested that she "go under the banner of the workers' dictatorship and Marxist ideology." The abolition of artistic dissent began.
Bolsheviks and the Church. The Bolsheviks set themselves the goal of educating a "new man" worthy of living in a communist society. One of the areas of communist education was the moral perfection of the individual, which at all times was the prerogative of the church. Therefore, the fight against religion was due not only to the atheistic views of the Bolsheviks, but also to their desire to remove a dangerous competitor from the spiritual sphere of society.
The first act of removing the church from public life was the decree of January 23, 1918, on the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church. This decree served as the basis for complete arbitrariness in the localities in relation to the church and its ministers. Temples and monasteries began to close everywhere. Their property and religious objects were confiscated "for revolutionary needs." Priests were arrested and sent to forced labor. They were disenfranchised and subjected to the highest taxes.
After the restoration of the patriarchate in 1917, Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow became the head of the Russian Orthodox Church. In January 1918 he anathematized the Bolsheviks. When a terrible famine broke out in the Volga region in 1921, Patriarch Tikhon appealed to the heads of Christian churches to help the starving. The Church Relief Committee he created launched an active activity, raising the entire believing Russia to fight the famine.
Bolshevik leaders could not accept the fact that the church seized the initiative from the state. In February 1922, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the confiscation of church property in favor of the starving. The execution of the decree in some places resulted in a genuine robbery of church property. This provoked a mass protest; within three months there were more than a thousand clashes between believers and the detachments that carried out the requisitions. Lenin decided to use these events to deliver a decisive blow to the church.
In April-May 1922 in Moscow and in July - in Petrograd noisy trials over church leaders. Several clergy - bishops and metropolitans - were sentenced to death on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Patriarch Tikhon was taken under house arrest and then transferred to prison.
Anti-religious propaganda intensified, the Union of Militant Atheists was created, and the mass magazine Bezbozhnik began to be published. After Tikhon's death in 1925, the authorities prevented the election of a new patriarch. Metropolitan Peter, who assumed patriarchal duties, was exiled to Solovki in 1926.
The beginning of a "new" art. Gained strength new trends and phenomena in the field of artistic culture. The literary-artistic and cultural-educational organization, which received the name Proletkult, declared itself louder and louder. The proletarians considered their main task to be the formation of a special, socialist culture through the development of the creative amateur activity of the proletariat. To do this, they created special art studios and clubs that united proletarians inclined towards creativity. By 1920, Proletkult organizations numbered up to 400,000 members. The Theater of Working Youth (TRAM) was created. They started their creative activity future luminaries of Soviet art: film directors S. M. Eisenstein and I. A. Pyriev, actors M. M. Shtraukh, E. P. Garin and others. cultural achievements of the past.
In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) took shape, which also evaluated literary works, proceeding not from their artistic merit, but from the point of view of the social origin of the authors. Therefore, everything that came out from the pen of writers of non-worker-peasant origin was declared "ideologically harmful."
A new generation of writers appeared, participants in the revolution and the civil war. They not only sang of revolutionary romance, but also explored the most complex life problems, psychological conflicts. Works by I. E. Babel ("Cavalry"), A. S. Serafimovich ("Iron Stream"), K. A. Trenev ("Love Yarovaya"), M. A. Sholokhov ("Don Stories"), D. A. Furmanova ("Chapaev") were talented, reflecting the mood of the people. Literature with their help descended from the sky-high heights of "pure" art, becoming more accessible to the understanding of the broad masses.
Significant changes have taken place in fine arts. The communists who seized power needed new forms that would affect the senses and agitate for a communist future. The art of the poster flourished, talented masters of this genre appeared - V. N. Denis, D. S. Moore. At the same time, various groups emerged in the visual arts with their own platforms, manifestos, and a system of visual means. Among them, the leading place was occupied by the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AHRR). In their declaration, the Ahrrovites declared that it is the civic duty of every master to "artistically and documentary capture the greatest moment of history in its revolutionary outburst." This idea was embodied in the works of I. I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, M. B. Grekov.
