home Tests On some features of the use of the Iranian Navy. Iranian Navy and Naval Forces CIR Iran and its Naval Forces

On some features of the use of the Iranian Navy. Iranian Navy and Naval Forces CIR Iran and its Naval Forces

The military-political leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), assessing the threats national security countries, Special attention draws on increasing the combat power of the naval component of its armed forces. Tehran's efforts are a preventive measure to neutralize the attempts of the United States and a number of NATO countries to prevent the strengthening of Iranian influence in the region of the Near and Middle East and in the world as a whole.

According to the national military doctrine, the main tasks Iranian Navy are:

conducting combat operations against enemy naval groupings and aviation in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman gulfs and the Caspian Sea;
defense of the territorial waters and sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, naval bases, ports and islands;
disruption of enemy sea transfers and communications in the Caspian Sea, in the Persian and Oman gulfs;
control over the Strait of Hormuz;
providing direct support to ground forces and air force in carrying out operations in coastal areas;
conducting amphibious assault operations and combating enemy amphibious assault forces;
conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

ORGANIZATION, NUMBERS, SHIP COMPOSITION OF THE IRANIAN NAVY

The Iranian Navy includes the formations of the Army and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).

The number of personnel of the Navy of the Army is more than 20 thousand people (of which about 9 thousand are Marines), the IRGC Navy - over 20 thousand (5 thousand marines).

Organizationally, the Army Navy includes: headquarters, five commands, four naval regions (BMP), combat formations and units, support, maintenance and training centers.

The Headquarters of the Naval Forces of the Army (GVMB Bandar-Abbas), including departments and departments, is the main body of administrative and operational control of formations and units of the Naval Forces of the Army. It is entrusted with the functions of planning the combat use, daily and combat activities of the troops and their logistics, as well as the direct management of subordinate command headquarters: in the zone of the Strait of Hormuz, in the zone of the Gulf of Oman, in the zone of the Caspian Sea, naval aviation and the training command of the Navy Army. The commands direct the daily activities of the formations of the naval forces of the Army of the country.

The command of the Naval Forces in the Strait of Hormuz (GVMB Bandar Abbas) ensures the solution of the main tasks assigned to the naval forces in this region. It includes an operational-tactical formation - the 1st Naval Region (BMP, GVMB Bandar Abbas). The units included in the BMP are designed to provide defense and maintain the necessary operational regime in their areas of responsibility, protect water areas, and organize control of the surface and underwater situation. The naval area is led by a commander, who, in addition to the main units, is administratively subordinate to the head of the naval base, as well as coastal units and services providing basic ship maintenance.

The 1st BMP, in addition to the headquarters, includes:

3rd brigade of ships and boats (divisions of submarines, destroyers, frigates, landing ships, landing hovercraft (DKAVP), patrol and artillery boats);
1st Marine Brigade (about 4.5 thousand people) consisting of three battalions.

Naval aviation units are assigned to this area: the base patrol aviation squadron, the 3rd anti-submarine helicopter squadron and the transport aviation squadron. The 1st BMP also has a Naval Training Center in its area of responsibility.

The Command of the Army Naval Forces in the Gulf of Oman Zone (Naval Base Jask) manages the operational integration of the fleet and is intended to solve the tasks assigned to the Navy in its area of responsibility.

It includes two operational-tactical formations - the 2nd (Naval Base Jask) and the 3rd (Naval Base Chakhbahar) naval regions. The 2nd BMP along with headquarters includes:

8th brigade of ships and boats (battalions of frigates, minesweepers, large anti-submarine patrol boats);
7th ship brigade (71st and 72nd missile boat battalions, landing hovercraft battalion;
2nd MP Brigade.

Naval aviation units are assigned to the 2nd BMP: the 7th squadron of minesweepers, aircraft of the transport aviation squadron and the squadron of command and control aircraft.

The 3rd BMP has a headquarters, a division of ships and boats.

