Directions for the development of scientific research in tourism. Ganopolsky V.I., Beznosikov E.Ya., Bulatov V.G. Tourism and orienteering. Theoretical and methodological foundations of tourism

Scientific work is the most important element of the activity of our republic. All full-time teachers are engaged in scientific work together with students. They conduct scientific research within the framework of State programs fundamental research and individual projects commissioned by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus, participate in competitions for research projects announced by various foundations. The results of the work are annually introduced into production and studying proccess. The research work of students at the departments of sports disciplines is the most important component in the process of training specialists with higher education.

The main areas of scientific work include: conducting scientific research for the purpose of publishing materials; preparation of reports to communicate the results of research at scientific conferences.

The main discussion in scientific works akh revolves around key issues related to the improvement of national systems of physical education, the formation of the younger generation by means of physical culture, the development of the theory of physical education in the presentation of its foundations by various research schools and areas, and in the field of orienteering and tourism much attention is paid to environmental education.

Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry, which has a little over a hundred years.

The second is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes by tourism organizers. Real knowledge and understanding of history, especially local history, is necessary for the preparation of qualified guides and accompanying tourist groups and tourists. Unfortunately, it should be noted that many specialists of tourist organizations have a poor idea not only of the history of foreign countries, but, which is especially regrettable, of domestic history.

Geographical scientific research in tourism is practically not carried out, which is associated with big failures in the development of amateur tourism. Most tourists cannot navigate on a map, they do not know the natural, climatic and ethnological features of various regions of the country and other states, “geographical cretinism” has become a common and widespread phenomenon in modern society. Country studies as a special discipline in geography requires special research and methodological developments from the standpoint of tourism science.

Scientific research in tourism related to cultural studies, art history and architecture is very rare, but still began to appear in last years. Tourism as a sociocultural phenomenon is gradually becoming an attractive object of scientific research.

In recent years it has been published a large number of scientific publications and educational literature related to the history of culture and religions of various countries and peoples. Serious educational programs in the history and theory of culture, but still Russian tourists prefer "beach" holidays to all other cultural types of tourism. Scientific, theoretical and practical developments associated with the culture of behavior of tourists in foreign trips.

Socio-cultural design is directly related to the architecture and organization of the human environment, unfortunately, scientists in the tourism sector almost do not deal with all these issues, leaving them at the mercy of architects and public utilities specialists. The most important direction in the scientific support of tourism are studies on tourism and recreational use objects of cultural and natural heritage.

The new information space in tourism, associated with the unprecedented development of electronic technologies, requires special scientific research, the need for which is acutely felt in the modern tourism industry. The new possibilities of the global Internet, with the right and professional approach, increase the quality level of scientific research in the field of tourism, moreover, they allow for a quick exchange of ideas and information between members of the scientific community.

The complex scientific problem includes security issues in the field of tourism. In this important topic, it is necessary to consider almost all aspects of tourism activities, starting with the legal problems of the relationship between the tourist and the travel agency, and ending with the organization of the security of tourists in accommodation facilities and on routes.

Research on safety in amateur and domestic tourism is especially important. There is no doubt that scientific developments and recommendations in this segment of tourism science can save human lives from death. The issues of legal and physical security of Russian tourists abroad in the absence of knowledge of local legislation have recently become very relevant.

In recent years, the security situation has sharply worsened in a number of states that for many years were leaders in receiving and servicing tourists (Egypt, Thailand, Turkey, etc.). Therefore, reliable, politically balanced and scientifically based information on the state of affairs in all countries where there are socio-political problems or natural disasters, is an important task of domestic tourism science, government agencies and the media. scientific research on various aspects of security in the field of tourism must be continued in connection with the new natural, man-made and socio-economic challenges of the time.

Prospects for scientific research in tourism are associated, first of all, with the demand for scientific developments in Russian society. As well as the presence of a scientific environment that will reproduce new cadres of scientists who are ready to continue and develop scientific research in tourism. And this requires a domestic special and coordinated program of scientific research in tourism, moreover, not only Russian problems, but also foreign and international ones. Currently in Russia there are two scientific public centers: International public tourism academy and National Academy tourism, which conduct scientific activities on a limited scale, but this is certainly not enough. To organize full-scale research, it is necessary to create an all-Russian research institute for the scientific problems of tourism, which could conduct comprehensive and systematic research.

When preparing policy documents and decisions, legislative and executive authorities should more widely and more often turn to professional scientific and educational structures that have traditions and experience in tourism modeling and design. The tourism process as a whole will benefit from this, and without this the modernization of the industry is impossible. In the meantime, there is a certain fragmentation, lack of coordination and even some disunity here.

tourism scientific research recreation

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Barchukov I. S.

Methods of scientific research in tourism: textbook. allowance for universities / I.S. Barchukov. - M.:

Publishing Center "Academy", 2008. - 224 p.

ISBN 978-5-7695-4899-4

The content of tourism activities, features of its scientific knowledge,

management and marketing in the tourism business, its economic and mathematical methods and models.

The features of methodological techniques in conducting excursions, methods and technology are highlighted.

formation of health programs for tourists, as well as methodological foundations

international cooperation in tourism. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of financial

activities in the tourism business and the prospects for its scientific research.

For university students. May be useful for experts

tourist organizations.

UDC 379.85(075.8) BBK 75.81ya73

The original layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy*, and

its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Barchukov I.S., © Educational and publishing center "Academy", 2008 ISBN 978-5-7695-4899- © Design. Publishing Center "Academy",

FOREWORD

The study guide considers the relationship of various scientific knowledge that has a significant impact on the methods of scientific research in tourism, their use in solving specific scientific problems. A comprehensive methodology using modeling methods of system analysis has received wide application in scientific research. Knowledge common methods scientific knowledge of the general patterns in tourism serves as an initial prerequisite for the successful solution of particular scientific problems.

One of the main trends in the development of the science of tourism is its penetration into the internal communications and relations in tourism, the discovery of the essence of processes. This trend is manifested in the formation of fundamental laws underlying the functioning and development of tourism and its specific manifestations.

An important place in the textbook is the consideration of general and particular methodology in the study of tourism, the use of methods of such scientific disciplines as economics, management, law, sociology, psychology, computer science, biomedical science aimed at improving human health. The essence and content of modern research methods as the basis for developing a strategy for the tourism industry are revealed. Much attention is paid to management and marketing methods, predictive methods, methods for determining strategic alternatives, identifying competitive advantage, etc.

The training manual reflects the methodological basis of international cooperation in tourism. The methods used in accounting activities are shown, as well as the logical sequence of the research process in tourism, the formulation and formulation of a scientific problem, the rationale for a scientific hypothesis.

Having studied a wide range of methods and methodological techniques, specialists will be able to professionally perform their duties at a tourist enterprise, occupy their niche in the service market, and develop steadily in a competitive environment.

INTRODUCTION

Fundamentals of tourism business State policy in tourism begins when millions of people need to provide a fruitful holiday. To solve this problem special meaning has a question about the number of citizens who want to have a good holiday, and the number of hotels that can provide accommodation.

Tourism is that part of the hospitality industry where citizens can satisfy their physical, intellectual, ethical and psychological needs.

An important problem of tourism is the search for new forms and ways of doing business. To correctly foresee the nature of the future tourism market, to develop forms and methods of doing business means to achieve an additional advantage over competitors, to ensure the success of one's own business in tourism (tourism business).

New ways of doing business are determined not only empirically. Having identified its general laws, it is possible to develop methodological principles for analyzing the forms and methods of doing business in tourism, to determine the trends in its development. The methodological preparedness of managers in improving the known and developing new ways of doing business in the tourism business is becoming important due to the constant innovations in tourism, its technical equipment, and focus on strategy.

Business planning, training of specialists, material and technical equipment, scientific research, development strategy depend on what has been achieved in this moment stages of tourism product production, from information support. Of great importance is the creativity of managers who can “invent” a tourist product, better adapt to the service market, and influence the development of the industry as a whole. Much depends on talented specialists, their decisive role in the development of modern tourism.

The development of forms and methods of conducting tourism business depends not only on the quality, but also on the number of specialists and technical means. Qualitative shifts in the development of forms and methods of doing tourist business occur with a certain amount of new technology. It serves material base for the emergence of new types of tourism, such as extreme tourism, which contributes to the production of technical means, training of specialists and consumers.

The modern market of tourist services is an interweaving of interrelated and contradictory processes. You can thoroughly know the tourist business, its laws, but each specific case will have its own specifics. The experience, intuition of the manager, his outlook should help him quickly find an original solution, a weak spot among competitors and use it to solve his problems.

The large-scale development of tourism contributes to the establishment of peaceful relations between states, the strengthening of friendship and mutual understanding between peoples. Tourism promotes cultural cooperation, improves socio-economic relations between peoples of different cultures.

Studies in the field of tourism show that it has become not only a social, but also an economic phenomenon. The functional features of the types and forms of tourism are mass character, an economic factor, and the solution of social problems.

Mass tourism solves the problem of achieving a high degree physical development personality. It performs such social functions as health and educational.

In the era of globalization, tourism has become an economic tool.

The prestige of tourism, as an integral part of the hospitality industry, affects the consciousness and feelings of people. Such functions of tourism as professionalism, prestige, communication determine its place in the social system.

Functions of tourism Tourism has the following general cultural and educational functions:

aesthetic - satisfaction of the needs of the individual in the overall harmonious development;

normative - the development and consolidation of certain norms that have a regulatory and evaluative value;

information - implementation, accumulation, distribution and transmission from generation to generation of information about the sights, cultural values ​​of peoples, their capabilities, means and ways to improve them;

legal - regulation of tourism activities by laws, international and domestic legal acts;

economic - material, financial and technical support for the activities of specialist travel enterprises, maintenance and operation of facilities, wages.

