PVK, and in particular the surplus, exacerbated the social economic situation in Siberia.

The peasants reduced the production of agricultural products (not wanting to be repressed, they tried to become poor)

1920-22 - agricultural production continued to decline. The sown areas decreased by 2 times.

Cause of the crisis: political instability, the tax policy of the authorities, the mass resettlement of refugees from the European part, to receive cat Yong lips was not ready.

Spring 24 - a slow rise in agriculture. sown areas increased by 45%, and in 1925 they reached the level of 1913 - 775 thousand acres; productivity has increased. By 1927, the production of livestock products exceeded 1913 by 6.2%.

By 1925, 56% were middle-peasant farms, 39% were poor peasants, and 3% were kulak farms.

The poor did not have agricultural machines.

Taxation factors: family composition, level of marketability, availability of agricultural machines.

In the province there were car rental points.

Appeared cultural peasants. Task: to raise the culture of agriculture and animal husbandry.

1925 - taxes: 15 rubles - the poor; 44 rubles - middle peasants; kulaks - 100 (were cut off from agricultural credit, propaganda against kulaks was carried out.

1927 - 30% - poor peasants, 63% - middle peasants, 7% - kulak.

1921 - the new Charter of cooperatives - the creation of the Unified All-Russian Union of Agricultural Cooperatives - Selkomsoyuz. A class approach was used in admission to the cooperatives, but the state tried to provide access to the poorest sections of the peasantry.

Before the revolution, cooperatives won the greatest confidence of the peasants, and during the years of NEP, the state supported cooperatives in order to maintain control

1928 - checks and "cheats".

1924: 6 communes, 1 land reclamation, 2 TOZ, 7 agricultural artels, 3 state farms.

In the cities of the region, the card system was preserved.

By discriminating against wealthy peasants, the Bolsheviks artificially hampered the development of agriculture and animal husbandry.

7. industry of the province during the NEP years.
Decree August 9, 1921 Council of People's Commissars on the implementation of the NEP in the industry (We have the Provincial Council of National Economy). The industry of the province was divided into three types, depending on the amount of costs for their restoration: 1 - with the best technical equipment (railway matsersky, Znamensky plant = 89 enterprises) - state-vou (Gubber Council of the People's Republic of Ho-va). 2-required large financial costs (60)-rented to private owners. 3 previously owned by corporates (15) - leased to private owners. 4 - they demanded huge funds, did not have equipment - they gave it to private traders and cooperatives on the basis of ownership. By 1920, 84% of all industrial goods were provided by state-owned enterprises. In the NEP, the industry was small-scale, there were many private workshops (shoes, dishes, carts). The procurement of raw materials is the monopoly of the state. Typical problems of this sector are depreciation of equipment, low qualification of workers, poor labor discipline, lack of funds. A very large glass plant Znamensky worked intermittently. A training factory was created on the basis of shoe workshops. November 1925 opened the Achinsko-Minus railway. By the end of the NEP, the industry of the region took a step forward: labor productivity increased, but did not reach the pre-war level. Unemployment decreased, but small-scale handicraft production still prevailed. By 1927, the region reached 1913 in industrial development.

After October 1917, economic incentives disappeared, and the production of communications was disrupted. This period is characterized by rigid centralization of power, petty guardianship, low productivity, inconsistent economic policy and unprecedented growth of administrative structures. In 1920, private enterprises and handicrafts were nationalized. GSNKh: industrial enterprises of Siberia are under their control. VSNKh: controlled the GSNKh, directly controlled the industry. Trusts appeared (control of all enterprises) - they were subordinate to the Council of National Economy. The Supreme Economic Council is the sole owner of the national pre-th. Industry was increasingly under the pressure of an expanding bureaucratic apparatus. By 1928, the industry of the region was included in the all-Union syndicates and was controlled from the capital.

8. political situation in the province during the NEP years.
The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks took advantage of the difficult economic situation. Their goal: the transition to a democratic system based on broad elective principles. Their main forces are concentrated in cooperatives and trade unions. The real alignment of forces was demonstrated by the elections to the soviets of 1920. Only all workers and employees who were members of the trade union, all the Red Army soldiers of the local garrison, and the wives of workers had electoral rights. Voting took place according to pre-compiled lists, which protected the Soviets from penetrating there. unnecessary people. Moderate socialists opposed the restriction of voters' rights. And already the elections began in '22 revealed a powerful opposition. The Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks fielded their own candidates and created blocs of "independent" non-party candidates. Only the intervention of the OGPU allowed the Bolsheviks to successfully complete the election campaign. By that time, cooperation began to revive, where the influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries has always been strong. The predominance in the leadership allowed the Mensheviks and Social Revolutionaries to pursue their own personnel policy and almost legally raise funds for the needs of their party. The agitation of the cooperative workers was anti-communist; cooperatives enjoyed relative independence. On the eve of the 1923 elections, the OGPU began searching for compromising information on the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, and by the end of the year the purge of cooperatives and trade unions was completed.

Formally, all power in the province belonged to the rural and city councils. The real one is for party organizations. In the spring of 1924, instead of the Sibburo, he was elected Sibkraik. Since 1923, work on the zoning of Siberia. The unification proceeded according to the economic principle of the volost and the districts. On April 4, 1924, by order of the Yenisei Gubispolkom, a district-volost division (29 districts) was introduced. On May 25, 1925, the province, along with others, was included in the newly formed Siberian Territory (the center of Novosib). In 1930 the Siberian Territory was divided into the West Siberian Territory and the East Siberian Territory (Yenis Gubernia).

In 1926, the slogan "Reliance on the poor peasant class" was proclaimed. At the expense of the more affluent strata of the population, the circle of people who did not have voting rights expanded. To leadership positions - members of the party. The Soviets are an appendage of party organs.

Conclusion: over the years of the NEP political system least changed. The influence of ideology has increased significantly, and the possibility of choosing other development options has been decreasing.

9. industrialization in the region during the first five-year plans.

