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Chapter 5
Urban lands as an object of special protection

5.1. Protection of lands of specially protected natural areas

One of the important areas of using data from the assessment of the state and monitoring of lands is their application in the development of measures for the protection of lands. Measures for the protection of urban lands from negative processes, carried out on lands of various purposes and classification, are considered in detail (Sizov A.P., 2009). Below will be given a description of land protection measures carried out on the territory of lands subject to special protection. Such lands, which are ecological and historical-cultural framework urban areas, in accordance with land and town planning legislation, can be allocated as territorial zones of specially protected areas (Zemelny ..., 2001; Town planning ..., 2004). AT zones of specially protected territories includes land plots on which natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other especially valuable significance are located. These sites are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use, and a special protection regime is established for them.

The most important components of lands belonging to the zones of specially protected territories are lands of specially protected natural areas12
Next up is PA.

And lands of cultural heritage13
Next - OKN.

5.1.1. general characteristics specially protected natural areas

As cities grow, the need for natural surroundings increases; this need becomes more acute the faster urbanization proceeds. An increasing number of people consider the natural environment to be the most important basis for their quality of life. The formation of protected areas, the composition of objects related to them, and the content of environmental protection measures are regulated by environmental legislation (Ob osobenno., 1995).

specially protected natural areas – plots of land, water surface and air space where natural complexes and objects of special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance are located and for which a special protection regime has been established._

Taking into account the peculiarities of the territory protection regime and the status of objects, the following protected area categories:

1. State nature reserves, including biospheric ones (not typical for the territory of settlements);

2. National parks;

3. Natural parks;

4. State nature reserves;

5. Monuments of nature;

6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

7. Therapeutic areas and resorts.

State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. On the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, vegetation and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna. State natural reserves are objects of federal property.

Status state natural biosphere reserves have state nature reserves that are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring.

State natural reserves, including biospheric ones, are not typical for the territory of settlements.

National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, territories (water areas 14
Water area (from lat. aqua - water) - a body of water within natural, artificial or conditional boundaries.

) which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. National parks are exclusively federal property.

natural parks are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and are intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes.

State natural reserves are territories (water areas) with special meaning to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain the ecological balance. May be federal or regional.

Monuments of nature– unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin. May be federal or regional.

Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are conservation institutions whose task is to create special collections of plants in order to preserve diversity and enrich flora, as well as the implementation of scientific, educational and educational activities. May be federal or regional.

Territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources ( mineral water, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions) can be attributed to health-improving areas. Territories used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which have natural therapeutic resources, as well as buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities, are resorts. Therapeutic areas and resorts may be of federal, regional or local importance.

State authorities of the Russian Federation, its constituent entities or local governments may also establish other categories of protected areas (territories on which monuments of landscape art are located, protected coastlines, protected river systems protected natural landscapes, biological stations, micro-reserves, etc.). To protect protected areas from adverse anthropogenic impacts, adjacent areas of land and water space can be created security zones or a regulated county.

5.1.2. Regimes of special protection of specially protected natural areas

The protection of SPNA lands in urban conditions includes the following activities:

♦ restriction of economic activity;

♦ monitoring the state of protected areas;

♦ implementation of measures to maintain protected areas in a condition corresponding to their purpose;

♦ implementation of comprehensive programs aimed at the protection of protected areas;

♦ economic incentives for the protection of protected areas, including the establishment of tax incentives;

♦ bringing to responsibility for non-compliance with the regime of protection and use of protected areas and other measures.

Economic activity in protected areas sharply limited. If possible, 3 groups of sites are distinguished:

♦ areas where economic activity is not allowed;

♦ areas where limited economic activity is allowed;

♦ areas where economic activities are allowed for environmental purposes.