In the process of tourism activities, people enter into a variety of specific relationships, which, in turn, are included in a wider system. social relations. The totality of these relations is the defining basis of the formative influence of tourism on the individual, increasing social activity. In tourist activities, the process of socialization of the individual takes place at an accelerated pace and has a direct impact on increasing social activity.

In society, the need to educate the younger generation is constantly increasing, which requires the full promotion of all types and forms of tourism.

Goals and objectives of the scientific study of tourism The goals and objectives of the scientific study of tourism follow from the state policy of its development. The theoretical development of programs for the development of regions is aimed at protecting the provision of domestic interests. The realistic nature of the state policy of tourism development determines the scientific character and objectivity of theoretical concepts.

Ways to improve the science of tourism are determined by the development of material and technical means, the construction and reconstruction of hotel complexes, vehicles, special technical equipment, and the improvement of the welfare of the country's citizens. This manifests one of the patterns of tourism, indicating the dependence of the methods of its development on an effective economy. In connection with the intensification of tourism growth, science faces the following tasks:

forecasting the development of regional infrastructure; development of reasonable recommendations for improvement legislative framework: training of service personnel.

The goals of scientific research in tourism are the comprehensive increase in the country's tourism potential, a high level of training of qualified personnel, the theory and practice of tourism management in the service market.

The goals set for the tourism industry by the state and its subjects are refracted through the implementation of specific programs. For example, the state strategy proceeds from the assessment that is taking shape in the global service market. Before the science of tourism, the goal is to develop targeted programs for the development of tourism infrastructure in those regions of the country that are in demand for visiting by citizens of other countries. In this case, the goal is specified through the definition of strategic, operational and tactical problems.

The identification of factors that determine the goals and nature of tourism is important from the point of view of a clearer rationale for the direction of its development. These factors act as a single whole: it is impossible to choose the fundamental guidelines for tourism, guided by only one requirement.

In tourism, it is necessary to solve problems of a search nature, which consist in the study and explanation of processes. An example is the timeshare (club holiday) market, which originated as a shared holiday and, ultimately, became a powerful economic base for tourism abroad, having its own legislative practice and international exchange organizations: Resort Condominium International (RCI), Interval International (II) . Scientists and experts did not anticipate the potential practical use of timeshare. This type of tourism has been recognized, but for the Russian reality it requires special studies.

The search direction in the development of tourism is to study such problems as the impact scientific discoveries on the creation of new technical means of its provision, for example, yachts, buses, sea and river steamers, inventory, equipment, as well as methods of managing in market conditions. This is necessary to identify the prospects for improving the tourism infrastructure in the regions, the ratio of their funds with the funds and resources of competitors. The solution of search problems has an impact on the development of related sciences, the strategy of tourism development.

If a manager needs to assess the situation in a market segment, he must assess how this will affect the promotion of a tourist product, the actions of competitors, how to use partnerships, support from credit organizations, and the media.

The purposefulness of the manager's thinking should ensure the effectiveness of his activities in the real terms of the tasks.

An inaccurately formulated or unclearly understood goal by the performer has a negative effect.

The main components of scientific knowledge about tourism At the heart of scientific knowledge about tourism are strategy and tactics.

The tourism development strategy in Russia is a system of scientifically based views on the essence, nature and methods of tourism development in the regions and in the country as a whole, on the requirements for the construction of hotel complexes, roads, transport, sports and recreation centers.

The tourism strategy determines the priority areas for the development of individual regions, as well as individual protected areas of the country. The tourism strategy is the main indicator of the level of development of the economy as a whole.

Tactics covers the theory and practice of managing the enterprise, its structures. It is differentiated by directions and market segments, it is a specific activity. In essence, each gave or service or each structural unit of the tourist company develops and conducts its own tactics on the market. It is more mobile, dynamic in its development, quickly responding to all changes that occur both outside the structure (changes in the exchange rate, man-made disasters in various regions) and inside it, for example, staff turnover, inefficient tour packages.

The unity of scientific knowledge determines the complex nature of the development of scientific problems.

It is impossible, for example, to improve the system and management methods in tourism without relying on knowledge of strategic planning, business planning, economics, computer technology, psychology, and other scientific disciplines.

The need for an integrated approach to solving scientific problems is also determined by the fact that new opportunities for fruitful research, both of a general theoretical, fundamental, and applied nature, open up at the intersection of various sciences, which should be used to the full.

Importance of tourism in the life of society At present, tourism has turned from a form of recreation into an entire industry, which includes many types of tourism activities. Tourism is associated with activities such as travel organization, hotel business, economics, etc. All this is combined under the term tourism business. New specialties have appeared in the tourism business: tourism products, tour operators, travel agents, managers, marketers, etc.

For professionals working in the tourism industry, it is important to know the challenges facing tourism and how to solve them in the implementation of tourism activities. Thus, tourism has become a whole science, including objects, subjects, principles, laws, categories and research methods.

In modern conditions, tourism provides big influence on many aspects of society, covers many processes, such as social and technical.

Social processes include economic support for tourism activities, moral and psychological preparation people to the rational use of vacations, the general well-being of the majority of people, the availability of recreational facilities and quality service.

The need for a deep study of this kind of processes led to the emergence of such sciences as "Sanatorium business", "Management and marketing in tourism", "Tourist market", "Organization international tourism”, “Tourism Economics”, as well as psychological, pedagogical, legal sciences in the field of tourism. They reflect the processes that occupy a contiguous position between tourism activities and the corresponding types of activities, which, in terms of their content, are included, on the one hand, in the composition of tourism science, and on the other hand, in special branches of the relevant sciences.

For effective tourism activities in tourism, it is necessary to develop the production of special equipment and the construction of various structures and facilities.

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF TOURISM

Methodological approaches to the study of tourism activities 1.1. Methodology as the doctrine of research methods in tourism Methodology (in its broadest sense) is the doctrine of the structure, logical organization, methods and means of activity.

Methodology in science is the doctrine of the principles of construction, forms and methods of scientific knowledge.

Methodology acts as a means of theoretical knowledge and transformation of reality.

Methodology as a doctrine of research methods in tourism is a set of views, the result of knowledge and understanding of the practice of life, which allows you to create specific theoretical judgments about the studied phenomena and processes in this field of activity. To study tourism as a type of human activity, as a successfully developing branch of the world economy, research is carried out using various methods.

In the science of tourism, scientists and specialists in their research rely on general, special and private methodology.

The general methodology provides correct and accurate ideas about the general laws of tourism development, its originality and constituent components, as well as the place and role in it of those phenomena that scientists and specialists study. It is based on a dialectical approach to understanding the essence of tourism. This methodology proceeds from the materiality of the world around us, in which matter is in continuous motion, development.

The driving forces of the development of the surrounding world (matter) obey the laws of dialectics - the unity and struggle of opposites, the transformation of quantitative changes into qualitative ones, the negation of negation. "A special methodology makes it possible to formulate laws and patterns related to the originality of the formation, development and functioning of the phenomena that are being studied.

This methodology in the study of specific phenomena and processes in tourism allows you to apply appropriate methods and principles, techniques, methods and techniques to determine the final results of research.

The special methodology is based on the following principles: scientific character - is based on general scientific knowledge and is built taking into account the achievements of related sciences, such as economics, law, management, computer science and sociology;

visibility - is implemented in the main teaching methods, based on the need to create a visual image, which contributes to its better assimilation and memorization;

accessibility - based on taking into account the characteristics of the staff, the possibility of mastering one or another level of complexity of the content of training in tourism activities;

the unity of the theory and practice of teaching - is based on dialectics and is implemented in the process of activity, providing for the obligatory achievement of the level of practical application of the acquired knowledge for their complete and accurate assimilation;

the educative nature of training is determined by the coincidence of the directions of training and education, since training is aimed at the formation personal qualities from specialists, which realizes the main goal of education.

Private methodology is a set of methods, methods, techniques and techniques for studying specific phenomena of tourist activity, which constitute the object and subject of its analysis. It is based on the following principles:

determinism - the causality of mental processes occurring during the development of types and forms of tourism, phenomena and processes for quality customer service, making a profit;

the unity of consciousness and activity is an indicator of the unity of the development of consciousness and activity, when consciousness arises, develops and manifests itself in activity;

development is an indicator of the inseparable connection of tourism with other branches of science and general development - intellectual, emotional, social;

personal approach in teaching - orientation of researchers to the study of individual and socio-psychological characteristics of specialists.

The considered principles of the methodology give an idea: about the driving forces of the development of the science of tourism, about the social conditionality of the development and improvement of the activities of specialists.

1.2. The role of methodology in the study of tourism activities The subject of research in the theory of tourism is tourism activities, the tasks of which are: the study of tourism activities (excursions and travels); forecasting the development of types and forms of tourism; modeling the characteristics of new tourist centers; restoration of body functions in the process of tourist activities, excursions and travel.

The methodology of the study of tourism activities makes it possible to substantiate the scientific approach to the study and solution of theoretical and practical issues of tourism.

A methodological assessment of tourism activities helps to determine a likely competitor in the service market, the economic and technical condition of a tourist enterprise, the proposed ways of its development and competition, the strategy and tactics of specialists.

The methodology is based on the study of tourism as a social phenomenon, which is active and creative, as it occurs in the process of purposeful practical activity of people. In travels and excursions, people's activities are enriched with new experiences as a result of acquaintance with new sights.

The study of tourism at a practical level does not reveal the essence of it. historical development, but are constantly used in everyday life. The study of tourism at the theoretical level aims to understand the essence of the phenomena under study in the form of categories, laws, scientific theories, as well as in the form of abstractions that reflect the deep essential interconnections of the material and spiritual world.

The purpose of tourism activity is to train highly qualified specialists who are able to create a tourist product, as well as to profit from this activity.

