The strong pattern is called evolution. Topic: General patterns of biological evolution. General patterns of biological evolution

Lesson Objectives:

• To form students' knowledge about the types of evolutionary changes.
• Consider on concrete examples paths of evolution organic world and the ratio between them.
• Familiarize yourself with the main directions of the evolution of the organic world - biological progress and biological regression.
• Show the role of Russian scientists in the development of evolutionary doctrine.
• To form the skills of determining aromorphosis and idioadaptation in the plant and animal world.

Equipment: biology textbook "Homologous and similar organs of plants and animals", presentation for the lesson.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Update basic knowledge

What is biological evolution? (B. evolution is the irreversible development of the organic world).
What evolutionary process is called microevolution? (The process of formation of new species).
What is macroevolution? (The process of formation of larger systematic units - genera, families, etc.).

II. new material

1. Types of evolutionary changes (lecture, conversation).

(In the course of viewing the slides, students write the definitions in a notebook).

The main types of evolutionary change include parallelism, convergence, and divergence ( Attachment 1 , slide 2).

Parallelism is the independent acquisition of similar traits by related organisms living in the same conditions and leading a similar lifestyle.
For example, the body structure of mammals inhabiting the rainforests of Africa and South America has a general similarity ( Attachment 1 , slide 3).

Convergence - the emergence of similar structural features in unrelated organisms living in the same conditions and leading a similar lifestyle.
For example, four groups of animals gave rise to large aquatic predators: molluscs, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
What kind common features structures can be distinguished in these animals belonging to various systematic groups ( Attachment 1 , slide 4)? (Fins, streamlined body shape).
Convergent evolution affects only the external structure of organisms, which is associated with environmental conditions. The wing of a bird and a butterfly are adaptations for flight, but the origin and structure of these organs are different. Organs of different origin, but performing similar functions are called similar ( Attachment 1 , slide 5)

Divergence - discrepancy of signs within the aisles of a population, species, arising under the influence of natural selection, leading to the emergence of new species, orders, classes, etc.

As a result of divergent evolution, the class of mammals broke up into numerous orders, the representatives of which differ in structure, lifestyle, and the nature of physiological and behavioral adaptations ( Attachment 1 , slide 6).
- What was the reason for the formation of numerous groups of mammals? (Adapt to different conditions environment)
Modified limbs of a whale, a bird, a bat, a mole, a rat are the result of divergent evolution. These organs have the same general structural plan, but perform different functions. Such organs are called homologous ( Attachment 1 , slide 7).

2. Ways and directions of the evolution of the organic world

A significant contribution to the development of the problem of evolution was made by prominent Russian scientists A.N. Severtsev and I.I. Schmalhausen. They found that the main ways of evolution are aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration ( Attachment 1 , slide 8).

The contribution of Russian scientists to the development of evolutionary doctrine(short messages from students)

A.N. Severtsev is a well-known zoologist and the largest theoretician of evolutionary doctrine. Founder of the national school of evolutionary morphologists. Organized and headed the Laboratory of evolutionary morphology and ecology of animals. Creator of the generally accepted theory of the origin of the five-fingered limb and paired fins in animals. The author of the theory of phylembryogenesis, according to which new characters can appear at any stage of ontogenesis, and the morphobiological theory of evolutionary paths, in which he established four main directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, cenogenesis, and general degeneration.
I.I.Shmalgauzen graduated from Kyiv University in 1907. A student of A.N.Severtsev. At Moscow University, he headed the chair of Darwinism organized by him. For twelve years he headed the Institute of Evolutionary Morphology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His numerous works are devoted to comparative anatomy and embryology, evolutionary morphology, the origin of terrestrial vertebrates, the ways and patterns of evolution, and biocybernetics. His studies of the mechanisms of the evolutionary process and individual development as self-regulating systems anticipated a number of provisions of cybernetics, from the positions of which he in 1950-60s. presented evolutionary theory. His scientific legacy has had and continues to have a great influence on the development of biological science.
(BENP, Kirill and Melodiy, 2003)