On the territory of all 3 groups of protected areas, actions that cause harm to natural objects are not allowed, including:

♦ distortion of the historically formed protected landscape;

♦ construction of capital construction facilities not related to environmental protection purposes;

♦ carrying out works that lead to violation of the hydrogeological regime of the area, soil cover, the emergence and development of erosion and landslide processes;

♦ use of salts as anti-icing agents;

♦ violation of the habitats of plant and animal species included in the Red Book or rare in a particular protected area;

♦ making fires, burning dry leaves and grass, including spring fires;

♦ preparation and collection of all types of plants and their parts (with the exception of regulated haymaking in order to prevent overgrowing of meadows with woody vegetation);

♦ land use for horticulture and horticulture;

♦ damage or unauthorized felling of trees and shrubs;

♦ Unauthorized planting of trees and shrubs, as well as other unauthorized actions of citizens aimed at equipping certain sections of protected areas;

♦ intentionally disturbing, trapping and destroying, destroying nests and burrows of wild animals;

♦ stay of visitors with various types of tools for shooting or trapping animals;

♦ holding mass sports, entertainment and other events outside the places specially allocated for these purposes;

♦ change in the functional purpose of a land plot or its part, if it can lead to an increase in anthropogenic pressures on natural complex;

♦ unauthorized placement of non-stationary objects of the small-scale retail network;

♦ dog walking within the protected areas of protected areas;

♦ entry and movement of a vehicle in violation of the established procedure.

In order to differentiate modes of protection and use carried out zoning of protected areas on the basis of a planning project in accordance with the established category of protected areas. To the main zones and areas of protected areas in urban conditions include the following (On especially ..., 2001):

♦ reserved areas, intended for the conservation (restoration) of natural communities of particular value, rare and endangered species of plants or animals, other objects of animate and inanimate nature;

♦ zones of protection of historical and cultural objects, intended for the preservation and restoration of objects of historical and cultural heritage;

♦ educational and excursion zones, intended to be used for the purpose environmental education and education of the population;

♦ recreation centers, intended for mass recreation of the population;

♦ fitness and health zones, designed for individual and group lessons physical education;

♦ walking areas;

♦ administrative and economic areas, intended for the placement and operation of facilities serving protected areas;

♦ plots of third-party land users(provided to legal entities and citizens whose activities are not related to the protection and use of protected areas and do not contradict the established regime);

♦ protected landscape areas.

Within zones and plots, in accordance with the regime of protection of protected areas and their intended purpose, differentiated regimes of protection, economic and other use are established.

5.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sites

5.2.1. General characteristics of cultural heritage sites

The composition of objects of cultural heritage and the content of protective measures on the lands occupied by these objects are regulated by urban planning and special legislation (On objects ..., 2002).

Objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of peoples Russian Federation - objects of immovable property with related works of painting, sculpture, arts and crafts, objects of science and technology and other objects of material culture resulting from historical events, which are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning, art, science and technology, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, social culture and are evidence of eras and civilizations, true sources of information about the origin and development of culture.

There are three main type OKN.

Monuments- individual buildings, buildings and structures with historically developed territories (including religious monuments: churches, bell towers, chapels, churches, kirchs, mosques, Buddhist temples, pagodas, synagogues, prayer houses and other objects intended for worship); memorial apartments; mausoleums, individual burials; works of monumental art; objects of science and technology, including military ones; objects of archaeological heritage (traces of human existence partially or completely hidden in the ground or under water).

Ensembles- groups of monuments, buildings and structures for various purposes, clearly localized in the historically developed territories, including fragments of historical planning and development of settlements, which can be attributed to urban planning ensembles; works of landscape architecture and gardening art (gardens, parks, squares, boulevards), necropolises.

Landmarks- creations created by man, or joint creations of man and nature, including the places of existence of folk art crafts; centers of historical settlements or fragments of urban planning and development; memorable places, cultural and natural landscapes associated with the history of the formation of peoples and other ethnic communities, historical (including military) events, the life of prominent historical figures; cultural layers, remains of buildings of ancient cities, settlements, settlements, parking lots; places of religious rites. Sightseeing places, which are an outstanding integral historical, cultural and natural complex, in need of a special regime of maintenance, can be classified as historical and cultural reserves.

