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Origin

First wide famous representative The Kolchak family was the Turkish commander Kolchak, commandant of the Khotyn fortress, taken prisoner by Field Marshal H.A Minich. After the end of the war, Kolchak Pasha settled in Poland, and in 1794 his descendants moved to Russia.
One of the representatives of this family was Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak (1837-1913), a naval artillery officer, major general in the Admiralty. V. I. Kolchak served his first officer rank with a severe wound during the defense of Sevastopol during Crimean War 1853-1856: he turned out to be one of the seven surviving defenders of the Stone Tower on Malakhov Kurgan, whom the French found among the corpses after the assault. After the war, he graduated from the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg and, until his retirement, served as an acceptance officer for the Naval Ministry at the Obukhov Plant, having a reputation as a straightforward and extremely scrupulous person.

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Studies

Elementary education the future admiral received houses, and then studied at the 6th St. Petersburg classical gymnasium.
On August 6, 1894, Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 1st rank "Rurik" as an assistant to the chief of the watch, and on November 15, 1894 he was promoted to the rank of midshipman. On this cruiser he departed for Far East. At the end of 1896, Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 2nd rank "Cruiser" to the position of chief of the watch. On this ship, for several years, he went hiking in Pacific Ocean, in 1899 he returned to Kronstadt. On December 6, 1898, he was promoted to lieutenant. In the campaigns, Kolchak not only performed his official duties, but also actively engaged in self-education. He also became interested in oceanography and hydrology. In 1899 he published an article "Observations on Surface Temperatures and Specific Gravities sea ​​water produced on the cruisers "Rurik" and "Cruiser" from May 1897 to March 1898.

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Toll's expedition

Schooner "Zarya".
Upon arrival in Kronstadt, Kolchak went to Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov, who was preparing to sail on the Ermak icebreaker to the Arctic Ocean. Kolchak asked to be accepted into the expedition, but was refused "for official reasons." After that, for some time entering the personnel of the vessel "Prince Pozharsky", Kolchak in September 1899 switched to squadron battleship"Petropavlovsk" and on it went to the Far East. However, while staying in the Greek port of Piraeus, he received an invitation from the Academy of Sciences from Baron E. V. Toll to take part in the mentioned expedition. From Greece through Odessa in January 1900, Kolchak arrived in St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition suggested that Alexander Vasilievich be in charge of hydrological work, and besides, be the second magnetologist. Throughout the winter and spring of 1900, Kolchak prepared for the expedition.
On July 21, 1901, the expedition on the schooner "Zarya" moved along the Baltic, North and Norwegian seas to the shores of the Taimyr Peninsula, where the first wintering was coming. In October 1900, Kolchak participated in Toll's trip to the Gafner fjord, and in April-May 1901, the two of them traveled around Taimyr. Throughout the expedition, the future admiral led an active scientific work. In 1901, E. V. Toll immortalized the name of A. V. Kolchak, naming the island and cape discovered by the expedition after him.
In the spring of 1902, Toll decided to go on foot north of the New Siberian Islands, together with the magnetologist F. G. Seberg and two mushers. The rest of the expedition, due to a lack of food supplies, had to go from Bennett Island to the south, to the mainland, and later return to St. Petersburg. Kolchak and his companions went to the mouth of the Lena and arrived in the capital through Yakutsk and Irkutsk.

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Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Alexander Vasilievich reported to the Academy on the work done, and also informed about the enterprise of Baron Toll, from whom no news had been received either by that time or later. In January 1903, it was decided to organize an expedition, the purpose of which was to clarify the fate of Toll's expedition. The expedition took place from May 5 to December 7, 1903. It consisted of 17 people on 12 sledges harnessed by 160 dogs. The journey to Bennett Island took three months and was extremely difficult. On August 4, 1903, having reached Bennett Island, the expedition discovered traces of Toll and his companions: expedition documents, collections, geodetic instruments and a diary were found. It turned out that Toll arrived on the island in the summer of 1902 and headed south with only 2-3 weeks of provisions. It became clear that Toll's expedition had perished.

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Personal life

Wife (Sofya Fedorovna Kolchak)
Sofya Fedorovna Kolchak (1876 - 1956) - wife of Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak. Sofya Fedorovna was born in 1876 in Kamenetz-Podolsk, Podolsk province. Russian Empire(now Khmelnitsky region of Ukraine).

Parents
Father - real Privy Councilor Fedor Vasilyevich Omirov. Mother Daria Fedorovna, nee Kamenskaya, was the daughter of Major General, Director of the Forestry Institute F.A. Kamensky, sister of the sculptor F.F. Kamensky. Among the distant ancestors were Baron Munnich (brother of the field marshal, an Elizabethan nobleman) and general-in-chief M.V. Berg (who defeated Frederick the Great in the Seven Years' War).