Aromorphosis - adaptive changes general meaning, which increase the level of organization and viability of individuals, populations, species.
The first terrestrial vertebrates gave rise to a group of lobe-finned fish, due to a change in the structure of the skeleton of paired fins. As a result, five-fingered limbs were formed, capable of supporting the body above the ground ( Attachment 1 , slide 9).
An example of aromorphosis in plants is the appearance of a flower (a modified shoot) in angiosperms.
Idioadaptation - private adaptive changes that are useful in a given environment, occurring without changing the overall level of organization.
An example of idioadaptation in animals is the variety of beaks of Hawaiian flower girls that feed on the nectar of various angiosperms.
Adaptation to seed dispersal by wind is an example of one of the ideological adaptations in plants ( Attachment 1 , slide 10)

Correlation of paths of evolution

The muskrat is a North American introduced species whose distribution area is constantly expanding. As a result, it begins to crowd out native species with similar ecological needs, such as the muskrat and the water vole.
biological regression ( Attachment 1 , slide 14) is characterized by:

• Decrease in the number of individuals.
• Narrowing of the range.
• Reducing the number of species, populations.

Cause biological regression there may be a change in environmental conditions to which the species has failed to adapt, or competition from other species. So it was with the numerous dominant group of reptiles on Earth, which, thanks to warm-bloodedness, were replaced by birds and mammals.
At present, by changing the environment, recklessly moving species to new conditions of existence, a person, willingly or unwillingly, becomes the cause of biological progress or regression. Attachment 1 , slide 21)

v. Homework: §63, notebook.

Was used:

1. Educational electronic edition "Ecology", Moscow State Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, 2004.
2. 1C: School, Ecology, grades 10-11, edited by A.K. Aklebinina, V.I. Sivoglazova
3. Laboratory practice. Biology 6-11 cells. Republican multimedia center, 2004.
4. BENP, biology grades 6-11, Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, GURTs EMTO "Cyril and Mifody", 2003.
5. D.K. Belyaev, A.O. Ruvinsky, General biology for grades 10-11, Moscow, Enlightenment, 1991.
6. A.A. Kamensky, E.A. Kriksunov, V.V. Beekeeper, General biology, 10-11kl. DROFA, Moscow, 2005.
7. Lessons in General Biology: A Teacher's Guide / V.M. Korsunskaya, G.N. Mironenko, Z.A. Mokeeva, N.M. Verzilin - M: Enlightenment, 1986.

patterns evolutionary process Rules of Evolution

Let's recap the basics...

Find a match:

Term

Latin name

• Aromorphosis

A. "Adjusting", "adjusting"

• Degeneration

B. Simplify common organization organism

B. "Degenerate"

• Idioadaptation

D. Improvement in the forms of the body, contributing to the increase in overall organization, providing advantages in different environments

D. "Raise" + "form"

E. Adaptations to special conditions, but not changing the level of organization

Answers: 1-D-G; 2-V-B; 3-A-E

Which of the following refers to aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration?

1. Cellular lungs in reptiles

2. Primary cerebral cortex in reptiles

3. A beaver's bare tail

4 Lack Of Limbs In Snakes

5. Lack of roots in dodder

6. Occurrence of a septum in the stomach of the heart in reptiles

7. Mammary glands in mammals

8. Formation of flippers in walruses

9. Lack of a circulatory system in tapeworms

10 Lack Of Sweat Glands In Dogs

Aromorphoses

Idioadaptation

Degeneration

Grading Criteria:

16 - 14 points - 5

13 - 11 points - 4

10 - 7 points - 3

6 - 0 points - 2

How do you understand these terms?

• Evolution -
• Progress -
• Regress -
• Regularity -

Deployment

Forward movement

Return, move back

law, rule

ARE THERE

ANY REGULARITIES OF THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS?

MACROEVOLUTION

Organ specialization

Evolutionary directions

Biological

Process

Biological

Regression

Biological

stabilization

Formation of new genera, families

Squads, classes and types.

