Brief history of space exploration. History of Russian cosmonautics. Khovrinskaya abandoned hospital

On April 12, our country celebrated the 50th anniversary of space exploration - Cosmonautics Day. This is a national holiday. It seems familiar to us that spaceships start from the Earth. Dockings of spacecraft take place in high celestial distances. Months in space stations astronauts live and work, automatic stations go to other planets. You can say “what is special about this?”

But just recently, space flights were spoken of as science fiction. And on October 4, 1957, the new era the era of space exploration.

Constructors

Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich -

Russian scientist who was one of the first to think about space flight.

The fate and life of the scientist are unusual and interesting. The first half of Kostya Tsiolkovsky's childhood was normal, like all children. Already at an advanced age, Konstantin Eduardovich recalled how he liked to climb trees, climb onto the roofs of houses, jump from great heights to experience the feeling of free fall. The second childhood began when, ill with scarlet fever, he almost completely lost his hearing. Deafness caused the boy not only domestic inconvenience and moral suffering. She threatened to slow down his physical and mental development.

Another grief befell Kostya: his mother died. The family was left with a father, a younger brother and an illiterate aunt. The boy was left to himself.

Deprived of many joys and impressions due to illness, Kostya reads a lot, constantly comprehending what he read. He invents what has been invented long ago. But he invents himself. For example, a lathe. In the courtyard of the house, windmills built by him spin in the wind, self-propelled sailing carts run against the wind.

He dreams of space travel. Avidly reads books on physics, chemistry, astronomy, mathematics. Realizing that his capable but deaf son would not be accepted into any educational institution, the father decides to send sixteen-year-old Kostya to Moscow for self-education. Kostya rents a corner in Moscow and sits in free libraries from morning to evening. His father sends him 15-20 rubles a month, while Kostya, eating black bread and drinking tea, spends 90 kopecks a month on food! With the rest of the money he buys retorts, books, reagents. The following years were also difficult. He suffered a lot from bureaucratic indifference to his works and projects. He fell ill, lost heart, but gathered again, made calculations, wrote books.

Now we already know that Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is the pride of Russia, one of the fathers of astronautics, a great scientist. And with surprise, many of us learn that the great scientist did not go to school, did not have any scientific degrees, last years lived in Kaluga in an ordinary wooden house and no longer hearing anything, but the whole world is now recognized as a genius by the one who first drew the path for mankind to other worlds and stars:

Tsiolkovsky's ideas were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk.

All the most cherished dreams the founders of cosmonautics were embodied by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

Friedrich Arturovich Zander (1887-1933)

Yuri Vasilievich Kondratyuk

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev

Tsiolkovsky's ideas were developed by Friedrich Arturovich Zander and Yuri Vasilyevich Kondratyuk. All the most cherished dreams of the founders of astronautics were realized by Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

On this day, the first artificial satellite Earth. The space age has begun. The first satellite of the Earth was a shiny ball of aluminum alloys and was small - 58 cm in diameter, weighing 83.6 kg. The device had two-meter mustache-antennas, and two radio transmitters were placed inside. The satellite's speed was 28,800 km/h. In an hour and a half, the satellite circled the entire globe, and in a day of flight it made 15 revolutions. There are many satellites currently in orbit around the earth. Some are used for television and radio communication, others are scientific laboratories.

Scientists were faced with the task of putting a living creature into orbit.

And dogs paved the way into space for man. Animal testing began as early as 1949. The first "cosmonauts" were recruited in: doorways - the first detachment of dogs. A total of 32 dogs were caught.

They decided to take the dogs as test subjects, because. scientists knew how they behave, understood the structural features of the body. In addition, dogs are not capricious, they are easy to train. And the mongrels were chosen because the doctors believed that from the first day they had to fight for survival, besides, they were unpretentious and very quickly get used to the staff. Dogs had to meet the set standards: no heavier than 6 kilograms and no taller than 35 cm. Remembering that dogs would have to "show off" on the pages of newspapers, they selected "objects" prettier, slimmer and with smart muzzles. They were trained on a vibration stand, a centrifuge, in a pressure chamber: For space travel, a hermetic cabin was made, which was attached to the nose of the rocket.

The first dog start took place on July 22, 1951 - the mongrels Dezik and Gypsy withstood it successfully! Gypsy and Dezik climbed 110 km, then the cabin with them fell freely to a height of 7 km.

Since 1952, they began to work out the flights of animals in spacesuits. The suit was made of rubberized fabric in the form of a bag with two closed sleeves for the front paws. A detachable helmet made of transparent plexiglass was attached to it. In addition, they developed an ejection cart, on which a tray with a dog was placed, as well as equipment. This design was fired at high altitude from a falling cabin and descended by parachute.

On August 20, it was announced that the descent vehicle had made a soft landing and the dogs Belka and Strelka returned safely to earth. But not only, 21 gray and 19 white mice flew.

Belka and Strelka were already real astronauts. What were the astronauts trained in?