1st five-year plan (1929-33). The course towards industrialization was adopted by the 14th Congress of the CPSU. Construction of wood-chemical, porcelain factories, refractory bricks, cement + technical reconstruction of old ones. 1) timber industry enterprises are created. Woodworking is developing (at the Yenisei station and the village of Bazaikha, in Kansk, etc.). 2) Gold mining. Especially develops in Khakassia (Balakhchinsky mine). 3) Fuel. The development of industry has led to an increase in demand for fuel (Chernogorsk mines means reserves of high-quality coal), 4) Light and food industry. Factories, meat processing plants (Uyarsky, Abakansky), mills, and butter factories were built. 5) Personnel. The development of industry raised the question of personnel training. The network of schools, FZU, courses, individual and team training in production has been expanded. 6) Competition. It began to develop from 1919 at the intra-factory level, later it developed into socialist competition for productivity growth, the implementation of the 5-year plan. 7) Hydropower. A lot of energy was needed. In the early 30s, the project of the Angaro-Yenisei hydropower complex, but the justification for the need was rejected in 1932 due to the seismic hazard of the construction zone.

2nd Five-Year Plan (1933-37) Same priorities. 1) Construction of Krasmashzavod. - a machine-building giant, launched at 34 in parallel completing construction. 2) Forest industry. Indentation deep into the edge. Growth in the number of blanks (2 times the export of sawn timber). The development was held back by a low level of mechanization, poor organization of labor). 3) Gold mining. Development at a fast pace. Krasmash produced equipment for the gold mining and coal industries. 4) the construction of 48 major construction projects began, including the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. 5) The Stakhanov movement unfolded in the region in the autumn of 1935. 6) Transport. Buildings in the north had to be supplied. Special attention river shipping company. By the end of the five-year plan, they mastered the northern sea route. 1936 reconstruction of the railway. From 33 g regular air service. The second five-year plan advanced the industrial development of the region. The structure of the previous one changed: the production of means of production came to the fore. The industrial development of the north began.

3rd five-year plan (1938-42). The main focus is on the development of the military industry. Mainly heavy industry and engineering. But the plans were not fully implemented, there was a huge shortage of electricity, coal, bricks, and so on. In 1940, the State Labor Resources were created - a new step in the training of personnel. Whole educational process aimed at mastering a working profession. In December 1940, six vocational schools and factory apprenticeship schools were formed in Kr-ka. The Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the transition to an 8-hour work day and a 7-day week, on the prohibition of unauthorized leaving and the introduction of work books" contributed to the strengthening of labor discipline. These measures were dictated by the pre-war situation and led to a reduction in staff turnover, absenteeism, equipment downtime. A big role in the development of the industry of the region near the Yenisei camp. Prisoners were exiled to the most difficult areas. Conclusion: the growth rate of industry was ahead of the all-Union, which played a huge role during the Second World War.

10. collectivization of agriculture and dispossession of the village.
The 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks outlined a course towards the transition of scattered peasant households to large-scale production and the task of developing a further offensive against the kulaks: increasing taxes, limiting land use, etc. during the Nepa period, wealthy peasants were not singled out as a special category of taxpayers. From 1928-29 kulaks were taxed individually. As a result, taxation has become confiscatory in nature. At the end of '20, the need to obtain funds for industrialization in the shortest possible time and at any cost prompted the party leadership of the country to move to an accelerated unification of the peasants into collective farms. The impetus was the "grain procurement crisis" in 1928. The problem was reduced to kulak sabotage, and the way to overcome it was the widespread deployment of collective farms and state farms. Open trials of kulaks were held. From January to March 1928, about 1,000 people were sentenced to judicial responsibility and 700 poods of grain were confiscated. In a number of districts, surplus procurement measures were allowed: door-to-door rounds of peasants, checking barns, imposing grain delivery plans on all households. The use of emergency measures contributed to the implementation of the plan by 96% at the end of August 1928, but the political situation in the countryside worsened. The protest of the peasantry grew, lynching of party and Soviet workers began, a collective refusal to hand over bread, letters were sent to the party organs, and so on. The beating out of bread led to the fact that already at the beginning of 1930, the previously well-fed Siberian peasants began to starve. According to the commission of the Siberian Regional Executive Committee for 1930, the Uzhur, Achinsk, Bogotol, and Tyukhtet regions were considered especially unsecured. On the basis of hunger, cattle were killed and sold. The Siberian Territory Committee took a course towards completing collectivization by the spring of 1930. A large number of "paper collective farms" were created. In the first ten days of March, the level of collectivization reached 53% of households, 35 MTS were created in the region. The process of dekulakization was accelerating, and the aggravation of the watered situation, the flight from the village, the slaughter of livestock. But the resistance was scattered x-r. Discontent led to the support of gangs. With regard to the kulaks, complete lawlessness was happening (they were declared the culprits of all troubles, enemies of the collective farms). There was no place for the kulak in the village, he was destined for exile, and in 1930 the Cheka ordered the eviction of 30,000 peasant households. In March 1930, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks issued a resolution "On the distortion of the party line in the collective-farm movement." By the middle of the 1930s, the collective-farm movement in the region had stabilized, and the number of those who joined the collective farms began to outstrip those who left it.

In difficult conditions, the grain procurement company 32-33 was held when the whole country was engulfed in crop failure and famine. With the adoption of law 32 on the five spikelets - new repressions on kr-n. On April 15, 1935, at the regional congress of collective farmers-shock workers, the production team was approved as the universal form of labor organization on the collective farm. By the end of the 1930s, collective farmers accounted for 96% of the employed population of the region. Collectivization made it possible to transfer agriculture to the planned principles of regulation and management. The peasants endured, but the lack of incentives undermined their industriousness. Collective farmers were completely dependent on the boss, and since 1932 they were not issued passports. A command-bureaucratic system of managing collective farms was taking shape - and this is one of the factors in the slow development of agriculture, its lagging behind the needs of the country, the flight of kr-n from the land.

11. cultural revolution in the Yenisei province.\Krasnoyarsk Territory.
October Revolution proclaimed the upbringing of the new man a matter of national importance and his duty. The main task of schools: the matter of education is a political matter. In 1920-21, more than 1200 schools were opened, which were supposed to become the embodiment of the idea of ​​​​a unified labor school with joint education of boys and girls. With the transition to the NEP, the bulk of schools were transferred to the local budget, which led to the closure of a significant number of schools and the legitimate protest of peasants who wanted to educate their children. In the district, with the intervention of the authorities, the network of schools was streamlined and grew from year to year. It was necessary to introduce universal initial education. The question arose of increasing the number of school buildings, and former churches and spacious kulak houses began to be taken over as schools. Due to the lack of buildings, the region switched to two or three shift occupations. An acute problem is the teaching staff, which doubled with the introduction of primary general education. It was decided to expand enrollment in pedagogical technical schools, to return to schools teachers who work outside their specialty, and to mobilize Komsomol members for pedagogical work. By the end of the first five-year plan, it was possible to complete the transition to primary general education by 92%. The second five-year plan set the task of transitioning to a seven-year universal education. However, there was a catastrophic shortage of preschool teachers and the weekly workload for teachers increased from the prescribed 18 hours to 40 hours. Education was financed according to the residual principle. The shortage of personnel and the involvement of political exiles in teaching work. In the pre-war period, the problem of universal seven-year education was also not solved, although the results were impressive.