Directions

Degeneration

Idioadaptation

Aromorphosis

Patterns of the evolutionary process

Divergence

Convergence

parallelism

Task: in the text of the textbook (from 66-69) find answers

• What …?
• What is the mechanism...?
• Results …?

Divergence

What …?

Divergence is the process of divergence of traits in genetically close organisms as a result of their adaptability to different conditions of existence.

Galapagos finches

Divergence

What is the mechanism...?

Mutation process, isolation, struggle for existence, natural selection retain traits that are increasingly distinct from their parent

Ungulate divergence

Divergence

results …?

Formation of new species

Homologous organs - similar in structure, having common origin but performing different functions

Examples homologous organs

Modified leaves:

pea tendrils

spines cactus

spines barberry

Convergence

What …?

Convergence - the emergence of similar adaptations to the same conditions of existence in distant groups of organisms on the basis of organs of different origin

African rainforest mammals

Mammals of the rainforests of South America

Convergence

What is the mechanism...?

Selection of similar traits in the same habitat in which unrelated organisms fall

Shark

Ichthyosaur

Dolphin

Convergence

results …?

Chameleon and agama

External similarity of organisms

Similar organs - perform similar functions, but have a fundamentally different structure and origin

Wings:

butterflies

birds

macroevolution

Organ specialization

Evolutionary directions

convergence

Divergence

Biological

Process

Biological

Regression

Similar

bodies

Homologous

bodies

Formation of new genera, families

Squads, classes and types .

Directions

Degeneration

Idioadaptation

Aromorphosis

Parallelism

parallelism- such a process when an organ, as a result of divergence, turns into many homologous organs. But then, in the course of evolution, these homologous organs again begin to perform a common function.

the bodies of an ichthyosaur, a shark and a dolphin (and even a penguin swimming in the water) are very similar and formed from the same skeletal elements, but in completely different evolutionary ways.

The process of historical development of a species is called phylogenesis

Is evolution reversible?

If the former conditions of existence are restored on Earth, will dinosaurs reappear.

Rules of Evolution

The rule of alternation of the main directions of evolution

Rule of irreversibility of evolution

Louis Dollo

(1857-1931)

Belgian

paleontologist

“The organism never returns exactly to its former state, even if it finds itself in conditions of existence identical to those through which it has passed. But due to the indestructibility of the past, he always retains some trace of the intermediate stages that he passed through.

What evidence can be given for the irreversibility of evolution?

reptiles do not give rise to amphibians again

land vertebrates - ichthyosaurs and whales, returning to the water, did not turn into fish

Ernest Haeckel's Law

Ontogeny is an accelerated repetition of phylogenesis

organisms in the process of embryonic development repeat all those stages that the species went through in the process of evolutionary development

Let's summarize...

• What is divergence?
• What is divergence?

2. Divergence results?

• 2. Divergence results?

3. What is convergence?

• 3. What is convergence?

4. Convergence results?

• 4. Convergence results?

Review the drawings. Determine which of the organs are examples of homology, and which are analogies? Specify the numbers: A - similar bodies; G- homologous organs.

6

1 - barberry thorn arise from leaves; 2 - white acacia from stipules; 3 - hawthorn - from the shoot; 4 - blackberries - from the bark; 5 - tendrils of pea leaves; 6 - spines of a cactus from leaves

1. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Mole.

The front paws are turned outward and have wide palms and powerful flat claws and are an excellent tool for digging the ground.

Medvedka.

Large insect. The front pair of limbs is modified and is an excellent tool for digging the earth.

2. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Common pine.

The needles are arranged 2 in a bundle, 4-6 cm long. Seeds are black, 4-5 mm, with a 12-20 mm membranous wing.

Pine cedar.

The needles are arranged 5 in a bundle, 6-14 cm long. Seeds are large, without wings.

3. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

The hare lives in the fields and steppes. By winter, it brightens a little. Cannot move in deep bliss.

The white hare lives in the forest. By winter, it changes color to pure white. Moves easily in deep snow.

four . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Kurdish sheep.

