home General biology How the Golden Horde influenced the formation of Russian statehood . The Golden Horde and its influence on the historical development of Russia The influence of the horde on Russian political orders

How the Golden Horde influenced the formation of Russian statehood . The Golden Horde and its influence on the historical development of Russia The influence of the horde on Russian political orders

The darkest page in the history of the Russian State is 240 years of the Horde yoke, a terrible time of devastating invasions, humiliating and burdensome tribute, complete political dependence on the Golden Horde khans. It took centuries for the Russian princes to realize the horror of the slavish position of Russia under the rule of the Horde, the need to unite in front of a common enemy and decide to repulse the enslavers. It happened on the Kulikovo field, on the banks of the Nepryadva and the Don. Here, on September 8 (21), 1380, the Russian army, led by the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich, defeated the hordes of Mamai, giving the country hope for a speedy and long-awaited liberation from the Mongol yoke.

Ancient Russia was under the rule of the Mongol-Tatars in 1240 after the invasion of Batu. The Mongols at the beginning of the 13th century created one of the largest military empires in world history, which relied on terror and violence. Only a strong and united state could resist such a mass. Russia was not like that then. A country with a common history, culture and traditions resembled a patchwork of small principalities torn apart by internecine conflicts. Ryazan was the first to fall under the rule of the Mongol-Tatars in 1237: the Ryazan princes vainly asked Vladimir and Chernigov for help, no one came to the rescue of the besieged city. For three years, Batu's army enslaved all Russian lands with fire and sword, meeting only the resistance of small princely squads on the way.

Batu's invasion caused great damage to Russia. Many cities and villages were wiped off the face of the earth. A vivid example is the Kulikovo field: there is not a single one left rural settlement pre-Mongol era. Tens of thousands of people died: townspeople and peasants, warriors and princes who were trying to defend Russia. Thousands were driven into slavery. Golden Horde imposed tribute on Russia. In addition to monetary payments, the khans demanded that the Russian princes constantly send military detachments to serve the Horde. They had no chance of returning to their homeland. Russian princes, in order to ascend the throne, had to come with a bow to the Golden Horde and receive a label on the grand prince's table. And to rule his native land with an eye on the Horde Baskaks - the Mongol officials who controlled the activities of the princes, ensured the collection of tribute and recruited soldiers into the Mongol army.

The pernicious influence of the Golden Horde led to the complete political and economic dependence of Russia. According to historians, the total tribute from the Russian principalities and Veliky Novgorod amounted to 15 thousand rubles a year! The payment of tribute caused enormous economic damage to the Russian lands. If the Baskaks did not get what they wanted, the Russian people were threatened with slavery in the Horde.

The unceremonious exactions of the tribute collectors - the Basque detachments - often aroused the resistance of individual Russian princes, cities and territories. This began the struggle of Russia with the Horde yoke. But the disobedient were drowned in their own blood. The slightest resistance to the Baskaks ended with the introduction of the Horde punitive detachments. Russia got rid of the Horde governors only in the 20s of the XIV century under the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir Ivan Danilovich Kalita. This was preceded by the defeat of the detachment of the Baskak Cholkhan (Shchelkan) in Tver: in 1325, the local population, supported by the prince of Tver, rebuffed the tribute collectors. The elimination of the Basques, the governors of the khan in the conquered lands, was the first serious achievement in the struggle of Russia with the Golden Horde. But the tribute - in money, furs, bread and metal - remained: it was now collected Grand Duke Vladimir and himself delivered to the Horde.

Only in the second half of the 14th century did the Russian principalities begin to refuse to pay tribute. One of the first to decide on this was the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich: the Golden Horde did not receive anything from Moscow in 1361-1371 and in 1374-1380. It was a serious challenge to the Horde. And he was heard. Moscow's non-payment of tribute became one of the pretexts for Mamai's campaign against Russia in 1380. The Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Ivanovich, with the blessing of Sergius of Radonezh, managed to collect a single Russian army. The majority of Russian principalities responded to the call to act as a united front against the common enemy. On September 8 (21), 1380, the Russian army entered into a decisive battle with the hordes of Mamai on the Kulikovo field and, having defeated the Horde bulk, announced to Russia the beginning of the end of the yoke.

One of the main victories of the Battle of Kulikovo is the overthrown stereotype of the invincibility of the Horde. The heroism of the Russian army, united Russia proved that liberation from the Golden Horde yoke is possible, that it is possible and necessary to fight the Horde.

