home Botany book Relief features and minerals of Algeria. North African countries. Algeria Features of the relief of Algeria minerals of the country

Relief features and minerals of Algeria. North African countries. Algeria Features of the relief of Algeria minerals of the country

In the east it borders with Tunisia, in the south - with, in the west - with Western Sahara, Morocco and Mauritania. The northern border of Algeria is the coast.

The territory of Algiers includes the central part mountain range Atlas and northern Sahara. The two main ranges - the Saharan Atlas and the Coast Range, as well as the intermountain plains represent the picturesque relief of northern Algeria. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by the rocky deserts of hamadam and sandy ergams. The main river in Algeria is the Shelif, but the river network in Algeria is poorly developed, most of the rivers dry up during the hot months of the year.

Despite this, there are a lot of beautiful places in Algeria.

The vegetation of the coast of Algeria is represented by evergreen hard-leaved trees and shrubs. The mountains in Algeria are covered with forests of holm oak, arborvitae, juniper, Atlas cedar, Aleppo pine and cork oak.

The animal world of this country is rather poor, as it was significantly exterminated by man, especially in the 19-20 centuries. Macaques, hares and wild boars are preserved in the forests of the Atlas. While in the Sahara live jackals, cheetahs, gazelles, hyenas, birds of prey, genets, phalanxes, addax antelope, lizards, fennec foxes, turtles, snakes, small rodents, locusts and scorpions.

Algeria, Algerian People's Democratic Republic (arab. Al-Jumhuriya al-Jazairiya Democracy ash-Shaabiya; French. Republique Algerienne Democratique et Populaire), is a state in the Northern, in the western part. It borders in the west with and Western Sahara, in the southwest - with Mauritania and Mali, in the southeast - with, in the east - with and Tunisia. The area is 2382 thousand km 2. Population 20.1 million people (1981, est.). The capital is Algiers (El Jazair). Algeria is made up of 31 wilayas. The official language is Arabic. The monetary unit is the Algerian dinar. Algeria is a member of the League of Arab States, the Organization of African Unity, is a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ().

General characteristics of the economy. During the colonial period, the structure of the Algerian economy took shape under the influence of French monopoly capital. After gaining state independence (1962), the Algerian government set about transforming the colonial economy into a national one. Foreign landed property was expropriated, many industrial enterprises and the main modes of transport were nationalized. Self-governing farms and state enterprises have been created on this basis. In addition to the mining industry, Algeria has a well-developed metallurgical, metalworking, food processing, and textile industries; developing the chemical industry.

The structure of the country's GDP (1979%): agriculture, including forestry, hunting and fishing, 6.5; mining industry 28.2; processing 11.8; construction 13.4; trade 13.5; transport and communications 4.7; others 21.9. Electricity production in 1981 amounted to 7,700 million kWh. In the structure of the fuel and energy balance (1980), 54% falls on, 44% on gas, 2% on. Length railways(1981) about 3.9 thousand km, - about 92 thousand km, incl. paved about 47 thousand km. Developed . Maritime transport provides almost all foreign trade transportation. Total cargo turnover of seaports (1981) 60 million tons; the largest ports are Bejaia, Arzev, Algiers, Annaba, Oran.

Nature. Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas Mountains and the Caxapa Desert (the central and southern parts of the country). In the south of the Sahara region, there are the desert highlands of Ahaggar (Hoggar) with Tahat peak (3005 m), in the north - a rocky plateau (about 500 m high) and sandy deserts with high dune ridges (Big Erg, Erg-Igidi, Erg-Shesh, etc. .) and rocky deserts. Northern Algeria is occupied by the ridges of the Atlas mountain system, within which in the north there is a large ridge Tel Atlas (Varsenis, height up to 1995 m), massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia (up to 2308 m), in the south - the Saharan Atlas (Khodnya, Opec, up to 2328 m), between which there are intermontane plateaus and plains of the High Plateaus (800-1200 m).

The climate of Northern Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean, the average January temperature is over 5-12 ° C, July 25 ° C, the amount of precipitation in the mountains is 1200 mm per year (Kabylia), 400-800 mm in Tel Atlas, 200-400 mm on the intermountain plains. The climate of the Sahara region is tropical desert, daily temperature fluctuations up to 30 ° C, precipitation less than 50 mm per year. All the rivers of Algeria belong to the type of oueds (temporary streams). The vegetation is mostly desert and semi-desert, with cork oak forests in the mountains.

In the cover of the Sahara Plate, syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara), separated by uplifts, and the Ugart zone, which is a zone that appeared at the end of the Carboniferous, stand out. Ores, rare metals and in Ahaggar are associated with volcanics and granites of the Riphean - Vendian. In the Tindouf syneclise, among the Paleozoic clayey-sandy deposits of the platform cover, the largest deposits of uranium are localized, in the south of Ahaggar - promising deposits of uranium. The anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern dip of the Ahaggar host unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).

In the folded Atlas region, gypsum-saline clays and red-colored clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits and carbonate-terrigenous (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clayey-carbonate deposits, and in the south, by continental deposits.

In Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic covers displaced from north to south (). In the coastal zone, granitoids of the Neogene are also slightly developed, in the massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia - metamorphic rocks and Paleozoic, which protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel Atlas is the platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran meseta), where the folded Hercynian is overlapped by a thin, slightly deformed Mesozoic -. Terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks of the Paleozoic are exposed, crumpled and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. To the south of the High Plateaus is the moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed on the site of the Mesozoic trough. In general, near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or "Atlas") strikes prevail in the Atlas region, as well as submeridional "Red Sea" folds superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the tell-Atlas sharyags. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the placement of volcanites, evaporite and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In Northern Algeria, deposits of iron ores and various types of non-metallic raw materials are associated with Mesozoic-Cenozoic rocks.

The territory of Algeria is characterized by high, which is associated with movement along faults and charyazhs in various zones of Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its limits are coastal zones (Tenes-Shershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelf).

Minerals. In Algeria, deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, ores of uranium, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as, etc., have been discovered and explored (Table 1).

In terms of oil reserves, Algeria ranks third in Africa. On the territory of Algeria, 183 and are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan; most of the deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field is localized in the sandstones of the Cambrian-Ordovician. The Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuil, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Fue, Gourd-el-Bagel and other fields have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field occurs in the sandstones of the Triassic; Significant gas reserves have been explored at the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.

The reserves of coal are insignificant, its deposits (Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif) are concentrated in the deposits of the Upper Carboniferous in the Bechar basin. Coals are fat, caking, medium ash (8-20%), contain 20-35% volatile impurities and 2-3.5% sulfur.

In terms of uranium ore reserves, Algeria ranks 4th in Africa. The hydrothermal-vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proved reserves are 12 thousand tons, the content of U 3 O 8 is 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium manifestations are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).

In terms of iron ore reserves, Algeria is in 2nd place in Africa. In northern Algeria, metasomatic deposits of iron ore have been explored in reef limestones of the Apt (Jebel-Uenza, Bou-Khadra), the total reserves of which are over 100 million tons, the Fe content is 40-56%. In the Tindouf syneclise, the largest Devonian sedimentary deposits of oolitic iron ores in Algeria, Gara-Jebilet (total reserves of 2 billion tons, Fe content 50-57%) and Mesheri-Abdelaziz (2 billion tons, 50-55%), were revealed. The reserves of manganese ores are insignificant, they are confined to the volcanogenic-hydrothermal deposit of Oued-Gettara (total reserves 1.5 million tons, Fe content 40-50%) in the Bechar region.

In terms of lead and zinc ores, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In Northern Algeria, vein (telethermal) and lenticular vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yusef, Meslulla, Jebel-Ishmul), veins in sandy-argillaceous rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanic rocks (Bu-Sufa, Oued-el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu-Duka, Ashish, Ain-Barbar, Kef-um-Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in the Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the west of the Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben-Tajik in Ugart) and Vendian (Khank south of Regibat).

Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). The deposits were found in the Azzaba area among the terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in the Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand tons, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). In terms of ore reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa; they are concentrated in northern Algeria at the Hammam-Nbails telethermal deposit. In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, Algeria ranks first in Africa. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite greisen-vein bodies of Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin, etc., associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In northern Algeria, the Belelietta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.

The most significant gold vein deposits—Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, and others—are explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and prospecting for gold continues.

The Bou-Duau deposit has been discovered in northern Algeria.

In terms of phosphorite reserves, Algeria is in 5th place in Africa. In Northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are associated with clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Kuif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite-bearing province).