It was difficult to solve the problem of eradicating illiteracy. Citizens aged 14 to 50 had to learn to read and write within eight months. And this process gradually moved from assault methods to systematic training based on explanatory work. Increased allocations for the fight against illiteracy. But even thanks to these measures, the average Russian level was not reached.

The formation of the Soviet system of vocational training began. Schools, FZU, technical schools, universities were created. The development of science in the province was under the leadership of the commission at the provincial education organization (Tugarinov) - the collection of books, historical materials, the arrangement of book depositories, the protection of archives. In the early 1920s, the main cells for the study of problems of archeology, geology, and ethnography were the branches of the Russian Geographical Society. Its various departments published scientific works(Kosovanov "Bibliography of the Yenisei Territory"). Since 1924, a local history movement has been unfolding at the Russian Geographical Society. Decision scientific problems employed by university staff. Kirensky achieved the discovery in pedagogical institute laboratories of magnetism. Representatives of the Karya were sent annually to the universities of Leningrad, Moscow, and Tomsk to train specialists. In June 1930, the Forest Engineering Institute was opened - the first higher educational institution in the region. 1932- Red. Pedagogical Institute (physics and mathematics and natural chemistry). The main content of cultural life was "mass culture" (including propaganda). There was an ideologization of culture, a weakening of its humanistic content. However, with the introduction of the NEP, funding for science and culture was reduced, political censorship bodies were created, and a large-scale purge of Soviet institutions began (1923-4) (white officers who served with Kolchak, tsarist high school students), the process of state regulation of the activities of public and creative organizations. and already in the first years x-r relationships was determined by deep ideological confrontation, resistance to administrative and ideological pressure. After October 1917, life revolved around the newspapers "Krasrab", "Sibpravda", small zhants prevailed - essays, poems, journalism. And major works were dedicated to the heroic battles for the power of the Soviets. In 1936 - Kr.knizhnoe publishing house. The center of the city's musical life has become the oldest in Siberia School of Music, created in 1920 (as a people's conservatory). Since 1928, the activities of the Philharmonic Society began (organizers Kosovanov, Markson). By the time Soviet power was established, a drama theater was operating, then workers' theaters (TRAMS) appeared. In 1937 - the first Youth Theater. Conclusion: in the 1920s and 30s, cultural development had a contradictory x-r. Quantitative changes in the social and cultural sphere: the elimination of illiteracy and illiteracy, universal education, the improvement of mats and staffing, the expansion of the network of universities, the wide opportunities for conducting diverse cultural and educational work, side by side with idealization, the politicization of all aspects of scientific and cult life.

New economic policy. Education of the USSR. The science. Schedule of collectivization. Intraparty struggle in the 1920s. results of collectivization. Peculiarities. Music. Achievements of the NEP. Totalitarianism in social sphere. Results and results. Basic provisions. Three types of farms were allowed. NEP - formation and main stages of development. 30s. 1927 - 1929 - deterioration of relations with Western countries.

"Policy of the NEP" - Food detachment. Surplus appraisal. Antonov. Volkhovstroy. Party leadership. The public sector was marginal. Kronstadt rebellion. Krzhizhanovsky. Instruction. high rates economic growth. Working control. Church property. Party censorship. The first Soviet tractors. The need to move to the NEP. Labor opposition. Suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion. proletarian culture. economic activities. New economic policy.

"Foreign policy of the USSR in 20 years" - General strike. Stripe of diplomatic recognition of the USSR. Factor foreign policy. International situation and foreign policy in the 20s. The first peace treaties. Diplomatic conflicts with the West. Conference participants. Directions of foreign policy in the 20s. Decisions of the Genoa Conference. Comintern. N. Bukharin. Features of contracts. Contradictions of the capitalist countries. Curzon's ultimatum. Genoese conference.

"Construction of communism" - A state with strict orders. Most of the countries in the world. Who will lead the construction. Ruin. Have there been times with similar events. The end of the 30s. Change of one power to another during the uprising. 10 years after the revolution. The war between the inhabitants of one state for power in the country. Soviet people managed to raise the country in such a short time. All the people participated in the construction.

"Development of the USSR in the 20-30s." - The formation of the Stalinist regime. Culture of the USSR in the 20-30s. Artistic life. The main stages of industrialization. Contradictions of the NEP and its significance. Socio-political life in the 30s. Strengthening the repressive-bureaucratic order. Industrialization. The essence of the NEP. The policy of "exporting the revolution". Concepts. Nation-state building. Genoese conference. Military operations between the USSR and China.

"USSR in the 20-30s" - The reasons for the military victory of the Bolsheviks. First Soviet Constitution. Late 1920s - the phasing out of the NEP. Prerequisites for the transition to the NEP. Effects civil war. Social politics. Reasons for the phasing out of the NEP. Accession to the USSR Soviet republics. All-Union Congress of Soviets. Results in the political sphere. Factors that contributed to the establishment of totalitarianism in the USSR. Results in the field of culture. Results of the NEP.

Introduction

Object of study: the development of industry in transitional moments.

Subject: the problem of forced industrialization of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Purpose: to show the process of building the industrial potential of the Krasnoyarsk Territory; identify patterns and features of this process.

1) Analysis of sources

2) Track the growth of enterprises

3) Recreate the historical setting

4) Show how industrial production developed

5) Show alternatives for the development of industry in the region

Relevance and novelty of the topic:

The development of industry was complex and contradictory. Industrialization, carried out at an accelerated pace, was previously perceived as a single and optimal development option.

Today, industrialization is presented as an extremely contradictory and ambiguous phenomenon. Today, the results of the path traveled are known, and one can judge not only about subjective intentions, but also about objective consequences, and most importantly, about the economic price and social costs of industrialization. Therefore, this problem is relevant at the present time.

