Does carbon burn? The structure of the carbon atom. Structural features of the atomic structure

We share this planet with over a million different animal species. Given the sheer number of animals we have to study, it's no surprise that much of the animal kingdom remains a mystery to us. But sometimes even the most common or recognizable animals can surprise us: each species has its own way of communicating, and some of your favorite animals may sound like you never expected.

10. Cheetahs chirp like birds.

The cheetah is the world's fastest land animal. They were once widespread throughout Africa and Asia, but interaction with humans has reduced the number of cheetahs found in Asia to a few dozen. Large cheetah populations currently exist in Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Tanzania.

Unlike other big cats (which technically belong to the panther genus), cheetahs and cougars cannot roar because they do not have the necessary two-section thyroid cartilage to do so. Instead, cheetahs chirp like birds, which is perhaps appropriate given their falconry speed. No other cat makes a similar sound.

Cheetahs also communicate largely through purring, theoretically reproduced through the use of the hyoid bone in the throat. On the other hand, it was once believed that big cats capable of roaring, such as lions, tigers, leopards, jaguars, were unable to purr, since they did not have the aforementioned hyoid bone. However, more recent observations show that roaring cats can purr, they simply cannot make any other sounds at the same time as other cats can.

9. Basenji dogs do not bark, but they can growl dully

(Start watching the video above from about the 50th second)
The Basenji is an endemic dog breed. Central Africa, which is used as a hunter's assistant. It was first taken from the Congo in ancient times as a gift to the Egyptian pharaohs, but it did not spread to England or America until the mid-1900s.

Basenjis cannot bark due to their narrow throats. As a result, instead of barking, the Basenji makes sounds through low-pitched growls that sound like purrs or howls.

Hunters most likely developed the Basenji's ability not to bark intentionally, as barking may have interfered with hunting by revealing the location of hunters or scaring away prey.

Basenjis are known for their amazing intelligence, as well as their tendency to be stubborn and mischievous. The inquisitive basenjis are more likely to eat anything you leave lying on the floor or crawl over the fence to look around. Also, while Basenjis can certainly learn commands, they may also choose to ignore them.

8. Foxy kuzu growls like a chainsaw stopping

Fox kuzu are marsupials that are widely distributed throughout Australia (and New Zealand after they were introduced there). As opportunistic omnivores, fox kuzu have a tendency to ravage people's gardens, but they have also been known to rob bird nests for eggs.

When the fox kuzu tries to intimidate or scare away a threat, it growls like a chainsaw or a car running out of fuel. However, like the barn owl, the fox kuzu can make a terrifying screech for the same purpose.

Fox kuzu fur is extremely light, but also incredibly warm. This makes it look like polar bear fur with a touch of silky mink feel. The Australian Aboriginal people used kuzu fur to create amazingly effective heat-retaining clothing. When the Europeans arrived in Australia, they saw great potential for fox kuzu in the established fur trade. In fact, that was the main reason they were brought into New Zealand(where they caused a small disaster among the local animal species).

7. Elephants make a growl-like noise.

In addition to being able to trumpet, elephants can also roar. In fact, a noise that sounds something like a low growl is their most common way of communicating. Rumbling is caused by a vibrating sound made in the throat.

The purr helps the elephants to organize themselves. For example, when leaving a waterhole, elephants use a rumbling to line up in their hierarchical structure(females lead the herd, and adult males leave separately). In addition, elephants roar to let other herds know that it is their turn to go to the watering hole. The growl was even used to coordinate the herd in rescuing a drowning baby elephant.

The growl can extend for impressive distances of several kilometers (through the growl, the females signal to the males when it is time to mate). Some purrs are so low that only elephants can hear them.

All types of elephants communicate through growls. The growling of baby elephants was a key component of the T-Rex's roar in the 1993 film Jurassic Park.

6. Barn owls do not hoot, but squeal piercingly

The squeal of the barn owl, from which the blood freezes in the veins, is not at all like the usual hoot. The barn owl, which lives on every continent except Antarctica, looks like something out of a horror movie, and the creepy scream just adds to the impression.
The screams usually last on the order of two seconds (and are produced repeatedly, although infrequently). Males call to invite females to inspect the nest they have built, or to scare away a threat. Females, which call much less frequently, usually do so by begging for food from their mates.

Barn owls usually like to nest in old barns. Before barns became widely available to them, barn owls could nest in hollows in trees such as western sycamore, silver maple, and white oak. Barn owls breed twice a year, and both parents take part in raising the young.

Barn owl chicks can also hiss in order to scare off intruders, which is no less creepy than the cry of adults.

5. Guinea pigs can make sounds similar to those made by squeaker toys.

Remember, in childhood, many had such small toys that squeaked when pressed?

Guinea pigs, which are actually quite vociferous, communicate using sounds similar to those squeaky toys. This is called a chirp and is usually used to convey a range of emotions such as excitement, anticipation, or hunger. Through squeaking, guinea pigs also express negative emotions, such as anger, fear, or aggression, but usually accompanied by teeth chattering.

