home Botany book In which country is Telugu spoken? Meaning of Telugu (language) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse. From the history of the language

In which country is Telugu spoken? Meaning of Telugu (language) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, bse. From the history of the language

The Telugu language, which is part of the southern group of Dravidian languages, is spoken in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and in the union territory of Punducherry. It ranks third in terms of the number of speakers in India (75 million people) and 13th in the Ethnologue list of the most widely spoken languages in the world. The etymology of the name "Telugu" is not entirely clear, but according to popular theory, it is formed from the words telu (in the Gondi language it means "white") and unga (the suffix plural) and denotes people with white skin.

During its development, Telugu, like other languages of India, has undergone strong changes. In particular, in the 14-17 centuries, during the reign of the Muslim Sultan dynasty, a wide layer of borrowings from Arabic and Farsi was formed in Telugu.

And during the period of British rule (late 19th - early 20th century), the Telugu lexicon was replenished with numerous English borrowings. By the 1930s, the Telugu literary norm (accha telugu - “pure Telugu”) was formed, which is now taught in schools and universities. Telugu is one of 22 state languages India and official language state of Andhra Pradesh. And in 2008, Telugu was declared one of the classical languages India, after Sanskrit (in 2005) and Tamil (in 2008).

Telugu is characterized by a peculiar harmony of vowels, when the second vowel in a word is assimilated in quality to the first vowel. That is, if the second vowel is open (or closed), the first vowel also becomes more open or more closed.

Since Telugu is an agglutinative language, words often consist of numerous morphemes: for example, the word nuvvostanante (“if you say you will come”) consists of separate words nuvvu, vastaanu and ante. For the purpose of emphasizing, duplication is used: paka ("laughter") - pakapaka ("sudden laughter"), gara ("clean") - garagara ("very clean").

The typical word order in a sentence is Subject-Predicate-Object.

Cases are divided into 4 groups: grammatical (nominative, genitive, indirect, instrumental); cases of place (dative, adessive, inessive, local); motion cases (superactive, allative, divisive, expiratory, elative, illative, sublative, termative); cases of relation (beneficial, causative, comitative, possessive).

As in other Dravidian languages, Telugu distinguishes between inclusive and exclusive forms of the personal pronoun "we" (manamu/memu). When addressing the interlocutor with respect, pronouns are used both in the second person plural and in the third person. The singular forms of feminine and neuter pronouns are the same.

There are a lot of loanwords from Sanskrit in Telugu, there are also loanwords from Farsi and Arabic. AT modern language diglossia is clearly observed, since the official language is the standard version of Telugu, which has been strongly influenced by Sanskrit. The same variant is taught in schools and used by Hindu religious institutions. As for the living language, it is presented in the form of many dialects that are common in different regions and social circles.

Words in Telugu are written from left to right and consist of sequences of simple or compound characters. The letter is syllabic in nature, and since the possible number of syllables is very large, in writing they are transmitted by combinations of basic symbols denoting individual vowels or consonants. A total of 60 characters are used, of which 16 are vowels, 41 are consonants, and 3 are vowel modifiers.

Telugu, Telingana, Andhra - the people of the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, live in the basin of the rivers Godavari, Krishna, Tungabhadra. They also live compactly in the adjacent regions of the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. The population is about 74.5 million people.

Anthropological type - Mesoindian, varies within different caste groups. They speak Telugu or Gentoo Dravidian language family. The majority of Telugus are Hindus, Vishnuites and Shaivites, traditional local beliefs are preserved; there are also Sunni Muslims and Christians. The ancestors of Telugu are the Dravidian peoples, Andhra, Kalinga, and Telugu proper (Tenugu) at the beginning - the middle of the 1st millennium BC. migrated south from northern India and merged into one people in the 2nd century BC. - 3rd century Telugu AD

In the 3rd century BC. Buddhism spread here. By the beginning of N. e. a significant part of the Andhra territory was part of the state ruled by the Satavahana dynasty. In the 7th - 10th centuries. the Hindu Chalukya dynasty was strengthened here, in which significant temple construction was associated.

In the 11th century on the basis of the lands of the Chalukyas and Chola, the state of the Kakatya dynasty took shape, which existed until the 13th century, later part of its lands became part of the Vijayanagar empire. In the 15th - 16th centuries. most of the territory of Telugu entered the Brahmanid Sultanate, from which the state of Golconda emerged, with the Qutab Shah dynasty, which united a large territory of Andhra. In 1682-87.

Golconda was captured by Aurangzeb. In 1725, on the ruins of the Andhra Empire and part of modern Maharashtra and Karnataka, the fiefdom of Nizam-ul-Mulk Kilich Khan, the principality of Hyderabad was formed, which existed until 1947, then became part of the Republic of India. In 1956, it was renamed the state of Andhra Pradesh, which united most of the Telugu ethnic region. The Telugu are engaged in arable farming, they cultivate jowar, bajra, rice, legumes, red pepper, peanuts, sugar cane, cotton, jute, and tobacco.

