home Biology Russian Cuman language dictionary online. The meaning of the word Polovtsian in the complete spelling dictionary of the Russian language Polovtsian language

Russian Cuman language dictionary online. The meaning of the word Polovtsian in the complete spelling dictionary of the Russian language Polovtsian language

Kypchaks / Cumans / Cumans and their descendants: to the problem of ethnic continuity Yevstigneev Yury Andreevich

Cuman/Polovtsian language

One of the reliable sources of the Polovtsian/Cuman language is the Codex Cumanicus, compiled in the Crimea in the period 1294–1303. The dictionary consists of two bound notebooks. One contains two lists, the first contains 1560 Latin-Persian-Cuman words-meanings, placed in the order of the Latin alphabet; the second contains 1120 Latin-Cuman and 140 Arabic-Persian words, combined into semantic groups, of which the most interesting information about social structure Kumanov. Another notebook contains a German-Cuman dictionary consisting of phrases and words of different content, as well as Christian texts and riddles in the Cuman language (Pletneva, 2010, pp. 132–133).

According to this dictionary, the Cuman language was characterized by: the initial “y” instead of “j” in nouns, for example, yol (“road”), yilan (“snake”), yigit (“well done”), etc. ., initial "x" in the word khatun ("lady"), h'az ("goose"), but initial "k" in the words kan instead of khan, kam instead of ham (shaman), final "x" instead of "k": yoh (“no”) instead of yok, kazakh (“tramp, a person without a clan-tribe”) instead of a Cossack. The sound of many words in the Codex Kumanikus corresponds to the eastern dialect of the Turkic language, according to the classification of M. Kashgari, for example, men (“I”) instead of ben in the western, bass (“head”) instead of bash, “c” instead of “h” : in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1179 Konchak is called Kontsak. In other sources (“Turkic-Arabic Dictionary”, 1245 and “Dictionary of Abu-Khayan”, 1313), compiled on the basis of the Turkic Mamluks of Egypt, among which were the Oguzes, Kypchaks and Cumans, a Western dialect was presented.

Turkologists-linguists have established that the Cumans/Polovtsians spoke two dialects of a single language, obviously combining the features of both dialects. This is quite understandable: in the southern Russian steppes in the 11th century, tribes that, judging by their “historical homeland”, spoke the eastern dialect of the Turkic language; moving along Desht-i Kipchak, the Eastern Turks, who spoke the Eastern dialect of the ancient Turkic language, undoubtedly “took” with them local tribes, for example, the Kumans, who spoke the Western dialect. The daughter of the Byzantine emperor Alexei Anna, in a story about the war of the Pechenegs with the Byzantines and Cumans (1091), reported that before the battle, one of the main Pecheneg military leaders, hoping to break the Greco-Cuman alliance, “came to the Cumans - the last (i.e., Cumans ) spoke the same language with him (Pecheneg - Yu.E.) ”(Komnina, 1996, p. 236). It's hard to believe the man's message, no knowing the language about which he speaks. But, on the other hand, both of these people spoke the same - the ancient Turkic - language, more precisely, the dialects of the western (according to Mahmud al Kashgari) dialect.

Having already reached the goal of the movement, the newcomers subjugated the Pechenegs and Torks who did not have time to leave, eventually partially mixing with them, including in linguistic terms. The Hungarian Turkologist Jozsef Torma, exploring the Kun "heritage" in the dialects of the Hungarian language and comparing the Kun vocabulary (in Hungarian) with Kazakh, and the Kazakh language belongs to the Nogai-Kypchak, i.e. eastern, branch of the Kypchak group of Turkic languages, found more than 40 Kun -Kazakh correspondences (Torma, 1995, pp. 57–68). From this it follows that the Kuns and Polovtsy spoke the eastern dialect of the ancient Turkic language, which does not contradict the geography of their residence before emigration to the west.

From the book Secret History of Ukraine-Rus author Buzina Oles Alekseevich

Hairdressing salon for the Polovtsy Strange, but through the pages popular literature stubbornly roams the myth of the "true Aryan" appearance steppe dwellers who inhabited the Wild Field in the 11th-13th centuries. “There is evidence,” S. A. Pletneva writes in the book “Disappeared Peoples,” indicating that the Polovtsy

author Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

80. The appearance of the Polovtsy "Nothing ever ends" - this is the opinion of contemporaries of any historical events, because "beginnings" and "ends" are always closely intertwined with each other. They can only be distinguished from a distance. That is why the penetration of the Seljuks into

From book Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe author Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

144. Judgment in the case of the Polovtsy Let's try to find the cause of a passing scientific error. Apparently, the situation familiar to the inhabitants of Muscovite Russia, which lasted from the XIV to late XVIII century, i.e. before the conquest of the Crimea, was extrapolated into antiquity. The Three Hundred Years' War

From the book Millennium around the Caspian [L/F] author Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

76. Deeds of the Cumans and Seljuks Yes, oddly enough, the steppe heroes, both African (Tuareg) and Asian (Oghuz) with difficulty restrained the onslaught of the Greeks, but, fighting with the crusaders, won victories one after another. In 1144, Edessa fell and, having risen, was again taken in 1146.