The architects had a lot of ideas. They created gigantic plans for the construction of never-before-seen "cities of the future", in the style of which the ideas of constructivism prevailed. In 1919, V. E. Tatlin designed a unique work "The Tower of the Third International", which laid the foundations of modern industrial design.
The cinematography continued to develop. In the 20s. the films of S. M. Eisenstein "Battleship Potemkin", "October", which marked the beginning of the development of a revolutionary theme in this art form, entered the history of world cinema.
The October Revolution (the full official name in the USSR is the Great October Socialist Revolution) is one of the largest political events in the history of mankind that influenced the entire history of the 20th century, the stage of the Russian revolution that took place in Russia in October 1917. As a result October revolution the Provisional Government was overthrown and a government formed by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets came to power, the absolute majority of the delegates of which were the Bolsheviks - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) and their allies, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, also supported by some national organizations, a small part of the Menshevik internationalists, and some anarchists. In November, the new government was also supported by the majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasants' Deputies.
The provisional government was overthrown during an armed uprising on October 25-26 (November 7-8, according to a new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and others. The uprising was directly led by The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, which also included the Left SRs.
There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it is a national catastrophe that led to civil war lagging behind other modern states and establishing a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death Great Russia like an empire) for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which had a huge impact on the whole world, and allowed Russia to choose a non-capitalist path of development, eliminate feudal remnants and directly in 1917 rather saved it from disaster. Between these extreme points view there is also a wide range of intermediate. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.
In the context of the general state situation of the October days, the seizure of power in Russia by the Bolsheviks was not inevitable, it was made inevitable by the specific mistakes of the Government, which had every opportunity to prevent it, but did not do this, being sure that this performance of the Bolsheviks was guaranteed to face the same fate as in July days.
Causes of the October Revolution
August 1, 1914 in Russia began the First World War, which lasted until November 11, 1918, the cause of which was the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism had not been created.
Russia was on the defensive in this war. And although the patriotism and heroism of the soldiers and officers was great, there was no single will, no serious plans for waging war, no sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeats. The Minister of War was put on trial, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was removed from his post. Nicholas II himself became commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite continuous the economic growth(the production of coal and oil, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons grew, huge reserves were accumulated in case of a long war) the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself both without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister, and without authoritative rates. The officer corps grew educated people, i.e. intelligentsia, which was subject to oppositional moods, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the most necessary, gave food for doubts.
Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and workers.
The predominance of military production over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady increase in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with rising prices. Discontent grew both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.
Considering that from November 1916 to May
Main tasks cultural revolution: the task was to overcome cultural inequality, to make the treasures of culture accessible to the working people. elimination of illiteracy: in 1919, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR", according to which the entire population from 8 to 50 years old was obliged to learn to read and write in their native or Russian language. In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin.
"Down with illiteracy!" In 1923, the voluntary society "Down with illiteracy" was established under the chairmanship of M. I. Kalinin. Howled opened thousands of points for the elimination of illiteracy educational program.
public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR. It is based on the principle of free education. By the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities. primary education". By the end of the 30s, mass illiteracy in our country was basically overcome
Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. Abroad were: S. V. Rachmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A.I. Kuprin and others. The lowering of the spiritual and intellectual level of 500 prominent scientists who headed the departments and entire scientific directions: P. A. Sorokin, K. N. Davydov, V. K. Agafonov, S. N. Vinogradsky and others
“INTELLIGENCE HAS ALWAYS BEEN REVOLUTIONARY. BOLSHEVIK DECRETS ARE SYMBOLS OF THE INTELLIGENCE. ABANDONED SLOGANS REQUIRING DEVELOPMENT. THE EARTH OF GOD. . . IS IT NOT A SYMBOL OF THE ADVANCED INTELLIGENCE? TRUTH, THE BOLSHEVIKS DON'T SAY THE WORDS "GOD", THEY ARE MORE CURSING, BUT YOU CAN'T GET A WORD FROM A SONG. EVITATION OF THE INTELLIGENTIAL AGAINST THE BOLSHEVIKS ON THE SURFACE. IT LOOKS ALREADY PASSING. A PERSON THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN HE SAYS. RECONCILIATION COMES, MUSICAL RECONCILIATION. . . » Can the intelligentsia work with the Bolsheviks? - Maybe I should. (A. A. Blok)
Remained at home V. M. Bekhterev N. D. Zelinsky N. I. Vavilov K. A. Timiryazev N. E. Zhukovsky V. I. Vernadsky I. P. Pavlov K. E. Tsiolkovsky
Remained at home M. Voloshin A. Akhmatova N. Gumilyov V. Mayakovsky M. Bulgakov V. Meyerhold and others.