The Command of the Naval Forces of the Army in the Caspian Sea Zone (Naval Base Bender-Anzeli), which is a tactical formation, is intended primarily for patrolling and naval reconnaissance in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. It includes the 4th BMP (Bender-Anzeli Naval Base), which includes a headquarters, a division of ships and boats, a division of patrol boats, as well as a training center for technical specialists.

The Naval Aviation Command (GVMB Bandar Abbas) consists of a headquarters and eight squadrons: one each for patrol aviation, command and communications, minesweeper helicopters and transport helicopters, and two each for anti-submarine transport helicopters.

The training command manages the training of personnel for the Iranian naval forces. It has at its disposal a training vessel, a naval training center and a training center for technicians of the 4th BMP.

The naval forces of the Iranian IRGC are an independent structure of the country's Armed Forces. The personnel in 2013 totaled about 20 thousand people. The IRGC Naval Forces are designed to protect coastal territories, conduct combat operations both independently and jointly with other types of Armed Forces of the Corps and the Army. Organizationally, they include a headquarters, three separate commands, four naval regions, combat formations and units, support and service units, training centers and institutions.

The command and control of the troops in peacetime is carried out by the Commander of the Naval Forces of the IRGC through his apparatus, which includes deputies, the secretariat, the headquarters, the corresponding commands and headquarters of the BMP.

The headquarters is the main body of administrative and operational control of formations and units of the Navy Corps. It is entrusted with the functions of planning the combat use, daily and combat activities of the troops and their logistics. He directly manages the headquarters of the commands under his jurisdiction: in the zone of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, the missile and training commands of the IRGC Navy.

Commands manage the day-to-day activities of formations, units and divisions of the Naval Corps.

Part Naval Command in the area of the Persian and Oman Gulfs includes four naval regions:

1st BMP (GVMB Bandar Abbas), which includes a headquarters, a brigade of ships and boats (divisions of landing ships, high-speed missile boats (RCA), patrol boats (PCA), landing boats, a boat brigade, a division of small and midget submarines, as well as a brigade marines.
2nd BMP (VMB Bushehr), which includes a headquarters, a brigade of ships and boats (divisions of landing ships, high-speed RKA and PKA), a marines brigade and a coast guard battalion.
3rd BMP (Bender-Khomeini Naval Base), including headquarters, a boat brigade (PKA divisions and small patrol boats), as well as a coast guard battalion.
4th BMP (Navy Assa-luye), which includes headquarters, a division of fast missile boats, a division of patrol boats and a coast guard battalion.

Missile Command e (Bender Abbas) has three missile brigades. The 26th (Bender-Abbas) and 36th (Bushir) consist of three missile battalions, and the 16th (Minab) includes four battalions.

Training Command manages the IRGC Naval Officers School (Chalus), the 1st, 2nd and 3rd missile training centers, as well as training centers in Bandar Abbas and Qom.

Part surface forces of the fleet includes: three frigates of the Alvand type (former English frigates Vosper Mk 5) and two Bayandor corvettes of the PF103 type of American construction, as well as the Jamaran FR (Movdzhi project) of national production; 23 boats (ten French-built missile and patrol boats of the Kaman type and Chinese-built Tondor, three American-built Parvin small patrol boats of the PGM 71 type) and about 170 PKA of various types.

Mine-sweeping forces include the American-built Riazi offshore minesweeper of the Cape type (the second one was withdrawn from service), equipped with contact, acoustic and magnetic trawls, as well as two base minesweepers MSC 292/268 with a displacement of 384 tons.

Auxiliary fleet has the following ships: four tank landing "Khengan" of English construction (51 "Khengan" - 1973, 52 "Larak" - 1974, 53 "Lavan" - 1985, 54 "Tonb" - 1985), three landing "Iran Hormuz-24"; three small landing craft Iran Hormuz-21, two small landing craft Fowke (MIG-S-3700), as well as six landing hovercraft Wellington (VN-7) and Eunice-6 (all allocated in fleet reserve).