Dogs have passed all kinds of tests. They can stay in the cabin for quite a long time without moving, they can endure large overloads, vibrations. Animals are not afraid of rumors, they know how to sit in their experimental equipment, making it possible to record the biocurrents of the heart, muscles, brain, blood pressure, breathing patterns, etc.

On television they showed footage of the flight of Belka and Strelka. It was clearly visible how they tumbled in weightlessness. And, if Strelka was wary of everything, then Squirrel happily raged and even barked.

Belka and Strelka became everyone's favorites. They were taken to kindergartens, schools, orphanages.

There were 18 days left before manned space flight.

Male composition

In the Soviet Union, only January 5, 1959. a decision was made to select people and prepare them for space flight. The question of whom to prepare for the flight was controversial. Doctors argued that only they, the engineers, believed that a person from their midst should fly into space. But the choice fell on fighter pilots, because they are really the closest to space among all professions: they fly at high altitudes in special suits, endure overloads, have a parachute jump, keep in touch with command posts. Resourceful, disciplined, well aware of jet aircraft. Out of 3,000 fighter pilots, 20 were selected.

A special medical commission was created, mainly from military doctors. The requirements for astronauts are as follows: firstly, excellent health with a double or triple margin of safety; secondly, a sincere desire to engage in a new and dangerous business, the ability to develop in oneself the beginnings of a creative research activities; thirdly, to meet the requirements for individual parameters: age 25–30 years old, height 165–170 cm, weight 70–72 kg and no more! Weeded mercilessly. The slightest disturbance in the body was removed immediately.

The management decided to select a few people from 20 cosmonauts for the first flight. On January 17 and 18, 1961, the astronauts were given an exam. As a result selection committee allocated six to prepare for flights. Before you are portraits of astronauts. It included in the order of priority: Yu.A. Gagarin, G.S. Titov, G.G. Nelyubov, A.N. Nikolaev, V.F. Bykovsky, P.R. Popovich. On April 5, 1961, all six cosmonauts flew to the cosmodrome. It was not easy to choose the first of the cosmonauts equal in health, training, courage. This task was solved by specialists and the head of the cosmonaut group N.P. Kamanin. They became Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. On April 9, the decision of the State Commission was announced to the cosmonauts.

Veterans of Baikonur claim that on the night of April 12, no one slept at the cosmodrome, except for the astronauts. At 3 am on April 12, the final checks of all the systems of the Vostok spacecraft began. The rocket was illuminated by powerful searchlights. At 5.30 am, Evgeny Anatolievich Karpov lifted the cosmonauts. They look cheerful. We started physical exercises, then breakfast and a medical examination. At 6.00 a meeting of the State Commission, the decision was confirmed: Yu.A. was the first to fly into space. Gagarin. They sign him a flight assignment. It was a sunny, warm day, tulips were blooming all around in the steppe. The rocket shone brightly in the sun. 2-3 minutes were allotted for parting, and ten minutes passed. Gagarin was put on the ship 2 hours before the start. At this time, the rocket is refueled, and as the tanks are filled, it “dresses” exactly in a snow coat and soars. Then they give power, check the equipment. One of the sensors indicates that there is no reliable contact in the lid. Found ... Done ... Closed the lid again. The site was empty. And the famous Gagarin's "Let's go!". The rocket slowly, as if reluctantly, spewing an avalanche of fire, rises from the start and rapidly goes into the sky. Soon the rocket disappeared from view. An agonizing wait ensued.

Female composition

Valentina Tereshkovawas born in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo Yaroslavl region in a peasant family of immigrants from Belarus (father - from near Mogilev, mother - from the village of Eremeevshchina, Dubrovensky district). As Valentina Vladimirovna herself said, in her childhood she spoke Belarusian with her relatives. Father is a tractor driver, mother is a textile factory worker. Drafted into the Red Army in 1939, Valentina's father died in the Soviet-Finnish War.

In 1945, the girl entered secondary school No. 32 in the city of Yaroslavl, from which she graduated from seven classes in 1953. To help the family, in 1954 Valentina went to work at the Yaroslavl Tire Plant as a bracelet maker, at the same time enrolling in evening classes at a school for working youth. Since 1959, she went in for parachuting at the Yaroslavl flying club (performed 90 jumps). Continuing to work at the Krasny Perekop textile mill, from 1955 to 1960, Valentina passed distance learning at the College of Light Industry. From August 11, 1960 - the released secretary of the Komsomol committee of the Krasny Perekop plant.
In the cosmonaut corps

After the first successful flights of Soviet cosmonauts, Sergei Korolev had the idea to launch a female cosmonaut into space. At the beginning of 1962, the search for applicants for the following criteria: parachutist, under 30 years old, up to 170 centimeters tall and weighing up to 70 kilograms. Five of the hundreds of candidates were selected: Zhanna Yorkina, Tatyana Kuznetsova, Valentina Ponomaryova, Irina Solovyova and Valentina Tereshkova.