"Smenovekhovism" ideological and political and social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. The Smenovekhites set themselves the task of revising the position of the intelligentsia in relation to post-revolutionary Russia. The essence of this revision was the rejection of armed struggle with the new government, the recognition of the need to cooperate with it in the name of the well-being of the Fatherland.
“Smenovekhovism” (results) Returned to their homeland: A. N. Tolstoy S. S. Prokofiev M. Gorky M. Tsvetaeva A. I. Kuprin authorities.
Class approach to culture The party and the state have established complete control over the spiritual life of society. 1921 - trial of the Petrograd military organization (famous scientists and cultural figures). 1922 - 160 prominent scientists and philosophers were expelled from the country. 1922 - establishment of Glavlit, and then Glavrepertkom (censorship).
From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" June 18, 1925 Thus, just as the class struggle does not stop in our country in general, it does not stop on the literary front either. In a class society there is not and cannot be a neutral art. The Party must emphasize the necessity of creating fiction designed for a truly mass reader, both worker and peasant; it is necessary to break bolder and more decisively with the prejudices of the nobility in literature
Bolsheviks and the Church. On December 11 (24), 1917, a decree appeared on the transfer of all church schools to the Commissariat of Education. On December 18 (31), the effectiveness of church marriage is annulled in the eyes of the state and civil marriage is introduced. January 21, 1918 - a decree was published on the complete separation of church and state and on the confiscation of all church property.
The decree provided for specific measures to ensure that religious organizations carry out their functions. The free performance of rituals that did not violate public order and was not accompanied by infringement on the rights of citizens was guaranteed, religious societies were given the right to free use of buildings and objects for worship.
More and more bans fell upon the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clerics; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education.
To view a presentation with pictures, design, and slides, download its file and open it in PowerPoint on your computer.
Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovteacher of history MBOU Secondary School No. 1O Arzamas Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" A.V. Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education: The goal of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. In the transformation of each person into a conscious creator of history. Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" L.D. Trotsky, member of the Politburo elimination of illiteracy. Where in a backward country, which is in a capitalist encirclement, to appear " new person". Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. December 26, 1919 In order to provide the entire population of the Republic with the opportunity to consciously participate in the political life of the country, the Council of People's Commissars decided: ... 3. The People's Commissariat of Education is given the right to involve in the training of the illiterate in the order of labor service the entire literate population of the country who is not drafted into the army ... 5. Those who study to read and write, working for hire, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, the working day is reduced by two hours for the entire duration of training with the preservation wages . Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities 1921-1922 subbotniks were held to help schools (voluntary fundraising) 1923 the All-Russian Voluntary Society "Down with illiteracy" was organized, headed by M.I. Kalinin the elimination of illiteracy, the introduction of universal education from 8-50 years old, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes, schools were opened, and illiteracy was eliminated. Statement by N.I. Bukharin in 1924 “We need the cadres of the intelligentsia to be trained ideologically in a certain manner. Yes, we will churn out intellectuals, we will work them out like in a factory.” Comment on this document. Start by clarifying the meaning of such phrases as "cadres of intelligentsia", "trained ideologically", "in a certain manner", "stamping intellectuals", "producing intellectuals, like in a factory." Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. Emigration (from Latin emigro - “I am moving out”) relocation from one country to another due to economic, political, personal circumstances Spiritual opposition M. VoloshinA. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. MayakovskyM. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy et al. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. "Smenovekhovstvo" (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks: Remained in their homeland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (well-known scientists and cultural figures). August 1922-1922. –1922 - establishment of Glavlit. 1925. Decrees of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" 1918 decree on the separation of church and state Workers of culture and science were shot The expulsion of 160 prominent scientists and philosophers from the country. Control over all printed matter Exercises of artistic diversity Arbitrariness on the ground in relation to the church and its ministers Class approach to culture The Bolsheviks and the church. From a note by V. I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 Precisely now, and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must!) confiscate church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy and without stopping before suppression of any resistance ... Than more the representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie can be shot on this occasion, so much the better. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any kind of resistance. - For what purposes did Lenin propose to confiscate church valuables? More and more bans fell upon the Church: Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive a special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of Soviet society, new cadres of the Soviet intelligentsia appeared, the fight against illiteracy, a "new art" arose, party control was established over the spiritual life of the country, and the fight against religion. Homework paragraph 22, heading “Expanding vocabulary”, answer the question in writing: Determine the achievements and losses of the spiritual life of the country.