Upbringing
A hereditary noblewoman of the Podolsk province, Sofya Fedorovna was brought up at the Smolny Institute and was a very educated girl (she knew seven languages, she knew French and German perfectly). She was beautiful, strong-willed and independent by nature.

Marriage
By agreement with Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, they were supposed to get married after his first expedition. In honor of Sophia (at that time the bride) a small island in the Litke archipelago and a cape on Bennett Island were named. The wait dragged on for several years. They got married on March 5, 1904 in the church of the Znamensky Monastery in Irkutsk.

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Children

Sofia Fedorovna gave birth to three children from Kolchak. The first girl (c. 1905) did not live even a month. The second was the son Rostislav (03/09/1910 - 06/28/1965). The last daughter Margarita (1912-1914) caught a cold while fleeing from the Germans from Libava and died.

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polar expedition

At the end of January, on dogs and deer, a search expedition arrived in Yakutsk, where news was immediately received of the Japanese attack on Port Arthur. Kolchak telegraphed to the Academy a request to be expelled to the Naval Department and to be sent to the combat area. While the issue of his transfer was being decided, Kolchak and his fiancee moved to Irkutsk, where he made a report "On the current situation of the Russian polar expedition" at the local geographical society. In the conditions of the outbreak of war, the wedding was decided not to be postponed further, and on March 5, 1904, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak and Sofya Fedorovna Omirova got married in Irkutsk, from where they parted a few days later. For participation in the Russian polar expedition, Kolchak received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree.

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In Port Arthur, Kolchak served as a watchman on the Askold cruiser, as an artillery officer on the Amur mine layer, and as commander of the Angry destroyer. The Japanese cruiser Takasago was blown up and killed on a mine bank set by him south of Port Arthur. In November, after severe pneumonia, he moved to the land front. Commanded a battery of naval guns in the armed sector of the Rocky Mountains. Awarded with the Order St. Anne IV degree with the inscription "For bravery". On December 20, at the time of the surrender of the fortress, due to articular rheumatism in a very severe form (a consequence of the expedition to the North), he ended up in the hospital. Got captured. Starting to recover, he was transported to Japan. The Japanese government offered Russian prisoners of war to either stay or "return to their homeland without any conditions." In April-June 1905, Kolchak made his way across America to St. Petersburg. For distinction near Port Arthur, he was awarded a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery" and the Order of St. Stanislaus II degree with swords. Doctors recognized him as a complete invalid and sent him to the waters for treatment; only six months later he was able to return to the disposal of the IAN.
Until May 1906, Kolchak put in order and processed expeditionary materials, the book "The Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas" was prepared, published in 1909. January IRGS Council awarded him "for an extraordinary and important geographical feat, the accomplishment of which is associated with labor and danger", the highest award of the IRGS - the Big Gold Konstantinovsky Medal.

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After the events of 1905 officers The fleet fell into a state of decline and demoralization. Kolchak was among a small number of those naval officers who undertook the task of recreating and scientifically reorganizing the Russian navy. In January 1906 he became one of the four founders and chairman of the semi-official officers' St. Petersburg Naval Circle. Together with its other members, he developed a note on the creation of the Marine General Staff(MGSH) as a body in charge of the special preparation of the fleet for war. The MGSH was created in April 1906. Kolchak, who was among the first twelve officers selected from the entire Russian fleet, was appointed to head the Department of Russian Statistics at the MGSH. Based on the assumption of a probable German attack in 1915, the MGSH developed a military shipbuilding program, one of the main compilers of which was Kolchak.

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In 1907, the Main Hydrographic Directorate of the Naval Department began preparations for the Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean (GE SL). Kolchak developed one of the projects of this expedition, with his active participation the choice of the type of ships for it and the supervision of the construction of long-range icebreakers "Vaigach" and "Taimyr", built on Nevsky shipyard in 1908-1909. In May 1908, with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, Kolchak became the commander of the launched Vaigach, equipped specifically for cartographic work. The entire crew of the expedition consisted of volunteer sailors, all officers were assigned scientific duties. In October 1909, the ships left St. Petersburg, and in July 1910 arrived in Vladivostok. At the end of 1910, Kolchak left for Petersburg.
In 1912, Kolchak was appointed head of the First Operational Department of the Moscow State School, in charge of all the preparation of the fleet for the expected war. During this period, Kolchak participates in the maneuvers of the Baltic Fleet, becomes a specialist in the field of combat firing and, in particular, mine work: since the spring of 1912 he has been in the Baltic Fleet near Essen, then he served in Libau, where the Mine Division was based. Before the start of the war, his family also remained in Libau: wife, son, daughter. Since December 1913, Kolchak has been a captain of the 1st rank; after the start of the war - the flag-captain for the operational part. He developed the first combat mission for the fleet - to close the entrance to the Gulf of Finland with a strong minefield (the same mine-artillery position Porkkala-udd-island Nargen, which was completely successfully, but not so quickly repeated by the sailors of the Red Navy in 1941). Having taken a group of four destroyers into temporary command, at the end of February 1915 Kolchak closes the Danzig Bay with two hundred mines. This was the most difficult operation - not only for military reasons, but also for the conditions of navigation of ships with a weak hull in the ice: Kolchak's polar experience came in handy again. In September 1915, Kolchak took command, at first temporary, of the Mine Division; at the same time, all naval forces in the Gulf of Riga. In November 1915, Kolchak received the highest Russian military award - the Order of St. George IV degree. On Easter 1916, in April, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was awarded the first admiral's rank.