Immediately after being accepted into the cosmonaut corps, Valentina Tereshkova, along with the rest of the girls, was called up for urgent military service with the rank of privates.
Training

Valentina Tereshkova was enrolled in the cosmonaut corps on March 12, 1962 and began to be trained as a student-cosmonaut of the 2nd detachment. On November 29, 1962, she passed the final exams in the OKP with "excellent". Since December 1, 1962, Tereshkova has been a cosmonaut of the 1st detachment of the 1st department. From June 16, 1963, that is, immediately after the flight, she became an instructor-cosmonaut of the 1st detachment and was in this position until March 14, 1966.

During the training, she underwent training on the body's resistance to the factors of space flight. The trainings included a thermal chamber, where it was necessary to be in a flight suit at a temperature of +70 ° C and a humidity of 30%, a sound chamber - a room isolated from sounds, where each candidate had to spend 10 days.

Zero gravity training was carried out on the MiG-15. When performing a special aerobatics maneuver - a parabolic slide - weightlessness was established inside the aircraft for 40 seconds, and there were 3-4 such sessions per flight. During each session, it was necessary to complete the next task: write a first and last name, try to eat, talk on the radio.

Particular attention was paid to parachute training, since the cosmonaut ejected and landed separately on a parachute just before landing. Since there was always a risk of splashdown of the descent vehicle, training was also carried out on parachute jumps into the sea, in a technological, that is, not fitted to size, spacesuit.

Savitskaya Svetlana Evgenievna- Russian cosmonaut. She was born on August 8, 1948 in Moscow. Daughter of twice Hero of the Soviet Union Air Marshal Yevgeny Yakovlevich Savitsky. After graduation high school entered the institute and at the same time sits at the helm of the aircraft. Mastered the following types of aircraft: MiG-15, MiG-17, E-33, E-66B. Engaged in parachute training. Set 3 world records in group skydiving from the stratosphere and 15 world records in jet aircraft. Absolute world champion in aerobatics on piston aircraft (1970). For her sporting achievements in 1970 she was awarded the title of Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. In 1971 she graduated from the Central Flight Technical School under the Central Committee of the DOSAAF of the USSR, and in 1972 from the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze. After graduation, she worked as an instructor pilot. Since 1976, having completed a course at the test pilot school, he was a test pilot of the Ministry of Aviation Industry of the USSR. During her work as a test pilot, she mastered more than 20 types of aircraft, has the qualification of "Test Pilot 2nd Class". Since 1980 in the cosmonaut corps (1980 Group of women cosmonauts No. 2). Passed full course training for space flights on Soyuz T-type spacecraft and the Salyut orbital station. From August 19 to 27, 1982, she made her first space flight as a cosmonaut-researcher on the Soyuz T-7 spacecraft. She worked on board the Salyut-7 orbital station. The flight duration was 7 days 21 hours 52 minutes 24 seconds. From July 17 to July 25, 1984, she made her second space flight as a flight engineer on the Soyuz T-12 spacecraft. While working on board the Salyut-7 orbital station on July 25, 1984, she was the first woman to make an exit into outer space. The time spent in outer space was 3 hours 35 minutes. The duration of the space flight was 11 days 19 hours 14 minutes 36 seconds. For 2 flights into space, she flew 19 days 17 hours 7 minutes. After the second space flight, she worked at NPO Energia (Deputy Head of the Department of the Chief Designer). He has the qualifications of an instructor-test cosmonaut of the 2nd class. In the late 1980s, she worked community service, was the first deputy chairman of the Soviet Peace Fund. Since 1989, he has been increasingly involved in political activities. In 1989 - 1991 she was a People's Deputy of the USSR. In 1990 - 1993 she was a People's Deputy of the Russian Federation. In 1993, she left the cosmonaut corps, and in 1994 she left NPO Energia and concentrated entirely on political activities. Member of the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the first and second convocations (since 1993; Communist Party faction). Member of the Defense Committee. From January 16 to January 31, 1996, she headed the Interim Commission for the Control of the Electronic Voting System. Member of the Central Council of the All-Russian Social and Political Movement "Spiritual Heritage".

Elena Vladimirovna Kondakova (born 1957 in Mytishchi) was the third Russian female cosmonaut and the first woman to make a long-term space flight. Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, returning to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight on the Mir orbital station. Kondakova's second flight was as a specialist on the American space shuttle Atlantis (Space Shuttle Atlantis) as part of the Atlantis STS-84 expedition in May 1997. She was included in the cosmonaut corps in 1989.

Since 1999 - Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the United Russia party.

Human space exploration is almost impossible to describe briefly. Behind every small achievement is a huge amount of scientific and design work. Recall Brodsky's poem "Space Exploration". It largely reflects the significance and scale of all projects:

“... reported that a man had soared into space.

And I lay without raising my eyelids,

and thought about the many-sided world.

I reasoned: yawn or notice,

but still about small and great

we, if we find out, then by chance "

Space and the USSR

The space exploration of the USSR developed at a rapid pace. It is believed that the assignee of most technologies has become modern Russia. As we know, large-scale programs are constantly evolving, they do not stand still. For this reason, every new flight is full of scientific breakthroughs. Space exploration by Russia is a bit slow. But, definitely, we should be proud that our country is able to engage in such advanced projects. We are one of the few states where the dream of boys and girls to become an astronaut is quite real. Human space exploration is just beginning, but this was followed by a brief and vivid prehistory. Consider everything in chronological order and interesting facts.