In addition, it includes: one tanker (supply vessel) "Kharg" of the "Own Hunter" type (1993) built in England (1980); two tankers (supply vessels) "Bender-Abbas" of the "Laring Yard" type of German construction (1973-1974); four Indian-built Kangan tankers (1979); six Pakistan-built Delwar supply vessels (1978-1982); 12 auxiliary vessels "Bakhtaran" ("Khondiyan", MIG-S-4700), as well as one training vessel "Khamzah".

As of early 2013 Iranian Navy Submarines consisted of three submarines of the project 877EKM ("Kilo" according to NATO classification) of Russian construction.

Boats of this class are designed to combat enemy submarines and surface ships, protect naval bases, sea coasts and sea lanes. They are quiet and, in terms of their hydroacoustic characteristics, are comparable to Israeli submarines of the Dolphin type. Currently, two out of three boats are in need of repair.

The submarine with tail number 901 (Tarek) was built in 1991, with number 902 (Nor) in 1992 and 903 (Janes) in 1994. Their base point is the Bandar Abbas naval base.

The Navy of the Iranian Army also has midget submarines (SmPL) of national design of the Kadir type. They are used by the naval forces mainly in the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf, in particular, for the transfer of special forces, mining and reconnaissance. Due to their small size, these SMPLs are difficult to detect, but at the same time, in terms of their combat capabilities, they are inferior to the Project 877EKM submarines. In the summer of 2011, the Iranian Navy was armed with 11 Kadir-class submarines, and in 2013 their number increased to 20.

In addition, the Iranian Navy has three nationally developed Al-Sabehat-15 underwater combat swimmer delivery vehicles (length 9.2 m). They are intended for the special operations forces of the Navy. The last tool entered service in 2000.

Coastal Defense Units included two brigades of anti-ship missiles HY-2 Silkworm (CSSL-3 Siriker) - four launchers (from 100 to 300 missiles) and anti-ship missile launchers YJ-2 (S-802) - four launchers (from 60 to 100 missiles).

Part marines includes two brigades of the Navy of the Army and the IRGC.

As part of naval aviation there are: 19 aircraft (Do-228 - five units, P-3F "Orion" - three, "Falcon" 20E - three, "Rockwell Turbo Commander" - four, F-27 "Friendship" - four); 30 helicopters (RH-53D "Sea Stalien" - three units, SH-3D "Sea King" - 10, AB-212 - 10, AB-205A - five, AB-206B "Jet Ranger" - two).

BASE POINTS

The Iranian naval forces have a fairly developed infrastructure. The main base of the Navy is Bandar Abbas, the naval bases are Bushehr, Kermanshah, about. Harg, oh Farsi, Bandar-Khomeini, Bandar-Mashar, Bandar-Lenge, Jask, Chakhbahar and Bandar-Anzeli.

IRGC Naval bases: Sir Abu Noair, Abadan oil terminal, Abu Musa oil fields and platforms, al-Fasiyah, Kurus, Halal, Larak, Qeshm, Rostam and Siri.

The repair and shipbuilding bases are represented by the MAN Nordhemen floating dock with a displacement of 28,000 tons, where the production of small submarines, patrol and landing boats, as well as auxiliary vessels is established.

VIEWS ON THE PROSPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF THE IRANIAN NAVY

At present, the Naval Forces are capable of solving tasks mainly in territorial waters.

The naval forces of Iran are developing in accordance with the views of the country's military-political leadership on the prospects for creating favorable conditions for ensuring national interests in the region. It is planned to implement the concept of reforming and re-equipping the Navy until 2025. The main provisions of the targeted programs and directions for the development of this type of armed forces, taking into account the tasks it solves, were formulated based on the strategic plan of state leaders to maintain and expand the dominant role in the Middle East and specifically in the Persian Gulf.

The results of the events in northern Africa during the so-called Arab Spring, during which the United States and NATO initiated the removal of the leaders of a number of Arab states from power, had a certain influence on the rethinking of the country's significance in the region. In addition, the persistent desire of Washington and its allies to establish control over the Iranian nuclear program was taken into account, using various forms of pressure in the diplomatic, economic and other fields for this.