In the course of writing this essay, the following literature was used: “Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the fatherland. Book II October 1917 - 1940" edited by the Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Department public education, archives committee, State Archive Krasnoyarsk Territory; L.G. Oleh "History of Siberia"; L.E. Mezit "History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory 1917-1940" These works explore the problem of the formation of forced industrialization, the methods by which it was carried out in the city and region.

NEP and its impact on economic development

Russia entered the 20th century as a multinational agro-industrial state. One of the central issues of the country's social and political life was its lagging behind the leading countries of the world in the industrial sector, and Krasnoyarsk is no exception.

In industrial development, two lines of development were outlined: one line - the capitalist one, when part of the enterprises was allowed to be privatized partially or completely. Another line is socialist, when a number of enterprises were nationalized.

The bulk of the industry of the then Siberian province, according to the order of the Council of People's Commissars of August 9, 1921, on the implementation of the beginning of the New Economic Policy in industry, could be divided into four groups. The first included enterprises that were better equipped technically: the main railway workshops, the Znamensky glass factory, tanneries, sawmills - a total of 89 enterprises. They remained under the jurisdiction of the Provincial Council of the National Economy.

The second group included enterprises that required large material costs for restoration. They were to be transferred on a lease basis to labor collectives and private individuals. In the province, 60 enterprises were assigned to this group, including match factories, soap factories, small mills, sawmills, etc.

The third group included enterprises that previously belonged to the cooperatives. They were to be leased to private individuals. This group included 15 small semi-handicraft workshops.

The fourth group included the remaining 206 enterprises. Their restoration required huge funds. They did not have technical equipment, they were mostly handicraft workshops. They could be sold to individuals and cooperatives on the basis of ownership. [8, c.56]

By the end of the 1920s. 84% of all industrial products were provided by public sector enterprises and only 3% by private enterprises, which was typical both for the Siberian Territory, formed on May 25, 1925 to replace the Yenisei province, and for all of Siberia as a whole. It can be noted that during the NEP period, the industry of the region remained predominantly small-scale, in which shoes, pottery, peasant carts, barrels, etc. were made.

Much attention was paid to the functioning of state enterprises, the procurement of raw materials was considered the exclusive monopoly of the GSNKh procurers. The main problems of this sector were depreciation of equipment, low qualification of workers, poor labor discipline, lack of working capital. So at the Znamensky glass factory, which by 1924 employed 700 workers, work was intermittent. The main problem was the lack of raw materials, depreciation of equipment. If the plant fulfilled the plan for the production of glass, then for the production of bottled products no more than 30%. And because of the lack of working capital, the workers were paid 20% of their wages, and 80% of the products from the cooperation.

Along with the old enterprises, the GSNKh tried to put new enterprises into operation, so in 1922, the Spartak shoe factory was created on the basis of handicraft shoe shops. It employed 44 people, but with a low quality, its products were in demand.

In November 1925, the Achinsk-Minusinsk railway was opened. To complete its construction, the provincial executive committee issued special shares that were distributed by the village councils.

At the turn of 1927, the region reached the level of 1913 in industrial development. The Yulia, Ulen, Kommunar mines, the Chernogorsk, Korkinsk, Izykh coal mines, the Troitsky salt factory, the Krasnoyarsk glass and mechanical plant in Kansk, the power plant in Turukhansk, and so on can be continued.

Considering the situation with the system of self-organization of production, even before the revolution, all industrial enterprises were in joint-stock or private ownership, with the exception of the mining industry, which was subordinate to the Imperial Cabinet and the Governor-General.

In the 1920s, private industrial enterprises in Siberia were nationalized. All products were declared state property and subject to distribution. The tasks of managing the Siberian industry were assigned to the provincial councils of the national economy. These councils, in turn, were under the control of the Siberian Industrial Bureau of the Supreme Economic Council.

During the NEP period, trusts appeared, which took control of almost all enterprises. In turn, the trusts were subordinate to the provincial CHX. This helped realize the idea of ​​restoring prices to stabilize the fixed capital of the industry in the face of high inflation and a decline in production, since economic accounting gave enterprises the opportunity to maneuver to compensate for negative consequences the falling ruble through the acquisition of scarce goods and the implementation of barter transactions.

In 1924, another reorganization of the management system took place. The provincial economic councils merged with the provincial communal farms, which caused the disorganization of local industry. Gubsovnarkhozes turned into sub-departments of industry under the departments of local economy, where local interests stood above industry.

Being isolated from the market and deprived of private initiative, industry experienced pressure from the administrative apparatus. The situation was aggravated by the fact that the provincial executive committees of the provinces, in which agriculture predominated, considered industry as an auxiliary industry, which often led to the fact that its work was planned without taking into account the experience in these industries from other regions, where industry was already higher than the agricultural industry.

This leads to the fact that by the beginning of 1925, the Sibpromburo was faced with the task of changing the form and methods of regulating the Siberian industry. In order to maintain centralized influence, it was decided to choose a mechanism for distributing loans through the Sibburo.

By 1928 Siberian industry had undergone yet another reorganization. The point was that the industry should be included in the all-Union syndicates, controlled from the capital.

By the end of the NEP, the region's industry had noticeably recovered from the consequences of the war. Labor productivity increased, but it was 94% of the pre-war level. Unemployment in the region decreased from 12.5 thousand in 1920 to 5 thousand in 1926. At the same time, small semi-handicraft enterprises with 2 to 100 workers still dominated in industry. Only 124 enterprises were considered mechanized, 46 - handicraft. The old technical basis only hindered development. During this period of time, there was a need for a radical technical reconstruction. A mixed economy has developed in the region, in which state, cooperative, rental, and private enterprises coexisted.

Citizen in the NEP environment

Since 1922 began to revive financial system provinces. In the spring of 1922, the opening of the State Bank took place in Krasnoyarsk. However, the budget of the province was in deficit and therefore the executive committee took care of the revenue side of the local budget, since the solution of all the social problems of the region depended on its condition.

The financial situation of the population improved, but people lived very modestly. Prices were high and wages low. Workers received up to 40 rubles, and 1 kilogram of sugar cost 36 kopecks, a box of matches 14 kopecks, soap 28 kopecks, a meter of calico 40 kopecks. [8, c.61]

One of the main problems for young people and low-skilled workers was unemployment. In cities, spontaneous riots often broke out, protests because of the unfair property stratification in their opinion.