Hopes for the liberation of Russia from the Horde could not be killed even by the sudden raid of the Khan of the Blue and Golden Horde Tokhtamysh on Moscow. Burned in September 1382, the ancient capital, the renewal of tribute to the Horde could not change the course of history. After the death of Tokhtamysh, the process of disintegration of the once great Golden Horde empire began and, on the contrary, an unprecedented rise Ancient Russia. There could no longer be any talk of the former system of domination over Russia.

The struggle of Russia with the Golden Horde conquerors continued until the end of the 15th century. In 1472, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III refused to pay tribute, which caused the campaign of the Great Horde Khan Akhmat. An attempt by the Golden Horde to once again bring Russia to its knees was unsuccessful: in 1480 (standing on the Ugra River) the Horde yoke was put an end to once and for all.

17 . Prerequisites for the unification of Russian lands. The rise of the Moscow principality.

The creation of the Russian centralized state is the most important stage in the historical development of our country. It is associated with overcoming feudal fragmentation, the unification of Russian lands under the leadership of Moscow and, as a result, the liquidation Tatar-Mongol yoke. The formation of a unified state created the necessary conditions for further economic and political development Russia, the development of domestic statehood and the Russian legal system. The role of Russia has increased both in European and world history.
From the beginning of the XIV century. the fragmentation of the Russian principalities stops, giving way to their unification. It was based on economic reasons, in particular the strengthening of economic ties between the Russian lands. The starting point in the development of the feudal economy was the progress Agriculture. Agricultural production is characterized in this period by the increasing spread of the arable system, which becomes the predominant method of cultivating the land in the central regions of the country. The arable system is gradually replacing the slashing system. Equally important was the constant expansion of sown areas through the development of new and previously abandoned lands. The growing need for agricultural tools led to the development of handicrafts. The process of separation of handicraft from agriculture is intensively going on. There is a need for the exchange of products of labor between the artisan and the peasant. Based on this exchange, local markets are created. The development of foreign trade contributed to the establishment of internal economic ties. All this urgently demanded the political unification of the Russian lands, the creation of a single state. Wide circles of Russian society were interested in his education, and first of all, the nobility, merchants and artisans.
Another prerequisite for the unification of Russian lands was the aggravation of social class contradictions. The rise of agriculture prompted the feudal lords to intensify the exploitation of the peasants. They sought not only economically, but also legally to secure the peasants for their estates and estates, to enserf them. Such a policy, of course, aroused the resistance of the peasant masses. The feudal lords needed guarantees that the process of enslavement would be brought to an end. This task could be solved only by a powerful centralized state.
The factor that accelerated centralization was an external danger that forced the Russian lands to rally in the face of a common enemy. It is noteworthy that the process of state consolidation made possible the Battle of Kulikovo, which begins the liberation of Russia from the Tatar-Mongol yoke. When, under Ivan III, it was possible to collect almost all Russian lands, this yoke was finally overthrown.
Russian centralized state developed around Moscow, which eventually became its capital. It became the center of association because, by virtue of its geographical location was better protected from external enemies, was at the crossroads of river and land trade routes.
Founded in the 12th century, Moscow was at first a small city, which the Rostov-Suzdal princes gave as inheritance to their younger sons. Only from the end of the XIII century. it became the capital city of an independent principality with a permanent prince. The first Moscow prince was the son of Alexander Nevsky - Daniel, under whom at the turn of the XIII and XIV centuries. the process of all-Russian state consolidation began. His successors, continuing the policy of uniting Russian lands, bought up or seized by force the lands of neighboring principalities, concluded agreements with the weakened specific princes, making them their vassals. The territory of the Moscow Principality also expanded due to the settlement of the Upper Trans-Volga region.
The foundation of Moscow's power was laid under the second son of Daniel, Ivan Kalita (1325-1340), who managed to get a label from the Tatars for a great reign and thus acquired the right to collect tribute in their favor from all Russian lands. This right was later used by the Moscow princes in order to unite these lands under their rule. When in 1326 the metropolitan see was transferred to Moscow from Vladimir, it became the center of the Orthodox Church. Expanding the territory of the Muscovite state, the Grand Dukes of Moscow turned the destinies into simple estates. Appanage princes, falling under their power, became boyars - subjects of the great Moscow prince.
By the end of the XIV century. Muscovy so intensified that he was able to lead the struggle of Russia for the overthrow of the Tatar-Mongol oppression. The Horde was dealt the first sensitive blows - the most significant on the Kulikovo field. Under Ivan III, the unification of Russian lands entered its final stage. Novgorod the Great, Tver, part of the Ryazan principality, Russian lands on the Desna were annexed to Moscow. In 1480, after the well-known "standing on the Ugra", Russia finally freed itself from the Tatar yoke. The unification process was completed at the beginning of the 16th century. prince Vasily III annexed to Moscow the second half of the Ryazan principality, Pskov, liberated Smolensk from Lithuanian domination. Together with Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Perm and other lands, non-Russian peoples also became part of the Moscow state: Meshchers, Karelians, Saami, Nenets, Udmurts, etc. The Russian state, like Kyiv, became multinational.
Along with the unification of Russian lands, the annexation of other territories, the power of the great Moscow princes also grew. The Moscow principality gradually turned into a powerful public education, in which the former division into appanages was replaced by a division into administrative-territorial units, headed by governors and volosts sent from Moscow.