The main geostrategic goal of the Iranian leadership is the desire to expand its zone of influence in the region with access to the waters of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. According to Iranian experts, this is possible by changing the organizational structure of the country's naval component, as well as by improving the coordination of actions of formations and units to solve problems in their areas of responsibility.

Since 2012, the Iranian leadership has been allocating about 5% of GDP for military needs. A significant part of these funds goes to the implementation of targeted programs for reforming the Naval Forces. This made it possible by the beginning of 2013 to create in the region a sufficiently powerful naval grouping in terms of its potential, which significantly exceeds the groupings of the countries of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC).

Since 2012, there has been a trend towards the gradual integration of the combat structures of the Army and the IRGC. The reform plan provides for by 2015 to create a single military structure on the basis of these independent components. The main attention will be paid to the implementation of a set of measures to form the optimal combat strength and equip it with modern weapons and military equipment.

In the interests of ensuring interaction between the components of the Navy, as well as in order to test the effectiveness of the measures taken to create a new operational structure, a number of tactical and special exercises of the Iranian Navy were conducted in 2010-2013 as part of operational and combat training. One of the main tasks in the course of these events was to rethink the plans to involve the formations of the Navy of the Army and the IRGC in order to eliminate duplication of actions in their areas of operational purpose, as well as the choice of forms and methods of their application outside the traditional areas of responsibility. According to Iran's military experts, this will free up part of the forces and means to solve problems not only in the country's territorial waters, but also in the waters of the Red Sea and the Eastern Mediterranean. In addition, the possibilities for realizing the views of the command on the conduct of asymmetric military operations at the operational-strategic level are increasing.

During this period, the Iranian Navy also took part in joint exercises with the navies of Saudi Arabia, Oman, Turkey, Qatar, Syria, Djibouti, in which the main task was the development of maritime theater, joint actions with the navies of the participating countries in addressing defense issues maritime communications, search and rescue, and mine warfare. In addition, the effectiveness of the new control and communications system of the Navy of the Army and the IRGC was tested.

Iranian Navy takes part in the fight against Somali pirates

Measures for the reorganization of the Navy of the Army and the IRGC provide for the unification of efforts to solve identical tasks with smaller forces and means within the geographical boundaries from the Bab el-Mandeb Strait to the Arabian Sea and the Strait of Malacca. As a result of this, the Army Navy will be able to effectively control the water areas in the Caspian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and Indian Ocean to the coast of Pakistan, as well as increased mobility and combat capabilities coastal artillery systems. This will require the construction of new naval bases in the region, the disposal of old equipment and the supply of modern weapons and military equipment. In addition, it is planned to approve large-scale programs for the modernization of existing and construction of new warships.

To increase the combat capabilities of the national navies, it is planned to adopt the latest high-speed missile and torpedo boats, as well as anti-ship missiles (ASMs). So, in 2012, 12 modern Peykaap RCAs entered the combat strength of the IRGC Navy. High tactical and technical characteristics, in particular stealth for enemy radar, provide them effective application in the shallow waters of the northern part of the Persian Gulf.

In addition, this component is expected to receive high-speed warships of national design, which will be equipped with anti-ship missiles with a firing range of up to 300 km, as well as a target detection radar at a distance of up to 500 km.

The modernization program provides for the signing by 2015 of a contract for the purchase of three Amur-class submarines from the Russian Federation. According to Iran's military experts, existing technologies also make it possible to build a new type of submarine at national enterprises.

Thus, the Iranian Navy today and for the foreseeable future are the most powerful in the region. Practical steps in the field of reforming and improving the naval component of the armed forces, taken by the Iranian leadership, will optimize the structure of operational formations, increase the combat capabilities of the Navy to solve the problems of ensuring the national interests of the country not only in traditional areas of responsibility, but also beyond them. The implementation of the announced targeted programs until 2025 may create prerequisites for changing the geopolitical and geostrategic situation in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, which will increase the role of Iran in the region and its capabilities to ensure national security.