The cosmos reveals its secrets

Theses on the topic of outer space exploration differ greatly, depending on the nature of the information provided. Of course, this process takes place gradually. In fact, each stage, which sounds just like words, implies years of painstaking work. Moreover, these are tens of billions of invested funds. To this end, everything is used, from latest materials ending with theories and conjectures. Perhaps the profession of astronauts is one of the most risky in the world.

Undoubtedly, space exploration in the photo delights and impresses. But this is done only by the most courageous people who have a powerful supply of health, the ability to take complex decisions in emergency situations. In addition, thanks to orbiting telescopes, the ISS and many other projects, a lot of systematized data has been obtained. It is they who make up the knowledge base of mankind about this unknown place. After all, even reputable scientists have more questions than answers. Despite the fact that they are engaged in revealing secrets. And space exploration, as a global problem, is considered by many countries. Meanwhile, they do not even have their own spaceports.

Why is space exploration necessary?

At the moment, experts are a large number of reasons for this. Not only the desire for knowledge drives the projects of human space exploration:

• Survival. In a certain situation, humanity may be on the verge of extinction. It is assumed that only evacuation to another planet will help save the remnants of civilization.

• Mining. It is believed that asteroids have the most valuable deposits. Accordingly, therefore, human space exploration plays an economic role. Rare earth metals are not as rare in other star systems. Thus, it will solve many problems.

• The ability to counter global threats. Now comets and asteroids have been elevated to this rank. Previously, these theories only frightened viewers from TV screens, but fell in 2013 Chebarkul meteorite near Chelyabinsk showed the full power of cosmic bodies.

Stages of space exploration

At the moment, people have been able to conquer only near-Earth orbits. And more distant spaces were opened only to uninhabited vehicles. Fascinating pictures of space exploration are only encoded images transmitted by radio telescopes. The percentage of study is negligible, but this is already a significant contribution. It is worth noting that the exploration of space and the oceans is similar. Indeed, humanity faces truly limitless tasks.

Results and goals

At the moment, progress has been made only in studies of asteroids and comets, the Sun, as well as nearby planets. Everything else is based on theories, the confirmation of which will have to wait for a very long time.

The next stage is distant planets solar system. Then the exit from it and the transition to other galaxies. But none of the modern terrestrial technologies are able to create something suitable for such travel. Therefore, a revolutionary breakthrough is needed.

It is impossible to single out stages strictly. Because everything is in the formative stage, the systematics of disciplines are constantly changing. In addition, quite often individual fragments of previous developments are completely crossed out by new discoveries.

Science and space

The science of space exploration is called astronautics. Perhaps this is the most complex discipline, requiring a lot of research work, large investments and top level training of scientists.

First artificial satellite

As you know, the first apparatus in Earth orbit was the so-called Sputnik-1. It was so popular that in the Soviet Union even Christmas decorations and badges were made in its form. The exploration of outer space by the USSR put an end to the efforts of the Americans on October 4, 1957. Because it was then that the first spherical satellite went into orbit, transmitting back a signal about a successful launch. The sole purpose of its launch was to test theories. In the end, space exploration in the 1950s and 1960s ceased to seem like an illusory task. It also triggered a surge of massive amounts of science fiction that flooded the pages of books and television screens.

The device consisted of two welded hemispheres made of magnesium alloy and four stabilizers, in parallel playing the role of transmitting antennas. The total mass of the device did not exceed 88.5 kg.

First spacecraft launch

Only the Sputnik-5 project could get this proud name. Indeed, it was in it that the specially trained dogs Belka and Strelka flew. They returned safely to earth on August 19, 1960. Actually, it was dress rehearsal space exploration by Gagarin. Because these animals are warm-blooded, which made it possible to shift the impact on their organisms applicable to people. Of course, research on them after their return was carried out very carefully, and both dogs lived safely to a ripe old age.

man in space

On April 12, 1961, the Vostok 1 spacecraft successfully launched the world's first man into Earth's orbit. They became a citizen of the Soviet Union Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. This event was preceded by an atmosphere of the strictest secrecy, and of course careful preparation. Despite the loss in the space race, all states greeted him as a hero. After a successful landing, a real world tour began, awarding various medals, honoring as a hero.

Further, the history of space exploration did not end, and the Vostok ships had multiple continuation. This name is still used by Russia for encoding in their programs. As you know, April 12 was declared as the International Day of Aviation and Cosmonautics.

First landing on the moon

Space exploration by the Americans has always been on the heels of the USSR. Tired of falling behind, they launched the Apollo 11 mission in 1969, which landed on the moon. Neil Armstrong was the first person to walk on the surface of the moon. In the future, he gained worldwide fame. The stay in these conditions lasted 2.5 hours, after which the return to Earth was carried out.