Short description

For 200 s extra years The Mongol yoke brought about transformations in all spheres of life in Russian society. Bringing their own changes to everyday life, clothing, jewelry, construction and trade relations. throughout culture as a whole.
Clothing changed: long white Slavic shirts and long trousers were replaced by golden caftans, colored trousers and morocco boots. Such women's jewelry as beads, beads, shells, etc. came into use.
They brought abacus to Russian culture, which the West still does not know, felt boots, dumplings, coffee, the identity of Russian and Asian carpentry and joinery tools, the similarity of the walls of the Kremlin of Beijing (Khan-Balyk) and Moscow and other cities - all this is the influence of the East.

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Completed by: Ekaterina Peshkova (F-103) EN-130303

The influence of the Golden Horde on the development of medieval Russia

The invasion of the Mongol hordes and the subsequent domination, which stretched for almost two and a half centuries, became a terrible shock for medieval Russia. The Mongol cavalry swept away everything in its path, and if any city tried to resist, its population was ruthlessly massacred, leaving only ashes in place of houses. From 1258 to 1476, Russia was obliged to pay tribute to the Mongol rulers and provide recruits for the Mongol armies. The Russian princes, whom the Mongols eventually entrusted with the direct management of their lands and the collection of tribute, could begin to fulfill their duties only after receiving official permission from the Mongol rulers. Starting from the 17th century, the phrase “Tatar-Mongolian yoke” began to be used in the Russian language to designate this historical period.

The destructiveness of this invasion does not raise the slightest doubt, but the question of how exactly it influenced the historical fate of Russia still remains open. On this issue, two extreme opinions oppose each other, between which there is a whole range of intermediate positions.

First point of view: S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky, S.F. Platonov, M.N. Pokrovsky and other historians believed that the Mongol yoke brought ruin, death of people, delayed development, but did not significantly affect the life and life of Russians, their statehood. During the period Mongol rule Russia continued to develop along the European path, but lagged far behind due to large-scale destruction, human losses, the need to pay tribute, etc.
Second point of view: N.M. Karamzin, N.I. Kostomarov, V.V. Leontovich, N.P. Zagoskin, V.I. Sergievich and the Eurasianists insisted on the thesis that the Mongols had a significant impact on the social and social organization of the Russians, on the formation and development of the Muscovite state. Eurasians believed that Muscovy was part of the Great Mongolian state. The main borrowings of Russia from the Mongols were despotism in the political sphere and serfdom in the socio-economic sphere.

For the first time, the Tatar problem was identified by Karamzin in the “Note on Ancient and New Russia”, prepared for Emperor Alexander I in 1811. The Russian princes, the historian argued, who received “labels” for ruling from the Mongols, were much more cruel rulers than the princes of the pre-Mongol period, and the people under their rule cared only about saving life and property, but not about exercising their civil rights. One of the Mongolian innovations was the use death penalty to the traitors. Taking advantage of the current situation, the Moscow princes gradually approved an autocratic form of government, and this became a boon for the nation: “The autocracy founded and resurrected Russia: with the change of the State Charter, it perished and had to perish ...”.

Karamzin continued to study the topic. In his opinion, Russia lagged behind Europe not only because of the Mongols, although they played their negative role here. The historian believed that the backlog began during the period of princely civil strife Kievan Rus, and continued under the Mongols. Under the rule of the Mongols, the Russians lost their civic virtues; in order to survive, they did not shy away from deception, love of money, cruelty: “Perhaps the very present character of the Russians still shows the stains placed on it by the barbarity of the Mughals,” wrote Karamzin. If any moral values were preserved in them at that time, then this happened solely thanks to Orthodoxy.