The subjects of tourism activity are specialists, consumers of services as carriers of certain social and industrial relations, as well as accumulated knowledge and experience in this field of activity.

1.3. Methods of scientific research in tourism Content of research in the field of tourism. The content of research in lasta tourism includes: studying the state of the problem, setting goals and defining tasks, developing a hypothesis, researching the selection of methods and techniques for experiments, and testing them. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the factors affecting the experiment, the logical and chronological scheme of the study, the choice of the contingent and the number of subjects, the determination of the required number of measurements (observations), and the processing of the results. It is also important to provide a place for the study, isolated from external interference, and to prepare the technical equipment for the study, which ensures the solution of the tasks set.

The study includes: collection of evidence to ensure the reliability of the conclusions; conducting a series of experiments; theoretical and quantitative processing of the results obtained - determination of average values, measures, data dispersion, correlation coefficients, construction of graphs, tables, diagrams; qualitative analysis and synthesis of data obtained during the study; interpretation of data and formulation of conclusions.

In the course of research activities, it is necessary to be guided by the principle of "truth - falsity". result scientific activity there may be a description of reality, an explanation of the prediction of processes and phenomena, expressed in the form of a text, block diagram, graphic dependence, formulas. Truth is a true, correct reflection of reality in thought, the criterion of which is practice.

Research stages. In connection with the need to increase the level of reliability of the study, it is necessary to determine the stages of the study: firstly, to formulate a particular problem of tourism using scientific knowledge of reality; secondly, to determine the measure of the unknown in the known, using the terms of a scientific discipline.

An important step is the formulation of the problem, i.e., the identification of the necessary information to describe or explain reality. Starting to formulate the research problem, it is necessary to determine what type or phenomenon of tourism activity it refers to.

The subject of research in tourism can be: the relationship of the facts of the tourist business with hotel complexes and transport services; patterns economic development in the country and in the world, trends in the socio-cultural experience of specialists. In tourism, patterns of mastering knowledge in educational institutions, mastery of skills and abilities at a tourist enterprise, the patterns of formation of creative active thinking of consumers of services, changes in the psyche in the process of tourist activity are studied.

An important stage of the study is also the determination of the measure of the unknown in the known, the degree of its relevance for the theory of tourism. It is necessary to carry out an examination of the degree and nature of the study of the research problem, i.e. search for significant information about theoretical sources, as well as about sciences related to tourism. The study should be based on the study of the state of the problem, not only in theory, but also in practice.

Types of research. Empirical research is based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which is carried out using certain methods based on observation and study of tourism activities. Empirical research does not involve the creation of an artificial, experimental situation to identify and collect the necessary facts. These facts are real events in tourism that have occurred in the process of tourism activities.

They are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the events taking place.

Empirical research can be descriptive and explanatory. In a descriptive study, they reflect facts relating to little-studied objects or phenomena in tourism.

Explanatory empirical research includes the collection and analysis of facts, the explanation of causes and cause-and-effect relationships between facts, with the help of which an unknown event or an atypical result is explained from the standpoint of facts already known.

Review-analytical research can be critical and be called review-critical. In this case, in addition to the obligatory review and analytical part, it should present a detailed and reasoned criticism of what has already been done on the problem, and draw appropriate conclusions.

An overview study may also contain the author's own reflections on what is described in it, including ideas regarding a possible solution to the problem posed.

Such reflections can be interspersed with the text of the abstract or they can be separated into a separate section of it, which is a transition between the review-analytical, review-critical and constructive-theoretical parts of the work.

A scientist can conduct a theoretical study, in which, in addition to a review and critical analysis of the literature, there are own proposals aimed at solving the problem posed, which can be the author's contribution to the theory of the problem being solved, its new vision, original point of view.

The following requirements are imposed on theoretical research: the accuracy of the definition of the concepts used and the consistency, consistency of reasoning. A feature of theoretical knowledge is its generalization and abstractness, which are distinguished by their systemic nature. Changing part of this knowledge leads to a change in the system as a whole. The methods of theoretical research include: ascent from the abstract to the concrete, analysis and synthesis, structural-systemic approach, inductive-deductive approach, modeling, historical method.

The formulation of a research topic is one stage in the activity of a scientist: the topic is specified taking into account a specific scientific or practical need. The title of the topic should, if possible, briefly reflect the essence of the problem being solved. Ambiguity and vagueness in the formulation of the topic are unacceptable. The consequences of this will affect all stages of the study, in particular when formulating working hypotheses.

Goals and objectives of research. Based on the results of studying the state of the problem, the goal and objectives are determined. Research goals are those intermediate and final goals that must be achieved as a result of research. Intermediate goals are an assessment of the level of resource provision of the tourist enterprise, its functioning in the service market at the time of the experimental work.

Tasks are sequential steps in organizing and conducting research from beginning to end.

The objectives of a study pursuing a similar goal may be: specifying the problem, studying the literature and practice related to it; refinement of research hypotheses; choice of methods for diagnosing processes; development of a methodology for a formative experiment; development of the plan and program of the experiment, its implementation, processing and analysis of the results of the experiment;

formulation of theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations.

Goals and objectives are formulated specifically and clearly, otherwise it will be impossible to establish the degree of their implementation. The objectives of the study should be adequate to the main goal of the study, which is subject to intermediate goals.

The title of the topic should correspond to the tasks. This correspondence is established after a series of steps. First, they give a general name for the topic and define tasks based on cognitive and practical needs. In the future, the name of the topic affects the tasks, and tasks - the name of the topic. Gradually, through consistent research, a refinement of both the topic and tasks is achieved.

The number of research tasks in tourism usually ranges from 3 to 6. If there are fewer of them, then they largely merge with the topic, to a small extent they concretize it. If there are more of them, then the general meaning may be lost, uncertainty will increase, and the focus of the study will be lost.

1.4. Functional features of the science of tourism In the science of tourism, the knowledge of reality is based on reliable knowledge of the objective laws of nature, society and human activity, where the following functions play an important role.

The cognitive function of the science of tourism is that it is based on facts, justified logically and mathematically, tested in practice, knowledge is aimed at the further development of the types and forms of tourism.

The ideological function of the science of tourism is that it makes it possible to build a reliable picture of the world, which forms the basis for the orientation of people, society as a whole, forms the basis rational organization the life of man and society, subject to objective laws.

The normative and regulatory function of the science of tourism is that its goal is rationality, i.e. accurate calculation of actions, life activity in general, an objective assessment of the results, a reasonable forecast.

The material and production function of the science of tourism is determined by the fact that it contributes to the formation of the productive and creative forces of society.

The managerial and educational functions of the science of tourism are that they contribute to the development of technology, technology, and the training of specialists for management. Scientific achievements make it possible to successfully manage personnel at a tourist enterprise, provide communication with the population, explore the needs, attitudes, motivation and satisfaction of tourists from travel and excursions.

The predictive function of the science of tourism is that it allows you to foresee the future:

what will be the socio-economic potential of the state, and consequently, how will tourism develop in the hospitality industry.

1.5. Requirements for research methods in tourism The main requirements for research methods in tourism can be formulated as follows:

1. The constant enrichment of the theory of tourism is of great practical importance in improving the methods of scientific knowledge. Each new stage in the development of tourism requires the improvement of scientific research methods, the search for new ways in solving theoretical and practical problems. Knowledge in this area with an objective necessity leads to the application and updating of the following methods in the science of tourism: economic and mathematical, psychological, social, modeling and design.

2. Methods of scientific research should reflect the essence of the object under study, the specifics of the cognitive process itself. These methods of science are diverse, they are built using a complex of other sciences, such as philosophy and sociology, history and psychology, economics, management and law.

3. Methods of scientific research should not carry the goals, aspirations, tasks that specialists set themselves, and should not correspond to the level of their training, the focus of the study. The influence of the goals of scientific research on research methods is manifested in the choice of methods and methods for studying and selecting the material to be studied, in the formulation of problematic issues, in the content and volume of the work performed. The choice of research methods in tourism depends on specialists, their intellectual capabilities and talent, and social conditions.

Research methods used in tourism can be conditionally classified and combined into groups according to the degree of their generality and content.

The dialectical method plays a leading role in improving knowledge about tourism, as it reflects the general laws of development and knowledge of all phenomena of reality. All other methods can be applied with the greatest effect only in connection with and on the basis of dialectics.

The special methods of scientific knowledge are logically subordinate to the dialectical method, follow from it, and are guided by it. Special methods in tourism are formulated as a result of practical activities. With their help, you can study the segments of tourism, its relationship with art, folk art, architecture, etc.

To the number special methods scientific research can include marketing of tourist advertising, online marketing, promotion of tourist products at exhibitions and fairs.

By the nature of the tasks performed, it is possible to use methods such as forecasting the development of tourism in the regions Russian Federation, prospective business planning, attracting investments in the development of tourism in small towns of the country, studying the retrospective experience of tour operators in terms of the requirements of global tourism development, space tourism.

Specificity cognitive activity of a person and its features in relation to tourism find their expression in general scientific empirical and logical methods used in scientific knowledge. Observation and experiment, analysis and synthesis, comparison and analogy, ascent from the abstract to the concrete, unity of the historical and logical approach - all this is a wealth of methods based on the laws of reflection of reality in the human mind.

Their improvement in accordance with the features and objectives of the development of modern tourism remains 1.6. The value of scientific disciplines in methodological research in tourism Philosophy. Of great importance for the scientific study of tourism is philosophy, which, summarizing the achievements of various sciences and human practices, has developed its own method of cognition - dialectics. This method differs from the methods of studying specific sciences in that it provides the key to understanding all areas of nature without exception.

Philosophy directs specialists to the study of objective processes, patterns in their continuous development. Acting as a dialectical logic, philosophy forms the laws and categories of thinking as a reflection of the essential connections and processes of the real world, determines the logical structure of the thought process in solving the theoretical and practical problems of tourism.