In terms of reserves, Algeria ranks 2nd in Africa. In northern Algeria, the vein deposits of Mizab (total reserves of 2.15 million tons, BaSO 4 content of 90%), Affensu, Bu-Mani, Varsenis and Sidi Kamber were discovered, in the Bechar region - vein fields of Bu-Kais, Abadla, etc. Of the other minerals in Algeria, the large Beni-Mansur deposit (Northern Algeria) has been explored, the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; deposits are known (reserves are small), culinary, etc.

History of development of mineral resources. The oldest evidence of the use of stone for the manufacture of tools was found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic dishes began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large burial structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazvini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper ore in the mountains of Jebel Ketama. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), there are also mentions of the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, building stone (not later than the 16th century). Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the hill of Jebel el-Melh ("Mountain of Salt").

After the colonization of Algeria (1830), intensive searches began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Wenza, Mokti el Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. 19th century, at the same time, intensive development of deposits was carried out, and (Muzaya, Oued-Merja, Tizi-Ntaga), phosphorites (since 1893). In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production from which was carried out during the years of World War II (1939-45).

Mining. General characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas production (more than 90% of the value of all mining products); provides most of the foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH") holds a monopoly position. Oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants have been taken under the control of the company. The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government promotes the development of the oil and gas industry by combining with foreign capital (up to 49%) while maintaining 51% of the shares in SONATRACH. The company conducts production, as well as for oil and gas, in the Sahara together with the French companies "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d" Activités Pétrolières", US companies ("Getty Oil Co."), Spain (Hispanoil), Germany (Deminex), Poland (Copex) and Brazil (Petrobras). consumption and export of all solid minerals (total number of employees about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries, explores in northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury (Table 2).

Mining of ores of iron and non-ferrous metals is insignificant (See map.).

Oil industry. For the first time in the country, exploration work for oil began in the northern regions in 1875, and production on a small scale began in 1913. The discovery in 1956 of large oil fields in the Sahara region served as the basis rapid development oil industry (industrial production began in 1958). This was also facilitated by the commissioning in 1960 of Hassi-Messaoud-Bejaia and Edjele-Sekhira (Tunisia) with a throughput capacity of 14 million tons per year each. The Algerian oil industry was partially nationalized in 1971. SONATRACH controls 77% of oil production (1981). In 1981, in terms of this indicator, Algeria ranked 14th among industrialized capitalist and developing countries and 3rd among African countries (after Libya and Nigeria).

The main production areas are the oil fields of Haud-Berkawi, Hassi-Mesaud, El-Hassi, Hassi-el-Agreb, Gourd-el-Baghel. Products also come from the oil and gas fields of Hassi-Tuil, Gurd-Hyc, Nezla. In 1981, the number of operating oil wells was 1050. The oil is light, low-sulfur. Most of the raw materials (up to 70%) Algeria exports (mainly to Western Europe). The most important shipping ports are Arzev and Skikda. Large oil pipelines: Assakai-faf - Sehira (Tunisia), Hassi-Messaoud - Bejaia, Hassi-Messaoud - Arzev, Mesdar - Skikda, etc. The total length of all oil pipelines is over 4.5 thousand km (1980).

The capacities of Algeria's oil refining industry are designed to meet the needs of the domestic market. In the early 80s. in Algeria, there was a total annual production capacity of 21 million tons. The country took a course towards saving its own oil resources and their rational use (in 1979, production decreased by 10%, in 1980 - by 15%); By 1990, a partial replacement of oil exports by exports of petroleum products is also expected. Search and exploration work is being activated. In 1980-1981, about 20 agreements were concluded with foreign companies (,). In 1980, 249 were drilled (76 produced oil, 96 gas).

Gas industry. Natural gas production in the country began in the 1960s. 20 century and is growing at a high rate (in 1971-80, an average of 14% per year). In 1980, Algeria ranked first among the developing countries in terms of commercial production. The industry of Algeria is characterized by an export orientation. About 30% of produced gas is exported. More than 1/3 of the produced gas is supplied to the foreign market. Importers - France, Spain, USA. The dynamic development of the industry is explained by the presence of large reserves of raw materials, the proximity of such a capacious gas market as Western Europe. Algeria's gas industry was nationalized in 1971. The vast majority of gas production, transportation, and marketing is accounted for by the SONATRACH company, which directs the bulk of its capital investments to the development of the gas industry. The largest field under development is Khassi-Rmel.

To the south-east of it there are several oil and gas fields, the most important of which are Alrar, Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, etc. To the south-west of Hassi-Rmel there is a group of smaller gas fields. The development of deposits in these areas is expected to begin after the construction of gas pipelines to the Khassi-Rmel field.

Most of the gas is obtained from oil fields. In 1978, the share of associated gas in the total volume of gross production (32.5 billion m 3 ) was 57%. Due to lack of necessary transport systems this type of raw material is flared (38% of total production in 1978) or injected into oil reservoirs (20%). Algeria is the 3rd largest exporter of liquefied natural gas in the world. There are four enterprises in the country: three in Arzev with a total annual capacity of 22 billion m 3 and one in Skikda with a capacity of 9 billion m 3 .

Produced gas is pumped through the main gas pipelines Hassi-Rmel - Arzev (two lines with a total capacity of 3.8 billion m 3 per year) and Hassi-Rmel - Skikda (13.5 billion m 3 per year) to seaports for the purpose of further supplies to the foreign market. There is also an extensive gas distribution network for supplying gas to consumption centers. The total length of the gas pipeline network in Algeria is about 4,000 km. In 1981, the construction of the Algiers-Italy Trans-Mediterranean gas pipeline (2,500 km) was completed, which runs through the territory of Tunisia, through the Strait of Sicily, Sicily, and the Strait of Messina to the southern regions of Italy. The capacity of the gas pipeline is 12 billion m 3 per year; it is possible to increase it (due to the construction of additional compressor stations) up to 18 billion m 3 . A project is being developed for the construction of the Trans-Mediterranean gas pipeline Algeria-Spain through the Strait of Gibraltar with a throughput capacity of up to 40 billion cubic meters per year.

Mining and chemical industry. The basis of the raw material base of the mining and chemical industry of Algeria is the reserves of phosphorites. The development of mining of this mineral in Algeria was hindered by the fact that in the region it is much inferior in quality to Moroccan and Tunisian phosphorites. In terms of phosphorite mining, Algeria ranks 10th among the industrially developed capitalist and developing countries (1980), giving about 1.5% of their total production. The extraction of minerals is mainly concentrated in the Jebel-Onk open pit with a production capacity of 3.6 million tons of ore per year. The reserves within the quarry field exceed 200 million tons. The main mining equipment is draglines. The mined ore undergoes primary processing. Due to the content of organic impurities and carbonates in it, it is enriched by calcination in a fluidized bed at a temperature of 900°C. The bulk of the phosphorites mined in Algeria is exported, mainly to the countries of Western Europe. A significant expansion of the production of phosphate fertilizers from domestic raw materials is expected. In this regard, Algeria signed contracts with the Polymex Cekop company (Poland) and the Marubeni Hitachi consortium (Japan) for the construction of fertilizer plants in the cities. Annaba and Telessa. By 1990, the volume of output is expected to be increased to 3.65 million tons.

Algeria has quite large resources of barium raw materials. At the same time, the size of the extraction of minerals in the country is small - about 1.5% of the industrially developed capitalist and developing countries. Some growth in production has been noted since the early 1970s. and is associated mainly with the needs of the oil and gas industries. The development of barite deposits (predominantly veined) is mainly concentrated in the area of the cities. Ain Mimoun, Sidi Kamber, Mokla. It is carried out both open and underground. Flotation is used to enrich the ore. It is planned to bring the annual production of barite up to 150 thousand tons. Pyrite deposits are being developed in small volumes in the country (not more than 20 thousand tons per year, in terms of sulfur).

Iron ore mining. On the territory of Algeria, the development of iron ores is carried out by open and underground methods at the deposits of Jebel-Ouenza, Bou-Khadra, Khanget, Beni-Saf. The largest deposit and promising mining area is Gara-Jebilet in the south-west of the country. Mining is carried out by the open method of the state company Société Nationale de Recherches et d "Exploitations Minières" ("SONAREM") with the involvement of Moroccan capital and amounts to 4.2 million tons of ore per year (1979). The development system is transport. Iron ore serves as a raw material for El-Hajar metallurgical plant, near the port of Annaba.To export the mined ore, a 1,100 km long railway was planned to be built to the Algerian coast of the Mediterranean Sea, where it is planned to create (in the early 90s) a large metallurgical plant (in La Macra, between Arzev and Mostaganem).