Guinea pigs appeared in South America where many used them as a food source. Guinea pigs, also known simply as "pigs", are rodents and are not related to pigs at all. They were perhaps the cheapest source of meat (an alternative to pork) that the English could buy for one guinea, an old British coin worth about one pound sterling.

4. Moose can make sounds similar to the sound of a hunting horn.

Moose, larger relatives of deer, are endemic to North America and East Asia. They live in mountainous regions. In the US, they are mostly found in the west, although they could once be found all over the country. They are also called wapiti (a Native American word for light-colored deer). Moose can be up to 2.7 meters tall, including antlers.

The mating season comes with the end of summer. This period is known as "heath" and it is during this period that male moose fight for females. The period of estrus is characterized by an impassioned call, known as "trumpeting," which is a rising, haunting melody, quite different from the sound of the horn, to which it is supposed to sound like. The sound develops into a loud screech-scream, and then abruptly turns into a series of roaring sounds.

The “trumpeting” of moose continues from dusk to dawn and from September to October. This is enough time to collect a large cohort of females, and bore any other forest animal.

3. Maned wolves intimidate with barks mixed with roars

What happens when you combine a lion's roar with a Rottweiler's bark? You will get the barking roar of a maned wolf.

Despite the fact that the International Union for Conservation of Nature has given this animal the status of a species that is close to threatened, maned wolves are widespread in South America. They are found in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru and Brazil (not to mention zoos around the world). Despite the fact that the maned wolf belongs to the canine family, he is actually not a wolf at all and belongs to a completely different, eponymous genus Maned wolves (Chrysocyon). Maned wolves look like foxes on stilts and hunt alone.

The bark-roar of the maned wolf is certainly impressive, but they mostly communicate by smell: they can smell the urine of their own species from more than a kilometer away, and can relay a warning, mating interest, or health data. Unlike many other canids, maned wolves do not howl or bark, but they growl (when they feel threatened) and whine (in greeting).

2. Multi-voiced mockingbirds imitate ... everything

Mockingbirds love to sing, and they don't limit themselves to one genre.

Mockingbirds are found in the New World and are non-migratory birds that can be found in Mexico, the United States, the Bahamas, the Galapagos, Cuba and other Caribbean islands, the Antilles. Although there are several subspecies of mockingbirds, the most common is the polyphonic mockingbird. Like the miniature lyrebird, the aptly named mockingbird learns the songs of dozens of other birds (or even frogs) by imitating them aloud. They continue to learn new songs throughout their lives. They play each imitation for about 20 seconds before moving on to the next tune.

Both males and females sing, and they can do it all day long. If you hear a mockingbird singing at night, it is most likely a desperate male hoping to find a female to mate with. If you get tired of their singing, just remember that killing mockingbirds is simply a sin.

1. Foxes scream

(Start watching the video above from about the 30th second)

The red fox, the largest fox species, is one of the most successful mammals. Thanks to its resourcefulness and adaptability, this species has managed to spread to four continents. In fact, their distribution range is the most extensive of all carnivores living in the world on this moment(although they are actually omnivorous in practice). Despite being so widespread, foxes are actually very elusive.

The slender appearance and fluffy tail of the fox give it some resemblance to cats. However, in fact, the fox belongs to the canine family and is a relative of dogs and wolves.

As Ylvis can attest, foxes are not particularly vociferous animals. While foxes use their tails and scent to communicate, they can also make a loud, high-pitched, scream-like bark that can usually be heard during mating season or during conflict. Foxes also growl during fights.
And now you know what the fox is really saying!

C (carboneum), non-metallic chemical element Group IVA (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) of the Periodic Table of Elements. It occurs in nature in the form of diamond crystals (Fig. 1), graphite or fullerene and other forms and is part of organic (coal, oil, animal and plant organisms, etc.) and inorganic substances(limestone, baking soda, etc.). Carbon is widespread, but its content in earth's crust only 0.19% ( see also DIAMOND; FULLERENES).

Carbon is widely used in the form simple substances. In addition to precious diamonds, which are the subject jewelry, great importance have industrial diamonds - for the manufacture of grinding and cutting tools. Charcoal and other amorphous forms of carbon are used for decolorization, purification, adsorption of gases, in areas of technology where adsorbents with a developed surface are required. Carbides, compounds of carbon with metals, as well as with boron and silicon (for example, Al 4 C 3 , SiC, B 4 C) are characterized by high hardness and are used to make abrasive and cutting tools. Carbon is present in steels and alloys in the elemental state and in the form of carbides. Saturation of the surface of steel castings with carbon at high temperature(cementation) significantly increases the surface hardness and wear resistance. see also ALLOYS.

There are many different forms of graphite in nature; some are obtained artificially; amorphous forms are available (eg coke and charcoal). Soot, bone charcoal, lamp black, acetylene black are formed when hydrocarbons are burned in the absence of oxygen. So-called white carbon obtained by sublimation of pyrolytic graphite under reduced pressure - these are the smallest transparent crystals of graphite leaves with pointed edges.

Sunyaev Z.I. Petroleum carbon. M., 1980
Chemistry of hypercoordinated carbon. M., 1990

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