Philosophy allows specialists to understand the general laws of the development of nature. The laws of dialectics as applied to the study of tourism underlie the methods of cognition of social phenomena in tourism.

The methodological function of philosophy in tourism is to consider certain system principles and rules of cognitive activity of people.

Story. For the study of tourism activities great importance has a history, the understanding of which opens the way to the study of tourism as a social phenomenon generated by socio-economic relations based on private property. The historical approach to the study of tourism activity allows us to find out the role of individuals in the development of tourism, the interaction of material and spiritual forces, objective and subjective factors in tourism, and thereby substantiate the ways of practical activities of specialists to improve the economic component of both a separate tourist enterprise and the tourism industry as a whole. .

Pedagogy. The place and role of pedagogy in tourism is due to the fact that tourism activity, which is based on hiking, travel and recreation, sightseeing, is a specially organized activity based on special knowledge and skills.

The teacher should not only give knowledge about tourism, but also form the need for it.

Pedagogical methods in tourism are different characteristic features. For example, a guide influences tourists with a word or a show, observing the results of his influence. In tourism activities, one can use a linear comparison, when the same troupe of tourists is compared with itself in different time intervals, or a parallel comparison, when two operating groups are compared. Of the other methods, a survey (questionnaire) and a demonstration of skill are most often used.

Sociology. Methodological basis sociology is the assertion that the driving force behind the development of society is its desire to achieve the goal. Sociology studies tourism from the point of view of a social phenomenon, as a type of socio-cultural activity, its role in the formation of healthy and active people.

According to the depth of analysis of problems and the complexity of the tasks to be solved, sociological research can be divided into:

for intelligence, when, using the example of small groups, simple research tasks are solved using simplified programs and tools (using questionnaires, interview forms, observation);

descriptive - obtaining a holistic description of the process under study, when research requires significant resource costs;

analytical, when the study of a certain process reveals its structural components and factors, condition, scale and other characteristics.

Informatics. Informatics as a specific field of activity in the tourism system includes such research methods as: registration and study of tourist procedures; classification, typification and standardization of tourism processes in various countries; creation and introduction into practice of information blizzards and technologies; systematization of information codes; creation of information technologies in the design and provision of tourist and health services using television, radio, satellite, cellular and mobile communications; computer modelling individual components tourism systems; creation of coordinates for the database of all tourism objects.

Domestic and foreign scientists have formulated a number of laws of informatics: the preservation of information; information balance; constant change of information; information unity; symmetrization and desymmetrization of information processes and technologies in micro- and macro-worlds, etc. For example, the law of conservation of information is an integral part of the life of tourist structures that have varying degrees activity.

The most active are international tour operators, state and regional tourism organizations, educational and research institutions that train specialists in this field of activity. Their information competence extends to all lower levels: travel agencies, tourist enterprises, hotel and restaurant complexes, insurance companies, companies involved in the transportation of tourists, health centers, passport, visa and customs structures, security services, consumers of services.

Systematology. Systematology as a science of management covers tourism activities, in which important problems are: the study of control and managed systems;

study of forms and methods of control actions; theoretical analysis of the management process itself; study of the organization of managerial work.

Tasks solved in this field of activity include: development of theoretical problems and practical issues of management; help for practitioners theoretical basis find ways and means of successfully solving management problems; development of recommendations for improving the management system; study and development of ways for the integrated application of forms and methods of influencing personnel.

Management functions in tourism are classified: according to the regulation of their norms - legal and moral; content - political, economic, social, cultural (tourism is the spiritual and moral health of the people);

territorial criterion - federal, regional, local;

validity period - termless and urgent; the position of participants in the management system - relations of subordination (vertical) and coordination (horizontal);

distribution sphere - internal, developing within a given control system, and external, developing between different control systems. In tourism practice, corporate governance models are used: Anglo-American, German, Japanese, entrepreneurial, typical for countries with economies in transition. Each of these functions is distinguished by the following features: social value system, the role of labor collectives, methods of financing, information asymmetry, investment, cost of capital, basic economic unit, type of innovation, management compensation, share capital structure.

Metrology. Metrology is the science of measurements, methods for achieving their unity and accuracy.

Measurements, the results of which are expressed in legal units, and the errors are known with a given probability, are called the unity of measurements. The unity of measurements is necessary in order to be able to compare the results of measurements performed in different places, at different times, using different methods and measuring instruments.

Metrology is of greater importance in improving the production efficiency, technical level and product quality for the tourism industry.

To systematically ensure and improve the quality of the tourist product and services, it is necessary to carry out control at all stages of the production cycle.

In order for a product or service to meet customer needs, it must be designed and developed to a standard. In this important matter, it is necessary to select professionals or train staff.

Qualimetry. Qualimetry is a branch of science that combines quantitative methods for assessing the quality of a tourist product and services, contributes to the choice of methods for determining quality indicators and their optimization. Having the means and methods for measuring and evaluating, qualimetry helps to study the general theoretical problems of tourism (general qualimetry), construct a model and an algorithm for evaluating the formation of a tourism product (special qualimetry), and form the pricing of a tourism product (subject qualimetry).

With the help of qualimetry in tourism activities, one can get an idea of ​​the theory of quantitative assessment methods, evaluate the quality of services as a product of staff labor, which is a comprehensive indicator of quality, identify the number of immeasurable services, and apply non-economic assessment methods.

Qualimetry allows you to determine the quality of a tourism product in its interaction with consumer value (economic status), the focus of a tourism product on a comprehensive assessment of economic and technical properties and processes (technical and economic status), methodological and general scientific functions of the quality category of a tourism product (general scientific status), socio- cultural value of the tourist product in socio-economic relations (systematic status).

A quantitative assessment of the quality of a tourist product is necessary for making informed decisions at all stages of its development. life cycle: from marketing research to the decision to withdraw from production. Quality qualimetry allows you to determine competitiveness, establish the relationship between quality and price, analyze the quality of production processes, determine ways to improve the tourist product and reduce costs. Statistics. Tourism is the object of statistical research.

Statistical research in tourism is a scientifically organized process of obtaining primary statistical information or systematic collection of data on the studied phenomena of social life.

Statistical reporting in tourism ensures the use of state statistics data and is necessary for making informed management decisions by interested users, comparability of indicators in accordance with domestic and international statistical methodology.

The classification of statistics in tourism is a means of summarizing statistical information, the basis statistical analysis and the use of systems of indicators, necessary for the formation of groups of units of the studied population according to certain characteristics, allows: to single out socio-economic types, classes, groups of phenomena; study the internal structure of the studied population; establish connections between features of phenomena. For example, the classification of the socio-economic characteristics of visitors includes the behavior of tourists, their needs and expenses depending on age, education, income, social status.

The typification of tourist accommodation facilities reflects such concepts as types, groups, subgroups. The types include collective and individual accommodation facilities; groups - specialized and individual accommodation facilities; to subgroups - hotels, motels, boarding houses, sanatoriums, dispensaries, rest houses, apartments, komrats and cottages.

Tourism statistics are used, for example, in those cases when it is necessary to determine such a parameter as inbound consumption by tourists (services for accommodation, food and drinks, services of travel agencies and tour operators, services of tourist guides, services of cultural enterprises, organization of recreation and entertainment). Other specific areas characteristic of a particular region, travel company, hotel complex, tour operator are also being investigated.

Logistics. The management process in the provision of tourist activities proceeds in compliance with the rules of logistics. For example, providing inventory, equipment, food and accommodation for tourists, as well as transporting them to facilities, selling air tickets, insurance, issuing an international voucher, booking hotel rooms and other activities are carried out taking into account the principles and methods of logistics, which is a logistics system.

The logistics system in the tourism industry is a rather complex organizationally completed economic system, consisting of elements interconnected in a single management process, the elements of links, the totality of which, the boundaries and tasks of functioning are united by internal and external goals. In practice, logistics (open) and command-administrative (closed) systems have developed and are functioning, enriched by economic practice.

In tourism activities, modeling of logistics systems is used. Specialists have developed general Models for the structure of functions and relationships, which are usually called modules.

In tourism, when interacting with the production and marketing of a tourist product, a software-functional module is used, which includes: operational analysis of the demand environment; development and implementation of options for a model of operational planning and organization of tourist transportation while optimizing the choice of a vehicle; organization and management of the functioning of the reception and departure of tourists; organization of accounting and analysis of the state of safety of tourists; operational planning and management of the supply and loading of vehicles for the reception and departure of tourists.

1.7. Basic principles of tourism methodology The task of methodological research of tourism activity is to show ways of studying economic, social, cultural and other problems, to determine and evaluate the methods and principles of knowledge, to avoid erroneous conclusions, false theoretical concepts.

The main principles of tourism methodology are objective and. subjectivity of tourist activity.

Tourism as a socio-economic phenomenon interacts with objective and subjective conditions, external and internal factors.

The objectivity of tourism activity is connected with the fact that:

to give a theoretical justification for the effective conduct of the tourist business in the market;

Develop theoretical concepts that correspond to the socio-economic guidelines of the state and the level of scientific and technological progress;

identify ways to improve the management of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism;

to find effective ways of further development of types and forms of tourism in the regions of Russia.

For example, in the study of the causes and essence of the emergence of new types of tourism, their development, specialists should proceed from an analysis of the material basis of socio-economic development, which determines all aspects of tourism activities. This basis is the development of productive forces and production relations. Economic efficiency directs managers to find out the real facts, obliges them to adhere to an objective analysis of certain aspects of tourism activities, and testing theoretical provisions in practice gives them confidence in the correctness of the decisions made.

The study uses certain methods of other sciences associated with tourism, especially economic, social and medical.

Tourism includes a wide range of phenomena that are complex in nature and structure, having socio-political, economic and technical aspects, their quantitative and qualitative characteristics.

