Topic i. social and humanitarian knowledge and professional activity. Norwegian scientists have noticed that humanity is gradually becoming dumber Scientists believe that humanity is becoming more and more
Theme I. SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN KNOWLEDGE AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
| Parameter name | Meaning |
| Article subject: | |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Philosophy |
The UN documents indicate that tolerance is a moral duty, a legal and political need, leading from a culture of war to a culture of peace; aims to respect and understand the diversity of cultures; means an active attitude to reality, formed on the basis of the recognition of universal human rights and freedoms. Relying on personal experience, facts of history and modernity, show how the principles of tolerance can be implemented in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow the principles of tolerance and respect for peoples to each other, to jointly overcome common difficulties.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno-cultural diversity.
If you agree with this point of view, then support it with facts. community development XX century; If you disagree, justify your views.
Analyzing the main trend of the modern policy of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists believe that it consists in switching from the national-territorial direction to the cultural-educational and cultural-educational one.
How do you understand this conclusion of scientists, do you share this point of view?
Homework Learn § 9, do the task. Prepare the answer to the question professional activity historian, lawyer, economist can promote interethnic cooperation, conflict prevention?
Theme I. SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN KNOWLEDGE AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES
Theme I. SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN KNOWLEDGE AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Theme I. SOCIO-HUMANITARIAN KNOWLEDGE AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES" 2015, 2017-2018.
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The purpose of pre-sterilization preparation is a thorough mechanical cleaning of instruments, syringes, injection needles, transfusion systems, the removal of pyrogens and the destruction of the hepatitis virus. Personnel must wear rubber gloves. Used, but... .
Insecta class. Row of louse (Anoplura). See: head louse (Pediculus capitis), clothing louse (R. vestimenti; or R. corporus), pubic louse (Phthirus pubis). A number of fleas (Aphaniptera). See: human flea (Pulex irritans), squinting flea (Xenopsylla cheopis). Row of bugs (Heteroptera). See: Bed bug (Cimex lectularius), Pocilunic bug (Triatoma infestans).... .
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Module 1. Child development. Anatomical and physiological features, methods of investigation and semiotics of illness in children. Zmistovy module 11. Immune system and blood system in children Topic 14. Anatomical and physiological features of the blood system, methods of follow-up, ... .
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National Policy - component political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community setting for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy settings in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
patriotic respect for
the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; concern
and about the preservation of the historically established state
the unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
Political and legal orientation for approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples, to ensure the sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
The Constitution guarantees human rights and freedoms, regardless of nationality, their equality, understanding, observance and protection (Art. 2, 19). Everyone has the right to use their native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity (Article 26). Throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, the state language is Russian; republics have the right to establish their own state languages used along with Russian (Article 68). Actions aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, propaganda of racial, national or linguistic superiority are prohibited (Articles 13, 29).
In the "Concept of the state national policy Russian Federation» (1996) the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
Equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen
simo from his race, nationality, language;
Prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens under
signs of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
Preservation of the historically established integrity of Ros
the Russian Federation;
Equality of rights for all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relationships with federal government agencies
noah power;
Guaranteeing the rights of indigenous peoples;
The right of every citizen to determine and specify
their nationality without any coercion
nia;
Promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
Timely and peaceful resolution of conflicts and
conflicts;
Prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, excitation of social, racial,
national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
Protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tion outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
living in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions,
strengthening their ties with the Motherland in accordance with the norms
international law.
Consistent implementation of these principles meets the diversity of interests of the peoples of Russia.
NIS Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
SHSHTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show the common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? List their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, Discuss, Do
1. UN documents indicate that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ness leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; right
commitment to respect and understanding of the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude to reality, forming
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
loveka. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modern
values, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
2. Explain why it is especially important now to follow
principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
3. Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more and more
more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from the public
military development of the 20th century; if you disagree, justify
those views.
4. Think over the answer to the question: how professional de
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
promote interethnic cooperation, prevent
conflicts?
5. Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
ki RF in the field of interethnic relations, scientists of the sex
they say that it consists in switching from national-terri
torial direction to cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion?