Skeptics still question this mission, but there are real reasons for this. In order to launch from our planet, you need to build a spaceport and have huge fuel reserves. How the United States did this about 50 years ago is still a mystery. And why hasn't anyone done this yet? Note that a package of lunar soil brought back was considered evidence.

Orbital stations Salyut

In February 1971, immediately after the lunar mission by the Americans, the history of space exploration was marked by a new event. At this time, the USSR launched the first station into the orbit of our planet. The crew consisted of three astronauts, and in total the project lasted 175 days. So, it was more profitable than doing short-term launches. Subsequently, this story space exploration in magazines is often embellished. Naturally, under the conditions cold war and iron curtain everyone believed that all this pursued only military goals. But there was no attack from a great height. As a result, years will pass, and all of humanity will use these developments for new research.

First international space station

Space exploration took on a completely different meaning when people began to live in orbit for a long time. The latter project turned out to be so expensive that a group of countries, led by the United States, accepted Russia in 1990. At present, there is only one station operating in outer space, although the USSR had independent experience of such projects earlier. In 1993, Al Gore and Viktor Chernomyrdin signed all the documents necessary for the assembly.

Study and development

The actual number of modules is unknown, but construction continues. First of all, research is constantly being conducted here on the pros and cons of space exploration. Innovative materials are also being developed that can withstand specific conditions. The radiation conditions of the operation of electronics in outer space, the functioning of the human body and related problems are studied. In addition, the growth of plants, the behavior and reproduction of animals, bacterial colonies are not deprived of attention.

Some facts about the ISS

We list the most interesting information, often not included in numerous news and space reports:

— An astronaut is a scientist. They have a special program that needs to be done daily. In addition, reports are regularly sent to terrestrial laboratories. Scientific research concern mainly new materials.

- The ship has many life support systems thought out to the smallest detail. For this reason, they occupy the lion's share of usable space. After all, seemingly simple things in orbit are extremely difficult to provide.

— The orbital station is the most expensive and long-term international project. In fact, according to various estimates, 150-200 billion dollars have already been invested in it, not counting the costs of developing and operating support centers on Earth.

Already in space

- After the launch, all members of the expeditions are prescribed physical training. It has been proven that one month of using weightlessness, when there is no walking and other loads, will already lead to atrophy of the neck muscles, and the head will simply stop holding on. Therefore, a specific gym operates on board.

- The problem of washing dirty laundry is solved in an interesting way. It is simply dropped onto our planet and then burns up over the oceans in the atmosphere. Moreover, the same container delivers clean things to the crew. Obviously, it is too expensive to carry water, powder and launch washing machines into orbit.

First intercontinental ballistic missile

It is interesting that the leadership in the creation of suborbital space jet aircraft rightfully belongs to Germany. In January 1945, the famous designer Wernher von Braun managed to conduct experimental tests of the so-called A9 "America" ​​project. The ultimate goal of this giant weighing 100 tons was the industrial centers of the United States, located on the east coast. Most of the mass was made up of two stages and solid fuel, and the use could most likely have a psychological effect. The declared flight range was 5000 km, and the practical ceiling was not more than 60 km. But the trajectory was sufficient to enter orbit in the presence of the first cosmic velocity.

Impact of space exploration on politics

Churchill's carelessly dropped phrases at international conferences made the USSR an international threat, as a result the whole world stood on the brink of conflict. Subsequently, an arms race began, where Soviet scientists took the lead. They created the R7 rocket, with a range of almost 9,000 km. Of course, the US followed a year later. In fact, in combination with nuclear weapons it completely changed military doctors. Indirectly, these developments can be considered one of the impetuses for the exploration of the nearest outer space.

So, in modern world There are two ways to become the first in this field. The first involves flights above ground level, when the missile merges for radar with terrain. And the second, of course, is to enter orbit to strike strictly from above at a given target.

Cosmonautics today tomorrow and always

It can be said with confidence that in the exploration of the nearest outer space, the colonization of Mars is considered a real task for the current 10-20 years. In addition, scientists demonstrate beautiful videos with 3D animation and launch unmanned aerial vehicles. In addition, they land research self-propelled robotic vehicles that collect data.

A few simple truths

• Astronaut health. We are a complex biological structure. Which, after all, got used to functioning under certain conditions for millions of years. In addition, a constant level of magnetic field and gravity, this is enough. If a person’s posture is disturbed, then as a result, all internal organs. However, on the red planet, the distorted gravity will cause all systems to work in a different way. In other words, the consequences of this have not been studied. It will also adversely affect magnetic fields, pressure difference. The suit and settlements in capsules are not a panacea. It turns out that Saturn and Jupiter cannot be mastered, because there a monstrous attraction will act on a person.

• A successful landing is possible, but what about a reverse launch? While on Earth, humanity is building the most complex spaceports for launch. However, it is physically impossible to do this on Mars. It turns out that any mission will have a one-way ticket.

• Energy and materials, food and hygiene will be a big problem. It is possible to melt Martian ice. But there is no guarantee that the resulting water will not kill the first person to set foot on this planet.