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After February Revolution 1917 The Sevastopol Soviet removes Kolchak from command, and the admiral returns to Petrograd. Kolchak receives an invitation from the American mission, which officially turned to the Provisional Government with a request to send Admiral Kolchak to the United States to provide information on mines and anti-submarine warfare. July 4 A.F. Kerensky authorized the implementation of Kolchak's mission and, as a military adviser, he is serving in England, and then in the USA. By agreeing to the proposal of the Cadets party to run for Constituent Assembly, Kolchak returns to Russia, but the October coup delays him in Japan until September 1918. On the night of November 18, a military coup took place in Omsk, which pushed Kolchak to the top of power. The Council of Ministers insisted on proclaiming him the Supreme Ruler of Russia, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and making him a full admiral. In 1919, Kolchak transferred Headquarters from Omsk to the government echelon, and Irkutsk was appointed the new capital. The Admiral stops at Nizhneudinsk. On January 5, 1920, he agrees to transfer supreme power to General Denikin, and control of the Eastern Outskirts to Semenov, and goes into the Czech carriage, under the protection of the Allies. On January 14, the last betrayal takes place: in exchange for free passage, the Czechs give up the admiral. On January 15, 1920, at 9:50 pm local time, Irkutsk time, Kolchak was arrested. At eleven o'clock in the morning, under a reinforced escort, the arrested were led across the hummocky ice of the Angara, and then Kolchak and his officers were transported in cars to the Alexander Central. The Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee intended to make an open trial over the former Supreme Ruler of Russia and the ministers of his Russian government. On January 22, the Extraordinary Investigative Commission began interrogations, which continued until February 6, when the remnants of Kolchak's army came close to Irkutsk. The Revolutionary Committee issued a decree on the execution of Kolchak without trial. February 7, 1920 at 4 o'clock in the morning Kolchak, together with Prime Minister V.N. Pepelyaev was shot on the banks of the Ushakovka River and thrown into the hole.

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1 of 14

Presentation on the topic: Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak

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Family Tradition Born November 4, 1874. In Petersburg. In his family, many generations of men were military. Alexander did not break the family tradition. He became a cadet in the Naval Corps. Kolchak has always been among the best students. His father Vasily Ivanovich often took his son to a military factory, where Alexander got acquainted with mine and artillery production. He graduated from the Naval Corps with an honorary award.

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Toll's Expedition The young midshipman spent his first years of service in Kronstadt. At this time, he studies the polar seas and dreams of participating in an Antarctic expedition. In 1899, the famous explorer of the North, Baron E. V. Toll, invited Kolchak as a hydrologist on an expedition on the Zarya schooner, the purpose of which was to study sea currents in the Kara and East Siberian seas of the Arctic Ocean, as well as to explore already known and search for new islands in this part of the Arctic. On this expedition, Kolchak spent two years and two difficult winters.

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During the winter, Toll, together with Kolchak, made a 40-day sledge-ski trip to Cape Chelyuskin. Toll called one of the islands in the Taimyr Bay Kolchak Island (renamed Rastorguev Island). In the spring of 1902, Kolchak was sent to St. Petersburg in order to deliver the materials already collected by the researchers to the capital. The following year, Kolchak had to lead a new expedition, equipped to search for Toll and his companions who had disappeared in the ice. He managed to find the place of Toll's last camp, his diaries and other materials of the missing expedition.

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Russo-Japanese War The commander of the Pacific Squadron, Admiral S. O. Makarov, offered him to serve on the battleship Petropavlovsk. Kolchak refused and asked to be assigned to the Askold cruiser, which saved his life. A few days later, "Petropavlovsk" hit a mine and sank rapidly. Shortly thereafter, Kolchak achieved a transfer to the destroyer "Angry", and by the end of the siege of Port Arthur, he had to command a battery on the land front, since severe rheumatism - a consequence of two polar expeditions - forced him to leave the warship. This was followed by a wound, the surrender of Port Arthur and Japanese captivity, in which Kolchak spent four months. Upon his return, he was awarded the St. George weapon - a golden saber "For Courage".