Mercury mining. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. It accounts for about 1/4 of the total extraction of mercury ores in industrialized capitalist and developing countries. Mining since 1971 has been carried out by the company "Mercure d" Ismail "in an open way in the Azzaba area. A metallurgical plant for the processing of ores also operates here. Geological exploration for mercury ores is carried out by" SONAREM ".

Other minerals. In a small amount, ores of lead, zinc, copper, silver, marble, rock salt and other minerals are mined in Algeria. Copper concentrates are obtained from raw materials from the Ain Barbar deposit; after the commissioning of new mines (Bu-Duka, Kef-um-Tebul, Bu-Sufa), the extraction of copper ore can be tripled. By 1985, the extraction of zinc ores should increase to 38 thousand tons (in terms of metal), by 1990 to 45 thousand tons, the extraction of lead ores, respectively, to 19.2 thousand and 27.2 thousand tons. Nahda (Launi), gold (Tiririn, Tirek, etc.) and uranium (Timgauin, Abankor).

Mining and Geological Service. Personnel training. Seal. Mining and geological work in Algeria is headed by the Directorate of Mines and Geology in the system of the Ministry of Heavy Industry, which includes departments: mining, exploration, laboratory research and services. The latter manages work on problematic, geological mapping, publishes geological maps and collections of papers. Geological research is carried out at the Institute of Petroleum (centers - in the cities of Algiers, Hassi-Messaoud and Oran).

Personnel training is carried out at the University (Algiers), the African Center for Hydrocarbons and Textile Industry (Boumerdes), the Polytechnic School (El-Harrash) and the Technical Mining School (Miliana).

The main publications on geology are placed in the journals: "Bulletin du Service de la Carte Géologique de l" Algérie" (since 1902); "Bulletin ésonomique et juridique Alger" (since 1937).

Algiers is located in northern Africa. One of largest countries continent. The total area of the country is 2,381,740 km2. The length of the coastline is 998 km.

One of the largest and most developed countries in Africa, located in the north of the mainland. The territory of the country occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ranges - the Coast (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermountain plains. The highest point is Mount Tahat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is the Shelif), most of the rivers dry up regularly. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya - in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania - in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.

Nature of Algeria

The Tell Atlas mountain range, which runs in the north along the coast, is cut through by a few bays and plains. The lowlands around the cities of Algiers and Oran are densely populated. Small bays are used for fishing, export of iron ore and oil. Tell Atlas rises above sea level by more than 1830 m and includes the Tlemcen massifs, the Greater and Lesser Kabylia and Mejerda.

At medium altitudes, there are Mediterranean-type shrubs and cork oak forests. At higher elevations, cedar and pine forests once grew, but as a result of clearings, fires and cattle grazing, many mountainous regions have turned into a scrub-covered wasteland. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. In winter, snow covers only the highest peaks. The dispersion of average annual precipitation is from 760 mm on the coast to 1270 mm on the slopes of Tell Atlas facing the sea and less than 640 mm on its inner slopes.

The southern part of Tell Atlas is a high plateau with an average height of 1070 m. This area is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions with an annual rainfall of 250–510 mm. In more humid areas, cereals and alpha (esparto) grass are cultivated, the fibers of which are used to make ropes, fabrics and high-quality paper. Salt lakes (called schott) and salt marshes are found at lower elevations with dry climates. Farther south, the Sahara Atlas rises to a height of 150 m above the plateau and then drops to the Sahara by more than 300 m. The most elevated part of the Sahara Atlas is the Ksur, Amur and Ouled Nail mountain systems. The annual rainfall on the northern slopes is approx. 510 mm, in the south - 200 mm. Due to the abundant grass cover, the Saharan Atlas serves as a convenient grazing area.

Statistical indicators of Algeria
(as of 2012)

The rest of the country is occupied by the Sahara desert. The average height mark in the Sahara is approx. 460 m. In the region of the Ahaggar (Hoggar) massif, near the southern border of Algeria, there is the highest peak of the country, Mount Tahat - 2908 m. Most of the Sahara is occupied by gravel and pebble deserts (hamads and regs), and approximately 1/4 part is sandy deserts (ergs) . During the day it is hot, sometimes the temperature reaches 35 °, but the nights are cool. Precipitation is extremely rare. In oases, under conditions of constant irrigation, the date palm grows. In Algeria, only a few rivers have a constant flow, the rest are fed by precipitation. Wells dug in dry riverbeds (wadis) serve as sources of water supply, in many places groundwater is used, which comes to the surface through artesian wells and foggars - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.

Geological structure of Algeria

In the territory of Algeria, regions different in geological structure and metallogeny are distinguished - Sahara (part of the ancient African platform) and Atlas (sector of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt), separated by the South Atlas Fault. In the south of the Sahara region, the Ahaggar (Hoggar) shield stands out, in the southwest - El-Eglab (Regibat). They are composed of Archean crystalline rocks, metamorphosed volcanic clastic and carbonate deposits of the Lower Proterozoic and Riphean-Vendian; geosynclinal-orogenic volcanic-sedimentary deposits, Taurirt granites (650-500 Ma) are also widely developed in Ahaggar. The platform cover is formed by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Riphean-Vendian (especially in the Regibati massif), lagoonal-continental and marine deposits of the Paleozoic (thickness 1.2-3.8 km), sandstones and evaporites of the Triassic, clays and sandstones of the Jurassic - Neogene.

In the cover of the Sahara Plate, syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara) are distinguished, separated by uplifts, and the Ugarta zone, which is an aulacogen, the folding of which manifested itself at the end of the Carboniferous. The deposits of ores of uranium, tin, tungsten, rare metals and gold in Ahaggar are associated with volcanic rocks and granites of the Riphean-Vendian. In the Tindouf syneclise, among the Paleozoic clayey-sandy deposits of the platform cover, the largest deposits of iron ore are localized, in the south of Ahaggar - promising deposits of uranium. The anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern dip of the Ahaggar host unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).

In the folded Atlas region, evaporites, gypsum-saline clays, and red clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits and carbonate-terrigenous flysch (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clay-carbonate, in the south - by continental deposits.

In the Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic covers (charyazhs) displaced from north to south. In the coastal zone, andesites and granitoids of the Neogene are slightly developed, in the massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia, metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian and Paleozoic shales that protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel-Atlas, there is a platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran meseta), where the folded Hercynian basement is covered by a thin, weakly deformed Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover. In handfuls, Paleozoic terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks are exposed, crumpled and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. To the south of the High Plateaus is the moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed on the site of the Mesozoic trough. On the whole, near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or "Atlas") strike prevail in the Atlas region, as well as submeridional "Red Sea" faults superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the Tel-Atlas shariags. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the location of volcanites, evaporite diapirs, and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In Northern Algeria, deposits of ores of iron, zinc, lead, copper, antimony, mercury and various types of non-metallic raw materials are associated with rocks of the Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

The territory of Algeria is characterized by high seismicity, which is associated with movement along faults and ridges in various zones of Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its limits are coastal zones (Tenes-Shershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelf).

Minerals of Algeria

In Algeria, deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, ores of uranium, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as phosphorites, barite, etc., have been discovered and explored.

In terms of oil reserves, Algeria ranks third in Africa. On the territory of Algeria, 183 oil and gas fields are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan oil and gas basin; most of the deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field - Hassi-Mesaud is localized in the sandstones of the Cambrian-Ordovician. The Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuil, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Fue, Gourd-el-Bagel and other fields have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field Hassi-Rmel lies in the sandstones of the Triassic; Significant gas reserves have been explored at the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.

In terms of uranium ore reserves, Algeria ranks 4th in Africa. The hydrothermal-vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proved reserves are 12 thousand tons, the content of U3O8 is 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium manifestations are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).

In terms of lead and zinc ores, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, stratiform, vein (telethermal) and lenticular vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yusef, Meslulla, Jebel-Ishmul), veins in sandy-argillaceous rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanogenic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanic rocks (Bu-Sufa, Oued-el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu-Duka, Ashaish, Ain-Barbar, Kef-um-Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in the Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the west of the Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben-Tajik in Ugart) and Vendian (Khank south of Regibat).

Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). Deposits of mercury ores were found in the Azzaba area among terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand tons, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). In terms of antimony ore reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa; they are concentrated in northern Algeria at the Hammam-Nbails telethermal deposit. In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, Algeria ranks first in Africa. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite greisen-vein bodies of Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin, etc., associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In northern Algeria, the Belelietta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.