Achievements in space exploration

As a result, one conclusion can be drawn from all of the above. Achievements in space exploration must be gradually accumulated, in parallel with the development of technology. A sensible look at the problem allows us to say that we need at least 100 years for safe travel around the solar system. Current generations only need to increase experience and develop astronautics.

One of the most outstanding achievements of Soviet science is undoubtedly space exploration in the USSR. Similar developments were carried out in many countries, but only the USSR and the USA were able to achieve real success at that time, ahead of other states for many decades. At the same time, the first steps in space really belong Soviet people. It was in the Soviet Union that the first successful launch was carried out, as well as the launch of the carrier rocket with the PS-1 satellite into orbit. Until this triumphant moment, six generations of rockets had been created, with the help of which it was not possible to successfully launch into space. And only the R-7 generation made it possible for the first time to develop the first space velocity of 8 km / s, which made it possible to overcome the force of gravity and put the object into low Earth orbit. The first space rockets were converted from long-range combat ballistic missiles. They were improved, and the engines were boosted.

The first successful launch of an artificial earth satellite occurred on October 4, 1957. However, only ten years later this date was recognized as the official day of the proclamation of the space age. The first satellite was called PS-1, it was launched from the fifth research site, which is under the jurisdiction of the Union Ministry of Defense. By itself, this satellite weighed only 80 kilograms, and in diameter it did not exceed 60 centimeters. This object stayed in orbit for 92 days, during which time it covered a distance of 60 million kilometers.

The device was equipped with four antennas through which the satellite communicated with the ground. The composition of this device included an electric power supply, batteries, a radio transmitter, various sensors, an on-board electrical automation system, and a device for thermal control. The satellite did not reach the earth, it burned up in the earth's atmosphere.

Further space exploration Soviet Union was certainly successful. It was the USSR that first managed to send a man on a space journey. Moreover, the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, managed to return alive from space, thanks to which he became national hero. However, subsequently, space exploration in the USSR, in short, was restrained. The lag in technical terms and the era of stagnation had an effect. However, the successes achieved in those days, Russia continues to enjoy to this day.

Space exploration in the USSR: facts, results

August 12, 1962 - the world's first group space flight was made on the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft.

June 16, 1963 - the world's first flight into space by a female cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova was made on the Vostok-6 spacecraft.

October 12, 1964 - the world's first multi-seat aircraft flew spaceship Voskhod-1.

March 18, 1965 - the first human spacewalk was made in history. Alexei Leonov made a spacewalk from Voskhod-2 spacecraft.

October 30, 1967 - the first docking of two unmanned spacecraft "Cosmos-186" and "Cosmos-188" was made.

September 15, 1968 - the first return of the Zond-5 spacecraft to Earth after a flyby of the Moon. On board were living creatures: turtles, fruit flies, worms, bacteria.

January 16, 1969 - the first docking of two manned spacecraft Soyuz-4 and Soyuz-5 was carried out.

November 15, 1988 - the first and only space flight of the MTKK "Buran" in automatic mode.

Planetary research in the USSR

January 4, 1959 - the Luna-1 station passed at a distance of 60 thousand km from the surface of the Moon and entered the heliocentric orbit. It is the world's first artificial satellite of the Sun.

September 14, 1959 - the station "Luna-2" for the first time in the world reached the surface of the Moon in the region of the Sea of ​​Clarity.

October 4, 1959 - the Luna-3 automatic interplanetary station was launched, which for the first time in the world photographed the side of the Moon invisible from Earth. During the flight, for the first time in the world, a gravitational maneuver was carried out.

February 3, 1966 - AMS Luna-9 made the world's first soft landing on the surface of the Moon, panoramic images of the Moon were transmitted.

March 1, 1966 - the station "Venera-3" for the first time reached the surface of Venus. This is the world's first flight of a spacecraft from Earth to another planet. On April 3, 1966, the Luna-10 station became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.

September 24, 1970 - the Luna-16 station took samples of lunar soil and then delivered them to Earth. This is the first unmanned spacecraft to bring rock samples to Earth from another space body.

November 17, 1970 - soft landing and start of operation of the world's first semi-automatic self-propelled vehicle Lunokhod-1.

December 15, 1970 - the world's first soft landing on the surface of Venus: Venera-7.

On October 20, 1975, the Venera-9 station became the first artificial satellite of Venus.

October 1975 - soft landing of two spacecraft "Venera-9" and "Venera-10" and the world's first pictures of the surface of Venus.

The Soviet Union has done a lot for the study and exploration of outer space. The USSR was many years ahead of other countries, including the US superpower.

Sources: antiquehistory.ru, prepbase.ru, badlike.ru, ussr.0-ua.com, www.vorcuta.ru, ru.wikipedia.org

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February 12, 1961 - Flyby of Venus by the automatic interplanetary station "Venera-1"; May 19-20, 1961 (USSR).

April 12, 1961 - The first flight around the Earth of cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin on the Vostok satellite ship (USSR).

August 6, 1961 - Daily flight around the Earth of cosmonaut G. S. Titov on the Vostok-2 satellite ship (USSR).