In tourism, methods of related sciences are used to some extent. For example, managers and marketers study and master the methods of the sciences that interact with tourism, such as strategic business management, licensing, standardization, certification, finance and credit, and accounting. Competence in these and other areas of knowledge requires continuous improvement vocational training, expanding horizons, developing general scientific erudition.

The study of modern tourism is impossible without the skillful use of the achievements of computer science, telecommunications, mathematics, computer technology and the methods used in them.

Knowledge as a result of scientific knowledge of certain types of tourism is an objective reality. For example, outside the consciousness of a person there are such social phenomena and specific situations that are reflected in his brain in the form of certain mental images. The correspondence of the image to the reality reflected in it characterizes the degree of objectivity of its content. For example, a cruise on a comfortable sea liner around Europe as an image reproduces the most common features, character traits real, its patterns, objectively existing in reality. Knowledge about the actual conditions of a cruise can only be formed during a sea voyage.

Knowledge that exists in the mind in the form of an ideal reflection is subjective.

The correspondence of the image to the objective reality reflected in it, for example, in rafting (an extreme form of tourism), is relative. Its completeness, accuracy, adequacy may be different, depending on the mountain river, season, complexity and risk to life.

Here the corresponding image appears: in the subject - the personality of the tourist, in the object - rafting as an extreme type of tourism.

Subjectivity in tourism activity is characterized by the fact that a person creates images that reflect the existing and future reality: hotel accommodation and quality service, acquaintance with interesting people or handicrafts of the region.

The specialist of a tourist enterprise in his research can be ahead of reality, which is the basis for the creation of a forecast. If research were not capable of being ahead of reality, the specialist would not be able to transform it in accordance with his needs.

The subjectivity of the image obtained in the process of research is the cause of a possible distortion, one-sided, subjectivistic reflection of reality. Erroneous knowledge, if it is not a deliberate lie, is a reflection of the subjective image of objective reality. In this case, the content of the image is an exaggeration, absolutization or, on the contrary, an underestimation of any one of the aspects of reality. For example, underestimating the importance of space tourism compared to conventional tourism may delay the creation of vehicles to deliver tourists to Earth's orbit, medical research on human adaptation to weightlessness.

A typical mistake in the analysis of the service market is a distorted idea of ​​the capabilities of competitors. Subjectivism in this field of activity, as practice shows, often manifests itself and adversely affects the profitability of the tourism enterprise.

1.8. Competitive bidding methodology Competitive bidding methodology as a set of methods and techniques, technologies and mechanisms is aimed at solving certain problems, for example, conducting, coordinating open or closed tenders for the construction of tourist facilities, promoting tourism products and services, organizing work on arranging places of residence, providing tourists food, beverages, related products and services.

Competitive bidding (tenders) contribute to the solution of socio-economic problems, i.e.

the budget funds of the tourist enterprise must be implemented so that the work, goods, services are of high quality at lower costs. The released material resources can, for example, be used for the social needs of the staff. Competitive bidding reflects the objective laws of social, economic and other relations, is based on the appropriate methodology, experiment and practice, i.e. they have an objective justification.

The methods used in the process of competitive bidding include economic and mathematical methods of analysis; methods of collection and economic analysis of materials, system analysis and synthesis, forecasting, scientific foresight; methods for the effectiveness of theoretical generalization and conclusions in conditions close to real, decision-making on the use of the results obtained; factor analysis; systemic, informative, team, collaborative, cultural, creative, organizational change, normative and descriptive approaches; comparison methods, modeling; expert assessments and experiment;

methods psychological impact, error warnings, rewards.

1.9. Theoretical and Empirical Research Methods in Tourism The process of developing knowledge about tourism is determined by the variety of connections, the constant renewal of the tourist product, the improvement of personnel activities, and changes in socio-economic relations in the country and the world.

In tourism, the following main areas of scientific research can be distinguished:

theoretical, empirical and practical.

Theoretical research. Theoretical research is aimed at discovering something new in the phenomenon under study, establishing its properties and trends that have not yet been reflected in the theory and practice of tourism. Its purpose is to reveal the patterns of development of tourism, its individual forms and types. On this basis, it is possible to determine, for example, the demand for services in the market, the direction of training specialists in the field of tourism.

In theoretical studies, the essence of the processes, the laws underlying them, new directions in the development of individual segments of tourism are revealed.

Based theoretical research there is an improvement in the methods of management of tourist enterprises and the training of highly professional personnel.

The results of theoretical research serve as the basis for the development of regulatory documents, targeted programs, and company charters, which reflect in a concentrated form the experience of tourism activities in certain market segments and the forecast of their future development. Consequently, new requirements are being formulated for the training of specialists, the design of new tourist programs, and the principles of sustainable functioning in the service market.

Theoretical research is the logical basis scientific analysis specific processes, assessment of their resources, the capabilities of competitors, making sound practical decisions, enterprise management.

empirical research. Empirical research has as its purpose the accumulation of new factual material, its explanation and generalization within the framework of the existing theory of tourism.

It is known that tourism is developing dynamically, therefore, empirical studies occupy a large place in the activities of scientists and specialists. The richer and more diverse the practice and the possibilities of experimentation, the faster the science of tourism can accumulate the necessary amount of facts, which are the empirical basis for the improvement and development of tourism theory.

Empirical research is carried out directly in the course of activity. In practice, they are aimed at obtaining objective knowledge about the situation in the tourism services market and determining on this basis the most effective ways use of available resources in order to retain their segment, market, identify their rivals in the competitive struggle, achieve an economic effect, i.e. arrived.

clarification of tasks;

assessment of the market situation;

decision making by the manager;

setting tasks for the staff by the manager.

All elements, despite their logical unity and purposefulness, differ among themselves in the content and sequence of studying the main issues, the methods of work of the leader and the team.

Clarification of the task by the manager is a correct understanding of the role and place of his enterprise in the service market, the nature of the actions of competitors in the process of implementing the tour product, the availability of available resources, the correct choice of ways to achieve the goal.

The nature of the assessment of the market, the content of the decision being made, largely depends on the accuracy of understanding the problem.

Market assessment consists in studying the objective conditions for future activities that are favorable or, on the contrary, negatively affect the fulfillment of the tasks set.

The objects of market assessment are: competitors, their weak and strong capabilities, local (geographical) conditions where the tourist product will be sold, the seasonality factor, etc.

The directions of activity, the economic state of the industry, the presence of potential consumers, the socio-political state of the country and the region in which the tourist enterprise operates, the attitude of the population to participation in tourist events are taken into account.

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The main directions of scientific research in tourism. In each of the directions of R&D in tourism, specific research methods are used that are inherent in solving certain specific problems, which are determined by the demands of practice, the state of the issue being addressed, and the accumulated experience of scientific research in this field of knowledge. An in-depth study of tourism as a phenomenon requires the joint efforts of scientists from different fields of knowledge: historians, sociologists, teachers, physiologists, physicians, and psychologists.

So, in the basis of conducting scientific work on tourism issues there are five main areas.

First direction- tourism as an important factor in promoting health - suggests scientific rationale tourism activities from the position of a health-improving orientation. Through the biomedical sciences (physiology, biochemistry, hygiene, medicine), in this case, the mechanism of the beneficial effect of natural applied exercises, characteristic of tourism, on the health status of people of different ages is explained. In this case, the features of the use for recreational purposes should be taken into account. different types tourism, as well as the impact on the human body of the complexity and duration of routes. Based on the results of research in this direction, specific recommendations are being developed aimed at increasing the efficiency and improving the functional state of a person.

The nature of research in tourism in the first direction is experimental. Data for analysis is mainly obtained through periodic medical and pedagogical monitoring of the state of those involved in tourism. The criteria for assessing the physical state of the body are indicators of physical development (somatoscopic and somatometric), as well as data on changes in physical fitness. Particular attention should be paid to functional diagnostics (blood pressure, performance, BMD). Using data on changes in physical development, physical fitness and functional state, it is possible to give a more or less objective assessment of morphological and functional changes occurring in the body under the influence of tourism.

Second direction- ideological and educational functions of tourism. The purpose of research in this direction is to identify the possibilities of solving many educational problems by means of tourism. A significant part of research in the second direction should provide a substantiation of effective forms and methods of educating the younger generation on the basis of the heroic traditions of the formation and development of the state. It is also important here that the participants of the campaigns deepen their knowledge of natural history and local history, which should also become the object of research as a factor contributing to patriotic education.

Considering the rich possibilities of tourism in educating people, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the sequence and complexity of solving certain educational tasks in the conditions of hiking, so that their combination is the most optimal, encourages students to expand their cognitive interest in surrounding phenomena and objects. In this case, we need scientifically based options for optimizing many educational activities in the conditions of trips, taking into account the age of their participants.

third direction- scientific, methodological and organizational foundations of youth tourism. Research here should reveal the most optimal dosages of loads in the training process and hikes, characteristic of childhood and adolescence. It is necessary to determine an effective methodology for teaching certain methods in tourism, i.e., science must give reasonable recommendations to the practice on teaching the technique and tactics of tourism. Since children and youth need versatile general physical training, it is necessary to determine the possibilities of combining tourism with other means. Soviet system physical education.

A number of studies in the third direction should reveal the patterns of formation of vital skills and abilities, as well as the development of motor qualities in the younger generation, using targeted tourism activities.

The effectiveness of mass tourist work largely depends on the organizational forms used, which must correspond to the tasks set, take into account age features involved, as well as available conditions. The search for precisely such forms, characteristic of childhood and adolescence, should be in the field of view of researchers.

The main scientific methods in the third direction are pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations.