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The revival of the Russian fleet Having been released from captivity, Kolchak received the rank of captain of the second rank. The main task of the group of naval officers and admirals, which included Kolchak, was the revival of the Russian navy, because after Russo-Japanese War the German fleet in the Baltic - more than 20 battleships and 50 cruisers - was opposed by only two surviving Russian battleships and 8 cruisers.

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First of all, the Naval General Staff was created, which took over the direct combat training of the fleet. Then the shipbuilding program was drawn up. Taking into account the significant numerical superiority of the potential enemy, the Naval General Staff developed a new plan for the defense of St. Petersburg and the Gulf of Finland - in case of a threat of attack, all ships of the Baltic Fleet, at the agreed signal, were to go to sea and put up 8 lines of minefields at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland, covered by coastal batteries. Captain Kolchak himself took part in the design of special icebreaking ships. In 1909 he published a monograph summarizing his research in the Arctic - "Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas". In 1912, Kolchak went to serve in the Baltic Fleet - here, together with the commander of the fleet, Admiral Essen, they were preparing plans for placing minefields off the coast of Germany.

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First World War After the Germans concentrated their main naval forces on the fight against the British in the North Sea, the command of the Baltic Fleet sent several ship groups to the German shores. In 1914-1915. destroyers and cruisers under the command of Kolchak laid mines off the coast of Danzig (Gdansk), Pillau (Baltiysk) and even off the island of Bornholm. They blew up the German cruisers Friedrich Karl, Bremen and Gazelle, as well as several smaller warships and 23 transports.

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In July 1916, Kolchak was promoted to vice admiral and appointed commander Black Sea Fleet. His ships launched a series of strikes along the coast of Turkey and laid mines at the entrance to the Bosphorus. In June 1917, the Sevastopol Soviet tried to arrest officers suspected of counter-revolution and take away the St. George weapon from Kolchak - the golden saber handed to him for Port Arthur. The admiral chose to throw the blade overboard. Three weeks later, divers lifted it from the bottom and handed it to Kolchak, engraving the inscription on the blade: "To the Knight of Honor Admiral Kolchak from the Union of Army and Navy Officers." At this time, Kolchak, along with General L. G. Kornilov, was considered as a potential candidate for military dictators.

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Civil War When the February Revolution began, Kolchak remained in command of the fleet and continued successful fighting on the sea. But the unrest of the sailors and the widespread collapse of discipline led to the fact that in June 1917 Kolchak was forced to resign. After that, he went to America, where he actively collaborated with the American General Glenn. Learning about October revolution, he decided to go to the service of the British and soon ended up in China, where they gathered and trained an army to liberate Russia from the Bolsheviks. In October 1918, Kolchak, together with one English general, decided to make his way through Siberia to the south - into the Volunteer Army. At that time in Siberia Soviet authority was overthrown in an uprising Czechoslovak Corps. Apparently, therefore, Kolchak did not go further, but remained in Siberia.

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On November 18, 1918, after a whole chain of events, Kolchak was promoted to admiral and became the Supreme Ruler of Russia. Having strengthened the armed forces of Siberia, he launched an offensive. In the spring of 1919, Kolchak's army numbered 400 thousand people, in addition, he had the support of foreign states, entering into an alliance with them. In March Eastern front The Red Army was broken through by Kolchak's troops. This made it possible for Denikin's troops in the south to launch a counteroffensive. Kolchak did not calculate his strength, moreover, he missed the chance when the Finnish commander Mannerheim offered to help capture Petrograd in exchange for the independence of Finland. Kolchak rejected this proposal, but could easily capture the almost undefended Petrograd. As a result, the Red Army in May-June 1919 delivered a series of powerful blows to Kolchak. Already in July, the Reds took Yekaterinburg, at the end of the summer Chelyabinsk fell, and in November Omsk, the capital of white Russia. Three days earlier, Kolchak left the city, taking with him a whole train with a gold reserve.