April 23, 1962 - Photographing and reaching the surface of the Moon on April 26, 1962 by the first automatic station of the Ranger series (USA).

August 11 and 12, 1962 - The first group flight of cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and P. R. Popovich on satellites "Vostok-3" and "Vostok-4" (USSR).

August 27, 1962 - The flyby of Venus and its exploration by the first automatic interplanetary station "Mariner" December 14, 1962 (USA).

November 1, 1962 - Flight of Mars by the Mars-1 automatic interplanetary station on June 19, 1963 (USSR).

June 16, 1963 - Flight around the Earth of the first female cosmonaut V. V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-6 spacecraft (USSR).

October 12, 1964 - Flight around the Earth of cosmonauts V. M. Komarov, K. P. Feoktistov and B. B. Egorov on the three-seat Voskhod spacecraft (USSR).

November 28, 1964 - Passage of Mars on July 15, 1965 and its study by the Mariner-4 automatic interplanetary station (USA).

March 18, 1965 - Exit of cosmonaut A. A. Leonov from the spacecraft "Voskhod-2", piloted by P. I. Belyaev, into open space (USSR).

March 23, 1965 - The first maneuver in orbit of the artificial satellite of the Gemini-3 spacecraft with astronauts V. Griss and J. Young (USA).

April 23, 1965 - The first automatic communication satellite in a synchronous orbit of the Molniya-1 series (USSR).

July 16, 1965 - The first automatic heavy research satellite of the Proton series (USSR).

July 18, 1965 - Photographed again reverse side Moon and image transmission to Earth by automatic interplanetary station "Zond-3" (USSR).

November 16, 1965 Reaching the surface of Venus on March 1, 1966 by the automatic station "Venera-3" (USSR).

December 4 and 15, 1965 - Group flight with close approach of the Gemini-7 and Gemini-6 satellite ships, with cosmonauts F. Borman, J. Lovell and W. Schirra, T. Stafford (USA).

January 31, 1966 - The first soft landing on the Moon on February 3, 1966 of the Luna-9 automatic station and the transmission of a lunar photo panorama to Earth (USSR).

March 16, 1966 - Manual docking of the Gemini-8 satellite, piloted by cosmonauts N. Armstrong and D. Scott, with the Agena rocket (USA).

August 10, 1966 - The launch of the first automatic station of the Lunar Orbiter series into the orbit of an artificial satellite of the Moon.

January 27, 1967 - During tests of the Apollo spacecraft, a fire broke out in the cabin of the spacecraft at launch. Cosmonauts V. Grissom, E. White and R. Chaffee (USA) died.

April 23, 1967 - Flight of the satellite "Soyuz-1" with cosmonaut V. M. Komarov. During the descent to Earth due to the failure of the parachute system, the cosmonaut died (USSR).

June 12, 1967 - Descent and research in the atmosphere of Venus on October 18, 1967 by the automatic station "Venera-4" (USSR).

June 14, 1967 - Flyby of Venus on October 19, 1967 and its exploration by the Mariner-5 automatic station (USA).

September 15, November 10, 1968-Circle of the Moon and return to Earth of the Zond-5 and Zond-6 spacecraft using ballistic and controlled descent (USSR).

December 21, 1968 - Flyby of the Moon with the exit on December 24, 1968 into the orbit of the Moon's satellite and the return to Earth of the Apollo 8 spacecraft with cosmonauts F. Borman, J. Lovell, W. Anders (USA).

5, January 10, 1969-Continuation of the direct study of the atmosphere of Venus by the automatic stations Venera-5 (May 16, 1969) and Venera-6 (May 17, 1969) (USSR).

January 14, 15, 1969 - The first docking in orbit of the Earth's satellite of the manned spacecraft "Soyuz-4" and "Soyuz-5" with cosmonauts V. A. Shatalov and B. V. Volynov, A. S. Eliseev, E. V. Khrunov . The last two cosmonauts went into space and transferred to another ship (USSR).

February 24, March 27, 1969-Continuation of the study of Mars during the passage of its automatic stations "Mariner-6" on July 31, 1969 and "Mariner-7" on August 5, 1969 (USA).

May 18, 1969 - Flight around the Moon by the Apollo 10 spacecraft with cosmonauts T. Stafford, J. Young and Y. Cernan, entering the selenocentric orbit on May 21, 1969, maneuvering on it and returning to Earth (USA).

July 16, 1969 - First landing on the moon by a manned spacecraft, Apollo 11. Cosmonauts N. Armstrong and E. Aldrin spent 21 hours 36 minutes on the Moon in the Sea of ​​Tranquility (July 20-21, 1969). M. Collins was in the command compartment of the ship in a selenocentric orbit. Having completed the flight program, the astronauts returned to Earth (USA).

August 8, 1969 - Flight around the Moon and return to Earth of the Zond-7 spacecraft using a controlled descent (USSR).