OKN are registered in unified state register of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation, representing the state information system, which contains the relevant information about the OKN. OKN, as well as protected areas, are divided into objects according to their historical and cultural significance federal, regional and local (municipal) values. The Government of the Russian Federation may decide to recognize the OKN of federal significance especially valuable object of cultural heritage peoples of the Russian Federation. CHOs representing an outstanding universal historical, archaeological, architectural, artistic, scientific, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological value can be classified as world cultural and natural heritage sites in the manner prescribed by the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Such CHOs are included in the World Heritage List administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Committee (UNESCO) World Heritage.

CHOs are subject to state protection, and land plots within the boundaries of CHOs acquire a special legal regime in accordance with urban planning and land legislation.

5.2.2. Protection of lands of cultural heritage sites

In order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage in its historical environment, on the territory adjacent to it, cultural heritage protection zones: buffer zone, zone of regulation of development and economic activity, zone of protected natural landscape.

Secured territory- the territory within which, in order to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site in its historical landscape environment, a special land use regime is established that restricts economic activity and prohibits construction, with the exception of the application of special measures aimed at conservation and regeneration 15
Regeneration (from Latin regeneratio - renewal, rebirth) - restoration, return to its original state.

Historical and town-planning or natural environment OKN.

Zone of regulation of development and economic activity- the territory within which the regime of land use is established, which restricts construction and economic activity, the requirements for the reconstruction of existing buildings and structures are determined.

Protected natural landscape zone- the territory within which a land use regime is established that prohibits or restricts economic activity, construction and reconstruction of existing buildings and structures in order to preserve (regenerate) the natural landscape, including river valleys, reservoirs, forests and open spaces related compositionally to the CHO.

The required composition of the protection zones of the OKN is determined the project of zones of protection of OKN. The procedure for the development of such projects, the requirements for the regime of land use and town planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones are established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Boundaries of zones of protection of OKN, modes of land use and urban planning regulations within the boundaries of these zones, they are approved on the basis of a project in relation to the CHO of federal significance - by the state authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in agreement with the federal body for the protection of the CHO, and in relation to the CHO of regional and local (municipal) significance - in the manner established by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Design and implementation land management, excavation, construction, reclamation, economic and other works in connection with the presence of OKN or the potential possibility of such presence have their own characteristics (On objects ..., 2002).

The design and implementation of such works are carried out in the absence of CHOs in the given territory, and if they are, provided that the customer of the work meets the requirements for the safety of CHOs located in the given territory. Designing and carrying out such works on the territory monument or ensemble are prohibited, with the exception of work on the preservation of this monument or ensemble and their territories, as well as economic activities that do not violate the integrity of the monument or ensemble and do not create a threat of damage, destruction or destruction.

The nature of the use of the territory places of interest, restrictions on the use of this territory and requirements for economic activity, design and construction on the territory of a place of interest are included in the development rules and zoning schemes of territories developed in accordance with the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation.

Earthwork, construction, land reclamation, economic and other works must be immediately suspended contractor in case of detection on the developed territory of an object with signs of OKN. At the same time, sections on ensuring the safety of discovered objects before the inclusion of the latter in the register of OKN, and the effect of the provisions of land management, town planning and project documentation, town planning regulations in the given territory is suspended until the relevant changes are made. The work contractor is obliged to inform the executive authority authorized in the field of protection of cultural heritage about the discovered object.

The condition of the lands is controlled by the relevant authorities for the protection of the CHO, which are obliged to conduct once every five years a survey of the state and photographic fixation of the CHO included in the register in order to develop annual and long-term programs for their conservation.

5.2.3. Protection of lands of historical settlements

A high concentration of valuable OKNs in settlements can serve as a basis for establishing their special status. Historic settlement recognized in the Russian Federation locality urban or rural type, within the territory of which there are various cultural heritage sites (monuments, ensembles, places of interest), as well as other cultural values ​​created in the past, representing archaeological, historical, architectural, urban planning, aesthetic, scientific or socio-cultural value, important for preserving the identity of the peoples of the Russian Federation, their contribution to world civilization.