The most significant hydrothermal vein gold deposits - Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, etc. - have been explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and prospecting for gold continues.

The Bou-Duau deposit has been discovered in northern Algeria.

In terms of phosphorite reserves, Algeria is in 5th place in Africa. In northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are associated with clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Kuif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite-bearing province).

In terms of barite reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, the vein fields of Mizab (total reserves of 2.15 million tons, BaSO4 content of 90%), Affensu, Bu-Mani, Varsenis and Sidi-Kamber were discovered, in the Bechar region - vein fields of Bu-Kais, Abadla, etc. From other minerals in Algeria, a large deposit of celestine Beni-Mansour (Northern Algeria), the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; known deposits of pyrites (reserves are small), common salt, etc.

History of development of mineral resources. The oldest evidence of the use of stone for the manufacture of tools was found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic dishes began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large burial structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazvini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper mines in the Jebel Ketama mountains. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), there are also mentions of the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, building stone (not later than the 16th century). Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the hill of Jebel el-Melh ("Mountain of Salt").

After the colonization of Algeria (1830), an intensive search for minerals began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Wenza, Mokti el Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. The 19th century, at the same time, intensive development of deposits of lead, zinc and copper ores (Muzaya, Oued-Merja, Tizi-Ntaga), phosphorites (since 1893) was carried out. In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production from which was carried out during the years of World War II (1939-45).

Mining. General characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas (more than 90% of the value of all products of the mining industry); provides most of the foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH") holds a monopoly position. Oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants have been taken under the control of the company.

The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government promotes the development of the oil and gas industry by combining with foreign capital (up to 49%) while maintaining 51% of the shares in SONATRACH. The company conducts production and exploration for oil and gas in the Sahara jointly with the French firms "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d`Activités Pétrolières", US companies ("Getty Oil Co."), Spain ("Hispanoil"), Germany ("Deminex"), Poland ("Copex") and Brazil ("Petrobras"). After the nationalization of mines and quarries (1966) in the mining industry of Algeria, the state company "SONAREM" completely controls the exploration, extraction, consumption and export of all solid minerals (the total number of employees is about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries, conducts exploration in northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. The extraction of iron ores and non-ferrous metals is insignificant.

Climate of Algeria

The climate of Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara. Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12 ° C in January), in the mountains - cool (2-3 weeks of snow), in the Sahara it depends on the time of day (below 0 ° C at night, 20 ° C in the daytime). Summers in Algeria are hot and dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.

Water resources of Algeria

All the rivers of Algeria are temporary streams (oueds) filled during the rainy season. The rivers of the far north of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them. The largest river is Sheliff (700 km). The basins of lakes (sebkhas) are also filled during the rainy period, and in summer they dry up and are covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick. In the Sahara, in areas of large reserves of groundwater, the largest oases are located.

Flora and fauna of Algeria

In Algeria, the poor vegetable world. In some places in the mountains there are forests of cork oak, semi-desert and desert vegetation. Oak, olive, pine and thuja grow in the north of the country. The Sahara desert contains practically no vegetation, there are very few oases. The most characteristic species of animals for the country are jackals, hyenas, antelopes, gazelles, hares are also found.

Population of Algeria

During the era of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 - 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, ca. 68% of the population was under the age of 29.

Algiers was originally inhabited by peoples who spoke Berber languages. These peoples as early as 2000 BC. moved here from the Middle East. Most of the modern population uses the colloquial version of the Arabic language in everyday life. The Arabs settled in the territory of Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. and nomadic migrations of the 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of immigrants with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in the cultural development of which the Arab element plays a dominant role.

As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play an important role in the life of the country. During the Roman and Arab conquests North Africa many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the highlands of Djurdjura to the east of the capital, known as Kabylia. Local residents, Kabyles, settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant Berber populations are represented tribal unions the Shawiya, originating from the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, who settled in the oases of the Northern Sahara, and the Tuareg nomads living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.

After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. the number of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria's independence was proclaimed in 1962, most Europeans left the country.

Most of the population of Algeria are Sunni Muslims (Malikites and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadi sect live in the Mzab valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is Islam. The country has approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism. The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes, speaking Tamahaq and Tamazirt, acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million live in the Sahara desert. The highest density is observed near the capital and in the Kabylia region.

Economic and geographical characteristics of Algeria

1. Introduction 3

2. Natural conditions 5

3. Population geography 8

4. Geography of industry 9

5. Geography Agriculture 11

6. Geography of transport 14

7. Foreign economic relations 15

8. Conclusion 16

9. References 17

1. Introduction

Algeria (by the name of the city of Algiers, from the Arabic al-Jezair - islands), (Arabic - Al-Jumhuriya al-Jezairiya Democracy ash-Shaabiya) -

- a state in North Africa, located in the western part of the Mediterranean basin., where important world routes pass between the Atlantic and the Middle East, Europe and African countries. It borders: in the west with Morocco and Western Sahara, in the southwest with Mauritania and Mali, in the southeast with Niger, in the east with Libya and Tunisia. From the north, the territory is washed by the Mediterranean Sea. Area 2381700 sq. km. Population 29.3 million people (1998). Capital - mountains. Algiers (3 million inhabitants). The major cities are Oran (700 thousand people), Constantine (600), Annaba (400). Arabs make up 80%, Berbers - 19% (Kabils, Chauya, Tuareg), the rest - 1%.

The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes, speaking Tamahaq and Tamazirt, acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

The length of railways is 4.2 thousand square meters. km., the length of roads is 102 thousand km.
Main ports: Bejaia, Arzev, Algiers, Anaba, Oran.
Export - oil, liquefied gas, oil products, as well as iron ore, tobacco, wine, vegetables and fruits. The main foreign trade partners are France, Germany, Italy, Japan.
The monetary unit is the Algerian dinar.

Geographical position

Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain region and 1/4 of the Sahara desert.
The territory of the country is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.
The climate of Northern Algeria is subtropical. The average temperature in January is 5 - 12C, in July 25C. Precipitation 400 - 1200 mm per year. The central and southern parts of the country are occupied by the Sahara desert, where the average daily temperature fluctuations reach 30 C. The climate of the Sahara is tropical, desert (less than 50 mm of precipitation per year).
Cork oak forests (in the mountains), semi-desert and desert vegetation.

Form of government -

Republic

Administrative division - 48 wilayas (provinces)

Head of State - President

Legislature - Unicameral National People's Assembly

The country belongs to the developing, to the key subgroup.

2.Nature

Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara Desert. Washed by the Mediterranean Sea. The coastal part lies in the northern subtropical zone, the rest of the territory lies in the tropical zone of the Northern Hemisphere.

The shores are mostly high, rocky, with narrow beaches. On the entire coast there are no bays deeply protruding into the land; the number of large bays is insignificant (Oranskaya, Algerskaya, Bejaia, Annaba).

Relief. Northern Algeria is represented by folded ridges, massifs and intermountain plains of the Atlas Mountains system. Within Algeria are the largest ranges of the Atlas - Tel Atlas and the Saharan Atlas, massifs - Varsenis (Sidi Amar, 1985 m), B. Kabylia and M. Kabylia (altitude up to 1200 m), Hodna, Ores (Shelia, 2328 m ). The mountains are cut by deep gorges of rivers, divided into separate dome-shaped smaller massifs. The large intermountain plains and plateaus (the so-called High Plateaus) in the central parts are occupied by large salt lakes—sebkhas.

The Algerian Sahara occupies the central part of the world's largest desert region of the Sahara. Its relief is dominated by plateaus about 500 m high. In the northeast there is a large lowland filled with sand and a basin of the salt lake Shott-Melgir (26 m below sea level). To the south-east extensive volcanic the Ahaggar highlands with the Atakor massif (Takhat, 3,003 m, the highest peak of Algeria), surrounded by a system of stepped plateaus (Tademait, Tassilin-Adjer, Muydir, and others). Within Algeria there are large sandy deserts with high dune ridges (the Great Western Erg, the Great Eastern Erg, the ergs of Igidi, Shesh, and others) and rocky deserts (the Tanez-ruft in the south).

Geological structure and minerals. The territory of Algeria within the Atlas Mountains belongs to the Mediterranean geosynclinal folded belt, and in the Sahara region to the ancient African platform. There are large deposits of oil and natural gas (Hassi-Messaoud and others), which constitute the main wealth of Algeria. The Atlas contains deposits of iron (Maghrib), copper, lead and zinc ores, phosphorites, mercury, antimony, barite, diatomaceous earth, coal, etc.

