Glorious Revolution 1688 1689 Glorious revolution. Immediate cause for the overthrow of James II
The reign of James II was short. The Catholic king and supporter of Louis XIV, who just at that time canceled the Edict of Nantes, began, contrary to the Test Act, to appoint Catholics to civil, military and even ecclesiastical positions, while referring to his right to repeal the law or exempt famous people from obeying the law. On the same basis, which the nation, however, did not recognize, James II declared freedom of worship, which the Catholics were to enjoy first of all. On the contrary, the Anglican clergy, who did not want to read the royal declaration about it in the churches, were persecuted. The nation tolerated these measures of the Catholic king, hoping that with his death the throne would pass to his daughter Mary, who was a Protestant and was married to a Dutch stadtholder William of Orange. But Jacob II had a son. The Whigs, who at the beginning of the reign of James II made a new attempt at an uprising, for which they paid dearly, decided not to allow the English throne to be permanently established for the Catholics, and this time the Torii bowed to their side. A request was then sent from England to William of Orange come to the defense of Protestantism and freedom. The Dutch stadtholder accepted the invitation, sailed with his fleet to the shores of England, landed his army and moved to London, welcomed by the people and even by the royal troops (1688). James II, abandoned by everyone, hastily fled to France, and the "Convent" convened by William of Orange, that is, a parliament without a king, recognized that the English throne became vacant due to Jacob's breachII of his treaty with the people and the renunciation of power evident from his removal from the country. William of Orange and Maria were invited to the vacant throne by parliament, but they had to sign bill and declaration of rights, who finally asserted for the nation and parliament their liberties and rights (1689). At the same time, non-conformists, with the exception of Catholics, were given religious tolerance because they were against James II in the political struggle, despite all his fawning. This coup, during which not a single drop of blood was shed, is called second English revolution(or glorious revolution). It was the victory of Parliament over the aspirations of royalty for absolutism, and in particular the victory of the Whigs over the Tories.
see Stuart restoration
William of Orange
In response to the actions of the king, a wide conspiracy arose, in which all the main political forces of England were involved. Their hopes were pinned on the Stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange, who was married to his daughter English king Mary. His main advantage in the eyes of the English opposition was the Protestant faith. In addition, it was easier to negotiate with the invited foreign king about guarantees of the constitutional rights of subjects. An appeal to William with a proposal to take the English throne was signed by both Whigs and Tories.
Events of 1688-1689 went down in history as "Glorious Revolution", which resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England. The most important act that formalized the new state structure, became the "Bill of Rights", according to which the legislative power was finally assigned to Parliament, along with its exclusive right to impose taxes. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Map "Glorious Revolution" Campaign of William of Orange
Causes of the Glorious Revolution in England
Glorious Revolution in England
Why the events of 1688-1689 are called the glorious revolution
Glorious Revolution in England aftermath
Causes of the Glorious Revolution
see Stuart restoration
The English King James II, after taking office in 1685, made decisive attempts to restore Catholicism in the country.
William of Orange
In response to the actions of the king, a wide conspiracy arose, in which all the main political forces of England were involved.
Their hopes were pinned on the stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange, who was married to the daughter of the English king Mary. His main advantage in the eyes of the English opposition was the Protestant faith.
In addition, it was easier to negotiate with the invited foreign king about guarantees of the constitutional rights of subjects.
An appeal to William with a proposal to take the English throne was signed by both Whigs and Tories.
William of Orange agreed to undertake an expedition to England to defend "the Protestant religion, liberty, property, and a free parliament for the English nation," and in December 1688 his army entered London. James II fled abroad, and in January of the following year, a specially convened Parliament proclaimed Mary II and William III (1689-1702) Queen and King of England.
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England
Events of 1688-1689
went down in history as "Glorious Revolution", which resulted in the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England. The most important act that formalized the new state structure was the "Bill of Rights", according to which the legislative power was finally assigned to the parliament, along with its exclusive right to set taxes.
Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
The formation of the constitutional monarchy regime was completed by the Parliamentary Act of 1701, which consolidated the rule of law in the political life of England and established the principle of succession to the throne, according to which only a follower of the Anglican Church could occupy the royal throne. In 1707, England and Scotland finally united into one state, which received the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
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1688 - Tories and Whigs, united for a short time, make the so-called glorious revolution. In place of the eliminated James II (because of his policy: he prepared the restoration of Catholicism, expelled the Whig judges), the stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange, was erected (a Protestant, brought up in the spirit of constitutional government, close to the interests of land ownership and industry, related to English home husband of Mary, daughter of Jacob).
1689 - the coronation of Wilhelm, the signing of the act of the "Bill of Rights": consolidated the leading position of the bourgeoisie; every law and every tax proceeds only from Parliament; only the parliament can repeal the law and suspend it; freedom of debate in Parliament; freedom of petition; frequent and regular convocation of chambers is guaranteed; Parliament determines the composition and size of the army and allocates funds for this.
Upon accession to the throne, the king was now obliged to express the interests of the bourgeoisie.
By this act, a constitutional agreement was concluded between the Whigs and the Tories, which was expressed as follows: the Tories remain in power, but will pursue policies in the interests of the Whigs.
This compromise became the basis for further political development England.
1789 - Parliament is declared the supreme body, it also increased its term of office to 7 years.
"Act of dispensation" (Act on the future restriction and on the better provision of the rights and freedoms of citizens) of 1701:
1. Succession to the throne - the one who came to the throne had to join the Anglican church.
2. The principle of countersignature - every act of the king for entry into force required a second signature (either the first minister of the government, or the minister in whose jurisdiction this act belonged).
1711 - the principle of irresponsibility of the monarch "the king cannot do evil" is affirmed - the minister can be put on trial.
3. A person holding a paid office or a place subordinate to the king cannot be a member of the House of Commons.
4. Patents for the positions of judges will be issued "as long as they behave well", but in the case of representation of both houses of parliament, their removal is allowed.
Thus, at the end of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century, new form state structure.
Its founding principles are:
1. The principle of the rule of law. In accordance with the customs of the country, laws, and only on the basis of them, new legislative acts are created and adopted.
2. The principle of the supremacy of parliament. He could now do almost anything.
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glorious revolution
In 1685, after the death of the childless English king Charles II, the uncle and father-in-law of William of Orange, James II, took the throne of England and Scotland, who began to pursue a policy that caused extreme displeasure of the Anglican majority.
In 1687 the King issued a Declaration of Religious Toleration favorable to Catholics. Fears of a Catholic restoration in the country alienated the king from his natural supporters - the Tories. The Anglicans were especially worried about the royal permission for Catholics to hold officer positions in the army, which the king increased to 34 thousand people.
The policy of religious tolerance was strongly protested by the Anglican bishops. Londoners sympathized with them in every way when the king ordered 10 bishops to be imprisoned for open disobedience in the Tower. For some time, Jacob's opponents hoped for the death of the elderly king, after which his Protestant daughter Mary, William's wife, would take the throne of England.
However, in 1688, a son was unexpectedly born to the 55-year-old James II, and this event served as the impetus for a coup. The anti-Jacobite forces agreed to invite the Dutch couple, Mary and Wilhelm, to replace the tyrant.
Prince William of Orange vigilantly followed the events in England.
The prince was the largest figure among the Protestant rulers in Europe, and he was not satisfied with the prospect of a Franco-English alliance and the strengthening of the English army and navy by James II. By this time, William had visited England several times and gained great popularity there, especially among the Whigs.
In the same year, 1688, James II intensified the persecution of the Anglican clergy and quarreled with the Tories.