From the book Individual and Society in the Medieval West author Gurevich Aron Yakovlevich

3. The language of bureaucracy and the language of autobiography Opicin appears in many respects as a unique and stand-alone personality. He was in the service of the papal court in Avignon, but there is no record of any of his human connections. It's his social loneliness

From book Full course Russian history: in one book [in modern presentation] author Solovyov Sergey Mikhailovich

The clash of the Polovtsy with the Mongols (1224) But it was the Polovtsy, whom we are talking about, that served as the pretext for a new military mess. Only now the Polovtsy themselves found themselves in a difficult situation and asked the princes for protection. In 1224, two Mongol detachments entered the steppes between the Caspian

From the book Forgotten Belarus author Deruzhinsky Vadim Vladimirovich

The language is Lithuanian and the language "Lithuanian"

From the book Chronology Russian history. Russia and the world author Anisimov Evgeny Viktorovich

1111 Campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsians The campaign of 1111 was not the first. Russian regiments in the spring of 1103 went to the steppe against the Polovtsians. Then the campaign was a success, and near the tract Suten, not far from the Azov coast, the army of 20 Polovtsian khans was defeated. But the campaign of 1111 was special. To that

From the book Studies and Articles author Nikitin Andrey Leonidovich

The dating realities of the Ipatiev Chronicle about the 1185 campaign against the Polovtsians

From the book Secret History of Ukraine-Rus author Buzina Oles Alekseevich

Hairdresser's for the Polovtsy It is strange, but the myth about the "truly Aryan" appearance of the steppes who inhabited the Wild Field in the 11th-13th centuries stubbornly wanders through the pages of popular literature. “There is data,” writes S. A. Pletneva in the book “Disappeared Peoples”, “testifying that

author Evstigneev Yury Andreevich

The racial composition of the Cumans/Polovtsians/Kuns The physical appearance of the new migrants has not yet been thoroughly studied. It is only established that: 1) the ethnonym Polovtsy/Sary has nothing to do with the appearance of its bearers; 2) judging by the anthropomorphic stone statues (by the way,

From the book Kypchaks / Cumans / Kumans and their descendants: to the problem of ethnic continuity author Evstigneev Yury Andreevich

Golden Horde in the fate of the Kypchaks / Cumans / Cumans Sources: works of Arab-Persian authors (Rashid ad-Din, Ibn Batutta, Al Omari, Ad-Dimashki and others), Russian chronicles. Literature in Russian about the Golden Horde is huge, but there is minor

From the book Kypchaks / Cumans / Kumans and their descendants: to the problem of ethnic continuity author Evstigneev Yury Andreevich

№ 2. Ethnic composition Cumans/Polovtsians/Kipchaks No. 2

author author unknown

32. POLOVE AVAILABLES IN 1093 AND 1096 From the "Tale of Bygone Years" according to the "Laurentian List", St. Petersburg 1910. At that time, the Polovtsy went to the Russian land; Hearing that Vsevolod2 is dead, Hearing words3 to Svyatopolk4 about the world. Svyatopolk, without thinking with a larger retinue from her Istria

From the book Reader on the history of the USSR. Volume1. author author unknown

34. DOLOBSKY CONGRESS AND CAMPAIGN TO THE POLOVETS From The Tale of Bygone Years according to the Laurentian List, St. Petersburg 1910. In the summer of 6611. God put Svyatopolk and Volodymyr in the heart of Prince Russky2, and dreamed of thinking at Dolobsk3; and gray Svyatopolk with his retinue, and Volodimer with his in one

From the book Heritage of the Tatars [What and why was hidden from us from the history of the Fatherland] author Enikeev Gali Rashitovich

Chapter 10 "Battle on the Ice": one of the episodes of the eternal "onslaught on the East" - crusade“on Russians, Tatars and Cumans (contra paganos)”... As official history teaches us, “the light of spiritual and material culture and progress in general has come to the peoples Great Steppe and Russia from

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