In historical settlements, all historically valuable city-forming objects are subject to state protection (planning, building, composition, natural landscape, archaeological layer, the relationship between different urban spaces, volumetric and spatial structure, fragmentary and ruined urban heritage, the shape and appearance of buildings and structures, their relationship with natural and man-made environments, various functions of the historical settlement acquired by it in the process of development, as well as other valuable objects). Town-planning, economic and other activities in historical settlements are subject to special regulation and should be carried out only if all the CHOs and the above-mentioned historically valuable town-forming objects are preserved.

Protection of lands of historical settlements provided by a special regulation of urban planning activities in them, carried out by carrying out, under the control of the relevant bodies for the protection of cultural heritage and executive authorities in the field of regulation of urban planning, a set of the following measures:

♦ drafting based on historical and architectural, historical and urban planning, archival and archaeological research historical and cultural reference plan within the boundaries of a historical settlement with the designation of all urban planning elements and structures on land plots that are of historical and cultural value, both preserved and lost, characterizing the stages of development of this settlement;

development of urban planning regulations, relating to the size and proportions of buildings and structures, the use of individual building materials, color scheme, prohibition or restriction of the placement of parking lots, advertising and signboards, other restrictions necessary to ensure the safety of the cultural heritage site and all historically valuable city-forming objects of this settlement.

On the territory of the Russian Federation, all natural lands are subject to protection, regardless of their purpose. But there are areas that are protected especially carefully.

These include:

1. Land plots on which the cultural, natural or historical heritage of specially protected areas (PAs) is located.
2. Lands and wildlife of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

What is the difference?

PAs are lands that have some value, be it historical, cultural or natural.

The lands of specially protected natural areas (SPNA) are, in fact, a type of SPNA. These are subsoils bearing rich natural value.

Why allocate ZOONT

In view of the fact that there are natural areas, where many rare plants grow or unique animals are found, it was decided to take them under special control.

Due to the threat of mass destruction of vegetation or animals, hunting, agricultural activities, and even more so deforestation and the construction of residential buildings are prohibited in such places. The concept of specially protected natural areas includes not only land, but also water bodies and airspace.

Reserved natural land: description

A specially protected natural area is not only land, but also water bodies, and even the air space above them, where there are unique natural objects that need protection.

Such areas are a national property and cannot be sold to a private person or rented out.

All activities on these lands, with the exception of the study, preservation and enhancement of specimens located there, are prohibited. For the normal functioning of life, a specially protected natural area implies the absence, even within reach, of harmful emissions, a ban on the construction of industrial plants. All activities that negatively affect the natural objects of protected areas are prohibited.

The boundaries of protected lands are necessarily marked with special signs.

Types of specially protected natural areas

With various features of natural objects, their status and the presence of erected buildings on the territory, protected areas are divided into certain types and categories.

1. Natural state parks.
2. Natural untouched reserves.
3. Monuments of wildlife.
4. National parks.
5. Arboretums and botanical gardens.
6. Therapeutic and health resorts.

In a certain area, decrees of local self-government may establish other categories of specially protected natural areas - this is a kind of subspecies of the basis of the territory, which differs in certain characteristics.

Regardless of the status of the land (all-Russian or local), the rules for using it do not differ.

Specially protected natural territories of Russia are subject to preservation and enhancement. All activities carried out on these lands are permitted only subject to this requirement.

primeval reserve

The reserve is a specially protected natural area, which is distinguished by its pristine nature. Here everything is untouched by the hand of man and is in such a state as Mother Nature created.

For land to become a nature reserve, it must meet a number of requirements:

• To be as little affected by civilization as possible.
• Have unique plants and rare species of animals on your territory.
• Earths have self-regulation and are not subject to self-destruction.
• They have a rare landscape.

It is the reserves that are a traditional species and are singled out as specially protected natural areas of Russia as an example of untouchedness and originality.

At the time of 2000, 99 protected areas were allocated in the Russian Federation. Scientific research, educational and environmental work is carried out on their territory.