In political terms, according to Karamzin, the Mongol yoke led to the complete disappearance of free-thinking: "Princes, humbly groveling in the Horde, returned from there as formidable rulers." The boyar aristocracy lost power and influence. "In a word, autocracy was born." All these changes were a heavy burden on the population, but in the long run their effect was positive. They brought an end to the civil strife that destroyed the Kievan state, and helped Russia get back on its feet when the Mongol empire fell.

For more than 200 years, the Mongol yoke has brought about transformations in all spheres of life in Russian society. Bringing their own changes to everyday life, clothing, jewelry, construction and trade relations. throughout culture as a whole.

Clothing changed: long white Slavic shirts and long trousers were replaced by golden caftans, colored trousers and morocco boots. Such women's jewelry as beads, beads, shells, etc. came into use.

They brought into Russian culture abacus, which the West still does not know, felt boots, dumplings, coffee, the identity of Russian and Asian carpentry and joinery tools, the similarity of the walls of the Kremlin of Beijing (Khan-Balyk) and Moscow and other cities - all this is the influence of the East.

The influence of the East on Russian culture is clearly reflected in dances. While in the West there should be a couple in the dance - a lady and a gentleman, in the dances of Russian and Eastern peoples this is not important. The movements of a man are given room for improvisation. Similar to oriental dances, Russian dance is more like a competition in dexterity, flexibility and rhythm of the body.

Having noted all of the above, it can be established as a historical fact that the Mongol rule in Asia and Europe contributed not to the fall, but to some extent to the rise of the culture of Russia.

Living in the neighborhood and the constant interaction of Russians with the Tatar-Mongols could not but affect the language. He, as well as other spheres of life, was affected by significant changes. Under the influence of the Golden Horde, many Turkic words came into the Russian language.

Somewhere in the fifth or sixth part of the vocabulary of Turkic origin. They have long become an integral part of the Russian language, and are not regarded by us as borrowed.

Many Mongolian words have been preserved relating to the state (Cossack, guard, label) and economic (treasury, tamga (where customs), goods) device. Other borrowings relate to such areas as construction (tin, brick, shack), jewelry (turquoise, pearls, earring), garden (watermelon, rhubarb), fabrics (coarse calico, felt, calico, braid), clothing and footwear (shoe, caftan , sash, veil, stocking, pants). Some other borrowings of this period: badger, damask steel, pencil, dagger, target, elephant, cockroach, prison.

Many of these words are so familiar and familiar that it is impossible to think that they are not Slavic origin. However, they have long come into use and are not considered foreign.

The long period of interaction between Russia and the Golden Horde could not but leave its mark on the folklore of the Russian people. Of the foreigners, the most significant block of proverbs is dedicated to the Tatars, which the Russian people associate with the Mongol-Tatar invasion and the subsequent yoke. In proverbs and sayings, the people complain about the hardships of the Mongol yoke.

The following work was used as the main source: Proverbs of the Russian people. Collection of V. Dahl in two volumes. - M. Fiction. 1984

“Beat the alarm, the Tatar is coming” (Raise the alarm, disturb, excite).

“This is real Tatarism” (Memories of Tatar power; violence, arbitrariness).

"It's too early for the Tatars to go to Russia"

"Unwittingly, only the Tatars take"

“I won’t wish the evil Tatar either” (So bad).

“The Tatar honor is worse than evil” (In the sense that the price of the enemy’s mercy is too high, exorbitant for a noble, decent person)

“An uninvited guest is worse than a Tatar” (It is usually said with annoyance about a person who came to visit without an invitation or at the wrong time; usually behind the eyes)

"Angier than an evil Tatar" (Very angry)

“They did a lot of trouble to us - the Crimean Khan, and the Pope of Rome”

“The elders are also revered in the Horde”

“Do not teach the white swan to swim and the boyar son to fight with the Tatars”

"Empty, as if Mamai had passed"

"A real mother's massacre"

“Sharp the sword, but there is no one to whip: the Tatars are in the Crimea, and the Pope is in Lithuania”

“The time has passed for the Tatars (enemies) to go to Russia”

“And the Tatars take the seated one” (Dishonest)

A fair part of the Russian noble families (about 15%) considered people from the Golden Horde to be their founders. Most of them fled under the patronage of the Moscow sovereign during the Great Troubles in the Golden Horde, which lasted from 1359 to 1380.