He has practically no defenders left ( Louis XIV engaged in the War of the Palatinate Succession). Dissatisfied with the policy of the king, seven prominent English politicians - (“immortals” - Earl T. Denby, Earl C. Shrewsbury, Lord W. Cavendish, Viscount R, Lamley, Admiral E. Russell, Bishop of London G. Compton and G. Sydney, who actually hand-wrote a secret dispatch to Wilhelm, where it was written, in particular, that 19 out of 20 Englishmen would be very happy about the coup and the accession of the Protestant king). secretly allocated a large amount to the Dutch. The main funding was assumed by the merchants of Amsterdam. Also, William was guaranteed by the "immortals" that the English army would not fight for the Catholic king - officers deserted en masse to the prince's camp.
Bentinck launched a real propaganda campaign, portraying Wilhelm as a "true Stuart" and a good sovereign.
The main forces of the Dutch army were intended for the invasion, which were temporarily replaced by 16 thousand mercenaries hired in Brandenburg, Hesse-Kassel and Württemberg.
William's fleet consisted of 463 ships, including 49 large warships, which was more than in the Great Armada of the Spaniards. Due to the unfavorable wind, the English fleet could not prevent the Dutch from mooring to the shores of England. On November 15, 1688, William landed in England with an army of 40 thousand infantry and 5 thousand cavalry. His standard was inscribed with the words: "I will support Protestantism and the freedom of England." Initially, the Dutch did not meet with much sympathy in southern England. The army of James II concentrated in Salisbury, the king was informed in time about the names of officers and officials disloyal to him, but for some unknown reason he did not order their arrest. The first battle took place at Winconton, after which Lord Cornbury was the first to desert to Wilhelm.
The next day, Lieutenant General John Churchill, having learned that the commander of Earl Feversham advised the king to arrest him along with 500 officers, followed the example of Lord Cornbury. . James II, seriously fearing for his life, fled to France, from where he tried to carry out the restoration, but without any success.
Even before William entered London, pogroms of Catholics and embassies of Catholic powers began in the city. Rumors about the attack of the Irish Catholic army to help King James caused panic and unrest in London. civil war was quite real. Through skillful intrigue, William succeeded in defeating the Tory proposal so that Mary would take the throne, and William would remain only a consort, the Dutch troops in London gave William's word tangible strength. In January 1689, Parliament proclaimed William and his wife the monarchs of England and Scotland on equal terms.
September 9, 1689 (Gregorian), William III King of England joined the Augsburg League against France. Five years later, Mary died, and in the future, William led the country himself.
As a result of the revolution, the absolute monarchy in England was replaced by a dualistic one (see the Bill of Rights of 1689). In addition, discrimination against Protestants (Act on Religious Tolerance) decreased, but discrimination against Catholics remained, and then intensified - they, in particular, could not occupy the throne and were deprived of the right to vote, see below.
Act of Succession. Until now, there are two opposing points of view of researchers on the events of 1688: 1- the concept of the "Glorious Revolution" - the birth of English constitutional government 2- as a Dutch intervention. In essence, all events fit into the scheme: conspiracy-invasion-constitutional revolution.
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"Glorious Revolution"- the name accepted in the historical literature coup d'état 1688–1689 in England (the removal from the throne of James II Stuart and the proclamation of William III of Orange as king), as a result of which the rights of the crown were limited.
At the end of the 1670s. the parliamentary opposition in England took shape in the Whig party, and the supporters of the king were called the Tories. The former relied on the nobility and the bourgeoisie, while the latter relied on the old feudal nobility, the royal court, and officials.
Under James II (1685-1688), the feudal-absolutist reaction to the opposition assumed the most ferocious character. The general fear for their safety prompted even a significant part of the Tories to recoil from the king. The leaders of the opposition prepared a conspiracy to expel James and invite the Stadtholder of Holland, William of Orange, to the English throne. The organizers of the coup counted on the fact that William of Orange would not claim supremacy over Parliament, and in addition, his invitation to the throne would ensure England's union and alliance with Holland against France.