Monuments of nature

These are unique natural objects that cannot be recreated with the help of human efforts.

Such natural objects may be under federal or regional jurisdiction. It all depends on the value of the natural monument.

As a rule, such objects are classified as regional property. They are in fact the pride of the region where they are.

To date, there are 28 such peculiar corners of nature of federal significance, they occupy an area of ​​​​more than 19 thousand hectares.

There are much more regional unique natural areas, and they are divided into types:

1. Biological, including interesting plants and animals.
2. Hydrological - a kind of reservoirs and rare aquatic plants and animals.
3. Geological - include unique lands.
4. Complex - corners of nature, combining two or more types of rare natural objects.

nature reserves

Natural reserves are a specially protected natural area where endangered plants and animals are subject to conservation and restoration.

It happens that the land is declared a natural reserve, and it belongs to a private person on a leasehold basis. In this case, the issue of withdrawal or abandonment of the lease is decided, taking into account what kind of activity is carried out by the owner in this territory.

Zakazniks as specially protected natural areas have different meanings:

1. Landscaping - created to restore
2. Biological - on their territories, biologists are trying to preserve and increase endangered animals and plants.
3. Paleontological - fossil objects are especially protected here.
4. Hydrological - based on the conservation of reservoirs, lakes and water bodies.

National parks

The concept of lands with a special natural, aesthetic or cultural value is embedded in this meaning. are used for scientific observations, and also organize cultural recreation for people.

The entire world community has recognized the enormous benefits of creating such protected lands.

There are three national parks in the Russian Federation included in the World Cultural Heritage. Two of them - Zabaikalsky and Pribaikalsky - are also included in the special protected zone of Lake Baikal.

Arboretums and botanical gardens

Recently, arboretums have been actively growing and expanding. This is due to the development of resort areas and the emergence of all more health-improving institutions operating in environmentally friendly conditions.

botanical gardens designed to conserve rare and endangered plant species. In addition, there are various experiments aimed at protecting endangered species.

Arboretums are used for educational purposes. On their territory, educational excursions are conducted, telling and showing people all kinds of outlandish trees, shrubs and herbs.

In addition to educational tasks, arboretums are aimed at breeding and preserving all the beauty of Russian nature, which can only be captured in this area.

As you can see, there are many protected lands, all have different names, but the goals of specially protected natural areas are almost the same - the preservation and enhancement of natural objects, observation of the natural course of events, scientific and educational activities.

Guidelines for the development of draft standards for waste generation and limits for their disposal

Question 4: Types of ecological expertise. State ecological expertise. Functions, purpose, tasks, procedure and procedure for conducting state environmental expertise.

Chapter I. General Provisions

Chapter III. State ecological expertise

Question 5: The general procedure for the development and approval of projects in the field of regulation and environmental purposes (on the example of VAT and SPL).

Question 6 (34): Engineering and geological surveys. Requirements for the content of the report, stages of implementation, examination.

Question 14

I. Requirements for the structure of project documentation for the development of deposits of solid minerals

IV. The procedure and terms for consideration and approval of project documentation

Question 16

Question 32: Russian legislation on environmental impact assessment and design of facilities.

29. Calculation of damage and compensation for damage caused to objects of the animal world. The procedure for settlements, coordination.

30. Hydrometeorological surveys. Requirements for the content of the report, stages of implementation, examination.

Question 31 Requirements for the content of the project; design stages, project approval.

Question 33. Development of a draft environmental impact assessment. Requirements for the content of the project; design stages, project approval.

Question 37: Application of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation in the development of project documentation.

Chapter 6. Architectural and construction design, construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects

Question 47: Development of a hazardous waste passport. Hazard class calculation.

Question 22: Hygienic regulation of soil pollution. Examination of land management projects and the use of land resources, the composition of the section of the project "Protection of lands and soils".

Issue 7: Development of design and working documentation for capital construction projects, for linear facilities.