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Defeat and death On January 4, 1920, in Nizhneudinsk, Admiral A. V. Kolchak signed his last Decree, in which he transferred the powers of the “Supreme All-Russian Power” to A. I. Denikin. On January 5, 1920, power in Irkutsk passed to the SR-Menshevik Political Center. January 15 A.V. Kolchak, who left Nizhneudinsk in the Czechoslovak echelon, in a carriage flying the flags of Great Britain, France, the USA, Japan and Czechoslovakia, arrives in Irkutsk. The Czechoslovak command, with the sanction of the French General Janin, transfers Kolchak to representatives of the Political Center. On January 21, power in Irkutsk passes to the Bolshevik Revolutionary Committee. From January 21 to February 6, 1920, Kolchak was interrogated by the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry. On the night of February 6-7, 1920, Admiral A. V. Kolchak and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian government V. N. Pepelyaev, by direct order of Lenin, were shot on the banks of the Ushakovka River near the Znamensky Convent, their bodies were thrown into the hole.

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Memory At the end of the Civil War in the Far East and in subsequent years in emigration, February 7 - the day of the execution of the admiral - was celebrated with memorial services in memory of the "killed warrior Alexander" and served as a day of remembrance for all the fallen members of the White movement in the east of the country.

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The work was done by Artur Vasiliev

Parents and lineage

The first widely known member of the genus
Kolchakov was a Turkish commander of Crimean Tatar origin, Ilias Kolchak Pasha,
commandant of the Khotyn fortress.
Father - Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak (1837-1913),
naval artillery officer, major general
Admiralty.
Mother of A. V. Kolchak - Olga
Ilyinichna

Childhood and early career

In the family of Captain Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak 4
November 1874 son Alexander was born.
A poor and not particularly distinguished family can be
was considered typical for a serviceman
nobility.
Alexander enters the Naval School,
which was the main supplier
officer cadre. In 1895, young
midshipman went on the cruiser "Rurik" to
journey - from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific
ocean.

Kolchak - marine explorer

It can be noted that A.V. Kolchak made a big
contribution to the history of the development of the Northern
Arctic Ocean at sunset Russian
empire (1900-1913). Sailed on such sea
ships like "Vaigach", "Dawn" in the periods from 1899 to
1903

Kolchak - military leader

In 1915, everyone passed under the command of Kolchak
concentrated in the Gulf of Riga
strength.
At the beginning of September 1915, the post of chief
The mine division of the Baltic Fleet was entrusted
Kolchak.

In the period from February 1917 to autumn 1918 - exiled to
Japan
In the autumn of 1918 he was included in the "Council of Five" - ​​headed by
Kerensky collection.
He was married to Sophia Feodorovna, but in recent years
life lived and Anna Vasilievna Timireva
In total, Alexander Kolchak was awarded 20
medals and orders - for scientific
activities and military successes.
During the First World War Kolchak
participated in the battle for Port Arthur, was
wounded, ended up in a Japanese hospital.

A. Kolchak as a politician

After the fall of the Directory, it becomes
Supreme Commander and Supreme
Ruler of Russia in 1918
Taking control of Siberia, the capital of Admiral
made Irkutsk, and moved the rate from Omsk to
government train, which will soon
as a result of defeats was blocked by the Czechs in
Nizhneudinsk. Although Kolchak was given a guarantee
personal security, he was issued to those who took power
in Irkutsk to the Mensheviks. Later, the admiral was in
the hands of the Bolsheviks. Kolchak was shot by decree
Lenin February 7, 1920 near the river
Ushakov, and his body was thrown into the water.

Quotes

There can be no defeat - there can only be
temporary difficulties.
To be Russian, to be Kerensky's compatriot,
Lenin ... after all, the whole world looks like this:
for Judas for centuries
symbolized the Jews, and what collection
such individuals have been produced by our democracy.
If anyone... finds something from me
property or capital discovers, I can willingly
convey, because they do not exist in nature.
A.V. Kolchak

findings

1) A.V. Kolchak is one of the key
figures who advocated the preservation
monarchical system
2) Having become the Supreme Ruler of Russia, he tried
restore law and order to
territories under his control
3) Even after becoming the most powerful person
Russia, Admiral Kolchak did not try to appropriate
imagine the wealth of the empire, which speaks of
exceptional dedication

Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich () was born in the family of a naval artillery officer. Good home education, Marine cadet corps, which Kolchak graduated among the first in 1894, gave him an excellent knowledge of three European languages, the history of the fleet and instilled an interest in the exact sciences.

Kolchak - polar explorer A. Kolchak took part in a complex polar expedition on the Zarya ship.