The influence of the serving Turkic nobility on the history of Russia can hardly be overestimated. Natives of this environment even became sovereigns of all Russia. For example, Tsar Ivan the Terrible was a Tatar by his mother, the baptized Tatar Elena Glinskaya, and this circumstance was used by him in the conquest of Kazan, in the struggle for the Kazan throne.

The most famous names of Russian history that emerged from the Golden Horde:

1. BUNINS (approx. Russian writer, poet - Bunin Ivan Alekseevich) From Bunin Prokuda Mikhailovich (died in 1595), whose grandfather, who left the Horde to the Ryazan princes, received land in the Ryazhsky district.

2. KARAMZINS (note writer, poet, historian Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin) The official genealogy notes the origin of the surname from a Tatar murza named Kara Murza. The etymology of the nickname of the surname Karamza - Karamurza is quite transparent: kara "black", murza ~ mirza "lord, prince".

3. RACHMANINOVS (approx. Russian composer Sergei Vasilievich Rakhmaninov) From Rahman (from the Arab-Muslim rahman "merciful") from the Horde.

4. SKRYABINS (approx. Russian composer and pianist - Alexander Nikolaevich Skryabin) From Sokur Bey from the Horde. The etymology of Sokur bey is transparent Turkic - "blind bey".

5. TURGENEVS (approx. Russian writer Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev) From Murza Turgen Leo (Arslan), who left the Horde around 1440 to Vel. book. Vasily Ivanovich. The surname Turgenev has a completely obvious Turkic-Mongolian basis - the qualitative adjective turgen Mongolian. "quick", "quick", "hasty", "quick-tempered".

6. YAZYKOV (approx. famous poet, Pushkin's friend Nikolai Mikhailovich Yazykov) From Yengulai Yazykov from the Golden Horde. The release time, obviously, should be attributed to the turn of the XIV-XV centuries, since in the XV century the Yazykovs, as Russian nobles, were already well known.

And many other scientists, military men, and writers were from clans whose founders had once left the Golden Horde.

Mongolian influence seriously affected the mentality of Russian society. The general nature of the unwritten, legally unrecorded and one-sidedly unequal Russian-Horde relations radically changed the entire Russian system of ideas about political postulates and norms. Russian princes turned out to be personally dependent on the Horde, got used to a slavish, humiliating position. They cultivated the opportunistic psychology of "two morals" and transferred this ugly, slavish position to their states, practicing on the boyars, on the nobility, and especially on their own people, the same methods that were used in relation to the princes in the Horde.

As a result, ideas about the norms of law were excluded from the system of thinking of the Russian people for several centuries. He was systematically brought up in an atmosphere of consistent lack of rights. This created not only obstacles to the development of Russian statehood, but also had a huge impact on negative impact on the formation of the psychology of the Russian nation (both social and personal psychology).

However, another point of view developed by V.O. Klyuchevsky, S.F. Platonov and S.M. Solovyov, says that the influence of the conquerors on inner life ancient Russian society was insignificant. The impact of the Mongol conquest on the economy of Russia was expressed, first of all, in the devastation of territories during the Horde campaigns and raids, especially frequent in the second half of the 13th century. The Tatar-Mongol invasion led to the fall of the role of cities in the political and economic life of Russia. On the other hand, the conquest led to the systematic collection of significant material resources in the form of the Horde exit and other extortions, which bled and made it difficult to restore the country.

In the field of spiritual culture, the direct impact of the Mongol invasion can be traced: the death of significant cultural values, the temporary decline of stone construction, painting, applied art, the loss of the secrets of a number of crafts, the weakening of cultural ties with Western and Central Europe. But deep structural changes in general did not occur: literature and art of the second half of the XIII-XV centuries. generally continue the traditions of the previous period. Of the foreign cultural influences, Byzantine and South Slavic were predominant. The resistance of the cultural sphere of medieval Russian society to deformations is most likely due to its relative openness, direct connection with public consciousness (in contrast to the sphere of social relations) and its inseparability from religion.

The Golden Horde was retroactively called in the 16th century the state of the descendants of Genghis Khan - Ulus Jochi, which from 1240 to 1480 exercised supreme suzerainty over a significant part of Russian lands. This order of administration of vassal territories was called by historians the “Mongol-Tatar yoke” only in the 19th century.