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Work with the source
Read a fragment of the work of the ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.
Ethnonationalism in Post-Soviet States
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
National movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among nations former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in establishing decentralized forms state structure and management, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of the socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in some cases became the basis for the formation of programs and actions, as well as for the promotion of ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, conflict and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the belittled status of non-Russian cultures, in the conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population, often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestige positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "foreigners", change administrative or interstate borders, and carry out secret secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including force of arms. Instead of improving governance and social and cultural conditions of life, extreme nationalism offers outwardly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercivil tension and conflict ...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a national ideology, appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and replace the formation of a common civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnos: Studies in Socio-Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NO Questions and assignments to the source. one) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethno-nationalism and peaceful forms national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and the present the position that radical ethno-nationalism is great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused and how is the nationalism of small nations manifested? 5) What is the
Is it the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, and the stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Justify your answer.
They argue about it
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-ethnic state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
education of tolerance - respect, trust, readiness for cooperation, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, lifestyle, behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of the individual, groups of the population, representatives of government bodies, contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several intersecting paths conflict resolution. The first - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, the change of legislation in multi-ethnic states, the elimination of ethnic privileges. The second way is negotiations between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation, restricting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising diktat, on armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations are difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to its mitigation.
The third way is informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties on possible measures to overcome conflict situations. A public dialogue (in the press, on television) among representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the aim of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Effective, especially if the conflicts have a religious connotation, joint peacekeeping performances of representatives of different faiths. The figure of the Orthodox clergy Alexander Men said: “Understanding, endure
here is our way."
The psychological impact of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the ways in which information is presented. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause a new wave of conflict. It is necessary to abandon the dramatization of events, which is sometimes characteristic of reporters, because this can gain a foothold in historical memory and, after a while, revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow terrorists and extremists to be glorified in order to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-conceived words can shoot stronger than a bullet.
To information path adjoining state support for the policy of multiculturalism, which is especially significant in connection with the growth of migration of the population. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of the own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are assisted in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become full members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is the improvement of the life of a citizen, the creation and consolidation of a psychological sense of satisfaction among ethnic groups with a favorable stability of life. This requires the regulation of social processes, including agreements between opposing sides about a fair distribution of resources, about increasing jobs, improving housing conditions, about equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STATE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
National policy is an integral part of the political activity of the state, regulating interethnic relations in various spheres of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. At the heart of democratic national policy is a respectful attitude towards people representing any ethnic community setting for cooperation and rapprochement of peoples.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy settings in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
respect for the memory of the ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland, permeated with patriotic feelings; concern for the preservation of the historically established state unity of peoples united by a common destiny on their land;
political and legal focus on asserting human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equality of peoples, on ensuring the sovereign statehood of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
The Constitution guarantees human rights and freedoms, regardless of nationality, their equality, understanding, observance and protection (Art. 2, 19). Everyone has the right to use their native language, freely choose the language of communication, education, training, creativity (Article 26). Throughout the territory of the Russian Federation, the state language is Russian; republics have the right to establish their own state languages, used along with Russian (Article 68). Actions aimed at forcibly changing the foundations of the constitutional order and violating the integrity of the Russian Federation, propaganda of racial, national or linguistic superiority are prohibited (Articles 13, 29).
In the "Concept of the state national policy of the Russian Federation" (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen, regardless of his race, nationality, language;
the prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the grounds of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historical integrity of the Russian Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in relations with federal government bodies;
guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and indicate his national identity without any coercion;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial, national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation outside its borders, support for compatriots living in foreign countries in the preservation and development of their native language, culture and national traditions, in strengthening their ties with their homeland in accordance with international law.
Consistent implementation of these principles meets the diversity of interests of the peoples of Russia.
NIS Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national policy.
ШШ Terms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show the common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of the two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these tendencies. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? List their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of the national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, Discuss, Do
1. The UN documents indicate that tolerance is a moral duty, a legal and political need, leading from a culture of war to a culture of peace; aims to respect and understand the diversity of cultures; means an active attitude to reality, formed on the basis of the recognition of universal human rights and freedoms. Based on personal experience, facts of history and modernity, show how the principles of tolerance can be implemented in interethnic relations.