Parents Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak () captain of the naval artillery, later Major General for the Admiralty Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak () captain of the naval artillery, later major general for the Admiralty Olga Ilyinichna Kolchak (Posokhova) () Olga Ilyinichna Kolchak (Posokhova) ( )

Wife Sofia Fedorovna Kolchak (Omirova) Sofia Fedorovna Kolchak (Omirova) Born in 1876 in Kamenetz-Podolsk (now Khmelnitsky region, Ukraine) Born in 1876 in Kamenetz-Podolsk (now Khmelnitsky region, Ukraine) Died in the Lyunjumo hospital in Paris in 1956 Died at the Lunjumeau Hospital in Paris in 1956

Children The first girl was born in 1905, but did not live even a month; The first girl was born in 1905, but did not live even a month; Son Rostislav Kolchak was born on March 9, 1910, died in France on June 28, 1965; Son Rostislav Kolchak was born on March 9, 1910, died in France on June 28, 1965; Daughter Margarita () caught a cold while fleeing from the Germans from Libava and died Daughter Margarita () caught a cold while fleeing from the Germans from Libau and died

During the First World War At the beginning of the First World War, A. Kolchak led the battles with German ships, the installation of minefields in the Baltic Sea. At the beginning of the First World War, A. Kolchak led the battles with German ships, the installation of minefields in the Baltic Sea. In April 1916 he received the rank of admiral. In April 1916 he received the rank of admiral. In June, the youngest Russian admiral was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet. In June, the youngest Russian admiral was appointed commander of the Black Sea Fleet.

The Civil War in Russia Alexander Vasilyevich decided to go to the south of Russia, where the volunteer army of General A. Denikin fought the Bolsheviks.

Anna Vasilievna Timiryova (), friend of A.V. Kolchak

Faced with the "new discipline" based on class consciousness, Kolchak defined it as "the disintegration and destruction of the Russian armed force"

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Place of birth Russian Empire, St. Petersburg province Place of death RSFSR, Irkutsk Affiliation Russian Empire White Guard Type of troops Fleet Years of service 1886-1920 Rank Admiral

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The first well-known representative of the Kolchak family was the Turkish commander Kolchak, the commandant of the Khotyn fortress, who was taken prisoner by Field Marshal H.A Minich. After the end of the war, Kolchak Pasha settled in Poland, and in 1794 his descendants moved to Russia. One of the representatives of this family was Vasily Ivanovich Kolchak (1837-1913), a naval artillery officer, major general in the Admiralty. V. I. Kolchak served his first officer rank with a severe wound during the defense of Sevastopol during the Crimean War of 1853-1856: he turned out to be one of the seven surviving defenders of the Stone Tower on Malakhov Kurgan, whom the French found among the corpses after the assault. After the war, he graduated from the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg and, until his retirement, served as an acceptance officer for the Naval Ministry at the Obukhov Plant, having a reputation as a straightforward and extremely scrupulous person.

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The future admiral received his primary education at home, and then studied at the 6th St. Petersburg classical gymnasium. On August 6, 1894, Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 1st rank "Rurik" as an assistant to the chief of the watch, and on November 15, 1894 he was promoted to the rank of midshipman. On this cruiser he departed for the Far East. At the end of 1896, Kolchak was assigned to the cruiser of the 2nd rank "Cruiser" to the position of chief of the watch. On this ship, for several years he went on campaigns in the Pacific Ocean, in 1899 he returned to Kronstadt. On December 6, 1898, he was promoted to lieutenant. In the campaigns, Kolchak not only performed his official duties, but also actively engaged in self-education. He also became interested in oceanography and hydrology. In 1899, he published an article "Observations on surface temperatures and specific gravity of sea water, made on the cruisers" Rurik "and" Cruiser "from May 1897 to March 1898."

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Schooner "Zarya" Upon arrival in Kronstadt, Kolchak went to Vice Admiral S. O. Makarov, who was preparing to sail on the icebreaker "Ermak" in the Arctic Ocean. Kolchak asked to be accepted into the expedition, but was refused "for official reasons." After that, for some time entering the personnel of the vessel "Prince Pozharsky", Kolchak in September 1899 switched to the squadron battleship "Petropavlovsk" and went to the Far East on it. However, while staying in the Greek port of Piraeus, he received an invitation from the Academy of Sciences from Baron E. V. Toll to take part in the mentioned expedition. From Greece through Odessa in January 1900, Kolchak arrived in St. Petersburg. The head of the expedition suggested that Alexander Vasilievich be in charge of hydrological work, and besides, be the second magnetologist. Throughout the winter and spring of 1900, Kolchak prepared for the expedition. On July 21, 1901, the expedition on the schooner "Zarya" moved along the Baltic, North and Norwegian seas to the shores of the Taimyr Peninsula, where the first wintering was coming. In October 1900, Kolchak participated in Toll's trip to the Gafner fjord, and in April-May 1901, the two of them traveled around Taimyr. Throughout the expedition, the future admiral carried out active scientific work. In 1901, E. V. Toll immortalized the name of A. V. Kolchak, naming the island and cape discovered by the expedition after him. In the spring of 1902, Toll decided to go on foot north of the New Siberian Islands, together with the magnetologist F. G. Seberg and two mushers. The rest of the expedition, due to a lack of food supplies, had to go from Bennett Island to the south, to the mainland, and later return to St. Petersburg. Kolchak and his companions went to the mouth of the Lena and arrived in the capital through Yakutsk and Irkutsk.