Climate. Northern Algeria has a subtropical Mediterranean climate with warm, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Wed January temperature on the coast is 12°C, on the intermountain plains 5°C, in July 25°C. The absolute maximum temperature is above 40°C everywhere. Severe droughts are frequent. Most of the precipitation falls in November - January (400 - 800 mm in Tel Atlas, up to 1200 mm or more per year in the Kabyle massifs). In winter, in the mountain regions, snow stays on the peaks for up to 10-20 days or more. AT transition zone to the Algerian Sahara, the climate is more arid, semi-desert (average July temperature is above 30 ° C, precipitation 200-400 mm per year). In the Sahara, the climate is desert, extremely dry (less than 50 mm of precipitation per year, in some years there is no rain at all). Daily fluctuations in temperature reach up to 30°C (in summer daytime 40°C and above, at night 20°C, in winter around 20°C during the day, at night it drops to 0°C and below). Dry winds often cause sandstorms.

Inland waters. All the rivers of Algeria are of the Oued type. The Oueds of Northern Algeria are close to Mediterranean-type rivers with a predominance of rain feeding. Only in the coastal zone is the flow of oueds directed to the Mediterranean Sea. In the rest of Algeria, there are closed basins of internal runoff. Water discharges in the Mediterranean oueds range from 0-2 cubic meters. per second in summer, up to 1000 cubic meters per second or more during floods after rains. Short but severe floods are frequent. The largest oued is Shelif (700 km), the remaining oueds rarely exceed 100 km in length (El-Hamman, Isser, Summam, El-Kebir, etc.). Dams, reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants have been built on the oueds of northern Algeria. The waters of the Ueds are used for irrigation (more than 100 thousand hectares). Most of the salt lakes (sebkh) lie in intermountain basins (Schott-el-Shergi, Shott-el-Khodna, Zahrez-Shergi, Zahrez-Garbi, etc.) or depressions (Schott-Melgir). The Sahara has large reserves of groundwater, especially in the northern part, where the largest oases are located (Tidikelt, Tuggurt, El Golea).

Soils. In northern Algeria, the zonal soil type is brown (carbonate and leached in Tel Atlas, gray-brown in semi-desert regions). The altitudinal zonality is manifested in the variants of brown and brown forest soils. In the foothills, solonchak massifs are widespread around them. The Sahara is dominated by gravel soils of subtropical deserts, waving and semi-fixed sands.

Vegetation. On the coast, vegetation is of the Mediterranean type with dry hard-leaved forests and shrubs. Altitude zonation is well expressed in the mountains: up to 800-1000 m - a belt of evergreen dry-loving thickets of shrubs and stunted trees (maquis), mostly cultivated (olive tree, pistachio, etc.), higher - forests of cork and evergreen (holm) oak and deciduous species, from 1200 to 1500 m - the belt of Aleppo pine, from 1500 to 2000 m - junipers and thuja, above 2000 m there are cedar forests. To the south of Tel Atlas, the vegetation acquires a semi-desert character with a predominance of grasses and sagebrush. The vegetation cover is highly degraded. Only isolated areas of forests have survived. In the Sahara - saltwort, ephemeral plants on the sands after short spring rains, cereals (Sahara gorse, ephedra, drin), shrubs - types of acacia, jujube.

Animal world. Large mammals (lions, leopards, gazelles, etc.) and birds (ostriches, cormorants) are heavily exterminated. Of the mammals in northern Algeria, the Barbary macaque (mago), hare, and rabbit have survived; in the north of the Algerian Sahara - hyena, genet, jackal, fennec fox; gazelles and antelopes are rare. There are many small rodents (jerboas, etc.), bats, birds of prey. There are a lot of reptiles (lizards, monitor lizards, more than 20 species of snakes, turtles) and insects (locusts are especially harmful), as well as phalanxes, scorpions, ticks.

3. Population geography

2 type of reproduction - population explosion. The birth rate is 35-40 per 1000 people in 1 year. Mortality 5-10 per 1000 people in 1 year. The natural increase is more than 30. The composition of the population is the predominance of the male population. Average life expectancy: men - 67, women - 69.

The main population of the country is Algerians, who make up more than 98% of the total population. They consist of Arabs and very close to them in language and culture of the Berbers.

Most of the indigenous population speaks Algerian Arabic (81.5%). Dialects of the Berber language spoken. 17.9%, survived mainly among the Berber population of the mountainous regions of the country and some oases of the Algerian Sahara (Kabil, Shauya, Tuareg). Among the population of large cities, French is also common (it is spoken by 0.4%). By religion, Arabs and Berbers are Sunni Muslims.

Over 4% of the population lives abroad, mainly in France and Belgium. After 1962, as a result of the mass exodus of the French from Algeria, their number decreased from 1 million people. (1960) to 68.4 thousand (1966).

The population is distributed throughout the territory. extremely uneven. More than 95% of the total population of the country lives in Northern Algeria, and most of it is concentrated in a narrow coastal strip. The most densely populated Kabylia, where the density reaches more than 300 people. per 1 sq. km, with an average density in the country of 12.3 people. per 1 sq. km. In the Algerian Sahara, the density is less than 1 person. per 1 sq. km. Rural residents, who make up the majority of the country's population, lead a sedentary, semi-sedentary or nomadic lifestyle. In the western and central part of Northern Algeria, a settled population predominates, mainly engaged in field cultivation. Semi-nomadic and pastoral nomads inhabit the so-called High Plateaus, the Saharan Atlas and the Sahara. The settled population of the desert is the inhabitants of oases and mining centers. Demographic growth 2.6%,

4.Geography of industry

Industry. The mining and energy industries account for over 1/3 of the country's gross industrial output. Leading among these industries is the oil and gas industry. In the northern and eastern regions of the Sahara there are the main Algerian oil and natural gas fields of world importance discovered after World War II (oil reserves are estimated at about 1 billion tons, gas - 3,000 billion cubic meters). The annual oil production is about 60 million tons. Oil is delivered through pipelines to the Mediterranean ports, from where it is exported mainly to France (70% of all oil). Part of the oil goes to refineries in Algiers and El-Harrash, about half of the oil products are exported.

The extraction of natural gas has also become important - 3288 million cubic meters. m in 1968; 43 billion cubic meters m - in 1997. 3 fields are being exploited - Hassi-Rmel (provides approx. 9/10 of all gas production), In-Amenas and Hassi-Mesaud (associated with oil). The gas pipeline transports methane to the coast, where most of it is liquefied at the Arzew plant and exported mainly to England and France. The use of natural gases within the country is expanding; the cities of Algiers, Oran, Mostaganem and others were gasified.

The development of ore minerals is concentrated in northern Algeria. Among them, the first place is occupied by the extraction of iron ore, which is mainly exported. The main mines are Wenza (over 50% of all production), Bu-Kadra. The extraction of lead-zinc ores is of great importance. Their development is carried out in the Oued Zunder and Oued Abed deposits, as well as in small quantities in Sidi Kamber and Varsenis. Mining of phosphorites in connection with the development of the El-Quif deposit has decreased. A new large deposit, Jebel-Onk, has been explored and put into operation. Insignificant mining of coal is underway (in the city of Kenadza, in the northwest of the Algerian Sahara), copper ore (in Ain Barbar near the city of Annaba, 4.6 thousand tons per year), as well as iron pyrite, barite, antimony, diatomaceous earth. The largest deposits of iron ore in the Maghreb (Gara-Jibilet, near Tindouf) and a large deposit of mercury (in northern Algeria) have been explored. Electricity production is 1.2-1.3 billion kWh, including about 780 million kWh at thermal power plants (the most important thermal power plants are in the cities of Algiers, Annaba, Oran, Bechar).