Questions:1. Fight against illiteracy
2. Power and intelligentsia
3. Party control over the spiritual
life
4. "Smenovekhovstvo"
5. Bolsheviks and the Church
6. The beginning of the "new art"
Back in 1913, Lenin wrote:
“Such a wild country in which the masses
people were so robbed in the sense
education, light and knowledge - such a country
there is not one left in Europe, except
Russia".
On the eve of the October Revolution, about
68% of the adult population could not read and
write. It was especially disheartening
the situation of the village, where the illiterate
accounted for about 80%, and in national
districts, the proportion of illiterates reached 99.5%. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918:
─ pre-emptive right to enter
universities received workers and peasants
poor.
─ at universities and institutes were
workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created September 30, 1918
All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved
"Regulations on
unified labor
school of the RSFSR.
encouraged
pedagogical
innovation,
respect for the individual
child, were introduced
elements
self-government and
principle of free education. Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 26, 1919 "On
eradication of illiteracy among
population of Russia. (page 163)
1. all citizens between the ages of 8 and 50
were required to learn to read and write.
Points were created in towns and villages
elimination of illiteracy - educational program. In the middle
1920s only
half
population
USSR in
age
over 9 years old
owned
diploma. Rural school for adults.
2. Power and intelligentsia
Events 1917-1922 dividedcultural figures.
1. Some took a critical position on
attitude towards the Bolshevik government and
went abroad. They have chosen their lot
emigrants
2. Others have gone into a deep spiritual
opposition
3. Many became successors
revolutionary traditions of Russian
culture The Bolsheviks sought to attract
cooperation of scientists, those who
contributed to the defense and
economy of the country or had a global
confession. They were provided with more
tolerable living and working conditions. Many
famous scientists sincerely worked on
the good of the Motherland, although they did not share
the views of the Bolsheviks.
This is N.E. Zhukovsky, V.I. Vernadsky,
N.D.Zelinsky, A.N.Bach, K.E.Tsiolkovsky,
I.P. Pavlov, I.V. Michurin.
3. Party control over spiritual life
Started in 1921 or after the civilwar.
August 1921 - the trial of
Petrograd military organization.
Some scientists and cultural figures
were shot.
August 1922 from the country were
160 scientists and philosophers were expelled.
In 1922, Glavlit was established -
censorship committee. In 1923 -
Glavrepertkom. Until 1925 until the strengthening of positions
Stalin's culture developed under the conditions
relative spiritual freedom.
In 1925, the Central Committee adopted a resolution
All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the policy of the party in the field of
fiction". Began
the abolition of artistic
dissent. Approved
ideological attitudes.
4. "Smenovekhovstvo"
In July 1921, a collection was published in Praguearticles "Change of milestones". (explain title)
Some Russian emigrants believed
that the Bolsheviks managed to drive anarchy
(revolution) into the state mainstream and
start the restoration of the Russian state.
We need to stop fighting
Soviet power. She will inevitably come
to the restoration of the bourgeois-democratic order. NEP
confirmed the correctness of their conclusions.
Comparison of Soviet power with a radish.