Yoke - distorted Latin iugum (yoke). The ancient Romans and their neighbors had a custom to lead the defeated tribe under a symbolic yoke of two spears stuck into the ground with a crossbar from the third. This rite meant surrender to the will of the winner, who mercifully gave life to the vanquished. In relation to relations between Russia and the Horde, the word iugum was first used, also retroactively, by the Poles at the end of the 16th century - during the war with Russia. The Russians did not know this concept.

Establishment of the "yoke"

After the campaigns of Batu (Batu Khan) against Russia in 1237-1240, the Russian princes were brought to the obedience of the multilingual empire of the descendants of Genghis Khan. In 1243, Batu ordered the Vladimir-Suzdal prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich to go to him in Saray on the Lower Volga to recognize the dominance of the khan, threatening disobedience with a new cruel ruin of the Russian land. Yaroslav did not dare to resist, and the khan granted him a label for a great reign - supremacy over all Russian lands. However, this decision then required approval in the capital of the entire Chinggisid empire - Karakorum in Mongolia. In 1245, Prince Yaroslav set off on a long journey, from which he never returned - he died on the way home.

The label for the great reign after a long struggle with his brother Andrei was received in 1252 by Alexander Yaroslavovich (nicknamed Nevsky). According to Russian testimonies, Batu Khan graciously accepted the humble Alexander and, treating him to koumiss, said: “You are already completely ours, Tatar, drink our drink.”

Khan Ulus Jochi issued labels to Russian princes even when he remained formally dependent on the Supreme Khan in Karakorum. However, this time was short-lived. It was impossible to control a huge empire from one remote center, from which it took more than one year to travel to the outskirts. Already in 1269, Khan Mengu-Timur finally made the Golden Horde independent, and the Russian princes stopped going to bow further down the Volga.

The Khan of the Golden Horde in Russia was called the tsar, and subsequently this title was transferred to the Moscow tsars. The epithet iugum to the dependence of Russian princes on the Horde khans arose, perhaps in connection with the rite of worship to which all the royal vassals were subjected before being allowed before the royal eyes. Vassal princes were obliged at the entrance to the royal tent to pass between two "cleansing" fires and bow to the spirits of the royal ancestors. According to legend, for refusing to perform such a rite in 1246, Prince Mikhail Vsevolodovich of Chernigov was subjected to a painful execution in the Horde. Judging by the fact that such a rite was applied to all the princes who came to the Horde, none of them had problems with faith anymore - they all considered it normal to respect the customs of the overlord.

The khan's label was considered the most important source of princely rights in Russia. In their disputes over seniority, the princes themselves resorted to the arbitration of the king of the Horde. Most often, they complained to him about the opponent, that he was defaming the king and was going to rebel against him, they brought the Horde army with them and devastated the opponent's land. So did, for example, Alexander Nevsky in 1252, Ivan Kalita in 1327 and many others. Sometimes the case was decided by a peaceful court.

So, in 1431, a feud broke out between the Moscow prince Vasily II Vasilyevich and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich for the great reign. Both went to the Horde, and Khan Ulu-Mohammed awarded the label to Vasily. At the same time, according to the chronicle, a certain Moscow boyar realized in time to tell the khan: “Yuri is looking for a great reign according to ancient Russian rights, and our sovereign - by your mercy, knowing that it is your ulus: you will give it to whomever you want. Khan liked the servile speech, and he approved the Grand Duke's table for the Moscow pretender.

For the solemn enthronement, which took place in Vladimir, the Grand Duke came with the Khan's nobleman. The latter gave him there, in the Assumption Cathedral, in the presence of the metropolitan, a label - an analogue of Western European investiture, having previously read it in Russian and Tatar. All the Russian grand dukes of the Horde period went through this procedure, including the last one, Ivan III, who founded independent Russia after the collapse of the Horde.

The Russian princes were obliged to provide the khans with their squads for military campaigns. So, in 1277, on the orders of Khan Mengu-Timur, the squads of the Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich and his vassal princes participated in the Horde's campaign against the Ossetian Yasses in the Caucasus. In the future, there are no references to such distant campaigns of Russian troops as part of the Horde armies: apparently, the khans did not highly appreciate their fighting qualities.