(Material prepared for the portal " modern army» © http://www.site according to the article by S. Interns. When copying an article, please do not forget to put a link to the source page of the portal "Modern Army").

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Iranian destroyers

URO destroyers are the largest ships of the Iranian Navy. They were upgraded in the early 70s.

The destroyer "Artemis" (former English, type "Battle") was built in 1945, transferred to Iran in 1967. Its total displacement is -3400 tons; length 115.5 m, width 12.3 m, draft 5.3 m; maximum travel speed 30 knots; armament: ZURO system, two twin 114-mm universal gun mounts, eight 40-mm machine guns and a Squid bomb mortar. Crew 270 people.

Destroyers "Babr" and "Palang" (former American, type "Allen M. Somner") built in 1945 were bought from the USA in 1971.

Full displacement 3320 tons; length 115 m, width 12.4 m, draft 5.8 m; maximum speed 34 knots, armament: ZURO system, three twin 127-mm universal gun mounts, two three-tube torpedo tubes for firing anti-submarine torpedoes, two Hedgehog bombers. There is a platform for helicopters. Crew 274 people.

Iranian patrol ships

The most modern of them are four Saam-class ships built in Great Britain in 1972-1974. Full displacement 1290 tons; length 94.4 m, width 10.4 m, draft 3.4 m; armament: URO system, Sea Cat ZURO system, 114-mm gun mount and twin 35-mm machine gun. Crew 125 people. The remaining four patrol ships of the Bayandor type (Fig. 1) were built in the United States in 1964-1969 and transferred to the Iranian fleet under the military assistance program. Full displacement 1135 tons; length 83.8 m, width 10 m, draft 3 m; armament: two 76-mm gun mounts, two 40-mm machine guns and a Hedgehog bomber. Crew 140 people.

Rice. 1. Patrol ship Bayandor

Iranian mine-sweeping ships

Mine-sweeping ships are represented by four basic and two raid minesweepers of American construction in 1959-1962. Basic minesweepers of the MSC type (displacement 378 tons) were received in 1962, and raid minesweepers of the MSI type (displacement 235 tons) - in 1965. Each ship is armed with a 40-mm machine gun and equipped with modern trawls.

Iranian anti-submarine boats

American-built anti-submarine boats built in 1955-1960 were handed over to Iran in the late 60s. Three of them have a displacement of 146 tons, four others - 107 tons each. The boats are armed with a 40-mm machine gun and anti-submarine weapons.

Iranian patrol boats

Hovercraft patrol boats were built in the UK in 1969 - 1970 (Fig. 2). Of these, eight are SRN6 types (boat weight 11 tons) and four BH7 types (boat weight 50 tons). On calm water, they develop a speed of up to 50 knots. The boats are designed for combat operations in shallow coastal areas and are mainly used to protect numerous islands in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz, as well as to protect sea lanes in the coastal regions of Iran. Boats are also used to transport goods and military units. The SRN6 type boat takes on board up to 30 soldiers with full armament, and the BH7 type boat - about 150 soldiers or 16 tons of cargo. It is believed that hovercraft can be armed with medium-range missile systems (ship-to-ship or ship-to-air class).

Rice. 2. Guard hovercraft type SRN6

In addition, the Iranian Navy has several American-built landing ships and boats, transferred under the military assistance program in the late 60s. Some of the ships are outdated and will gradually be withdrawn from the fleet.

AT last years Iranian leadership allocates large funds for the acquisition of weapons and military equipment, as well as for the construction modern ships abroad. So, in February 1974, an agreement was signed with France on the construction of six missile boats of the La Combattant type armed with missiles for the Iranian Navy. At the end of 1971, six destroyers of the type were ordered from the United States. The program for the development of the Iranian fleet also provides for the construction of patrol ships and hovercraft in the UK.