There is an ethno-cultural group of Telugu sheep breeders. Crafts are developed - pottery, weaving, fabric ornamentation, jewelry and lacquer art. Currently developing new information Technology(in Hyderabad). Telugu maintains a caste division. Castes are divided into exogamous tribal groups, some traditions of matrilineality are preserved (marriage with the mother's brother's daughter, for low castes - matrilineality of inheritance). There are no divorces and no remarriage of widows. Telugu Muslims also have elements of caste division.

Villages are divided into quarters inhabited according to the caste principle. Representatives of the upper castes live in large families in brick houses with courtyards. In the southern part of the house there are bedrooms, in the eastern part there is a chapel, in the western part there is a guest room; between them are pantries. Families of peasants and artisans of the middle castes live in adobe one-room houses, sometimes with wattle walls, usually with a veranda. Round bamboo or adobe huts are inhabited by members of the lowest status groups. Men's clothing - dhoti with shirt and scarf; headdress - turban. Muslims wear lungi with a shirt and cap.

Shepherds of sheep have plaids. Women wear the saree with an underskirt and a choli blouse. Peasant women drape in saris like dhoti. They wear gold jewelry. The main food is rice, dishes from beans, beans, vegetables (pumpkins). Season food with sour milk, pickled mangoes, lemons, spices. North Indian cuisine is common among Muslims.

Pakhlavans (wrestlers), patangbazi (kite flying), cockfights, and the art of decorative floor decorations (kolam) are common. Especially important holidays are Sankranti in January (harvest), Shivaratri (February-March), Ugadi - New Year Telugu in March, Mahankali Jatra (June-July).

Folklore and literature, visual and performing arts are developed. Based on the pantomime associated with the Vishnuite cult, in the 20th century. the classical dance style of kuchipudi developed.

Total number of carriers: Rating : Classification Category : southeastern group Writing : Language codes GOST 7.75–97: ISO 639-1 : ISO 639-2: ISO 639-3: See also: Project:Linguistics

Telugu(తెలుగు) is one of the Dravidian languages. Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, where it has official status, as well as in Sri Lanka, the countries of the South East Asia, in some states of Africa and the Middle East, on the Fiji Islands and Mauritius.

Story

Telugu is an old written language, its oldest monuments date back to the end of the 6th - beginning of the 7th century AD. e. Telugu literature developed later than other Dravidian languages. Start literary tradition Telugu (earlier monuments of Jain literature of the 9th-11th centuries were destroyed after the establishment of Hinduism in Andhra) were laid down by poets who worked in the 11th (Nannaya Bhatta) and 13th centuries (Tikkanga, Erapragada); they translated into Telugu the classical ancient Indian epic Mahabharata. (The result of this transcription is called Andhra Mahabharata. Andhra is the name of the Telugu-speaking people and the country where they live; occasionally this term is also used as another name for the Telugu language itself.) Original works appeared in the 14th century, and norms literary language formed in XVI-XVI centuries under the influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit - Middle Indian literary languages that inherited Sanskrit.

As with other early written Dravidian languages, the classical literary and colloquial Telugu varieties differ greatly. However, already in the poetry of the preachers of the bhakti movement (in the XII-XIII centuries, and then in the XV century) colloquial, and in the 19th century a movement arose, led by the writer G. Apparao, whose goal was to create a new, close to colloquial literary language. In the 20th century, a new literary language has taken a dominant position in fiction and the media. Since 1968, the Telugu Academy has been functioning, developing the normative grammar of the new literary language (“vyavaharika”); the old book language (“granthika”) is preserved only in limited areas, in particular in poetry.

The first Telugu grammar, Shabdachinthamani ("Talisman of Words"), was compiled by Nannaya Bhatta in the 11th century; modern stage in the study of Telugu began in the 19th century (grammar by C.P. Brown and other works). In addition to European specialists, Telugu is actively studied by Indian scientists at the universities of Hyderabad, Tirupati, Visakhapattanam.

Linguistic information

Classification

Dravidian family
- southeastern group
  - Telugu

Language structure

Structurally, Telugu is close to the "general Dravidian standard". Phonetically, it is similar to the Kannada language (in ancient times, their similarities were even greater). In morphology, Telugu is characterized by the absence of feminine forms of nouns (in singular distinguish between male and non masculine, in the plural - "epicene" for the names of persons and the middle one for all other nouns); in this Telugu is similar to the northern Dravidian languages Kurukh and Malto. Already in ancient Telugu, compared to other Dravidian languages, the case system was simplified (four cases against an average of six). In the subsystem of pronouns, as in most Dravidian languages, there are inclusive ("we are with you") and exclusive ("we are without you") forms of the 1st person plural. numbers. In the indicative mood of the positive conjugation, only two aspectual-temporal forms are opposed - the present-future and the simple past; the number of moods (indicative, imperative, potential and conditional), on the contrary, is somewhat greater than in most Dravidian languages. The syntax is typically Dravidian.

Writing

Telugu syllabic script is used.