2. Explain why it is especially important now to follow the principles of tolerance and respect for peoples to each other, to jointly overcome common difficulties.
3. Scientists believe that humanity, becoming more interconnected and united, does not lose its ethno-cultural diversity. If you agree with this point of view, then confirm its correctness with facts from the social development of the 20th century; If you disagree, justify your views.
4. Think over the answer to the question: how can the professional activity of a historian, lawyer, economist contribute to interethnic cooperation and conflict prevention?
5. Analyzing the main trend of the modern policy of the Russian Federation in the field of interethnic relations, scientists believe that it consists in switching from from the national-territorial direction to the cultural-educational and cultural-enlightenment. How do you understand this conclusion of scientists, do you share this point of view?
Work with the source
Read a fragment of the work of the ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.
Ethnonationalism in Post-Soviet States
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethno-nationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms of government and government, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small peoples, in the growth of social and political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in a number of cases has become the basis for the formation of programs and actions, as well as for the promotion of ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, cause conflicts and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to the traumas suffered in the past and the belittled status of non-Russian cultures, in the conditions of a social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population, often takes on aggressive forms. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestige positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population by forcibly expelling ethnic "outsiders", change administrative or interstate borders, carry out explicit secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including including by force of arms. Instead of improving government and social and cultural conditions of life, extreme nationalism offers outwardly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause intercivil tension and conflict ...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social peace is the growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to acquire the status of a national ideology, appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and replace the formation of a common civil identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethnonation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov V.A., Requiem for an Ethnos: Studies in Social and Cultural Synthropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NI Questions and assignments to the source. one) What is ethnonationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethnonationalism
and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and the present the position that radical ethno-nationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What caused
and What is the manifestation of the nationalism of small peoples? 5) What is the
is it the essence and danger of ethno-nationalism of the hegemonic type? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, and the stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive effect on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Justify your answer.
They argue about it
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mono-ethnic state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
§ ten . Demographics of modern Russia
Remember:
What indicators are important to consider when assessing the structure of the country's population? What is immigration? What is emigration?
At the very beginning of 2005, there was significant event: the population of the Earth has exceeded 6 billion people. Among the social sciences there is a science that knows everything or almost everything about population. The name of this science was given by the French scientist Achille Guillard, who published in 1841 the book “Elements of Population Statistics, or Comparative Demography”. He defined demography as the natural and social history of man or the mathematical study of the population, changes in its physical, civil, intellectual and moral condition. Since then, disputes about the subject of demography have not subsided, just as disputes about the significance of this science in the life of society have not subsided.
Sources of information on population are current records, registries and lists, population censuses, and special sample surveys. Such censuses have been known since time immemorial. Population accounting for tax collection was carried out in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, and Judea. One of the books Old Testament describes the census conducted by King David, followed by a pestilence that claimed the lives of 70 thousand people. Population records were kept by both ancient city-states and medieval sovereigns. In modern times, censuses have not lost their significance. In the censuses in Russia in the XIX century. prominent public figures and famous people, including P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, L. N. Tolstoy.
MODERN DEMOGRAPHIC SITUATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Scientists state with alarm that in the demographic situation of Russia there are enough negative trends. Let's name the most significant of them.
The number of Russians is decreasing. The population of the Russian Federation amounted to 145.2 million people. Our country in terms of the number of inhabitants ranks 7th in the world after China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan. However, Russia is losing its position in the global demographic hierarchy. By the end of 2001, the share of Russia's population (51% of the population of the former USSR in 1990) in the world population had fallen to 2.4%, and this decline continues.