The housing problem was also acute in the cities. There was no mass housing construction; many townspeople lived in barracks. Outwardly, the cities looked like large villages. Only by May 1929 did the municipal section of the city council of the same Krasnoyarsk consider the issue of building comfortable residential buildings for the workers of the so-called "Stone Quarter". The resolution adopted at the meeting of the section stated the following: “Acute housing crisis, especially in working-class areas, which forces the private construction of houses that do not meet satisfaction in the field of hygiene and living conditions ... Is one of the reasons for the development of private property, fouling, and non-planning, which leads not to cultural education and organization of the working masses, but to ignorance, disorganization and philistinism. [11, c.69]

By the end of the 20s. It turned out that not everyone was satisfied with NEP. In particular, radical members of the party viewed the NEP as a retreat from the bourgeoisie. The workers were not satisfied with the low standard of living, unemployment, lack of housing.

Methodical development of an integrated history lesson in grade 11. Subject: NEP

Class, subject: 11, history.
Subject: NEP.
Target: creation of conditions for the assimilation and comprehension by schoolchildren of the most important aspects domestic policy of the Soviet country in the 1920s (including in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province), the formation of educational competencies (educational, cognitive, communicative, reflective, etc.) on the topic "NEP", the expansion of the literary horizons of students.
Tasks:
1. Educational: to form holistic ideas of students about the reasons for the transition to a new economic policy in 1921 in the Soviet state (including in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province), the essence and results of the NEP.
2. Developing: develop the ability to read documentary and works of art in a specific temporal and spatial context; continue the development of skills to work with a literary text; development of communicative, speech competencies of students.
3. Educational: to cultivate respect for the historical past of our country, to instill love for the Russian poetic word.
Forms of work: frontal, group.
Literature:
o Vakhrin Yu. I. Ilansky. - Krasnoyarsk: Prince. publishing house, 1989.-208 p.;
o Grigoriev A. A. Krasnoyarsk region in the history of the Fatherland. Reader for high school students. Book two. October 1917-1940. - Krasnoyarsk book publishing house, 1996;
Equipment: PC, screen, instruction cards.
Basic concepts: NEP, tax in kind, cooperation.
Advance task: 2 students to prepare a presentation in MS PowerPoint on the topic "NEP in the Yenisei province."
Lesson structure
I. Organizational moment. Greeting students.
II. Formulation of the topic and setting the learning goal.
III. The study and development of new material.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material.
V. Reflection.
- I am proud of this ancient land,
many mysteries unsolved in it!
Named Yenisei Governorate
in your kingdom, Yenisei!

There, beyond the distances, blue distances,
where the blue Yenisei flows,
our grandfathers glorified Russia
Yenisei land of his!
(N. Anishina)

- They asked me: Do you like
NEP? -
"I love. I replied, when
not ridiculous."
(V. Mayakovsky)

- NEP was introduced seriously and for a long time,
but... not forever.
(V. Lenin)
During the classes
I. Organizational moment. Greeting students (1 min.)
History teacher:
We didn't meet for the first time.
You can't hide from us
The radiance of your intelligent eyes.
Let there be searches, doubts.
And, no matter how short the meeting time,
Perhaps we will agree
Let's have a lesson together.
History teacher:
Guys, please close your eyes. Imagine that you and I are not at school in the 21st century, but in the past, or rather at the beginning of the 20th century in the Kansk district of the Yenisei province. Now imagine that I have a magic miracle umbrella in my hands. Mentally now, all come up to me, stand under an unusual miracle umbrella and stay under it until the end of the lesson so that the blizzards of inattention and uncertainty, the storms of monotony and boredom do not touch you. Now open your eyes. Hello. We are glad to welcome you to the history lesson.
II. Formulation of the topic and setting the learning goal (3-4 min.).
History teacher:
-Guys, you probably paid attention to the fact that the topic of the lesson is not written on the board, but there is an epigraph on the screen (slide 1). To determine the topic and purpose of the lesson, I suggest you read the epigraph of the lesson, because this is also a kind of hint.

Students name the topic and purpose of the lesson, write the topic in a notebook (slide 2).
III. Studying and mastering new material (15 min.).
History teacher:
- 1921. The Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks had been in power for 4 years. The ruling elite faced the problem of forming such directions of the country's domestic policy that would contribute to the restoration of the national economy and the subsequent transition to socialism.
In the Kansk district of the Yenisei province, as well as throughout the entire Land of Soviets, in this difficult time there is not enough bread.
The teacher reads an excerpt from L. Leontiev's poem "Four Years":
- Where is it, it would seem, to sing about October,
Strive for the sky
A thin arrow
Tremble in the hot sun rays!
Bread then, bread -
Not?
So do not flaunt a ringing poem.
You will be a bear in the corner to sniff.
I would suck my paw...
Yes paw...
Oh…
What a meal!..
History teacher:
- In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (b), a government course was approved, called the New Economic Policy. In order to find out what this course was and what were its causes and results, I propose to turn to the screen.
Presentation of the material "NEP in the Yenisei province" (advance task).
Student 1:
- In 1822, the Yenisei province was established by royal decree. As an independent administrative unit, it existed until 1925. By this time, settlements such as Turukhansk, Yeniseisk, Minusinsk, and Kansk were already on the map of the Yenisei province.
With the formation of the Yenisei province as an independent administrative-territorial unit, the Ilan volost became part of the Kansk district (slide 3).
Student 2:
- 1855 - settlers from the Vyatka province arrived on the river. The floodplain and began to justify the settlement of Kochergino;
1859 - 60 families live in the settlement (Voronchikhins, Buyskys, Golopupenko, etc.);
1881 - the settlement became known as Alexandrovka on the occasion of the assassination of Alexander II;
1882 - the Alexander Nevsky parish was opened, separated from the Monashenskaya church, located 30 miles from the village;
1930 - the settlement became known as Yuzhno-Aleksandrovka, because not far from Kansk there was northern Aleksandrovka (slide 4).
Student 1:
- By 1919 in Soviet country private trade was prohibited, more than a million cases of typhoid fever were registered in Siberia and Ukraine, surplus appropriation is carried out forcibly everywhere - the obligatory delivery of all surplus bread and other products by the peasants to the state. Often the norms for the delivery of bread were more than the stocks of the peasants. A significant part of the food collected by the food detachments rotted due to the incompetence of some Bolsheviks, confusion in transport. Since almost the entire crop was taken away, the peasants had no incentive to work, this became one of the reasons for the ruin of agriculture by 1921. The workers and peasants were starving, cases of banditry became more frequent (slide 5).
Student 2:
- In order to restore the economy and transition to socialism, a new economic policy was adopted in the country. Introducing the new course, Lenin emphasized it political significance: without support from the peasantry, which constituted the vast majority of the population, it is impossible to successfully manage the country, therefore, the surplus appropriation was replaced by a tax in kind, the peasants could already sell surplus products on the market. The monetary reform carried out in 1922-24. turned the ruble into a convertible currency.
... Blow the famine in the ears of Europe!
Share and those who have little!
Peasants
dig trenches!
Shoot him with bags of tax!
Run the verse!
Press the play!
Forward doctors healing platoons!
Crush him with a smokescreen!
Attack, factories!
Keep up, factories!
And if
you will not heed the cry of the hungry,
foreign hunger and thirst are alien to you,
is he
tomorrow
descend upon our lands
and stand here
behind everyone!
(V. Mayakovsky, 1921, slide 6-7).
Student 1:
- In 1922, the state loaned the peasants of the Ilansky volost (Dalai, Yuzhno-Aleksandrovka, Stepanovo, etc.) with seeds to increase crops.
Despite the existing disagreements between wealthy peasants and farm laborers in 1923, peasant cooperation allowed the villagers to purchase about 9 thousand centners of bread, which contributed to lower prices for manufactured goods.
In 1924, V. I. Lenin died, and by 1929 the New Economic Policy was curtailed (slide 8).
History teacher:
- About cooperation, about disagreements between kulaks and farm laborers, people composed jokes, sang ditties:
- So that you don't get skinned
Nep nation,
Guys, stay the course.
For cooperation.