Running expressions

Greetings

1. Hello Namas-kaaram 2. Goodbye Velli-vastaanu 3. How are you? Meeru ela-gunnaru ? 4. You are beautiful Meeru chala andam-ga unnaru 5. Everything is fine with me Nenu ba-gunnanu

Acquaintance

1. My name is … Naa peru …… 2. I am from (country name) Nenu … (country name) deshapu vaanni 3. Nice to meet you Mimmalni kalisi-nanduku chala santosham-ga unnadi 4. Sorry for being late Kshamin- chandi, alasyam ayyin-di

Questions

1. What is your name? Mee peru enti? 2. How can I get there? Akkadiki nenu ela vella-li? 3. How much does it cost? Go enta? 4. Where can I make a phone call? Phone call ekkada cheyya-vacchu? 5. Can you help me? Naaku sahayam chestara? 6. How can I get to the airport? Nenu airportu-ku ela vellali? 7. Where can I shop? Nenu shopping-ki ekkadiki vellali? 8. Nobody called me? Naa-kosam eva-raina phone chesara? 9. Could you take me to the nearest temple/church? Daya-chesi nannu deggara- unna gudiki / churchki tee-suku vellandi? 10. Could you tell me where is a good hotel? Ikkada unna manchi hotel edo, cheputhara?

Road

1. I need to get to (place name) Nenu … (place name) ki vellali 2. I got lost Nenu daari tappi-nanu 3. Go left Yedam -vaipuki vellandi 4. Go right Kudi-vaipuki vellandi 5. Opposite Yeduruga 6. Straight ahead Chakkaga munduku

different situations

1. Excuse me Kshaminchandi 2. I want it Idi naaku kaavali 3. I don't want it Naaku idi vaddu 4. Come tomorrow Repu randi 5. Give me a glass of water Naaku oka glass manchi neelu ivvandi 6. I'm hungry Naaku akali vestundi 7. It's good place Ee chotu bagundi 8. Drive slowly Bandi melliga nada-pandi 9. We need Maaku oka tourist guide kaavali 10. Cash this check Ee chequeni encash chesi dabbulu ivvandi

Links

Telugu-English online dictionary (English)

Official languages of India
At the federal level	English Hindi
At the state level	Assamese Bengali Bodo Dogri Gujarati Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Manipuri Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Sanskrit Santhali Sindhi Tamil Telugu hindi urdu

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See what "Telugu (language)" is in other dictionaries:

TELUGU (Andhra), the language of the Telugu people. Official language pcs. Andhra Pradesh in India. Refers to the Dravidian languages (see DRAVID LANGUAGES). A letter based on the Telugu alphabet dating back to Brahmi ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Telugu, Telugu, tenugu, tenungu, the language of the Andhra people (Telugu). Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (official language), in the adjacent regions of Tamil Nadu and Mysore, as well as in some countries of Southeast Asia. T. speaks about 50 ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Telugu (meanings). Telugu Modern area of \u200b\u200bsettlement and population ... Wikipedia

The name Telugu denotes common in India: Telugu (people) Telugu (language) Telugu (writing) List of meanings ... Wikipedia

Telugu- Uses a script that goes back to the Grantha script, which is one of the varieties of the ancient Indian Brahmi alphabet. The Telugu script is similar to the Kannar script. The difference between them is shown in the table “Alphabets of the Kannar and Telugu languages”. Telugu... ... Key to languages of the world according to scripts

TELUGU (LANGUAGE)

telungu, tenugu, tenungu, the language of the Andhra (Telugu) people. Distributed in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh (official language), in the adjacent regions of Tamil Nadu and Mysore, as well as in some countries of Southeast Asia. T. is spoken by about 50 million people (1975, estimate). Belongs to the southeastern group of Dravidian languages. There are two forms of T. - the archaic "granthika" (literally - bookish) and the commonly used "vyavaharika" (literally - common, it is stated in the literature since the 15th century). The reference dialect of "vyavaharika" T. is the dialect of the eastern districts (Eastern Godavari, Western Godavari, Krishna, Gunturu); Rayalasim, Telenganskpy and northeastern (Sri Kakulam and Visakhapatnam districts) dialects are also distinguished.

Distinctive features of T. are the loss of the original Dravidian alveolar noisy and retroflex smooth sonant, the loss (apheresis) of the root vowel [for example, rendu "two"< *irandu, m(r)a n u "дерево" < * mara n ], развитие аффрикаты, нейтрализация различия между женским и средним родом в единственном числе (мужской род противопоставляется немужскому). Эпиграфические памятники письменности появляются в 7 в., fiction- in the 11th century.

Lit .: Petrunicheva Z. N., Telugu language, M., 1960; Telugurus dictionary, M., 1972; Arden, A. H., A progressive grammar of Telugu language, Madras, 1955; Krishna murti B., Telugu verbal bases: a comparative and descriptive study, Berkeley - Los Ang., 1961; Mahadeva Sastri K., Historical grammar of Telugu, Anantapur, 1969: Subrahmanyam P. S., Modern Telugu, Annamalainagar, 1973: Galletti di Cadilhac A., Galletti's telugu dictionary. A dictionary of current Telugu, L., 1935.

M. S. ANDRONOV

Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB. 2012