Section 1 "Explanatory Note" should contain in the text part:

Section 2 "Row design" should contain:

Section 3 "Technological and design solutions for a linear facility. Artificial structures" should contain:

Section 4 "Buildings, structures and structures included in the infrastructure of a linear facility" must contain:

Section 5 "Construction organization project" must contain:

Section 6 "Project for the organization of work on the demolition (dismantling) of a linear facility", included in the design documentation if necessary, demolition (dismantling) of a linear facility.

Section 7 "Measures for the protection of the environment" must contain:

Section 8 "Measures to ensure fire safety" must contain:

Question 8: Types of ecological expertise. Public ecological expertise. Functions, purpose, tasks, procedure and procedure for conducting a public environmental review.

Chapter I. General Provisions

7 Engineering and hydrometeorological surveys

8 Engineering and environmental surveys

Question 39: Specially protected natural areas, architectural monuments, cultural heritage sites and their consideration in the development of construction projects.

Question 41 Assessment of environmental damage in economic activity projects

Question 29: Calculation of damage and compensation for damage caused to objects of the animal world. The procedure for settlements, coordination.

Question 44: Bodies of state expertise, the procedure for its implementation, summary conclusion of the ge.

Question 21: Take 2: Conservation of wildlife in construction projects. Flora protection in construction projects.

Question 32: Russian legislation on environmental impact assessment and design of facilities.

Question 37: Application of the Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation in the development of project documentation.

Chapter 6. Architectural and construction design, construction, reconstruction of capital construction projects

Question 39: Specially protected natural areas, architectural monuments, cultural heritage sites and their consideration in the development of construction projects.

Question 41: Assessment of environmental damage in economic activity projects.

Question 46 Reclamation project. Composition, stages, coordination.

5. Lands disturbed by:

The project for the reclamation of disturbed lands is subject to approval by Rosreestr. (Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography)

Question 44: Bodies of state expertise, the procedure for its implementation, summary conclusion of the ge.

4. The general part of the forest development project consists of the following sections: general information;

5. The "General information" section contains:

6. The section "Information about the forest area" provides the following information: a list of leased, permanent (perpetual use)

7. Section "Creation of forest infrastructure" contains the following information: characteristics of existing and projected objects of forest

9. The section "Measures for the protection, protection and reproduction of forests" contains: characteristics of the territory of the forest area by fire hazard classes

10. The section "Measures for the protection of wildlife, water bodies" contains the following data:

Question 39: Specially protected natural areas, architectural monuments, cultural heritage sites and their consideration in the development of construction projects.

Federal Law on objects of cultural heritage

Article 34 Cultural heritage protection zones

1. In order to ensure the safety of a cultural heritage object in its historical environment, zones of protection of a cultural heritage object are established on the territory adjacent to it: a buffer zone, a zone for regulating development and economic activity, a zone of protected natural landscape.

The necessary composition of the cultural heritage protection zones is determined by the project of the cultural heritage protection zones.

In order to simultaneously ensure the safety of several objects of cultural heritage in their historical environment, it is allowed to establish for these objects of cultural heritage a single buffer zone, a single zone for regulating development and economic activity, and a single zone of protected natural landscape (hereinafter - the integrated zone for the protection of cultural heritage objects).

The composition of the integrated zone of protection of cultural heritage objects is determined by the project of the integrated zone of protection of cultural heritage objects.

The requirement to establish zones of protection of a cultural heritage object is not presented to the identified object of cultural heritage.

2. Protected zone - a territory within which, in order to ensure the safety of a cultural heritage object in its historical landscape environment, a special land use regime is established that restricts economic activity and prohibits construction, with the exception of the application of special measures aimed at preserving and regenerating the historical and urban planning or the natural environment of a cultural heritage site. The minimum width of the buffer zone of a state natural reserve or national park is one kilometer.

According to (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 19, 2015 N 138"On approval of the Rules for the creation of buffer zones of certain categories of specially protected natural areas, the establishment of their boundaries, the determination of the regime for the protection and use of land and water bodies within the boundaries of such zones")

Zone of regulation of development and economic activity - the territory within which the regime of land use is established, which restricts construction and economic activity, the requirements for the reconstruction of existing buildings and structures are determined.