Fourth direction- scientific support for the training of highly qualified tourists - is associated with the rationale for the methods of training sessions for tourism. Modern sports tourism includes the organization and conduct of complex categorical trips, when a person may find himself in extreme conditions. In this regard, scientific research is being carried out to substantiate the methods of training those involved in sports tourism, taking into account the possibility of taking measures for optimal life support in extreme conditions and avoiding injuries, i.e., safety measures. Scientific research here is of great practical importance in connection with the need to develop new regions of the country.

As in the third direction, a pedagogical experiment and pedagogical observations should be used here. Particular difficulties in research are associated with the need to collect a maximum of various information about the state of the body and human behavior in difficult field conditions, close to extreme.

Fifth direction - scientific foundations organization and management of mass tourism work. Considering that the importance of tourism in modern society is increasing, a scientifically based structure of its organization and management is needed. Complicating the solution of this problem is the fact that mass tourism work with the population must be carried out by many state and public organizations. Therefore, reasonable coordination actions between them and a clear distribution of functional responsibilities are necessary. Through scientific research, the most appropriate organizational structure for the development of tourism, as well as the forms and methods of mass tourism work, are determined. Improving tourism work is also impossible without the appropriate professional and public personnel. The need for them, the structure and content of their professional training are determined by scientific research. The need to solve the problem of purposeful development of the material and technical base of tourism makes us approach the justification of the needs for its further improvement from a scientific point of view, taking into account many interrelated qualitative and quantitative features.

In this regard, research in the fifth direction should be based on a systematic analysis of the structure and content of mass tourism work carried out by various organizations. Processing of the obtained results must be carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. In addition, here it is necessary to use the methods of normalization and programming, grouping, comparisons and comparison of data, as well as generalization of the results obtained.

In general, it should be noted that the further development of tourism in the country is possible only with fundamental scientific research covering all its main aspects in social, pedagogical and economic terms.

Tourism in the system of scientific knowledge. The importance of studying tourism activities is determined by the growing importance of tourism in various spaces of public life. In the economic sphere, being a profitable type of business, tourism contributes to the optimization of economic processes: an increase in foreign exchange earnings and income, the development of transport, communications, food, construction enterprises, and the creation of jobs.

The sociocultural significance of tourism is revealed in the preservation of cultural heritage and the transmission of historical values, the revival of the Russian sociocultural space, the development of effective practices for using free time, in the construction and procedural support of identification practices, in maintaining people's health. Tourism contributes to raising the educational level and cultural potential of a country, region, city or a particular place. In the sociopolitical sphere, it helps to stabilize interethnic and international relationships, contributes to the emergence of mutual interest, tolerance and respect between people of different nationalities.

The phenomenon of tourism has been recognized for a long time. However, tourism as a science is a fairly new phenomenon. The process of formation of tourism science began only 8–10 years ago. Tourism science, which is undergoing its formation, does not yet have a well-formed scientific apparatus and relies on a wide range of industry knowledge. In our country, for the first time, economic science has shown scientific interest in tourism. The first publication dates back to 1965. An article by V.M. Krivosheev "Economics of tourism". Then the major works of P.G. Oldaka, V.I. Azara, V.S. Preobrazhensky, I.V. Zorina, Yu.A. Vedenina, V.A. Kvartalnov and other scientists.

V.S. Preobrazhensky, I.V. Zorin, Yu.A. Vedenin's work "Geographical aspects of designing new types of recreational systems" "connect" the science of the earth to the problems of tourism. After some time, geographers took a strong leading position in the study of the patterns of the tourism industry: V.S. Preobrazhensky, B.N. Likhanov, Yu.A. Vedenin, N.A. Stupina, I.V. Zorin and other scientists of the IGAN of the USSR put forward and investigated a hypothesis about the recreational system.

In recent years, new directions have been identified in tourism science. Especially important is the experience of synthesizing tourism as a systemic science that has its own object of study - the tourism industry, the subject of study - recreation and the subject of study - the tourist.

Not so long ago, special branch tourism disciplines began to appear almost spontaneously - tourism economics, recreational geography, tourism ecology, biosphere and tourism, tourism pedagogy and psychology, tourism management, tourism safety, Information Technology in tourism, recreationology, phenomenology of tourism, etc. The authors, relying on numerous works of their predecessors, tried to determine the links between tourism and the most important sciences and identify the main areas of tourism theory and practice that arose on the basis of such links:

§ tourism and geography, on the basis of the interaction of which the geography of tourism, recreational geography, tourist regional studies, tourist regional studies, and regional tourism were formed; it should also be said that tourism is one of the most geographical industries;

§ tourism and economy, on the basis of which a new direction arose - the economics of tourism; the links between tourism and the economy, due to the most frequent interpretation of tourism as an economic phenomenon, are considered the closest;

§ tourism and philosophy, interacting with each other, led to the emergence of such areas as the philosophy of tourism, the phenomenology of tourism and travel, the philosophy of hospitality, etc.;

§ tourism and sociology give rise to the emergence of a number of areas and phenomena - the sociology of tourism, social tourism, the social nature and significance of tourism; proceeding from the fact that the main thing in tourism is the consumer, the importance of sociological knowledge increases;

§ tourism and informatics, engineering, technology, relationships of this kind form the most important scientific and practical areas - information technologies in tourism, equipment and technology of tourism;

§ tourism and ecology, at the junction of which several scientific areas are being formed, the most important of which are tourism environmental management, tourism ecology, ecological tourism, environmental safety in tourism, etc.;

§ tourism and law- tourism, like any other service industry, requires special legal regulation; in the second half of the last century, a whole direction of tourism theory and practice was formed - tourism law;

§ tourism and psychology, since the psychology of tourist consumption and the psychology of the tourist offer largely determine the nature and direction of development of the entire tourism business; the psychology of tourism is the most promising scientific and applied direction, which has received an impetus for development only in recent years;

§ tourism and medicine, relations of this kind have recently acquired their significance, since much attention is paid to medical issues in tourism practice; medicine, in one form or another, is represented in tourism law, travel insurance, tourism formalities, tourism security; developed as a separate direction and medical support for tourism.

In the most simplified version, there are four points of view on tourism as a phenomenon of the modern world.

1. Tourism as a branch of the economy— the totality of all production units that predominantly carry out the same or similar type of production activity.

2. Tourism as an intersectoral complex or market where the tour operator dominates, which forms the tourist product from the products of various industries.

3. Tourism as an independent type of economic activity, that is, tourist service activities. Tour operator, travel agency, as well as other travel organization activities.

4. Tourism as a leisure activity- the point of view of the tourists themselves. It is based on the fact of the existence, along with commercial tourism, of social tourism, aimed at recreation accessible to all segments of the country's population.

T.I. Chernyaeva, without denying the multiplicity of manifestations of tourist activity, believes that the phenomenon of tourism should be determined using economic, technical and psychological approaches. Economic approach involves the analysis of tourism as a system of economic activities, as an industry. In economic terms, it is important to examine the problems associated with accommodation and supporting services: supply and demand, costs and incomes, employment.

Technical Approach based on the definition of tourism , used by the British Tourist Authority to collect statistics: " Tourist travel- this is a stay for one or more days away from home for the purpose of spending weekends or holidays, visiting relatives and friends, participating in business conferences and for other purposes, excluding training in closed educational institutions and seasonal earnings.

Psychological perspective focuses primarily on recreational travel, and especially on the initial motivation: relaxation, discovery and pleasure. From this perspective, recreational tourism can be defined as the ways and means by which people receive psychological benefits. They are derived from visiting new places and learning new situations, from freedom from work and the daily routine of life, from the possibility of acquiring new behavioral, social and cultural experiences.

A. Matheson and J. Wall propose to single out three basic components of tourism:

§ dynamic, including movement to the place or places of destination;

§ static involving a stopover, parking or residence;

§ resulting, which is a combination of the first two and reflects the results of direct or indirect involvement of the subjects of tourist activity in economic, physical, socio-cultural subsystems.

Thus, tourism, according to T.I. Chernyaeva, is considered as a complex phenomenon, including a variety of variables and relationships that arise within the tourism process, travel, including initial preparations, the way to the place of destination and back, parking and recovery after returning.

Such a multiplicity of manifestations of tourism as an economic and socio-cultural phenomenon of our time predetermined widespread attention to the study of its problems by representatives of a number of sciences. In this regard, there was a need to form a new systemic science of tourism, tourism activities and the tourism industry, called tourism.

Tourism as a complex science of tourism. Tourism is an area of ​​interest for many sciences and disciplines: history, philosophy, geography, sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, ecology, recreationology, cultural studies. Each of them studies tourism in its own way, but none in general, although nowadays a holistic view of tourism is needed, in which all aspects of its study would be synthesized.

All-Russian conference "Professional qualification structure and educational standards in the field of recreation and tourism”, which took place on March 23–25, 1997 in the village of Rakovo, Moscow Region, recommended that tourism specialists be trained on the basis of tourism.

As an independent science (discipline) tourism is recognized in a number of countries around the world. So, in Bulgaria, Poland and Slovakia, a number of authors (M. Bochvarov, P. Mariott, E. Andrzeevsky) define tourism as a science that studies the theory and practice of tourism. Jafar Jafari proposed to call tourism the science of the history of scientific views on tourism. Tourism in the most general sense deals with the study of tourism and travel.

The tourism hypothesis was first formulated in 1998 by V.A. Kvartalnov, I.V. Zorin and V.S. Preobrazhensky.

tourism- a science that synthesizes data from various scientific disciplines that study tourism, and is engaged in the formation and development of a holistic concept of tourism. Tourism as a science requires:

§ a single integrated approach to it as a subject of scientific knowledge;

§ systematization of existing scientific approaches to the analysis of tourism development;

§ a clear definition of the subject, subject and object of study;

§ defining the scope of current scientific issues;

§ combining its individual components into an overall picture;

§ summarizing the accumulated knowledge and methods of studying tourism;

§ studying the system of interdisciplinary connections through the analysis of such sciences as anthropology, ecology, economics, recreationology.