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Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Alexander Vasilievich reported to the Academy on the work done, and also informed about the enterprise of Baron Toll, from whom no news had been received either by that time or later. In January 1903, it was decided to organize an expedition, the purpose of which was to clarify the fate of Toll's expedition. The expedition took place from May 5 to December 7, 1903. It consisted of 17 people on 12 sledges harnessed by 160 dogs. The journey to Bennett Island took three months and was extremely difficult. On August 4, 1903, having reached Bennett Island, the expedition discovered traces of Toll and his companions: expedition documents, collections, geodetic instruments and a diary were found. It turned out that Toll arrived on the island in the summer of 1902 and headed south with only 2-3 weeks of provisions. It became clear that Toll's expedition had perished.

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Wife (Sofya Fedorovna Kolchak) Sofya Fedorovna Kolchak (1876 - 1956) - wife of Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak. Sofia Fedorovna was born in 1876 in Kamenets-Podolsk, Podolsk province of the Russian Empire (now Khmelnitsky region of Ukraine). Parents Father - Actual Privy Councilor Fyodor Vasilyevich Omirov. Mother Daria Fedorovna, nee Kamenskaya, was the daughter of Major General, Director of the Forestry Institute F.A. Kamensky, sister of the sculptor F.F. Kamensky. Among the distant ancestors were Baron Munnich (brother of the field marshal, an Elizabethan nobleman) and general-in-chief M.V. Berg (who defeated Frederick the Great in the Seven Years' War). Education A hereditary noblewoman of the Podolsk province, Sofya Fedorovna was brought up at the Smolny Institute and was a very educated girl (she knew seven languages, she knew French and German perfectly). She was beautiful, strong-willed and independent by nature. Marriage By agreement with Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, they were supposed to get married after his first expedition. In honor of Sophia (at that time the bride) a small island in the Litke archipelago and a cape on Bennett Island were named. The wait dragged on for several years. They got married on March 5, 1904 in the church of the Znamensky Monastery in Irkutsk.

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Sofia Fedorovna gave birth to three children from Kolchak. The first girl (c. 1905) did not live even a month. The second was the son Rostislav (03/09/1910 - 06/28/1965). The last daughter Margarita (1912-1914) caught a cold while fleeing from the Germans from Libava and died.

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At the end of January, on dogs and deer, a search expedition arrived in Yakutsk, where news was immediately received of the Japanese attack on Port Arthur. Kolchak telegraphed to the Academy a request to be expelled to the Naval Department and to be sent to the combat area. While the issue of his transfer was being decided, Kolchak and his fiancee moved to Irkutsk, where he made a report "On the current situation of the Russian polar expedition" at the local geographical society. In the conditions of the outbreak of war, the wedding was decided not to be postponed further, and on March 5, 1904, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak and Sofya Fedorovna Omirova got married in Irkutsk, from where they parted a few days later. For participation in the Russian polar expedition, Kolchak received the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree.

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In Port Arthur, Kolchak served as a watchman on the Askold cruiser, as an artillery officer on the Amur mine layer, and as commander of the Angry destroyer. The Japanese cruiser Takasago was blown up and killed on a mine bank set by him south of Port Arthur. In November, after severe pneumonia, he moved to the land front. Commanded a battery of naval guns in the armed sector of the Rocky Mountains. He was awarded the Order of St. Anne IV degree with the inscription "For Bravery". On December 20, at the time of the surrender of the fortress, due to articular rheumatism in a very severe form (a consequence of the expedition to the North), he ended up in the hospital. Got captured. Starting to recover, he was transported to Japan. The Japanese government offered Russian prisoners of war to either stay or "return to their homeland without any conditions." In April-June 1905, Kolchak made his way across America to St. Petersburg. For distinction near Port Arthur, he was awarded a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery" and the Order of St. Stanislaus II degree with swords. Doctors recognized him as a complete invalid and sent him to the waters for treatment; only six months later he was able to return to the disposal of the IAN. Until May 1906, Kolchak put in order and processed expeditionary materials, the book "The Ice of the Kara and Siberian Seas" was prepared, published in 1909. January IRGS Council awarded him "for an extraordinary and important geographical feat, the accomplishment of which is associated with labor and danger", the highest award of the IRGS - the Big Gold Konstantinovsky Medal.