The main branches of the manufacturing industry are: food and flavor (about 1/2 of all products), metalworking, textile and clothing, oil refining, chemical, leather and footwear, cement (small and partly medium-sized enterprises predominate). Distilleries and canning factories, tobacco factories, grain processing and olive oil production are located in almost all cities of Northern Algeria. The textile industry, including the handicraft production of carpets, is located in the cities. Algiers, Oran, Annaba, Tlemcen. The metal-working industry is represented by small mechanical and repair shops, car-building and pipe-rolling plants, etc. Its main center is the city of Algiers (assembly plants for cars and trucks); in the city of El Harrash - tractor assembly plants. A metallurgical plant was built in Annaba with the assistance of the USSR and other countries (in 1968, the first stage of the plant with a capacity of 400,000 tons of steel per year was commissioned). The chemical industry is developing: plants for the production of superphosphate, sulfuric acid, copper sulphate, cellulose, etc.—in the years. Algiers, Oran and Annaba. A large plant for nitrogen fertilizers and ammonia was built (1969) in the city of Arzev. Cement plants (with a total capacity of about 1 million tons annually) are located in the cities. Algiers and Oran. Algeria received a variety of economic, scientific and technical assistance from the USSR, which provided large loans and supplied the latest equipment for enterprises under construction; organized and operates the Institute of Oil and Gas in the city of Boumerdes (near the capital), handed over together with the technical school as a gift to the people of Algeria.

5. Geography of agriculture

Agriculture is an industry that employs the bulk of the population of Algeria. Agricultural land, including forest land, is occupied. 44.2 million hectares, or about 1/5 of the entire territory, of which 7-10 million hectares (depending on climatic conditions) are cultivated land (almost all in northern Algeria). At the first stage of the agrarian reform (1962-64), the lands of the European colonists were expropriated and collective farms headed by self-government committees were created on them. The self-governing sector in 1966 consisted of 2,200 households with a total area of 2,400,000 hectares, including 30% of farms, each having a size of over 1,000–2,000 hectares. They are located on the most fertile lands, and half of them are in the plains of the Northwest (wilaya Oran, Mostaganem, Tiaret). The share of x-in this sector accounts for 24% of all arable land, 65% of land with fruit plantations, 60% of all crop production, 5% of livestock. The old peasant sector covers 650,000 farms, of which 600,000 farms each have less than 10 hectares of land, including 350,000 farms with less than 2 ha.

In 1988, a agrarian reform. The state farms were dissolved. On their basis, 22,000 small cooperatives were formed. Part of the land was transferred to the peasants.

Agriculture provides about 3/4 of the entire agricultural sector. Algerian products. The main place (over 4/5) in the sown area is occupied by grain crops. Rain-fed agriculture dominates in Algeria; irrigated lands do not exceed 250,000-300,000 ha. Hard wheat is cultivated mainly in the inner regions of Tel, soft wheat - in the northwest. The yield of cereals in small farms does not exceed on average (except for rice) 3-8 c/ha. Algeria is forced to systematically import grain (2300 - 3000 thousand centners per year). The farms of the socialized sector produce about one-third of the total harvest of wheat, barley, and oats, and about two-thirds of corn, sorghum, and rice.

Of particular importance are viticulture and winemaking, which gave in the 50s. about 1/3 of all gross output and 1/2 of Algerian exports (by value). The main vineyards are in the northwest. Algiers (in the region of the city of Oran, more than 1/2 of their entire area).

Most of the wine is exported to France. After 1962, France markedly reduced its purchases of wine from Algeria, which sharply affected the situation of viticulture in the country. Exported wine is 1.7 million hl.

The production of citrus fruits also plays a significant role, especially oranges (on the Mitidzha plain, in the Shelifa valley), most of which are exported to European countries.

The olive tree has long been cultivated, especially in Kabylia (about 2/5 of the total olive harvest); olive oil (an average of about 20 thousand tons per year) is consumed mainly within the country. In the oases of the Sahara, the date palm is cultivated. On the coast, near large cities, the cultivation of early vegetables (about 6 million centners per year), tomatoes, artichokes, carrots, and also potatoes sold in European markets is developed. The socialized sector accounts for approximately 92% of the total citrus crop, 34% of olives, 8% of dates and 45% of vegetables. Of the industrial crops, tobacco is cultivated, mainly in Mitidzha and Kabylia, which is mostly exported (about 10 thousand tons per year).

Animal husbandry is extensive in nature, it provides almost 1/4 of the total agricultural production. production, but in the interior, on the elevated plains and plateaus, especially in the Sahara, often serves as the main and even the only source of subsistence for semi-nomads and nomads. The population of the mountainous and coastal regions of northern Algeria is characterized by distant-pasture or mountain-pasture cattle breeding in combination with agriculture. The number of cattle is 1.5 million heads, sheep - 15 million heads.

Forestry and fisheries. Forests and bushes (total area 3 million hectares) have been preserved mainly in the mountains of Tel Atlas. Cork oak massifs are of the main economic importance (harvesting of 300-600 thousand centners of cork raw materials per year - 3rd place in the world). The main part of raw materials is processed at state-owned enterprises and exported. In the semi-desert districts (vilaya Tiaret, Saida, Medea), the collection and primary processing of alpha grass (total area approx. 4 million ha) is important. Alpha raw materials (90,000-100,000 tons annually—first place in the world) are used mainly for the production of the best grades of paper, pulp, and wickerwork.

Fishing (mainly sardine, herring, anchovy) is poorly developed (average catch is about 20 thousand tons per year). Measures are being taken to increase the marine fishery and fishing ports are being reconstructed (Beni Saf, Oran, Tenes, Shershel, etc.).

Livestock (thousand heads)

Sheep, goats, cattle, camels are bred.

Structure of land in use (thousand ha)

6. Geography of transport

An important role is played by railways, the total length of which is 4.2 thousand km, including with the norms. gauge 2.6 thousand km; Main railway the highway between the city of Oujda (Morocco) and the city of Gardimau (West. Tunisia) through the years. Oran, Algiers and Constantine are connected by the most important economic centers of the North. Algeria. From ch. highways depart lines to the north, to seaports, and to the south, to mining developments and oases of the north. Sahara. The total freight turnover is 960-980 million t-km.

The length of the road network is 50.2 thousand km. The main highway runs along the coast, from which highways branch off in the north and south directions. After 1962, the roads Adrar-Bechar (720 km), Bechar-Tindouf (900 km), In-Amenas-Ghadames were built.

Pipeline transport has been developed (the total length of oil pipelines is about 3,000 km, and gas pipelines are more than 1,000 km). There are large oil pipelines: In-Amenas-Sekhira (Tunisia), Hassi-Mesaoud-Bejaia, Hassi-Mesaoud-Arzev, Beni-Mansur-Algiers and gas pipelines Hassi-Rmel-Arzew, Mesdar-Skikda (700 km) and gas pipeline Hassi-Rmel - Skikda.

Maritime transport provides almost all foreign trade transportation. In terms of cargo turnover, the following ports are distinguished (thousand tons): Bejaia - 15.3, Arzew - 9.1, Algiers - 4.4, Annaba - 19.2, Oran - 1.8.

Air transport is developing rapidly. There are 65 airfields in the country, of which 31 are civil. Airports of international importance are located near the cities. Algiers (Dar el Beida), Annaba and Oran (La Senia).

7. Foreign economic relations

The volume of foreign trade of the countries is $5-25 billion.

Export - 100% (fuel).

Import: Machinery and equipment, food, agricultural raw materials, chemical products, etc.

Until 1962, the total volume of foreign trade turnover amounted to more than half of Algeria's gross national product. After the establishment of political independence, Algeria follows the path of overcoming one-sided dependence on foreign markets and capital, strengthening the state monopoly in foreign relations. In 1967, the state controlled 90% of exports and 75% of imports. Until 1962, France, England, Germany, Italy, Morocco and Tunisia accounted for 90% of the total Algerian foreign trade turnover, including 80% to France. In the 60s. this share is declining as a result of strengthening trade ties with socialist and developing countries. In 1965, the share of France in Algerian imports was 70%, and in exports 76%. The main export commodities to the countries listed above are: oil (approx. 2/3 of the total value of Algerian exports), wine (15%), fruits and vegetables (12%), iron ore (3%), tobacco, paper. Algeria imports industrial equipment, foodstuffs (especially grain, milk, meat), as well as light industry products (synthetic fabrics, textile products) and metals (the import of the latter has been placed under strict control since 1967).

Agreements on economic cooperation, including financial assistance, Algeria concluded with the USSR, China, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria. Czechoslovakia, UAR, Kuwait. There are agreements with France, England, the USA, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the European Development Fund.

Currently, foreign trade with the EU countries accounts for more than 60%, the US - 17%. External trade turnover is 22.6 billion dollars (1997). Export: oil and oil products - 51.7 million tons (1997); natural gas - 43 billion cubic meters m; wine, citruses, cork, building materials.

In November 1996, the Maghreb-Spain gas pipeline was put into operation. In 1997, 4 billion cubic meters of gas was supplied to Spain. m, to Portugal - 400 million cubic meters. m.