According to foreign press reports, the command of the Iranian Navy intends to have large ships in the fleet. So, at present, the issue of building in the UK a universal cruiser with a solid deck with a displacement of about 20 thousand tons is being considered. It is assumed that about ten aircraft with vertical or short takeoff and landing of the type and up to ten helicopters of the type will be able to be based on it. This ship is planned to be armed with Exocet missile systems of the ship-to-ship and ship-to-air classes. It was also reported that Iran might buy a cruiser of this type laid down in 1973 from the UK. According to foreign naval experts, such a ship in the Iranian Navy could be used to solve air defense tasks of connecting ships located in an area remote from the Air Force fighter aircraft bases, as well as to strike enemy surface ships and submarines at sea and conduct intelligence.

As foreign press reports testify, the combat training of the Iranian Navy is mainly aimed at working out the tasks listed above, both according to national plans and along the line. Iranian ships constantly participate in exercises conducted jointly with the navies of other countries - members of this bloc. American military specialists and advisers are taking part in organizing the combat training of the Iranian fleet.

The recruitment of the Navy personnel is carried out on the basis of the law on universal conscription, valid for two years. Non-commissioned officers are trained from volunteers who have completed active service. The training of officers is carried out in the training centers of the country, as well as abroad, mainly in the USA and Great Britain. The entire personnel of the fleet is brought up in the spirit of the dogmas of the Muslim religion and the blind faith of the Shah.

Foreign press reports, statements by representatives of the military command and practical measures for the construction of the Iranian Navy indicate that this type of armed forces of the country is playing an ever-increasing role in the plans of the military-political leadership of Iran to expand its influence in the Persian Gulf zone.

The military-political goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran at sea have not been officially announced anywhere. Therefore, any analysis of the concept of the development of the Iranian Navy is very conditional. Most experts believe that the aspirations of the Iranian leadership in this area are based on the idea of ensuring absolute independence, both in domestic and foreign policy.

Political background

The basis of the declared independence, in the opinion of the Iranian leaders, will be provided by nuclear missile weapons. Therefore, in the direction of possession of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery - long-range missiles - the main efforts are being concentrated. Experts believe that the development of traditional species military equipment in Iran is of secondary importance. Also, most experts doubt the reality of efforts to destroy the State of Israel with nuclear missiles, although there are many political statements about this from Tehran.

The Tehran Center for Nuclear Research, the Center for Nuclear Technology in Isfahan, the Nuclear Research Center for Agriculture and medicine in Keredj, a nuclear research department in the city of Yazd (there is a uranium deposit nearby, the reserves of which are estimated at 3000-4000 tons of uranium oxide equivalent, the content of U-235 is 0.08-1.00 percent) and the Moallem Qalaye facility.

It is rather difficult to estimate the possible time frame for Iran to obtain nuclear weapons, but most experts believe that this will happen in the coming years. The former head of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy, Yevgeny Adamov, once noted that Iran could create nuclear weapons. " They have enough qualified people. Nuclear specialists studied in the West back in Shah times", he emphasized.

Naval Development Concept

According to reports, the main efforts in the development of the Iranian fleet are aimed at deploying a combat-ready naval group in the Indian Ocean. In the Caspian Sea, the Iranian Navy is represented only by patrol boats (PKA) operating in the interests of the border guard and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, the very development of the Navy is of a secondary nature in comparison with the ground forces and the Air Force, and so far very limited tasks have been set for this branch of the country's armed forces.

These tasks include the conduct of military operations against enemy ship groups and aircraft in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, the protection of the territorial waters and sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, naval bases, ports and islands, ensuring the protection of coastal sea lanes and disrupting enemy sea lanes in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, control over the Strait of Hormuz, providing direct support to ground forces and the Air Force during operations in maritime sectors, conducting amphibious assault operations, combating enemy amphibious assault forces , conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

Given the experience of the war with Iraq and periodic combat clashes with the NATO navy, the Iranian naval command still prefers the development of non-nuclear submarines (NSNs), midget submarines (SMPLs) and combat boats (SKA) of small displacement. That is, those combat forces that will be able to maintain combat effectiveness in an environment of total air supremacy of a potential enemy, which is considered primarily by the United States.