Initially, the Horde khans, not fully trusting their henchmen in the person of the great princes, ruled in Russia through their governors - the Baskaks. Baskaks were appointed to each princely center and were a kind of overseers of the princes, and the great Baskak of Vladimir was inseparable from the Grand Duke. Without his advice and approval, the Grand Duke did not have the right to start a war and make peace with neighboring Russian princes and Western states. So, in 1269, the great Baskak Amragan, who came to Novgorod with the Grand Duke Yaroslav Yaroslavovich, approved his intention to go to war against the Teutonic Order.

The Baskaks and the staff of scribes subordinate to them kept records of the population of the subject lands and once every fifteen years made an allocation of poll tribute. In 1257, Alexander Nevsky brought the Baskaks with him to the previously free Novgorod, where an uprising broke out against them, brutally suppressed by the prince's squad without the participation of the Tatars. The main dissatisfaction of the townspeople was caused by the fact that everyone was obliged to pay tribute equally, regardless of income. The Baskaks left the collection of tribute at the mercy of rich merchants from Khorezm, against whom revolts also broke out from time to time. Somewhere from the end of the 13th century, references to the Baskaks and eastern tax-farmers fade away - the khans entrust the collection and delivery of tribute to the princes.

The interest of the top in the "yoke"

Not only princes benefited from the inclusion of Russia in a multinational empire. The centuries of the Horde yoke are the time of a new rise in the economy of Russia. This is evidenced by the resumption of monetary circulation in the 14th century, which disappeared in Russia as early as the 12th century, during the period of fragmentation. There were Horde dengs with the names of khans and a double-headed eagle (a symbol of the Turkic Khaganate as far back as the 6th century), on which, from the end of the 14th century, Moscow princes began to set their coinage.

The Church enjoyed great privileges in the Horde even after the adoption by the ruling elite of the Horde of Islam in early XIV century. The legend about the murder of the Ryazan prince Roman Olgovich in the Horde in 1270 for refusing to convert to Islam is obviously unreliable, since no other attempts by the Horde to convert Russians to their faith are known.

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ESSAY

Evil Influenceotoi Hordes to medieval Russia

Introduction

The Golden Horde was one of the largest states of the Middle Ages, whose possessions were in Europe and Asia. Her military power constantly kept all the neighbors in suspense and for a very long time was not disputed by anyone. social structure The Golden Horde was complex and reflected a motley class and National composition this robber state. There was no clear class organization of society, similar to that which existed in Russia and in the Western European feudal states and which was based on hierarchical feudal ownership of land, here.

The status of a citizen of the Golden Horde depended on the origin, merit to the khan and his family, on the position in the military administrative apparatus. In the military-feudal hierarchy of the Golden Horde, the dominant position was occupied by the aristocratic family of the descendants of Genghis Khan and his son Jochi.

This numerous family owned all the land of the state, it owned huge herds, palaces, many servants and slaves, innumerable riches, military booty, the state treasury, etc. There were two highest administrative ranks in the Golden Horde: “daruga” and “baskak” - tribute collectors. Offices occupied an important place in the management system. In the centers of the state, the khan had sofas; (how many were unknown). There were secretaries in the sofas, who were called bitikchi (scribes). The most important was the divan, which was in charge of all income and expenses. In addition to the main bitikchi, there were also bitikchi in ordinary sofas.

Decrees were issued in the administrative and political life of the Golden Horde. These decrees were called labels.

Relations between the Golden Horde and the Russian lands

In 1235, the kurultai (congress of the Mongol nobility) resolved the issue of the Great Western Campaign, where about half of the entire imperial army went (about 70 thousand). The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu, was placed at the head of the army. After the conquest Volga Bulgaria, Mordovians and Polovtsian army approached the borders of Russia. Two powerful blows followed. In the winter of 1237/38. Tatars took Ryazan, Vladimir and quickly went to Uglich, Kostroma, Tver.

Rapid movement and the use of siege equipment allowed the Tatars to separately smash and besiege the cities of North-Eastern Russia. In 1239/40. Batu's army passed through Southern and South-Western Russia, then through Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary went to conquer Europe. In 1242, the khan led his army from Croatia to the Volga steppes, where a new ulus of the empire, the Golden Horde, was founded.

The Golden Horde of the era of its heyday (until the end of the 14th century) was a huge state stretching from west to east from the Danube to the Altai; in the south, the border was the Caucasus, in the north - the regions of Central Russia (Kursk, Tula and Kaluga), where the local population was controlled by the Tatar administration. The power of Batu Khan had a clear Administrative division into 4 uluses and 70 provinces. The economic base of the state was about 100 prosperous cities (Azov, Stary Krym, Astrakhan, Tyumen), headed by the capital Saray. Developed handicraft production and trade were stimulated by a unified and stable monetary system and equipped roads. The Khan's power was based on a large army, a centralized state apparatus.