October 11, 12, 13, 1969-Group flight with maneuvering satellite ships Soyuz-6, Soyuz-7 and Soyuz-8 with cosmonauts G. S. Shonin, V. N. Kubasov; A. V. Filipchenko, V. N. Volkov, V. V. Gorbatko; V. A. Shatalov, A. S. Eliseev (USSR).

October 14, 1969 - The first research satellite of the Interkosmos series with scientific equipment from the socialist countries (USSR).

November 14, 1969 - Landing on the moon in the Ocean of Storms manned spacecraft "Apollo 12". Cosmonauts C. Konrad and A. Bean spent 31 hours and 31 minutes on the Moon (November 19-20, 1969). R. Gordon was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).

April 11, 1970 - Flyby of the Moon with the return to Earth of the Apollo 13 spacecraft with astronauts J. Lovell, J. Swigert, F. Hayes. The planned flight to the moon was canceled due to an accident on a ship (USA).

June 1, 1970 - Flight lasting 425 hours of the Soyuz-9 satellite with cosmonauts A. G. Nikolaev and V. I. Sevastyanov (USSR).

August 17, 1970 - Soft landing on the surface of Venus automatic station "Venera-7" with scientific equipment (USSR).

September 12, 1970 - Automatic station "Luna-16" on September 20, 1970 performed a soft landing on the Moon in the Sea of ​​​​Plenty, drilled, took samples of lunar rock and delivered them to Earth (USSR).

October 20, 1970 - Flyby of the Moon with return to Earth from the Northern Hemisphere of the Zond-8 spacecraft (USSR).

November 10, 1970 - The automatic station "Luna-17" delivered to the moon a self-propelled apparatus "Lunokhod-1" with scientific equipment, radio-controlled from the Earth. During 11 lunar days, the lunar rover traveled 10.5 km, exploring the region of the Sea of ​​Rains (USSR).

January 31, 1971 - Apollo 14 manned spacecraft landing on the moon near the Fra Mauro crater. Astronauts A. Shepard and E. Mitchell spent 33 hours and 30 minutes on the Moon (February 5-6, 1971). S. Rusa was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).

May 19, 1971 - Reaching the surface of Mars for the first time by the descent vehicle of the automatic station "Mars-2" and its entry into orbit of the first artificial satellite of Mars on November 27, 1971 (USSR).

May 28, 1971 - The first soft landing on the surface of Mars of the descent vehicle of the Mars-3 automatic station and its entry into the orbit of an artificial satellite of Mars on December 2, 1971 (USSR).

May 30, 1971 - The first artificial satellite of Mars - automatic station "Mariner-9". Launched into satellite orbit on November 13, 1971 (USA).

June 6, 1971-570-hour flight of cosmonauts G. T. Dobrovolsky, V. N. Volkov and V. I. Patsaev on the Soyuz-11 satellite and the Salyut orbital station. During the descent to Earth, as a result of depressurization of the spacecraft cabin, the astronauts died (USSR).

July 26, 1971 - Apollo 15 lunar landing. Cosmonauts D. Scott and J. Irwin spent 66 hours and 55 minutes on the Moon (July 30 - August 2, 1971). A. Warden was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).

October 28, 1971 - The first English satellite "Prospero" launched into orbit by an English launch vehicle.

February 14, 1972 - Automatic station "Luna-20" delivered to earth lunar soil from a section of the mainland adjacent to the Sea of ​​​​Plenty (USSR).

March 3, 1972 - Flight by the Pioneer-10 automatic station of the asteroid belt (July 1972 - February 1973) and Jupiter (December 4, 1973) with subsequent exit from the solar system (USA).

March 27, 1972 Soft landing on the surface of Venus automatic station "Venera-8" July 22, 1972. Study of the atmosphere and surface of the planet (USSR).

April 16, 1972 - Apollo 16 lunar landing. Cosmonauts J. Young and C. Duke stayed on the Moon for 71 hours 02 minutes (April 21-24, 1972). T. Mattingly was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).

December 7, 1972 - Apollo 17 landing on the moon. Cosmonauts Y. Cernan and H. Schmitt stayed on the Moon for 75 hours 00 minutes (December 11-15, 1972). R. Evans was in a selenocentric orbit (USA).

January 8, 1973 Automatic station "Luna-21" delivered January 16, 1973 to the Moon "Lunokhod-2". During 5 lunar days, the lunar rover traveled 37 km (USSR).

May 14, 1973 Long-term manned orbital station "Skylab". Cosmonauts C. Conrad, P. Weitz and J. Kerwin have been at the station for 28 days since May 25. On July 28, the crew arrived at the station: A. Bean, O. Garriott, J. Lusma for a two-month work (USA).

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Books

• A History of Space Conquest, Tim Furniss. People have always strived for the stars, but only in the 20th century did this dream come true. The efforts of brilliant scientists and designers Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert Goddard, Sergei Korolev, Werner von…
• History of military cosmonautics, Slavin Svyatoslav Nikolaevich. The book is devoted to the history of the development of domestic and foreign military cosmonautics. The author in a popular form talks about the little-known aspects of space exploration. The reader will learn about the first ...