It should be noted that Iran also has difficult relations with its neighbors, except for Russia. For some time, Iran had claims against Azerbaijan, but in recent years they have not been expressed anymore: apparently, Tehran takes into account the close multilateral ties between Moscow and Baku.

combat composition

The estimate of the size of the Iranian Navy by 2015-2020, given in the table, is rather cautious and shows the continuation of the trend towards the development of only small and ultra-small combat weapons (SMPL and BKA).

submarine forces

NPL. At present, the Navy has three Russian-built Project 877EKM nuclear submarines in its combat strength. They are designed to solve combat missions mainly in the Indian Ocean, although in peacetime they actively demonstrate their combat capabilities in the Persian Gulf. According to some reports, these boats may soon be upgraded to use cruise missiles (CR). In the early 2000s, the activity of the Project 877EKM nuclear submarines was reduced due to problems with batteries (requiring replacement) and the need for equipment repairs. By 2011, these problems were overcome and the boats began to make long trips, including to the Red Sea.

However, today the basis of Iran's submarine forces are SMPLs, intended mainly for operations in the Persian and Oman gulfs. As of the end of 2011, according to Rear Admiral Gholam Reza Khadem-Bigam, there were 15 SMPLs of two projects in the combat strength: 14 of the Ghadir type (work has been underway since 2004, another three or four of these SMPLs are at various stages of construction) and one of the Nahang type. Ghadir-class SMPLs were created with the technical assistance of the DPRK (development of Yugo-class boats). General program construction of Iranian SMPLs can reach 30 units.

The leadership of the Iranian Navy emphasizes that the country was able to master the construction of SMPLs from national components. However, most experts are skeptical about this, believing that if it succeeded, then the technical level of components corresponds to the world analogues of the 70-80s of the last century.

All Iranian submarines are likely to receive a Shkval-type rocket torpedo (the Iranian Navy successfully tested it on April 4, 2009). According to the representative of the Iranian command, this is the fastest torpedo in the world. Some experts claim that several samples were purchased by China in the CIS through Kyrgyzstan and then delivered to Iran.

Amphibious forces

The Navy has 9 tank landing ships (7 medium - STDK and 2 small - MTDC), 12 landing craft, of which six are hovercraft. There are long-term plans for the construction of three more STDK.

Multi-purpose forces

KRV. The Navy has three ARVs of the Alvand (Vosper Mk 5) type. They were ordered from the UK back in 1966 and underwent two upgrades - in 1977 and 1988. In 1997, the ships' launchers for anti-ship missiles (PU anti-ship missiles) Sea Killer were replaced by Chinese-made C-802 anti-ship missile launchers.

Iran independently built one KRV of this type Jamaran according to the available technical documentation with some changes made. In particular, a diesel plant (DU) was used instead of a diesel gas turbine plant (DGTU), and a runway for a helicopter was placed in the stern. The construction of a second WAC of this type is also underway, with a completion date of 2013.

In addition, the Navy includes two American-built corvettes, transferred by the United States to the Shah's regime under an aid program in 1964. Despite the long service life, all KRV are actively used and are in good technical condition.

Patrol Force

RCA. As of the beginning of 2012, the Navy has 23 relatively large RCAs with a displacement of 200-275 tons. Ten boats of the Houdong type with S-802 anti-ship missiles were built in China, ten Combattante II types, mainly with S-802 anti-ship missiles, were built in France, and three more boats of this type were built in Iran. In addition, there are 35 RCAs with a small displacement of 10-14 tons with short-range anti-ship missiles or missile launchers, built with the help of China, North Korea or independently.