In November 1688, William of Orange landed with an army in England. James II fled to the protection of Louis XIV. In early 1689, Parliament elevated William of Orange to the throne, and in the autumn of that year adopted a Bill of Rights that deprived the king of the right to repeal or suspend laws issued by Parliament, impose taxes and raise an army without the consent of Parliament. The Bill of Rights finally established in England the supremacy of Parliament over royalty and a regime of limited constitutional monarchy. This document legally formalized the completed coup d'état and laid the foundation for legal framework constitutional monarchy, i.e., bourgeois statehood, which began to take shape in England as a result of the revolution of the middle of the 17th century. The coup of 1688 and the Bill of Rights were an expression of compromise between the nobility and the bourgeoisie and contributed to the further capitalist development of the country.
Effects English revolution were of great importance. As a result of the revolution and coup of 1688, the new nobility and bourgeoisie were able to use state power to speed up capitalist development country by carrying out massive enclosures and driving peasants off the land, profitable government loans, taxation, colonial conquests, and the promotion of trade and industry. The consequence of this was that England was the first to survive the industrial revolution and subsequently turned into the first great industrial capitalist power, far ahead of other European states in its development.
Despite the limited nature of the coup of 1688, it was important for the subsequent development of English capitalism. The establishment of a constitutional monarchy meant real access to power for the big bourgeoisie and the bourgeois nobility. For the propertied classes of England, the "Glorious Revolution" of 1688 really did a lot, providing them with the opportunity for unlimited accumulation of capital at the expense of the masses of the people of Great Britain itself and due to the robbery and merciless exploitation of the population of its numerous colonies scattered in different parts Sveta.
The main result of the coup - the strengthening of the constitutional monarchy - corresponded to the needs of bourgeois progress in the country, meant the transfer of supreme power to the parliament, in whose hands were concentrated legislative and partially executive functions, curtailed by the king. With the final elimination of absolutism, the coup consolidated in the political sphere the successes of the revolution of the middle of the 17th century.
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"Glorious Revolution" 1688-1689 and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England.
James II began his reign (1685) by issuing a proclamation ordering the continuation of the payment of customs payments, which were granted to his late brother Charles II only for the duration of his life. The following year, the king established a court of commissioners for church affairs of seven persons chaired by the Chancellor. In essence, this was the restoration of the High Commission Court, which dealt with religious violations and was abolished.
The policy of the Stuarts, which threatened the reverse redistribution of church lands seized by the bourgeoisie and gentry, led to a short-term unification of Whigs and Tories. happened palace coup 1688, named "Glorious Revolution", with the aim of replacing James II with a more "convenient" monarch. As a result, James II was deposed and fled the country, and his place was taken by Prince William of Orange, invited to the throne, whom "almighty God was pleased to make a glorious instrument for the liberation of this kingdom from papism and arbitrary power."
The "Glorious Revolution" completed the formalization of a compromise between the bourgeoisie, which actually dominates important areas of society's life, and the officially ruling landed aristocracy. Political power in the center and locally remained mainly in the hands of noble landowners in exchange for the interests of the financial elite of the bourgeoisie. This compromise laid the foundation for a strong consensus among the leading political forces on the fundamental issues of the country's socio-political development, which became the most important feature of English political culture in the 19th and 20th centuries. From now on, the differences between these forces were not to be of a "principled" nature, capable of violating such an agreement and political stability in English society.
The most important political result such a compromise was the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England enshrined in two Acts of Parliament:
- Bill of 1689;
- Act of Dispensation 1701
The Glorious Revolution is the historiographical name for the 1688 coup d'état in England that overthrew King James II Stuart. The coup involved the Dutch expeditionary force under the command of the ruler of the Netherlands, William of Orange, who became the new king of England under the name of William III (in joint rule with his wife Mary II Stuart, daughter of James II). The coup received widespread support among the most diverse sections of English society. Macaulay believed given event central to the history of England.