It's good for him to live
Who is written into the poor, -
Bread is served on the stove
Like a lazy cat.

Need a great steering
For big ship…
Lenin is no more with us,
The genius Stalin is at the helm.

IV. Consolidation of the studied material (20 min.)
History teacher:
- In 1925, the Kansky district was abolished, its territory became part of the Kansky district of the Siberian Territory.
The NEP in the Ilan volost of the Kansk District, as well as throughout the country, had its own problems, contradictions, and results. To identify them, I suggest that you work in groups and complete the activity cards.
A) Work in groups.
instruction card. Group #1
Exercise
Using materials for reference and knowledge gained in the lessons of history and literature, identify the reasons for the dissatisfaction of the population of the Ilan volost with the NEP, as well as the contradictions and problems experienced by the Ilanians during the period of the NEP. Write your answer in the form of a mini-project (booklet, collage).
Reference:
*from the book of Grigoriev A. A. “Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. October 1917-1940". - Krasnoyarsk Prince. publishing house, 1996:
Summary of the Administration Department for the Yenisei Governorate September 20 - October 20, 1921
“In view of the strong development of petty banditry, the province has been declared under martial law. Cancellation is not welcome.
On the basis of non-issuance of rations to workers, strikes are taking place in some counties.
Gubnarobraz has not prepared the academic year… Schools are not equipped, registration of students has not been carried out…”
*from Y. Vakhrin's book "Ilansky". - Krasnoyarsk: Prince. publishing house, 1989:
“... upon payment of a single agricultural tax in the winter of 1924-1925, the Ilansky village council redistributed about three thousand rubles out of 12.5 thousand rubles of the total amount of mandatory taxation among the prosperous part of the peasantry, completely freeing all the households that did not have working livestock from paying tax ...
Taking advantage of the aggravation of the international situation around the young Soviet state, the kulaks began to say aloud that a war would soon begin, because bread must be held back - there would be famine ...
“And the whole country then was malnourished, and lacked sleep, and dressed somehow ... The necessary material resources could only be taken by the most severe economy.”

instruction card. Group #2
Exercise
* Using materials for reference, knowledge gained in the lessons of history, literature, determine the results of the implementation of the NEP in the Soviet country (including in the Yenisei province). Write your answer in the form of a mini-project (booklet, collage).
For reference: from the book of Grigoriev A. A. “Krasnoyarsk Territory in the history of the Fatherland. October 1917-1940". - Krasnoyarsk Prince. publishing house, 1996:
"By the end recovery period gross agricultural output surpassed the pre-war level, which was largely facilitated by the market mechanisms of the NEP ...
The struggle for the choice of ways and methods of socialist construction, which flared up in the second half of the 1920s in the highest echelons of power, ended in the sole victory of Stalin and his supporters. The problem of huge capital investments necessary for the creation of heavy industry, Stalin and his entourage solve primarily at the expense of the peasants, pumping funds from agriculture to the development of industry. Hence the rejection of the principles of the New Economic Policy and the turn to emergency measures in agrarian policy, the natural continuation of which was the complete collectivization and the policy of dispossession of peasant farms.
Presentation from groups.
B) Frontal survey.
History teacher:
Now let's go back to the epigraph. Why, in your opinion, V. Mayakovsky in one of his works about the NEP wrote: “They asked me: Are you NEP?” - "I love. I replied, when
not ridiculous." (Student answers).
- American philosopher George Santayana wrote: "Whoever forgets the lessons of history is doomed to repeat them." What meaning, in your opinion, did the writer of the 20th century put into these words? (student answers).
V. Reflection (5 min.).
Discussing with students not only “what they learned new”, but also what they liked (or did not like), what they would like to do again.
History teacher:
- I know this very well.
Who seeks will always find!
And you are the best historians
The country will call one day.

100 thousand people worked, including in the mining industry, up to 85 thousand people worked on the railway. The majority of the population (over 9 million people) are peasants. The most important feature of Siberian agriculture was the absence of landownership. The kulaks made up 15-20% of all peasant farms. There were many privileged Cossack households in Siberia. The influence of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks on the peasant and petty-bourgeois strata of the city was significant. The Bolsheviks created the All-Siberian Bureau of the RSDLP (b), which in October united about 12 thousand party members. In Siberia, there were up to 250 thousand soldiers who played an active role in the struggle to establish Soviet power. By October, the Soviets of Barnaul, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Tomsk and other cities were following the Bolsheviks. On October 16-24 (October 29 - November 6), 1917, the 1st Congress of Soviets of Siberia (delegates from 69 Soviets) was held in Irkutsk. The Bolsheviks, in a bloc with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, had a decisive influence on the congress and the nature of its resolution. The congress demanded the transfer of all power to the Soviets. A governing body was formed - Centrosibir, headed by the Bolsheviks Ya. E. Bogorad, B. Z. Shumyatsky (chairman), N. I. Yakovlev and others.