The financial position of Algeria is determined by oil and gas revenues (up to 98% of foreign exchange earnings and about 66% of the state budget revenues. Algeria's gold and foreign exchange reserves are more than 9 billion dollars.

AT last years for objective reasons, the financial situation of Algeria deteriorated, and the external debt increased significantly (34 billion in 1997). As a result of negotiations with the International Monetary Fund, the Paris and London Clubs, an agreement was reached to re-segregate most of the debt.

The growing financial and economic difficulties led to an increase in inflation, prices, a deterioration in the life of the population (over 2.5 million unemployed, mostly young people. More than 1 million Algerians work in Western Europe. The property stratification of society is deepening.

Algeria is a country with ancient history wars of conquest and colonization, both by African and Eurasian states. The main influence was exerted by the Arabs, who planted their culture, language, religion (Islam). Berbers - the descendants of the historically indigenous population - the Libyans, constitute an absolute minority.

The formation of Algeria as a state was facilitated by its advantageous geographical position- important world routes pass here between the Atlantic and the Middle East, Europe and African countries.

ANDR is a parliamentary presidential republic with very broad presidential powers.

Algeria is a fairly developed state economically and culturally. The standard of living of the population is relatively high, supported by subsidies from the state, mainly due to the export of oil, gas, etc. Free education and medical care. Much attention is paid to education.

ANDR is a state characterized by political instability, in the containment of which the army plays the main role. The main factor of political instability is the struggle for power, both between political movements and within them. The main troublemakers of political life are the FIS and Hamas. They constitute the main opposition to the state course (the construction of socialism, the establishment of a presidential regime, a one-party system, etc.). One of the main factors used by the opposition is unemployment, economic difficulties, etc. Instead of a constitution, they put forward Sharia law - the Koran. The main methods of struggle for extremist Islamic organizations are international and domestic terrorism.

The economic base of Algeria are Natural resources(oil, gas, ores, etc.) and nationalized foreign possessions, firms, companies, banks, property, etc.

In the Algerian economy, in recent years there has been a transition from planned to market; allowed to buy land from the state fund, unprofitable cooperatives; much of the trade passed into private hands.

There are still problems in public health: the fight against infectious and environmental diseases, as well as in veterinary medicine - the fight against animal diseases, including those dangerous to humans.

LITERATURE:

Asia and Africa today. Journal No. 9, pp. 19-21. M., 1996.

Africa. General review. North Africa. In the book: Countries and Peoples. Popular science geographic and ethnographic publication in 20 volumes. M., "Thought". 1982. S. 251-291.

Big Soviet Encyclopedia. In 30 volumes. Edition 3rd. Volume 1. M., “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1969. S. 422-434.

countries of the world today. Volume 3. Africa. Algeria. M., 1999.

Countries of the world. Directory. Ed. I.S. Ivanova. M., "Republic". 1999. S. 13-15.

Echo of the planet. Magazine No. 3 M., 1997.

Echo of the planet. Magazine No. 4 M., 1998. S. 11.

Algeria (Algeria) - a state in North Africa, the official name is -. In Arabic, it sounds like al-Jezair, which means - " islands". Most of the country's territory is occupied by the Sahara desert. In the north, Algeria is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east it borders on Tunisia and Libya, in the south on Mali and Niger, in the west on Mauritania, Western Sahara and Morocco. Algeria is the second largest African state.

Algerian People's Democratic Republic

1. Capital

Capital of Algiers- is an city of Algiers (Algeria City), yes, yes, this is not a typo, the name of the capital coincides with the name of the country. Algeria- the main financial and industrial center of the state. The city was given the status of the main port of the Algerian Democratic People's Republic, where ships of the Mediterranean region refuel.

City of Algiers also known as " Staircase city“because there are a lot of stone stairs, smoothly turning into streets. This layout was the result of the unusual relief of the city. These stairs connect two parts of the city: lower city– these are new areas, consisting of wide streets and boulevards, which is located near the sea, with Upper city, which is the historical center of the capital, with endless narrow streets and one-story houses.

2. Flag

On the the flag of Algeria pictured:

Two vertical stripes of the same width: green on the left, white on the right. Red crescent and red five-pointed star in the center flag.

Meaning and a bit of history of the flag of Algeria:

The green stripe on the flag, the crescent with a star symbolizes Islam, and the white stripe is a symbol of purity. The crescent and star are also symbols of Islam. The crescent has slightly longer horns than other Muslim countries. This is based on the belief of the Algerians that the long horns of the crescent moon bring happiness.

Official coat of arms of Algeria, which appears before us today, was officially recognized in 1976. The inscription bordering the emblem الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية in Arabic reads People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. In the lower part, a crescent and a star are visible, which are the traditional symbol of Muslim countries, the red color of these symbols represents freedom. Algerian people. On the left and right sides of the coat of arms are the main symbols of the rural industry - ears of corn and an olive branch. The buildings depicted in the very center of the coat of arms are a symbol of the industrial sector of the state.

The mountain represented on coats of arms These are the Atlas Mountains. Above you can see the rising sun, which symbolizes the changes and development of the country, under which a palm is depicted. She serves as a guardian Arab countries. This is the hand of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter from his first wife.

4. Anthem

listen to the national anthem of Algeria

watch and listen to the national anthem of Algeria

5. Currency

Algerian dinar- is official currency of Algeria, consisting of 100 centimes, the letter code of the Algerian dinar is DZD, and the abbreviation is often used DA. At present, there are coins in denominations of ¼, ½, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 dinars, as well as banknotes in denominations of 100, 200, 500 and 1000 dinars.

Well Algerian dinarto the ruble or any other currency can be viewed on the currency converter:

Algerian dinar has this appearance:

Coins of Algeria

Banknotes of Algiers

6. 10 Largest cities in Algeria:

7. Geography

Area of Algiers: 2,381,740 km 2

Algerian People's Democratic Republic is a state in North Africa. In the north it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, in the east it borders on Tunisia and Libya, in the south - on Niger, Mali and Mauritania, and in the west - on Morocco.

Algeria divided into 4 main regions. In the north, stretching along the coast and going south is the first region - Tel, which mainly consists of narrow valleys ending in part of the Atlas mountain system. In the Atlas Mountains, the main river of the country, Chelif, flows into the Mediterranean Sea. Further south lies the second region, the High Plateau, which is a depression that, during the rainy season, forms small lakes, drying up, they turn into salty areas - chott or chott. The third region is the Saharan part of the Atlas Mountains. The fourth region is the largest in terms of area, occupying more than 90% of the country's territory - Algerian Sahara. Most of the Sahara is occupied by gravel and pebble deserts (hamads and regs), and approximately 1/4 of it is sandy deserts (ergs). In the south of the region are the Ahaggar Mountains and the highest point Algeria Mount Tahat (3003 m).

In Algeria only a few rivers that have a constant flow, the rest are fed by precipitation. Wells dug in dry riverbeds serve as sources of water supply, in many places groundwater is used, which comes to the surface through artesian wells and foggars - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.

Algiers on the map:

8. How to get to Algiers?

9. Things to look out for

Sights of Algiers. Algeria is a country with a huge amount mysterious places, thanks to which the flow of tourists from all over the world is increasing every year, despite political conflicts.

Interesting places and sights of Algiers are represented by unique natural resources: the Tassilin-Adzher plateau, green oases with rare animals, millennial cypresses and much more that can amaze you with their splendor. History buffs are absolutely obliged to visit the ruins of the ancient capital - the city of Hammadid and admire the local originality of architecture.

And here is a small list of attractions which you should pay attention to when planning excursions to Algiers:

Algiers Observatory
Architectural and historical complex – Timgad
atlas mountains
Ahaggar
Tomb of the conqueror of North Africa Okba
Gureya
Mzab Valley
The ancient city of Cala Beni Hammad
Royal Mausoleum of Mauritania
Jami al Jadid Mosque
Shrea National Park
Teniet El Had National Park
Belezma National Park
National Museum of Fine Arts
Giurgiura National Park
Tassilin-Ajer Plateau
Ruins of Kbor er Rumia
Old city Kasbah
Walls of the old city in Constantine
Cathedral of Our Lady of Africa
tipasa
Tassilin Adjer
Tlemcen
Fort Santa Cruz

10. What's the weather like here?

Climate of Algeria. In Algeria 3 climatic zones can be distinguished:

coastal - Mediterranean humid climate with pressure drops, the average temperature in January 7 - 10 ° C, July 35-40 ° C;
medium - significant temperature differences: in summer up to 35 ° C, in winter up to -5 ° C;
southern, which includes the Sahara desert - dry winds often entail sandstorms.