Has a fatty deposit (rump) in the tail area.

Camel.

Has a store of fat contained in the humps.

5 . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

One-humped camel

Bactrian camel

6. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

The front pair of limbs are claws. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle.

Scorpion.

His appearance is quite frightening: eight legs and formidable "tentacles" with claws. Leads a nocturnal lifestyle.

7. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Cancer is a freshwater arthropod-type invertebrate animal covered with a shell and having claws and a tail-like abdomen.

Crab is a marine invertebrate animal of the decapod crustacean order; short tail cancer.

eight . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

big pond snail

Inhabitant of reservoirs.

grape snail

- one of the largest land snails in Russia.

9 . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Swimmer-tinnik

painted black, and the length of the body is slightly more than a centimeter. Avoids open water, spending all the time in thickets of green algae and duckweed near the surface of the water. Its short legs are adapted for climbing in thickets of aquatic plants.

The swimmer is bordered.

The length of his body reaches 3-4 cm, prefers open water. Swims great hind legs, function as oars, flat, with long bristles.

ten . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Kangaroo.

Jerboa.

Has long jumping hind limbs

eleven . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Toad.

Prefers less humid places, dry, rough skin, short limbs. Falls into suspended animation.

Frog.

Prefers more damp places, moist skin, long limbs. Falls into suspended animation.

12 . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Frog

Housefly

13 . Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

hummingbird

hawk hawk

does not sit on a flower in the process of feeding, but hangs over it in the air, just as quickly and quickly turning over with narrow wings

1 4. Compare organisms and determine the form of evolution

Echidna

Let's check ourselves!

Divergence

Convergence

1, 4,6,10,12,13,14

Evaluation criteria:

14-13 score 5

12-10 score 4

9-6 score 3

6-0 score 2

Conclusions:

Evolution is a continuous process of emergence and development of new adaptations, continuous, irreversible

Homework:

Study §13,

terminology,

With. 66-70

Literature

Zakharov V. B. General biology: textbook. for 11 cells. general education institutions / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin. - M .: bustard, 2005.

Materials used in preparing the presentation: http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text

>> Basic patterns of evolution

Basic laws of evolution.

1. What is evolution?
2. What facts support the evolutionary doctrine?

When constructing phylogenetic series, evolutionary biologists, in addition to paleontological data, widely use the comparative method, with the help of which they establish similarities in the structure of organisms, their biochemical reactions, reproduction characteristics, or other properties that can be used to judge the developmental paths of a group from a common ancestor.

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The evolutionary form of groups of living organisms is divided into divergence, convergence, parallelism.

1. Divergence- divergence of characters within the species, which leads to the formation of new groupings of individuals. The more living organisms differ in structure, mode of existence, the more they diverge into more diverse spaces. Usually one area or area is occupied by animals with the same need for quality and food supply. After a certain time, when the food supply runs out, the animals are forced to change their habitat, move to new places. If animals with different needs for environmental conditions live in the same territory, then competition between them weakens. So, C. Darwin determined that in nature on a plot of 1 m2 there are up to 20 plant species belonging to 18 genera and 8 families. In the process of divergence, branches of a tree of several forms diverge from the nascent population. For example, we can name seven species of deer that formed as a result of divergence: sika deer, maral, reindeer, elk, roe deer, fallow deer, musk deer (Fig. 37).

Rice. 37. Variety of deer species resulting from divergence: 1 - sika deer; 2 - deer; 3 - fallow deer; 4 - reindeer; 5 - elk; 6" - roe deer; 7 - musk deer

Under the influence of natural selection in an endless series of generations, some forms survive, others die out. The processes of extinction and divergence are closely related. The most divergent forms have great opportunities leave fertile offspring and survive in the process of natural selection, since they compete less with each other than intermediate ones, which gradually thin out and die out.

As a result of divergence, a population of one species is subdivided into subspecies. A subspecies formed under the influence of natural selection, according to the signs of hereditary change, turns into a species.