The Siberian Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks formed a blockade with the Cadets. The reaction used the slogan of the regional autonomy of Siberia (see Siberian regionalists), which practically meant the separation of Siberia from revolutionary Russia.

On the night of October 29 (November 11), the Red Guards and revolutionary soldiers occupied the most important points of the city and removed the administration. Power completely passed to the Krasnoyarsk Council. By the end of December 1917, Soviet power had been established throughout the Yenisei province. Organized by the Cossack chieftain Sotnikov in January 1918, the anti-Soviet rebellion was suppressed.

"Union for the salvation of the fatherland, freedom and order", which raised an armed rebellion on November 1 (14), suppressed by the Red Guard. The Council published an appeal in which it announced that on November 30 (December 13) power in Omsk and its suburbs had passed into the hands of the Presidium of the Council. In early December, the 3rd Regional Congress of Soviets of Western Siberia met in Omsk, which proclaimed the establishment of Soviet power throughout Western Siberia. In January 1918, the 4th West Siberian Congress of Soviets of Peasants' Deputies joined this decision. The Novonikolaevsk Soviet (Novonikolaevsk - now Novosibirsk), under the influence of the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, opposed Soviet power. Only after the re-election of the Soviet, on which the Bolsheviks insisted, did its new composition announce the seizure of power. The Tomsk Council proclaimed the seizure of power on December 6 (19), and on December 11 (24) created the provincial executive committee. The counter-revolutionary Siberian Regional Duma that existed in the city was dispersed on the night of January 26 (February 8), 1918. In December, Soviet power was established in Barnaul, Biysk, and by February 1918, almost throughout the Altai.

Soviet power was established. In early February 1918, the 3rd Congress of Soviets of Eastern Siberia was held in Irkutsk, proclaiming Soviet power. In mid-February, the 2nd Congress of Soviets of Siberia (Chairman B. Z. Shumyatsky) took place in Irkutsk, which summed up the results of the struggle for Soviet power in Siberia and elected new composition Central Siberia.

power was proclaimed in Chita, Verkhneudinsk, and then throughout Transbaikalia.

including religious matters. Demands were increasingly put forward for the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church, to ensure the real equality of religions, the nationalization of church and monastery property, and the release of believers and parishes from the guardianship of the church.

The Bolsheviks and other extreme left socialist parties that came to power in late 1917 and early 1918 carried out radical reforms in this area. They separated church from state and school from church, confiscated monastery and church lands. The first practical steps of the Soviet government in this direction in the Yenisei province were made at the same time. But their further implementation was interrupted by the outbreak of the civil war. Only with the restoration in 1920 in the region of the former political regime they were continued. October 1917 allowed the Krasnoyarsk Soviet to concentrate all power in the Yenisei province in its own hands. But the Cossacks, although they did not dare to take military action against the Bolsheviks, at the general meeting of the division and the Military Board, held on October 30, 1917, adopted a resolution proposed by Sotnikov, recognizing the power of the Yenisei Provincial Committee of the United public organizations, who stood for its further transfer to the Constituent Assembly12. This verbal support was not enough: on November 10, the committee was liquidated by the Bolsheviks. Trying to implement the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 10, 1917 "On the destruction of estates and civil ranks", the Yenisei Provincial Executive Committee on December 18 of the same year decided to demobilize the Cossacks, disband the military bodies and disarm the officers. In connection with the aggravation of relations with the Cossacks, the provincial executive committee created a revolutionary headquarters, called military aid from Tomsk, detained soldiers returning from vacation, organized the protection of the city and stopped paying salaries to Cossack officers.

Transition to the New Economic Policy

basis. The introduction of the food tax instead of the surplus appropriation increased the interest of the peasants in the development of agriculture. A crushing blow was dealt to the plans and tactics of the enemies of the Soviet system. For the Yenisei province, this was of particular importance. The peculiarity of the alignment of class forces in the countryside at the beginning of the NEP was that the kulaks represented a more significant force here than in the European part of the country. So, in the autumn of 1921, kulak farms accounted for about 15 percent, and in Central Russia - 4-5 percent of farms. In addition, the middle peasants of the province were much more prosperous: they had large areas of crops, many livestock, agricultural implements and stocks of marketable grain. In general, the Siberian peasantry was, in the words of V. I. Lenin, the most well-fed, strongest. At the plenum of the Gubernia Party Committee held in early April 1921, it was decided to widely disseminate all the resolutions of the Tenth Party Congress and to carry out explanatory work among the masses. With the transition to the New Economic Policy, Party, Soviet and economic organizations took vigorous measures to help poor peasant households and families who had suffered from the Kolchakites. This assistance was provided by the state. In addition, collective mutual assistance was organized on the ground. For needy farms, timber was harvested, new houses were built, seed loans and cash loans were issued. The most affected volosts were provided with seeds and agricultural implements. All this made it possible to carry out the spring sowing of 1921 in an organized manner, with great political and labor enthusiasm. The national economy, although slowly but steadily, was on the rise. The political activity of the working class and the working peasantry increased. This found expression primarily in the successful struggle against kulak banditry. By the beginning of 1923, all its centers in the territory of the province were destroyed. An equally important indicator of the increased political activity of the working people and the first economic successes along the path of the new economic policy was the assistance of the Yenisei province to the starving people of the Volga region in 1921-1922. The population donated 257 poods of silver items, a lot of jewelry, gold and silver coins, 50 thousand poods of bread, about three million rubles of money, a lot of clothes and shoes to the starving people. The Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee noted the "civic prowess and selflessness of the Siberian peasantry" and expressed gratitude for the successful implementation of the food tax and active assistance to the starving.