The policy of the Golden Horde towards Russian lands throughout its history, according to researchers, has gone through several stages:

1st stage (1243-1257). Formal control was exercised from Karakorum, and the direct executive power and organization of military campaigns against Russia were in the hands of the Golden Horde khans.

2nd stage (1257-1312). The peak of the collapse of the Russian lands and First stage ethnogenesis of the Great Russians. The most difficult period of the yoke of the Horde: the structure of the vassal dependence of Russia on the Horde, the Basque system, is being organized, a census is being carried out.

3rd stage (1312-1328). Cancellation of Basque. Against the background of Islamization and overcoming nomadic traditions in the Golden Horde, the formation of the grand-princely system of governance of Russian lands is taking place with the constant interference of khans in the internal political life of Russia.

4th stage (1328-1357). The growth of anti-Horde sentiments, the struggle of political centers for primacy among the Russian principalities, which have special relations with the khan's power. In the future, there is a process of a steady increase in the military and economic power of the Russian lands, led by Moscow, and the strengthening of their unity. The Russian princes manage, taking advantage of the strife in the Golden Horde, to weaken the yoke and after a crushing blow in 1380 on the Kulikovo field, despite the restoration of the dependence of the Russian principalities by Tokhtamysh, in fact exclude the organization and conduct of military raids on Moscow State in the 15th century

golden horde russian state

The following changes have taken place in the cities. In the XI-XII centuries. in Russian cities, that original way of life was gradually born, which in Europe was called the "urban system". Citizens in Russia actively fought for city liberties and played an important role in political affairs. In the future, the traditions of "people's rule" did not develop. After the accession in Russia, dependence on the Horde was created extremely unfavourable conditions for the formation of a special urban system. This is due to a number of reasons. Cities suffered the most from the invasion, they were constantly subjected to raids and raids by Khan's ambassadors. Under these conditions, the ancient veche falls silent. On the other hand, the strengthening of the princely power, supported by the khan's labels from Saray, is rapidly going on.

The power of the thousands is gradually concentrated in the hands of large boyar families and is inherited. In the post-Mongolian period, ancient democratic customs fade away, and in the XIV-XV centuries. cities become predominantly princely centers. After the Battle of Kulikovo, Russia was strengthened by faith in its national forces, which played an important role in its final victory over the Horde.

From that time on, the Russians stopped looking at the Horde as force majeure as the inevitable and eternal punishment of God. Frequent raids on Russia contributed to the creation of a single state, as Karamzin said: "Moscow owes its greatness to the khans!" Kostomarov emphasized the role of khan's labels in strengthening the power of the Grand Duke.

At the same time, they did not deny the influence of the devastating campaigns of the Tatar-Mongol on Russian lands, the collection of heavy tribute. The Mongol-Tatar conquests also led to a significant deterioration in the international position of the Russian principalities. Ancient trade and cultural ties with neighboring states were forcibly severed. Trade went into decline. The invasion dealt a strong devastating blow to the culture of the Russian principalities. The conquests led to a long decline in Russian chronicle writing, which reached its dawn by the beginning of the Batu invasion.

The Mongol-Tatar conquests artificially delayed the spread of commodity-money relations, the subsistence economy did not develop. As a result, a peculiar type of feudalism was formed in Russia, in which the “Asian element” is quite strongly represented. The formation of this peculiar type was facilitated by the fact that, as a result of the Tatar-Mongol yoke, Russia developed for 240 years in isolation from Europe.

Conclusion

Thus, if we talk about the relationship between the Horde and Russia, then the birth and development of the Golden Horde had a strong influence on the development of the Russian state, because for many years its history was tragically intertwined with the fate of the Russian lands, became an inseparable part Russian history. The main result of the Mongol invasion - the destruction of cities and the extermination of the population played a role in relation to all aspects of the life of Russian society. This was also manifested in the reduction of the power of the veche, and then its complete destruction, in the destruction of the people's militia, which contributed to the creation regular army, and in changing the situation of almost all strata of society, which turned from free to attached to the service of the monarch. The Mongol conquest led to a change in the type of state development.

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How the Golden Horde influenced the formation of Russian statehood . The Golden Horde and its influence on the historical development of Russia The influence of the horde on Russian political orders

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