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After the events of 1905, the officers of the fleet fell into a state of decline and demoralization. Kolchak was among a small number of those naval officers who undertook the task of recreating and scientifically reorganizing the Russian navy. In January 1906 he became one of the four founders and chairman of the semi-official officers' St. Petersburg Naval Circle. Together with its other members, he developed a note on the creation of the Naval General Staff (MGSH) as a body in charge of the special preparation of the fleet for war. The MGSH was created in April 1906. Kolchak, who was among the first twelve officers selected from the entire Russian fleet, was appointed to head the Department of Russian Statistics at the MGSH. Based on the assumption of a probable German attack in 1915, the MGSH developed a military shipbuilding program, one of the main compilers of which was Kolchak.

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In 1907, the Main Hydrographic Directorate of the Naval Department began preparations for the Hydrographic Expedition of the Arctic Ocean (GE SL). Kolchak developed one of the projects of this expedition, with his active participation there was a choice of the type of ships for it and supervision of the construction of icebreaking transports of a large range "Vaigach" and "Taimyr", built at the Nevsky Shipyard in 1908-1909. In May 1908, with the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, Kolchak became the commander of the launched Vaigach, equipped specifically for cartographic work. The entire crew of the expedition consisted of volunteer sailors, all officers were assigned scientific duties. In October 1909, the ships left St. Petersburg, and in July 1910 arrived in Vladivostok. At the end of 1910, Kolchak left for Petersburg. In 1912, Kolchak was appointed head of the First Operational Department of the Moscow State School, in charge of all the preparation of the fleet for the expected war. During this period, Kolchak participates in the maneuvers of the Baltic Fleet, becomes a specialist in the field of combat firing and, in particular, mine work: since the spring of 1912 he has been in the Baltic Fleet near Essen, then he served in Libau, where the Mine Division was based. Before the start of the war, his family also remained in Libau: wife, son, daughter. Since December 1913, Kolchak has been a captain of the 1st rank; after the start of the war - the flag-captain for the operational part. He developed the first combat mission for the fleet - to close the entrance to the Gulf of Finland with a strong minefield (the same mine-artillery position Porkkala-udd-island Nargen, which was completely successfully, but not so quickly repeated by the sailors of the Red Navy in 1941). Having taken a group of four destroyers into temporary command, at the end of February 1915 Kolchak closes the Danzig Bay with two hundred mines. This was the most difficult operation - not only for military reasons, but also for the conditions of navigation of ships with a weak hull in the ice: Kolchak's polar experience came in handy again. In September 1915, Kolchak took command, at first temporary, of the Mine Division; at the same time, all naval forces in the Gulf of Riga come under his control. In November 1915, Kolchak received the highest Russian military award - the Order of St. George IV degree. On Easter 1916, in April, Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak was awarded the first admiral's rank.

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After the February Revolution of 1917, the Sevastopol Soviet removed Kolchak from command, and the admiral returned to Petrograd. Kolchak receives an invitation from the American mission, which officially turned to the Provisional Government with a request to send Admiral Kolchak to the United States to provide information on mines and anti-submarine warfare. July 4 A.F. Kerensky authorized the implementation of Kolchak's mission and, as a military adviser, he is serving in England, and then in the USA. Having agreed to the proposal of the party of the Cadets to run for the Constituent Assembly, Kolchak returned to Russia, but the October coup delayed him in Japan until September 1918. On the night of November 18, a military coup took place in Omsk, putting Kolchak to the top of power. The Council of Ministers insisted on proclaiming him the Supreme Ruler of Russia, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and making him a full admiral. In 1919, Kolchak transferred Headquarters from Omsk to the government echelon, and Irkutsk was appointed the new capital. The Admiral stops at Nizhneudinsk. On January 5, 1920, he agrees to transfer supreme power to General Denikin, and control of the Eastern Outskirts to Semenov, and goes into the Czech carriage, under the protection of the Allies. On January 14, the last betrayal takes place: in exchange for free passage, the Czechs give up the admiral. On January 15, 1920, at 9:50 pm local time, Irkutsk time, Kolchak was arrested. At eleven o'clock in the morning, under a reinforced escort, the arrested were led across the hummocky ice of the Angara, and then Kolchak and his officers were transported in cars to the Alexander Central. The Irkutsk Revolutionary Committee intended to make an open trial of the former Supreme Ruler of Russia and the ministers of his Russian government. On January 22, the Extraordinary Investigative Commission began interrogations, which continued until February 6, when the remnants of Kolchak's army came close to Irkutsk. The Revolutionary Committee issued a decree on the execution of Kolchak without trial. February 7, 1920 at 4 o'clock in the morning Kolchak, together with Prime Minister V.N. Pepelyaev was shot on the banks of the Ushakovka River and thrown into the hole.

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