PCA. At the beginning of 2012, there were a large number of BKAs (more than 150), mainly for patrol purposes, with a displacement of 1.5 to 170 tons. At the same time, three boats of the Kajami type are so-called semi-submerged, that is, they can move at a shallow depth using an RDP type device (engine operation under water). Similar projects were developed in the Soviet Union in the 60s, but were not implemented.

Iran, to a certain extent, repeats the path of development of the Soviet Navy in the early 60s, when the USSR tried to create a "huge and invincible mosquito fleet." In fairness, it should be noted that during the Gulf War, even the powerful carrier-based aircraft of the US Navy could not effectively deal with the ultra-small BKA of the Iranian Navy. Shooting anti-ship missiles at them turned out to be impossible, and the use of cannons, conventional bombs and NARs was also difficult due to the small size and high maneuverability of the boats.

Mine-sweeping forces

Currently, there are no minesweepers (TShch) in the combat strength of the Iranian Navy, but there are six minesweeper helicopters (VTShch) of the RH-53D type. The absence of ships of this class and even plans for their construction indicates that the command of the Iranian Navy during the war plans to use mainly boats and SMPLs, for which mines pose a lesser threat than for large ships.

Shipbuilding programs

Iran is now focused on the construction of SMPLs, the completion of one KRV and the construction of boats (RKA, PKA and DKA). Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar said at the laying ceremony of a new ultra-small submarine in 2008: "The Islamic Republic is becoming self-sufficient in the production of all types of military vessels." He also emphasized the fact that this SMPL was equipped with a new underwater missile. According to him, the development of new weapons such as surface and underwater missiles will increase the defense capability of the fleet in the territorial waters of Iran and prevent an attack on the country.

Most experts note that the Iranian military shipbuilding program basically copies a similar military shipbuilding program. North Korea. However, in the technological aspect, Iran lags behind the DPRK by 10–20 years, since its national shipbuilding industry is in its infancy.

Military industrial base assessment

The creation of missile and even nuclear weapons will not be able to provide Iran with a technological breakthrough in the field of military shipbuilding. And there are several reasons. For example, despite the complexity of creating missiles and nuclear weapons, their production, according to most experts, can currently be based only on a limited number of specialized enterprises.

That is, with a small serial production, it is possible to create them in pilot production. The creation of ships, naval weapons and aviation equipment takes place on in large numbers production, and this requires a high technological level of development of the whole country.

A fundamentally new moment in the reform of the military-industrial complex of Iran was the orientation towards the priority development of licensed production of technologically sophisticated weapons.

Currently, the shipbuilding industry is represented by the enterprises of the industrial group Shahid Dgalai. It contains three shipyards(CVD), located in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Anzali, which have experience in construction, including assembly under foreign licenses and with the help of other countries of landing ships, patrol and landing boats (with a displacement of up to 90 tons), as well as auxiliary vessels destination.

In Bushehr, with the help of Chinese specialists, in the late 90s, work began on the licensed construction of two Hudong-class missile boats, or rather, their assembly from blocks supplied from China. At the shipyard in Bandar Abbas, with the help of specialists from the DPRK, the construction of an SMPL was launched.

However, with all these successes, the main difficulty is the general technological backwardness of Iran. Although oil has been produced in the country for more than a hundred years, the Iranians are still unable to drill without the help of foreign firms. Without foreign aid, Iran cannot build oil refineries, which is why it is forced to import a third of the gasoline consumed by the country. And this is in the country - an exporter of oil, claiming regional leadership.

That is why most experts believe that Iran does not yet have the scientific and technological base for the independent creation of modern military equipment and it needs to start with the training of its own scientific and technical personnel. In this regard, it is likely that in the coming years there will be a significant influx of specialists and teachers to Iran. Experts also fear that a large part of the arrivals will be smuggled into the country illegally.

In the event of hostilities, it is possible that the United States and Israel may inflict irreparable damage on the Iranian shipbuilding industry, the consequences of which can hardly be compensated in the short term.

/Vladislav Nikolsky - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Nikolai Novichkov - Ph.D., vpk-news.ru/