This event is found in historical literature under the names "Revolution of 1688" and "Bloodless Revolution"; the latter name, however, reflects only the nature of the transition of power in England, and does not take into account the wars with the Jacobites in Ireland and Scotland.
background
In 1685, after the death of the childless English king Charles II, the uncle and father-in-law of William of Orange, James II, took the throne of England and Scotland. Initially, English society, remembering the excesses of the recent revolution, treated him loyally. The elected Parliament consisted mainly of Conservatives (Tories).
However, just a few months after the coronation, James began to pursue a policy that caused extreme displeasure of the Anglican majority. Under the pretext of fighting petty rebellions, the king created a standing army, the size of which quickly grew to 40,000 soldiers. In November of the same 1685. parliament was dissolved. In 1687, the King issued a "Declaration of Religious Toleration" favorable to Catholics. Fears of a Catholic restoration in the country and a new redistribution of property alienated the king from his natural supporters, the Tories. Of particular concern to the Anglicans was the royal permission for Catholics to hold officer positions in the army.
The policy of religious tolerance was strongly protested by the Anglican bishops. The king responded by ordering 10 bishops to be imprisoned in the Tower. For some time, Jacob's opponents hoped for the death of the elderly king, after which his Protestant daughter Mary, William's wife, would take the throne of England. However, in 1688, a son was unexpectedly born to the 55-year-old James II, and this event served as the impetus for a coup. Anti-Jacobite forces (both Tories and Whigs) decided to discuss the option of changing the "tyrant" to the Dutch couple - Mary and William.
Prince William of Orange was the largest figure among the Protestant rulers in Europe, and as ruler of the Netherlands, he was worried about the prospect of a possible Anglo-French alliance and the strengthening of the English army and navy by James II. Therefore, the removal of James II from power seemed highly desirable to William, even regardless of his own prospects for becoming the ruler of England. By this time, William had visited England several times and gained great popularity there.
Revolution
In 1688, James II intensified the persecution of the Anglican clergy and finally fell out with the Tories. He had practically no defenders left (Louis XIV was busy with the war for the Palatinate inheritance). Dissatisfied with the policy of the king, seven prominent English politicians - Earl T. Denby, Earl C. Shrewsbury, Lord W. Cavendish, Viscount R. Lamley, Admiral E. Russell, Bishop of London G. Compton and G. Sydney - wrote a secret invitation to William, where it was assured, in particular, that 19 out of 20 Englishmen would be very happy about the coup and the accession of the Protestant king.
On November 15, 1688, William landed in England with an army of 40,000 infantry (including sailors) and 5,000 cavalry. The invading army consisted almost entirely of Protestants, including English émigré Whigs. Her standard was inscribed with the words: "I will support Protestantism and the freedom of England."
The army of James II concentrated in Salisbury, but not a single serious battle took place, most of the military leaders immediately went over to the side of William, including Lieutenant General John Churchill. Youngest daughter King Anne, at the instigation of her confidante, John Churchill's wife Sarah, also left for William's camp. The coup was also actively supported by the townspeople, Protestant and parliamentary leaders, and government ministers. Jacob II, abandoned by everyone and seriously fearing for his life, fled to France, from where he tried to carry out the restoration, but without any success.
Further developments
Wilhelm rejected the Tory proposal that Mary should take the throne, and William would remain only a consort. In January 1689, Parliament proclaimed William and his wife equal monarchs of England and Scotland. On September 9, 1689 (Gregorian), William III joined the League of Augsburg against France. After 5 years, Mary died, and in the future, Wilhelm ruled the country himself.
During the reign of Wilhelm III, profound reforms were carried out that laid the foundation for the political and economic system of the country. During these years, the rapid rise of England and its transformation into a mighty world power begins. At the same time, a tradition is being established, according to which the power of the monarch is limited by a number of legal provisions established by the fundamental "Bill of Rights of English Citizens". Discrimination against Protestants decreased (Act on Religious Tolerance), but remained, and then discrimination against Catholics intensified - they, in particular, could not occupy the throne and were deprived of the right to vote