Compared with the 1989 census, the population decreased by 1.8 million. the number of inhabitants decreased in 65 out of 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Over the past century, Russia has gone through several periods when the reproduction of the population was narrowed, that is, did not provide growth. Two of these periods were associated with catastrophic mortality during the years of world wars. The years of mass repressions also took their toll. After the Second World War, infant mortality declined rapidly, while birth rates rose at the same time. But since the mid 60s. the birth rate has decreased, reaching 2.1-2.2 children per woman of childbearing age, which no longer ensures simple reproduction of the population. Russia is currently experiencing the consequences of children born during this period of narrowed reproduction becoming parents themselves. The country's population grew until 1992, but only due to a combination of circumstances that can by no means be called happy. Already in the 70-80s. the ratio of births and deaths in Russia was extremely unfavorable and did not ensure population growth. But then there were relatively few elderly people in the country. At that time, older people belonged to the generations born in late XIX- early XX century. They experienced the catastrophic events of the first half of the 20th century. Few of them lived to old age.
In the 1990s people born in 1930 and later began to enter old age. Their childhood years coincided with
4-L. N Bogolyubov. 11 cells
period of the Great Patriotic War However, they themselves did not participate in the war. The proportion of those who lived to old age was much higher than that of their predecessors. A sharp drop in the birth rate in the 90s. only exacerbated the already unfavorable situation with the reproduction of the population. But even if today it were possible to return to the birth rates that existed before the fall in the birth rate, say, to the indicators of 1965-1985, this would not lead to the restoration of a positive natural increase in the country's population. A return to the higher birth rate of the late 1930s or at least the early 1950s, when more than half of Russia's population was rural, is now unlikely. It should be noted that low birth rates are also inherent in the developed countries of the world.
That is why now the main and practically the only mechanism that can be used to counteract the rapid decline in the population of Russia is immigration. However, its possibilities are not unlimited. Reception a large number migrants in general, especially foreign-speaking migrants associated with other cultural traditions, is far from a painless process, and in the conditions of the current economic state and social climate in Russia, it is doubly not painless. Today's migration problems are one of the new challenges that Russia will have to meet in the 21st century.
The natural decline in the population is increasing.
AT the population is declining due to its natural decline, i.e., the excess of the number of deaths over the number of births, as well as due to emigration to foreign countries.
AT In 2000, the mortality rate was 15.3 people. on the
1000 people. Among the most common causes of death, experts name circulatory diseases, oncological, cardiovascular diseases and accidents. Negative on life expectancy Russian population alcoholism and drug addiction. These causes of death are noticeably younger. The male mortality rate is 4 times higher than the female one and 2-4 times higher than
in economically developed countries.
The data of the 2002 census show that the number of women exceeds the number of men by 10 million (77.6 million against 67.6 million). There are 1147 women per 1000 men (in 1989 there were 1140). The predominance of the number of women over the number of men is noted from the age of 33. It is not difficult to assume that such a ratio adversely affects the institution of marriage and the family.
The working population is shrinking. According to the census, the working-age population
(men 16-59 years old, women 16-54 years old) amounted to 89.0 million people, or 61%, younger than working age - 26.3 million people (18%), older than working age - 29.8 million (21%) .
Thus, the situation that has developed with the population in Russia at the present time is assessed by experts as depopulation - narrowed reproduction and population decline, with negative natural growth. Depopulation occurs when the population decreases systematically. The main reason for the depopulation is the decline in the birth rate to an extremely low level.
Along with the low birth rate, the cause of depopulation is a decrease in life expectancy. At the same time, the average life expectancy of men is less than that of women. When saving modern level mortality among the population of working age among Russians who reached 16 in 2000, according to the forecast of demographers, only 58% of men will live to 60 years.
The decline in the birth rate and the reduction in the number and proportion of children in the structure of the population lead to demographic aging. Already in 1989, for the first time in the country as a whole, the number of people of retirement age exceeded the number of children and adolescents under the age of 16 by 110 thousand people.
The social consequences of depopulation are associated with the prospect of a reduction in labor potential, a fall in the economic activity of the population. The aging of the population, in turn, creates additional requirements for the development of social security and medical care for the elderly. Even in economically developed countries, with an increase in the proportion of older people in the population pyramid, governments are forced to increase the retirement age. Another side of the population aging process is the aggravation of the problem of the loneliness of the elderly, their alienation from the younger generations.