At present, tourism is an integral system of modern fundamental and applied sciences about tourism, tourism activities, tourism economy, tourism management and tourism legislation. Modern tourism is the relationship of four components of the expedient development of tourism in modern socio-economic parameters:

§ tourism as a national phenomenon in the sphere of implementation of diverse human rights and needs (rights to health, recreation, movement);

§ tourist activity as a technology for meeting needs and demand (tourist industry, forms of organization, travel informatics, personnel training);

§ tourism economy as a special sector of the modern national and regional economy (tourist market, entrepreneurship, business, product);

§ tourism policy as an integral part of the social and economic policy of the state, its subjects and regions, aimed at regulating tourism and tourism activities.

tourism can also be defined as a system of applied sciences about tourism and tourist services for citizens. These sciences cover two levels of tourism: an industry and a tourism business entity - a tourism company. Tourism at the industry level as a whole includes three elements of tourism: organization, management and economics.

V.A. Kvartalnov offers an epistemological model of tourism (Fig. 1.3.), Consisting of three interrelated subsystems:

1. The subject of tourism is a tourist that satisfies its recreational needs and is characterized by a special system of properties and states (physiological, psychological, environmental, economic, social, etc.), knowledge of which is mandatory for a tourism specialist.

2. The object of tourism is the tourism industry. Tourist centers and areas, including a complex of natural and cultural-historical conditions, as well as service enterprises used by tourists at the place of rest and during transportation.

3. The subject of tourism is a tourist product.Specially organized by the tour operator program of recreational activities and services, implemented in the tourist market as an independent product.

Rice. 1.3. Gnoseological model of tourism

Each of the elements of the epistemological model of tourism enters into relations with its other elements. So, for example, a tourist has a system of recreational needs that a tour operator must take into account when producing a tourist product (tourist→tour product relationship). On the other hand, the tourist manifests itself in relations with the tourism industry by the nature of their recreational activities and as a consumer of services at the place of their production (the “tourist → tourism industry” relationship).

The tourism industry is characterized by relations with the tourist as a consumer of tourist services (the “tourism industry → tourist” relationship) and with the tourism product as a service production technology (the “tourism industry → tourism product” relationship). The tourism product provides for the relationship of choosing exclusive producers of tourism services (relationship "tourist product→tourism industry") in order to optimize the tourism program and its animation in relations with the tourist (relationship "tourist product→tourist").

Continuing this thesis, Yu.A. Khudenkikh wrote that the tourism sector can be represented as a system of interaction between three main subjects: tourists, tourist enterprises and tourist territories (the interests of the population and local authorities). When subjects interact with each other, a number of internal contradictions arise:

§ between the needs of tourists and the possibilities of their implementation (“tourist – tourist enterprise”);

§ between tourists and local communities in connection with a change in the traditional way of life of the population (“tourist – territory”);

§ between the tourism business and local communities in connection with the use of the resources of the territory (“tourist enterprise - territory”);

§ between tourism enterprises in the form of competition within the tourism industry (“enterprise-enterprise”);

§ between individual groups of local communities expressing different socio-economic interests (“territory - territory”).

According to V.A. Quarterly, the formation of skills, knowledge and specific experience for such a multifaceted industry as tourism should be based on the basic and proven by pedagogical and tourist practice standards of professional tourism education, a system of concepts, models and ideas that form a single concept - "tourism".

In his opinion, tourism as a science includes: the economics and sociology of tourism; tourism management (legal, personnel, financial, economic, environmental and technological); tourist resource science; regional policy; theory and practice of tourism activities; tourism industry and tourism infrastructure; tourist monitoring and information technologies of tourism.

Tourism has seven main tourism concepts- points of view on the essence and content of tourism activities.

1. The concept of management: tourism is carried out, as a rule, by tourist organizations along tourist routes. There are numerous types and forms of tourism: domestic, international, amateur, organized, near, far, educational, water, mountain, automobile, pedestrian, sports, etc. (official WTO terminology).

2. The concept that develops the economic constant “tourist”: temporary departures (travels) of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons (hereinafter referred to as citizens) from their permanent place of residence for recreational, educational, professional, business, sports, religious and other purposes without engaging in paid activities in the country (place) of temporary residence (from the Federal Law "On the Basics of Tourist Activities in the Russian Federation").

3. Migration aspect: temporary departure of people from their permanent place of residence for vacation, health, educational or professional business purposes without engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary residence.

4. Activities of persons who travel and stay in places outside their usual environment for a period not exceeding one year for leisure, business and other purposes.

5. Activity approach: travel, hiking, sports or recreational activities and other forms of recreation.

6. Market interpretation of the concept: "Tourism as a process consists of demand (tourist), supply (tourist industry) and the tourist product, which is aimed at the interest of the tourist."

7. Industrial approach: “Man has been traveling since time immemorial, while tourism, a socio-economic phenomenon, is more associated with the industrial period of human life and differs from travel both qualitatively and quantitatively; travel is only an element of tourism and often not the most important.

Alternative sciences of tourism. In a number of works, the existence of a complex science of tourism is generally denied, and the thesis is convincingly proved that the selection of a specific science of tourism is not possible, and there is no need for it. The authors of this paper adhere to this point of view.

The allocation of a specialized science of tourism, and even more so the long-term disputes about the name of such a scientific direction, are partly devoid of rationality and meaning. So, when determining the main object of scientific research in tourism, tourism studies and other areas, all authors clearly point to tourism and tourism activities. However, it should be noted that tourism is inherently not scientific, does not have a well-formed scientific and methodological apparatus. It cannot be described as a scientific phenomenon, it cannot be modeled, described by a system of certain postulates, laws and principles.

Nevertheless, discussions on the need to form a new science of tourism continue and will continue. This is also confirmed by the fact that more than a dozen names of the future science of tourism have recently been proposed - tourism studies, tourism studies, tourism surveys, turography, tourismography, tourism, touropedia, turology, etc. Moreover, many names are far from scientific and sometimes even absurd (for example, touropaedia and tourismometry). Most developed and commonly used in scientific literature- tourism and tourism studies.

tourism science, represented today by the conceptual vision of tourism, is marked in its genesis by two main stages. The first is in a highly specialized, methodical form, the second is in a broad social form. But since tourism, which is the object of tourism studies, is extremely complex, complex in its essence, then tourism studies should be a multifaceted science. At the same time, as a system that is multidimensional and multidimensional, where you can meet recreational, environmental, technical and economic, economic, financial, legal, informational, sociological, educational, psychological and other subsystems, the languages ​​\u200b\u200band corresponding to them and, in general, sciences should be used. , contributing to the disclosure of the nature and essence of these subsystems. But since they are not used on their own, but in the context of improving opportunities and tourism research, they receive a certain kind of concretization of their knowledge in the tourism research system.

The term "tourism science" was first proposed and actively developed by Ukrainian scientists. In particular, back in 1980 a book by N.P. Krachilo "Fundamentals of Tourism Studies". Some domestic experts also support this version of the science of tourism (for example, P.A. Okishev, who published in 2005 tutorial"Fundamentals of tourism studies").

Formation and development turography and turopedia how the new systemic sciences of tourism are associated with the St. Petersburg scientific school. In particular, active developments in the field of tourism theory and practice are being carried out by scientists from the Baltic Institute of Tourism and Entrepreneurship. If the first direction sounds relatively euphonious, then the second, according to the authors, should be considered somewhat absurd. But in science, all points of view are welcome, and we do not deviate from this principle in our work. One of the big scientific schools in the field of theory and practice of tourism has developed in Kazakhstan. The bulk of educational and scientific works of Kazakh scientists is positioned in the context of the development of theoretical and applied foundations tourismology. The existence of tourism studies can also be considered justified, since many specialists from Russia, Belarus, and a number of European countries often use this designation of the science of tourism in their research.

Serious research on the content of the sciences of tourism has been carried out for many years by Ukrainian specialists. Proposing to use the term “tourismology” as a designation for the science of tourism and tourist activity, they define the essence of other alternative tourism sciences. tourism science is defined as the most general, abstract science with its own system of equal objects of study. According to scientists, tourism science is considered a science that systematizes the study of the three main manifestations of the phenomenon of "tourism" - theoretical aspect, practical activities, history of formation and development.

Tourismography or turography, as the very etymology of these words explains, implies a certain set of written information about tourism, as well as a system of various inventories, reference books, textbooks and monographs, dictionaries, etc. This can also include various kinds of popular literature, for example, guidebooks that give an idea about tourist travel, trips, sights and infrastructure of tourist destinations.

The specificity of the object and methods of research differs and tourismometry. Here, the possibilities of mathematical measurement and description of the main manifestations of tourism activity come to the fore. It is not difficult to assume that the basis of tourism metrics is the apparatus of multivariate statistics. Therefore, its main task is to describe the main trends and manifestations of tourism activities, as well as the economic and social efficiency of tourism using mathematical modeling and statistical methods. At the same time, the importance of this direction, which is defined as a section of the complex science of tourism, is emphasized.

tourism, as a science of tourism, according to Ukrainian scientists, claims to be independent and has the right to exist, as it successfully reflects the autonomy of tourist knowledge. Nevertheless, the term "tourism studies" according to Kyiv experts is much more harmonious and meaningful than the term "tourism". The concept of " tourismology”, as the authors point out, most fully reflects the tasks of tourism science in present stage its formation and development, and also reflects the essence of tourism as an object of scientific research.