and "Ulen" in the Minusinsk district, the Znamensky glass factory and some others. In 1921, the Olkhovsky gold mine began to operate in the province, and a caustic soda plant was launched in Krasnoyarsk. In total, in 1921, 336 enterprises were under the jurisdiction of the provincial Council of the National Economy (it was re-created after the defeat of Kolchakism). Of these, 124 are mechanized, and 46 are purely handicraft. In addition, 46 handicraft artels were created. With the transition to the NEP, an organizational restructuring of the management of the national economy was carried out. The following departments were set up in the economic council: production, fuel and timber, handicraft industry, administrative and instructor, financial, supply, and accounting and statistical. In addition, a technical council was created from representatives of science and highly qualified specialists. He was studying natural resources province, conducting technical analyzes and various studies on the development of new branches of industrial production. The Economic Council played an important role in the restoration of the national economy of the province. In 1922, 194 of the largest industrial enterprises remained under the jurisdiction of the economic council, which were transferred to economic accounting. The rest, due to the unprofitability and small number of workers employed in them, were temporarily leased to private individuals. The transition of enterprises to economic accounting made it possible to exercise more effective control over their work and to achieve the fulfillment of production targets. Already in 1922, many enterprises of the Economic Council successfully completed the plan. In the leather industry, labor productivity has tripled compared to the previous year. However, a number of industries - especially coal, timber - worked at a loss. This was explained by the severe consequences of economic disruption, depreciation of equipment, and lack of working capital. Summing up the results of the first year of the New Economic Policy at the 11th Party Congress, V. I. Lenin emphasized that the retreat was over and put forward the task of preparing an offensive against private economic capital. Speaking at the plenum of the Moscow Soviet in November 1922, Lenin expressed his firm conviction that within a few years "from NEP Russia there will be socialist Russia." During these years, the first forms of socialist competition for the early fulfillment of production plans and tasks, more economical expenditure of raw materials, materials, and money were born in the Yenisei province. The initiators were communists and Komsomol members. AT hard days In 1921, when many enterprises of Krasnoyarsk could stop due to a lack of fuel, the Komsomol members of the city and county in a short time built a horse-drawn railway from the Korkinsky coal mines to Krasnoyarsk with a length of K12 kilometers. Genuine heroism showed Komsomol members of the province at the construction railway Achinsk-Abakan. They set an example in work, held subbotniks to dismantle secondary railway lines and dead ends. The Achinsk-Abakan highway was commissioned in 1925. On the initiative of the Komsomol members in the province, in the spring of 1923, the Week of Assistance to the Red Fleet was held with great enthusiasm. For active participation in patronage work, the Komsomol of the province received the challenge Red Banner of the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RKSM. In the Yenisei province, as well as throughout the country, industry was quickly recovering. Output per worker in 1923 increased by 40 percent compared with 1921. Increased output in the coal, timber, leather and other industries. Significantly improved the work of the railway and water transport. On the basis of the merger of small enterprises with old, worn-out equipment, single industrial plants were created, which had more significant working capital. In Krasnoyarsk in 1923, a shoe production was opened, on the basis of which the Spartak shoe factory was subsequently created. In 1924, the coal industry fulfilled the plan by 100 percent, and gold production increased by 132 percent. The workers of the railway workshops achieved a reduction in the cost of repairing a steam locomotive of the Zh series against the pre-war one by 1053 rubles. The production discipline at the enterprises has been strengthened. With the restoration of industry and the growth of labor productivity, the material situation of the working people improved, and the real wage. In the second half of 1924 alone, the real wages of workers and employees in the province increased by 10 percent. The development of the national economy along the lines of the New Economic Policy inevitably led to a certain revival and growth of capitalist elements. This was manifested mainly in trade. The share of the private sector at the end of 1922 accounted for 41 percent of the entire trade turnover of the province, including about 70 percent in retail trade. In subsequent years, the Soviet government carried out a significant reduction in prices for manufactured goods, and primarily for consumer goods. At the same time, the network of state and cooperative trade was expanding. On this basis, there was a steady ousting of private capital from trade. The completion of the monetary reform in 1924 and the introduction of hard currency also improved the material situation of the working people.

and buy machinery and agricultural implements from the state. The middle peasant strata of the countryside were replenished at the expense of the economically growing poor peasant households. The middle peasant became the central figure in the village. From 1922 to 1924, the number of poor farms (without crops and with crops of up to 2 acres) decreased from 48.5 to 36.6 percent, and the number of middle peasant farms (with crops of 2 to 8 acres) increased from 47 .6 to 57.4 percent. By the end of 1925, the agriculture of the province was not only completely restored in terms of the main indicators, but even exceeded the best indicators of the pre-war period. The sown areas amounted to 775,580 acres, and the gross grain harvest - 59.1 million poods, of which 22.9 million poods were commercial surpluses. At the same time, this was not a simple restoration of agriculture on the old, pre-revolutionary basis. There was a gradual accumulation of elements of the socialist reconstruction of agriculture. State material and technical assistance to the working peasantry increased steadily, and production forms of cooperation developed. The main forms of industrial cooperation at that time were machine associations and the first agricultural communes that arose shortly after the end of the civil war. Land reclamation associations were created in Khakassia. At the beginning of 1921 there were 41 communes in the province. Some of them operated until the early 1930s, later switching to the charter of an agricultural artel. The first state farms also showed the advantage of collective farms in the province. In 1921, large and profitable state farms were Uchumsky in the Uzhur volost, Batenevsky in Novoselovsky and Altai in Khakassia. Created on the basis of the former economies of Alekseev and Chetverikov, they specialized in merino sheep breeding and had high economic indicators. In 1923, at the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow, the Uchum State Farm received the fourth prize. Having overcome great economic difficulties, machine and land reclamation associations, state farms and agricultural communes, by the end of the restoration period, became socialist strongholds in the countryside. The rise of agriculture under the conditions of the New Economic Policy led to a general improvement in the material situation of the peasantry. However, the class struggle in the countryside did not subside. Taking advantage of the small number of rural Communist cells, the kulaks made their way to the leadership of the village Soviets and the boards of cooperative partnerships. They sabotaged the implementation of the food plan, and then the single agricultural tax. In 1924-1925, cases of murder of rural activists became more frequent. In such an environment special meaning acquired mass-political and organizational work of party organizations in the countryside. By activating the activity of the rural Soviets, the rural communists created a wide non-party active around the cells, attracted the poor and middle peasants to participate in the work of the Soviets, cooperatives and other mass organizations. Schools, people's houses, and reading rooms played an important role in the eradication of illiteracy and the development of cultural work in the countryside. One of the important means of strengthening the proletarian influence on the peasantry was the patronage of the workers over the countryside. It was held under the slogan "Facing the Village" and was expressed first in political and cultural, and then in industrial assistance to the village. This work was initiated in April 1923 by four cells of the communists of the first district of Krasnoyarsk. Worker patronage brought a great revival to the political and cultural life villages.