Protected natural landscape zone - a territory within which a land use regime is established that prohibits or restricts economic activities, construction and reconstruction of existing buildings and structures in order to preserve (regenerate) the natural landscape, including river valleys, reservoirs, forests and open spaces, related compositionally with cultural heritage sites.

According to the Federal Law on protected areas

State natural reserves are classified as specially protected natural areas of federal significance. Within the boundaries of state natural reserves, the natural environment is preserved in its natural state and economic and other activities are completely prohibited, except for the cases provided for by this Federal Law.

Article 9. The regime of special protection of the territories of state natural reserves

On the territory of a state nature reserve, any activity that is contrary to the tasks of the state nature reserve and the regime of special protection of its territory, established in the regulation on this state nature reserve, is prohibited.

2. In the territories national parks any activity that may cause damage to natural complexes and objects of flora and fauna, cultural and historical objects and which is contrary to the goals and objectives of the national park, including:

a) exploration and development of minerals;

b) activities entailing disturbance of the soil cover and geological outcrops;

c) activities that entail changes in the hydrological regime;

d) provision of horticultural and summer cottages in the territories of national parks;

e) the construction of main roads, pipelines, power lines and other communications, as well as the construction and operation of household and residential facilities, with the exception of facilities, the placement of which is provided for in paragraph 1 of this article, facilities related to the functioning of national parks and ensuring the functioning of those located in their boundaries of settlements;

"

Specially protected natural areas

Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs)- plots of land, water surface and air space above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health significance, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which special protection regime is established.

Specially protected natural territories are objects of national heritage. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation carries out public administration in the field of organization and functioning of specially protected natural areas of federal significance.

In total, as of 2009, more than 13,000 protected areas of federal, regional and local significance have been created in Russia. Of these, there are 266 federal protected areas, which include 101 nature reserves, 41 national parks and 69 state nature reserves of federal significance, as well as natural monuments, resorts, and other categories of protected areas. The total area of ​​federal protected areas is about 580 thousand square kilometers in 81 out of 84 subjects of the Federation (there are no federal level protected areas only in St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Tula regions), which is approximately 3% of the territory of the Russian Federation. This system of natural reserves is unique and of exceptional value in terms of maintaining the natural functioning of ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity, including rare and endangered species, as well as environmental monitoring, scientific research and environmental education not only in Russia, but also on a global scale

Types of protected areas and their purpose

Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime of protected areas and the status of nature protection institutions located on them, the following categories are distinguished:

1. State natural reserves (including biospheric ones)

2. National parks

3. Natural parks

4. State nature reserves

5. Monuments of nature

6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens

7. Therapeutic areas and resorts

The Government of the Russian Federation, the relevant executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments may also establish other categories of specially protected natural areas (territories on which monuments of gardening and park art are located, protected coastlines, protected river systems, protected natural landscapes, biological stations , micro-reserves and others).

Nature, both living and non-living, is a great value on our planet. We are in excellent conditions for life. If you look at the planets closest to us, then there is a big difference appearance Earth and other planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, are surprising: it is impossible to study all kinds of living beings in a person's life.

However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.

Harmony of nature

People by their activity transform nature more than any other kind of organisms. Moreover, the rest of the organisms are so merged with the natural environment that they even help to maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thus maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. The earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the ground, so that the air will only better reach the roots of the plants.

The economic activity of Homo sapiens

Man has a developed brain. The development of human economic activity is going faster than the evolutionary processes of nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.

Many years ago, the population of Australia herded cattle on a small mainland too intensively. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.

Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as fast: we still use wood for various purposes.

The world's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow even faster. If people populate or use the entire area of ​​the planet in their economy, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.

History of protected natural areas

Already in ancient times, people kept intact certain parts of the territory on which they lived. The faith of people in the gods made them tremble before sacred places. Even the protection of such sites was not required, the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.