In northern Algeria The climate is subtropical, Mediterranean with warm, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The average January temperature on the coast is 12°C, on the intermountain plains - 5°C, and in July 25°C. The summer heat is hard to bear due to dry winds. There are often severe droughts. Most of the precipitation falls in November-January. In winter, in mountainous regions, snow stays on the peaks for up to 10-20 days or more.

In the transition zone to Algerian Sahara the climate is more arid, the average July temperature rises above 30 ° C, precipitation - 200-400 mm per year. In the Sahara, the climate is desert, very dry with only 50 mm of precipitation per year, and sometimes there is no rain at all. Summer daytime temperature is 40 ° C and above, at night - 20 ° C, and in winter during the day - about 20 ° C, at night it drops to 0 ° and below.

The most suitable for recreation will be the coast mediterranean sea. It is here that the sunniest weather and comfortable and beautiful beaches are located. Winters in this place are warm and rainy, the air temperature is about 12 degrees even in January.

11. Population

Population of Algeria is 40 822 449 million people (as of February 2017). Ethnic composition population: Algerian Arabs - 83%, Berbers - 16%, Europeans - less than 1%. Both Arabic and French are taught in schools, but learning state language- Arabic- is mandatory. Average duration life in Algeria about 70 years old. The main causes of diseases are associated with poor cleaning and dirty water, as a result, the population suffers from hepatitis, measles, cholera, gastrointestinal infections, and typhoid fever.

What should you wear?

What clothes must be taken with you when traveling to Algiers? Clothing for walking should be chosen with extreme caution, open and bright outfits should be forgotten, make sure that there are no copies of coins on the clothes - this wardrobe item in Algeria invalid. For them, this is an insult and sacrilege.

For a while, the female sex should put aside their revealing outfits, short skirts, tight-fitting clothes and blouses with a deep neckline. Try not to stay out in the sun for long periods of time as temperatures are quite hot and it's easy to get sunstroke, so don't go outside without a hat.

12. And what about eating?

National cuisine of Algeria quite diverse, and it was formed under the influence of its closest neighbors, having absorbed the best culinary traditions of Arabic, French, Turkish, Moroccan and Tunisian cuisines. Couscous is considered the main national dish. The main component of this dish is semolina. The groats are moistened in olive oil, then small lumps are made from it, various spices are added and steamed. Served as a ready meal, or as a side dish for fish, meat and vegetables. You can also add nuts, dried fruits, raisins and “voila” to Kus-Kus and you get a sweet dessert called Mas-Fus.

In addition to Couscous and McFoos, be sure to try:

Meshui is a very juicy grilled young veal steak. "Harissa" - spicy tomato sauce, with the addition of pepper, coriander, garlic, cumin, lemon juice and mint. "Soup-puree with lamb peas" (chickpeas) "Shakshuka" - a salad of fresh vegetables and boiled eggs. "Tajine" - in fact, our omelet, but with the addition of potatoes and chicken meat. "El Ham Lalu" - lamb dish with vegetables and fruits. "Reshta" - tender egg noodles.

13. Shopaholics take note

Shopping in Algiers. Algeria is not particularly famous in the world for its trading opportunities, but you can find souvenirs for every taste. There are a lot of lovely Algerian shops that sell amazing and unique goods - jewelry, clothing, cosmetics and perfumes.

« stone flowers» are one of the most popular souvenirs brought by tourists from Algeria. The Dead Sea is covered with salt during the rainy seasons, and it is here that such “miracle of the desert rose” is formed from sand and salt crystals. You can also purchase in Algeria bronze and copper products, handmade leather products, national clothes, silver jewelry. Berber rugs and carpets, original wickerwork are popular among tourists.

14. Rules of exemplary behavior

Features of behavior in Algeria. Do not wear revealing and provocative clothing. For security reasons, it is not recommended to move independently on the border with neighboring states. Remember that you should not photograph the local population, especially women. If you're lucky, then the Algerian man, at best, will simply look disapprovingly or turn away, but let's not talk about the worst. But a woman can call for help and they will definitely intercede for her in a not very affectionate form. For them, this behavior is very offensive, and they can easily take or break the camera.

15. Holidays

National holidays and non-working days in Algeria:

1 January New Year
1 May Labor Day
19 June Revolution Day (Removal of Ben Bella from power)
5 July Independence Day
1 November Revolution Anniversary

Holidays that change dates every year

December Ascension of Muhammad
December Beginning of Ramadan
December Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice)
December Eid al-Fitr (end of the month of Ramadan)
December Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Maulid al-Nabi)
December Ashura
December Islamic New Year

16. Flora and Fauna

Flora of Algeria not very friendly to travelers. Thorny shrubs, mastic trees and thorny acacias in places form difficult thickets in more low-lying areas. But in some places you can also find more interesting and friendly vegetation that will please the eye - this is a dwarf palm, chestnuts, and seaside pine. And in the mountains you can find juniper and cedar forests.

The most common representatives wildlife in Algeria wild boars, jackals and gazelles are also common here, foxes, jerboas, steppe cats and of course hares and rabbits. Leopards and cheetahs are extremely rare and are on the verge of extinction. In Algeria there are about 20 species of snakes, as well as phalanxes and scorpions. The world of winged and feathered animals is represented by herons, ducks, geese and cranes.

17. Religion

Islam is recognized as the official religion in the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. Islam is the predominant religion, for more than 95 percent of the country's total population. Almost all Algerians belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. In addition, there are about 150,000 Christians in the country, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1,000 adherents of Judaism.

18. Medicine

Medical care in Algiers free. The government pays special attention to prevention and vaccinations. The health care system, which is funded by the state, will never reach the proper level of service. Most, to be more precise, almost all medical institutions are located in the north of the country, many people living in rural areas do not have access to modern medical care.

The most common diseases are tuberculosis, venereal diseases, malaria, trachoma, typhoid fever and dysentery. Overcrowding, lack of housing in cities have created health problems, which are also associated with unsanitary conditions and lack of drinking water of proper quality.

When traveling for Algeria it is highly recommended to have good international medical insurance covering emergency evacuation to other countries.

19. "Dangerously for life "

dangers who may be waiting for you in Algeria:

terrorism
demonstrations ending in clashes with police and riots
pickpocketing
Algerian roads
earthquakes
desert winds
very hot summer
hyenas and cheetahs

20. Souvenirs

Here is a small list most common souvenirs which tourists usually bring from Algeria:

"Desert Roses" - a miracle of nature from sand and crystals from the Dead Sea
leather goods, bronze, copper
ceramics
Wicker souvenirs
Berber silver jewelry

21. "Neither a nail, not a wand" or customs regulations

The import of foreign currency is not limited (the declaration is required). Upon entry, a convertible currency equivalent to 1000 Algerian dinars is exchanged. Failure to comply with the minimum exchange rules will result in the refusal of the customs service to carry out customs formalities. Violation of the exchange rules is punishable by law, up to criminal liability.

Export of foreign currency is allowed. However, it is necessary to present a declaration completed upon entry into the country to verify the availability of currency, carried out in Algeria for the exchange of exported items of value declared upon entry into the country.

Duty-free imported (per person):

cigarettes - up to 200 pcs., up to 100 cigarettes, 50 cigars or 250 gr. one brand of tobacco
up to 2 l. wine or 1 liter. hard liquor
up to 50 gr. spirits or 250 gr. toilet water
5 film, 5 video and 5 audio cassettes
1 carpet
personal jewelry and products made of gold, platinum and silver (completion of the declaration is mandatory)
valuable items necessary for work or leisure (video and photo equipment) - within the limits of need

Prohibited import:

drugs
pornographic literature
weapons and ammunition
recorded videotapes
documentaries
items that are contrary to local customs and morals
animals and plants on the verge of extinction
classical art objects

With special permissions of the relevant authorities, the following are exported:

photographic and videotapes, films, works of art
seeds and plants (phytosanitary certificate required)
objects of archaeological value (certification of cultural bodies is required)
works of art and historical documents (requires permission from the Commission of the National People's Assembly)

22. Language

Arabic in Algeria is an official language. French is widespread. Most Algerians, about 80% consider Arabic as their native language, the rest are Berber dialects.

What about sockets?

Mains voltage Algeria: 230 Volt, frequency 50 Hz. socket type: Type C, Type F.

23. Telephone Algeria code:

Country code: +213
First level geographic domain name: .dz

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