The structure of tourism knowledge is also proposed. In particular, several important sections of tourismology are identified: the theory of tourism activities; pedagogy and ethics of tourism; tourism management and marketing. All these sections serve as a kind of basis for the practice of tourism activities. In recent works, it is proposed to include a number of private scientific areas in the system of tourismology: the history of tourism, the economics of tourism, recreationology, the psychology and pedagogy of tourism, the legal support of tourism, etc.

test questions

1. What are the reasons for the existing variety of definitions of the concept of "tourism"?

2. Of all the definitions of tourism, choose, in your opinion, the most successful one. Try to justify your choice.

3. What is the essence of a systematic approach to the definition of tourism?

4. What criteria are included in the definition of tourism given in the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism in the Russian Federation"?

5. List the main characteristics and criteria of tourism.

6. What is the difference between tourism and excursion activities?

7. Based on ideas about the criteria for the concept of "tourism", determine in which of the following cases in question about tourists, and which ones do not:

§ Professor Averyanov from St. Petersburg spent a week in his country house;

§ a resident of Samara, going shopping, visited a recreation park;

§ Sidorov's family lives in Zvenigorod, 30 km from Moscow. Sidorov travels to Moscow every week, where he works three days a week and lives in a hotel;

§ Mr. Ipatov from Balakovo visits his friends in Kyiv;

§ Mrs. Nikanorova, who lives in Tolyatti, goes to a conference in Novosibirsk;

§ The Kosarev family from Moscow goes to the Olympic Games in Calgary.

8. List the main functions of tourism and provide examples of the most possible options for their implementation.

9. Identify and justify the main criteria that distinguish tourism from travel.

10. What is the economic and political significance of tourism?

11. What are the main functions of the social impact of tourism.

12. What is the essence of the humanitarian impact of tourism?

13. Give examples of the negative and positive impacts of tourism.

14. On what grounds is tourism classified?

15. What are the types and categories of tourism?

16. Briefly describe the main types of tourism identified on the basis of travel purposes.

17. What forms of tourism can be attributed to the following trips:

§ Professor Nikolaev flies to a conference in Vitebsk, and returns home in the evening;

§ the Skobkin spouses were invited to visit by acquaintances from a neighboring town;

§ the Danilov family went on a two-week vacation from Stavropol to Cyprus;

§ Alexander and Anna - students of the Smolensk Humanitarian University went on a trip to Europe during the holidays.

18. Tell us about the classification of travelers proposed by WTO specialists.

19. What difficulties do specialists face when searching for an answer to the question: “Who is a tourist”?

21. Why do you think tourists arriving in a port city on cruise ships are often counted as sightseers, even if they stay there for several days in a row?

22. Tell us about the existing classifications and typologies of tourists.

23. List the main rights and obligations of tourists, as well as the most common cases of their violation and non-fulfillment.

24. Determine the place of tourism in the system of scientific knowledge.

25. Why do you think there is no consensus on the name and content of the science of tourism to date?

26. What is the essence of tourism as a complex science of tourism?

27. What are the alternative sciences of tourism?

A. V. Borisova

Methods of scientific research in tourism

1. Science and its functions

1.1. Science: essence and characteristics

Before talking about research activities, it is necessary to clarify what "science" is. An inquisitive person can find a dozen definitions of this concept in various dictionaries (encyclopedic, philosophical, Russian, etc.). Does this mean that the researchers themselves cannot come to an agreement and develop one “correct”, unified definition? No, it doesn't. Science is so multifaceted that it is absolutely impossible to express its essence in one definition. It is necessary to consider this phenomenon of human culture in all its interrelations and peculiarities.

So, science is part of culture, as one of the types of human activity. The task of science is to obtain and systematize objective knowledge about the world. Let's pay attention to the expression "objective knowledge". Indeed, science is invariably associated with knowledge. Translated from Latin(one of the most ancient Indo-European) scientia - "science". more familiar to us English language, like many other modern languages, has a large number of words with Latin roots, including science - “science, skill, skill”.

At the same time, the concepts of "science" and "knowledge" are not identical. The most important distinction of scientificity is "objective knowledge". All people in the process of life acquire knowledge. Ordinary or worldly. They are formed spontaneously, under the influence of everyday experience, based on the traditions of a given society. Such knowledge can be characterized as inaccurate, even contradictory. Scientific knowledge is special, it has its own characteristics:

- truth (representation of the phenomena of reality, regardless of the subjective opinion about them);

- logical validity (new knowledge is included in the system of previous experience);

- general validity (truth);

- consistency (evidence).

The main goal of science is the acquisition of knowledge. They are acquired in all forms of human activity: in everyday life, in art, in economics, etc. The most important ways to substantiate the knowledge gained are multiple verifications by observations and experiments, and reference to primary sources.

We can state that the concept of "science" is multifaceted. This is the process of research, and the method of cognition, the way of thinking, a special sphere of human activity, the social system of society. Indeed, science is a social phenomenon. It is created by people, it is a process of interaction between a scientist and the surrounding world; on the other hand, it is a system of relationships between researchers.

Thus, science is a special kind of cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about the world. It interacts with other types of cognitive activity: everyday, artistic, religious, mythological, philosophical comprehension of the world. Like all types of knowledge, science arose from the needs of practice and in a special way regulates it. Science aims to reveal the essential connections (laws), according to which objects can be transformed in the process of human activity1.

Analyzing the complex mechanism of scientific activity, we can distinguish the characteristics of science:

1) a special, historically developing sphere of human activity, aimed at the development and systematization of knowledge about reality;

2) research process, philosophy of knowledge;

3) one of the forms of comprehension of being, a type of human cognitive activity;

4) a set of institutions and organizations as social form in which research activities develop;

5) the phenomenon of spiritual culture, the highest form of human knowledge.

1.2. Scientific theory. Science in the system of public relations

Science is knowledge with its own special means, methods and criteria. It is not limited to finding new facts, but seeks to explain them with the help of hypotheses, laws and theories, or develops new theories. Theory is the highest, most developed organization of scientific knowledge.

In the system of scientific knowledge as an important component of the general theory of science, specific subjects (problems) of research are distinguished:

– scientific knowledge (empirical and theoretical knowledge),

– the object of scientific knowledge and the subject of scientific research,

– scientific fact (content, structure),

– scientific problem(entity),

– scientific idea (structure and form of expression),

- scientific theory.

The most important concept for scientific activity is "theory". The accumulation of knowledge in the form of separate facts, their diversity in a fragmented form cannot give objective true knowledge. The amount of accumulated experience should develop into quality and present a single, logically substantiated picture of reality (its part). Then science will be able to fulfill one of its functions - educational. Its task is to familiarize a person with the values ​​of culture (including science). Science can convey new experience in the form of a scientific theory.

Scientific theory is the most developed form of organization of scientific knowledge, which gives a holistic view of the patterns and essential connections of the studied area of ​​reality. Examples of scientific theory are the classical mechanics of I. Newton, the theory of biological evolution of C. Darwin, the electromagnetic theory of J. K. Maxwell, etc. Science includes descriptions of facts and experimental data, hypotheses and laws, classification schemes, etc. ., however, only a scientific theory unites all the material of science into a holistic and observable knowledge about the world. To build a scientific theory, certain material about the objects and phenomena under study must first be accumulated, so theories appear at a fairly mature stage in the development of a scientific discipline. Starting to study a certain area of ​​phenomena, scientists must first describe these phenomena, highlight their features, and classify them into groups. Only after this becomes possible a deeper study to identify causal relationships and the discovery of laws. The highest form of development of science is considered to be an explanatory theory, which gives not only a description, but also an explanation of the phenomena under study. It is to the construction of such theories that every scientific discipline strives. The presence of such theories is sometimes seen as an essential sign of the maturity of science: a discipline can be considered truly scientific only when explanatory theories appear in it.

Scientific theory has its criteria. In his 1949 autobiography, A. Einstein wrote about two criteria for choosing a scientific theory. The first criterion is "external justification": theory must be consistent with experience. Einstein stated the second criterion in a somewhat vague way. This is the "internal perfection" of the theory, its "naturalness", the absence of arbitrariness in choosing a given theory from among approximately equivalent theories3.

Based on the characteristics of subject areas, mathematical, biological, social and other theories are distinguished, and after them, branches of scientific knowledge. Science in terms of its structure and in accordance with the objects of scientific research is divided into groups:

1) natural Sciences(about nature): biology, geography, medicine, physics, chemistry, etc.;

2) social and humanitarian (about society and man): history, cultural studies, pedagogy, philosophy, economics, jurisprudence, etc.

3) technical (about the "artificial world"): agronomy, geophysics, computer science, etc.

The science of tourism is a complex of fundamental sciences. These include economics, geography, psychology, political science, sociology, history and law.

The economics of tourism includes the actual economic component, which studies the dynamics and conditions of the tourism market, industry statistics, standards for the provision of services, program and financial activities, including the management system in the tourism sector. The legal support of tourism activities is associated with international, domestic and foreign legislation. Historical scientific research in tourism has two large sections. The first is the centuries-old world (including domestic) history of travel, as well as the history of the formation of modern mass tourism and the tourism industry. The second section is the history of countries and peoples, knowledge and understanding of which is necessary for the correct preparation of tourist programs and routes4.

Scientific tourism can be attributed to special types of tourism, the main feature of which is the direct participation of tourists in the scientific or research program of the tour. The Charter for Scientific and Cultural Tourism adopted by UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization (WTO) and the Manila Declaration on World Tourism provide the following definition: "Scientific and cultural tourism has as its goal, inter alia, the personal knowledge of scientific achievements and the discovery of historical sites and monuments." In relation to scientific, cultural and natural heritage, UNESCO puts forward tourism as an effective means of mass demand, wide availability of scientific, cultural and recreational values, as an effective channel and source of conservation and knowledge of heritage through its use in the interests of the nation, peace and development. Scientific tourism, in turn, is a source of employment for the local population, a guarantor of the filling of scientific research, discoveries, preservation of the lost, the development of scientific institutions, specialized infrastructures, a self-financing lever, a source of extrabudgetary investments.