2. Convergence- the acquisition of similar traits in different, unrelated groups. For example, sharks (class of fish), ichthyosaurs (class of reptiles), dolphins (class of mammals) have similar body shapes. This is due to the fact that they have the same habitat (water) and living conditions. Chameleon and climbing agama, belonging to different suborders, are outwardly very similar. The similarity of various systematic groups is due to life in a similar habitat. Airborne organisms have wings. The wings of a bird and a bat are modified forelimbs, and the wings of a butterfly are outgrowths of the body. The phenomenon of convergence is widespread in the animal kingdom.

3. Parallelism(Greek parallelos - "walking side by side") - the evolutionary development of genetically close groups, which consists in the independent acquisition of similar structural features by them based on the characteristics inherited from common ancestors. Parallelism is widespread among various groups of organisms in the course of their historical development(phylogenesis).

For example, adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle in the evolution of pinnipeds developed in three directions. In cetaceans and pinnipeds (walruses, eared and real seals), as a result of the transition to an aquatic lifestyle, independently of each other, an adaptation to water appeared - flippers. The transformation of the front wings in many groups of winged insects into elytra, the development of signs of amphibians in lobe-finned fish, the appearance of signs of mammals in animal-toothed lizards, etc. The similarity in parallelism indicates the unity of the origin of organisms and the presence of similar conditions of existence.

Evolution is an irreversible process. In every organism adapted to new conditions, the altered organ disappears. Returning to its former habitat, the disappeared organ is not restored. Even Ch. Darwin wrote about the irreversibility of evolution: "Even if the habitat is completely repeated, then the species can never return to its previous state." For example, dolphins, whales never become fish. During the transition of terrestrial animals into the aquatic environment, the limbs change convergently - while convergence is involved only in the change external structure organs.

In the internal structure of the fins of a dolphin, a whale, signs of a five-fingered limb of mammals are preserved. Since the mutation leads to the renewal of the gene pool of the population, it never repeats the gene pool of the previous generation. So, if at some stage reptiles arose from primitive amphibians, then reptiles cannot again give rise to amphibians.

On the stem of an evergreen shrub - needles there are shiny thick leaves. In fact, these are modified branches. True scaly leaves are located in the central part of these modified stems. In early spring flowers appear from the sinus of the scales, from which fruits develop later.

The leaves of the butcher's needle disappeared in antiquity, in the process of adapting to drought. Then, when they returned to the aquatic environment, instead of leaves, they had branches that looked like leaves.

Heterogeneity of evolution. For hundreds of millions of years on Earth, they exist in an unchanged form. sabertail, lobe-finned fish, tuatara. They are called "living fossils". However, some plants and animals change rapidly. For example, in the Philippines and Australia, several new genera of rodents appeared over 800 thousand years. In approximately 20 million years, 240 species of crayfish belonging to 34 new genera arose in Baikal. The pace of evolution is not determined by astronomical time. The emergence of a new species is determined by the required number of generations and fitness.

The rate of evolution decreases and slows down in the same stable environmental conditions (deep oceans, cave waters). On islands where there are few predators, natural selection is very slow. Conversely, where there is intense selection, evolution also proceeds faster. For example, in the 1930s a poisonous drug (DDT) was used against pests. Within a few years, drug-resistant forms appeared and quickly spread on Earth. The widespread use of antibiotics - penicillin, streptomycin, gramicidin - in the 40-50s of the XX century. led to the emergence of resistant forms of microorganisms.

Divergence. Convergence. Parallelism. irreversible process. "Living Fossils".

1. Evolutionary forms of groups of living organisms: divergence, convergence, parallelism.

2. Evolution is an irreversible process, that is, an extinct species or organ can never return to its previous state.

3. The pace of evolution is changing.

1. Explain the process of divergence with an example.

2. Describe the convergence, analyze it with an example.

1. Explain the irreversibility of evolution on the examples of plants.

2. What is the reason for the disappearance of some forms acquired during the divergence?

1. Prove the heterogeneity of evolution using an example.

2. Analyze divergence, convergence, parallelism using a diagram or table.