In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came to the fore in terms of inviolability. The property was protected. In such territories, hunting was forbidden, or even simply visiting other people's parts of the forest or other biotope was prohibited.

In the nineteenth century, the industrial revolution made it necessary to think seriously about the preservation of natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. Natural monuments became the first of the specially protected natural areas. Preserved ancient beech forests and some of the sights, such as unusual objects of geology.

In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They weren't government yet.

What is a protected area

These are areas of land or water on which the economic activity of people is partially or completely prohibited. How is the abbreviation deciphered? As "Specially Protected Natural Territories".

Types of protected areas according to IUCN

Nowadays, there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a large number of objects, classification is necessary. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has highlighted the following types PAs:

1. Strict natural reserve. The protection of such a territory is especially strict, all economic activities are prohibited. Visiting only with a document permitting being on the site. The nature of this territory is the most integral.
2. National park. It is divided into areas with strict protection and areas where tourist routes are laid.
3. Monument of nature. An unusual well-known natural object is protected.
4. Managed natural reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and habitats for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in a fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
5. Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
6. Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes on the site.

Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation

The Russian Federation uses a simpler classification. Types of protected areas in Russia:

1. State natural reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of work on the conservation of ecosystems or training in the territory.
2. National park. It is divided into ecological zones according to the possibility of using natural resources. In some areas, ecological tourism is developed. There are areas for the work of national park personnel. There may be sites for recreation of the population, as well as for the overnight stay of visitors passing the tourist route.
3. Nature Park. Created to save ecosystems in the conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
4. State nature reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. In the reserve, active work is being carried out to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism is possible.
5. Monument of nature. Significant natural or artificial natural complex. Unique education.
6. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. In the territories, collections of plant species are created in order to preserve the species diversity of the planet and replenish lost species of land.

Wrangel Island

The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of such protected areas is the Wrangel Island nature reserve.

The protected area is located in the Chukotka autonomous region. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. The protected area consists of two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of ​​protected areas is more than two million hectares.

The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve the typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands remotely from the mainland and because of the harsh climate, is preserved in an almost untouched form. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as the polar bear and walrus are protected. A huge number of endemic species inhabit this area.

The islands are inhabited by the local population. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.

Lake Baikal

The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The protected area data system is the largest reservoir of net fresh water.

The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. In total, there are about a thousand endemic species. Of these, 27 species of fish. The Baikal omul and golomyanka are well known. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The crustacean epishura purifies the water in Baikal, which also lives only in this lake.

It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.

Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Reserve itself was founded in 1969.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Lake Baikal" is 8 protected areas located directly at the famous lake. Many scientists believe that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing the water area due to the drift of lithospheric plates.

Kronotsky Reserve

Another example of protected areas is the Kronotsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcanoes of Kamchatka".

Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program highlights protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activities. The state is obliged to maintain a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.

The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky State Reserve was established in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Reserve includes a significant area of ​​water area.

Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Reserve. Not at all times it was allowed to visit him.

Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"

Another example of protected areas in Russia is the Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve. This is the first reserve Far East. He is one of the oldest in Russia. The Far Eastern leopard lives here - a rare subspecies of leopards that has reduced numbers in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of "endangered".

The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. Arrays are not broken anthropogenic impact. There are many endemic species here.

Elk Island National Park

One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.

It includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visiting with a permit), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visiting is allowed), recreational (occupies more than half of the area, free access) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).

Legislation of the Russian Federation

The federal law on protected areas (1995) states that protected areas must have federal, regional or local significance. Reserves and national parks always have federal significance.

Any reserve, national park, natural park and natural monument must have a security zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the buffer zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, it is also protected.

The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is forbidden to build houses, roads, and cultivate land at federal facilities.

To create protected areas government reserves new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits further cultivation of land in this area.

Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve invaluable wealth for future generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained, the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.

Specially protected natural territories have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational. It is on such objects that the most educational tourism for connoisseurs of nature is organized.

The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Mankind needs to think more actively about maintaining nature, to take a more responsible approach to the conservation of natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.