The problems of population migration remain acute for Russia. During the 1990s the population of the northern and eastern regions of Russia was intensively reduced. For 1992-1999 Only the regions of the North lost 8.5% of the population, or more than 1 million people.
The situation with migrants is complicated by the consequences of armed conflicts in the North Caucasus. The unsettledness of some internally displaced persons, refugees and internally displaced persons (lack of work, housing, means of subsistence) creates social tension and leads to interethnic conflicts.
DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY IN RUSSIA
Is there a way out of the demographic impasse? The "Concept of the demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015", approved by the Government of Russia in September 2002, states that "the goals of the demographic development of the Russian Federation are population stabilization and the formation of prerequisites for subsequent demographic growth."
This goal is intended to be supported by a special population policy- purposeful activity of the state and other social institutions in the sphere of regulation of population reproduction processes. It is designed to promote the formation of a type of population reproduction desirable for society, the preservation or change of trends in the dynamics of fertility, mortality, family composition, resettlement, internal and external migration, and qualitative characteristics of the population.
The demographic policy identifies a number of priorities and outlines measures for the implementation of important measures. Thus, in the field of health promotion and increase in life expectancy of the population, strengthening the health status of all generations of Russians is highlighted as a priority. In order to put into practice measures that contribute to the solution of this problem, not only is it supposed to improve the state and non-state health care system, affordable medical care, the development of consulting and diagnostic services that help to recognize the disease in time and take measures, to prevent the most dangerous diseases, but also separate measures are planned. to increase the economic interest of employers in improving working conditions.
Taking into account the growing importance of a reasonable migration policy, the government concept until 2015 defines such priority areas as a selective attraction of migrants, primarily citizens of the CIS member states. At the same time, it is planned to create conditions for reducing the emigration flow, leading to a decrease in the scientific, technical, intellectual and creative potential of the population of the Russian Federation. An important role in stabilizing the population through migration can be played by the improvement of the legal framework governing migration processes, the creation of a system for the effective protection of the legally enshrined rights of forced migrants in Russia. Along with these measures, it is planned to pursue an active regional economic policy that contributes to the preservation of the population in those regions of the country that are of great geopolitical importance. Such measures
Norwegian scientists say that humanity is rapidly becoming stupid. Brief excerpts from the researchers' findings were published by MedicalXpress. The full results of the research by Norwegian specialists are published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
However, many do not agree with the conclusions of the Norwegians, pointing to the limited sample and therefore the impossibility of applying the results to all inhabitants of the Earth.
The thesis of a gradual decline in the level of human intelligence is far from new. Despite the constant accumulation of new knowledge by civilization, individual people do not become more intellectually developed.
Some scholars even believe that modern man loses on a number of mental indicators to the Cro-Magnon. This is due to the fact that the inhabitants of the Earth of the 21st century no longer have to fight for their survival every day, which largely eliminates the evolutionary role of natural selection.
Interesting, however, is something else. Increasingly, there are statements that humanity is "rapidly becoming stupid." And this was once again confirmed by Norwegian scientists from the Center for Economic Research Ragnar Frisch. The material for their study was the results of testing the IQ of Norwegians who entered the military service in 1970-2009.
In total, scientists used the results of 730,000 tests. According to these results, in one generation, the level of intelligence fell by an average of seven points, which, of course, is a very serious indicator. As possible causes scientists consider environmental problems as well as lifestyle changes. In particular, we are talking about computerization.
The conclusions of Norwegian scientists have already been criticized, pointing out the limited nature of the sample and, therefore, the impossibility of applying them to the whole of humanity.
However, another group of scientists came to similar conclusions earlier. Then the researchers compared the level of education modern people and residents of the Victorian era from 1837 to 1901. The results showed that then the person was more developed and inventive.
A program that analyzes psychophysical data showed that the reaction time of a man in 1889 was 183 milliseconds, while today this figure is 253 milliseconds.
In the case of women, the figures were 188 and 261 milliseconds, respectively. Experts also found that every decade IQ fell by 1.23 points, and for a century and a half the decrease was 14 points. According to experts, with such dynamics, a person can eventually descend to the level of a developed monkey.
