How to learn amino acids quickly. Amino acids necessary for man. Aspartic and glutamic acid

Ksyu

So is this a joke? How to learn biochemistry?

admin

Well, how, how? Learn. What kind of jokes can be here. Although, what am I talking about ... More than half cannot read, but I'm talking about biochemistry ...

Simple example
The registration form on the site says:
Surname, initials:
That is, something like Pupkin I.I. Surname and initials.
Two out of three students fill only surname. In "harvest years" - three out of four.
That's what it is? Carelessness? Absence vocabulary? Indifference?

So the subject is also taught - the teacher downloaded the lecture notes, scrolled diagonally - like he prepared. Oh well...

admin

As the session approaches, there is an avalanche-like increase in readings of this material.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

Great article about the young science of the future, thank you. Where can you find animations? molecular biology, "biochemical" videos, sort of like on the Eto Works channel, in Russian. And are there any audio lectures for free download on the Internet in Russian or through which site it is better to order them for purchase. And, if it's not difficult, please tell me the servers online to make changes to the PDB files. Thank you.

admin

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

And on what sites you can find animations of molecular biology, "biochemical" videos, sort of like on the Eto Works channel, in Russian.

In Russian? can be viewed on a single educational portal, although there, frankly speaking, the level of the school. Often the information is outdated, with errors. Most likely, you will have to translate on your own - gif editors, video editors. It is possible that you can draw or shoot yourself (by yourself). I come from the fact that every video or animation that can be found on the web was made for a specific purpose.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

And are there any audio lectures for free download on the Internet in Russian or through which site it is better to order them for purchase.

Audio lectures? By biochemistry??? I have never been interested in this question... I have no idea how to give, for example, structural biochemistry exclusively by ear. Chirality, stereoisomerism to tell students who are blindfolded. Even with presentations / graphics, they do not immediately understand what it is about ...
As for free download... At the present time, taking into account the monetization of everything and everyone, as well as taking into account the Copyright For Any Junk - free sources quality there is no content. If something suddenly exists, then it is most likely a frank pirate.
Regarding the purchase - perhaps you should pay attention to the video lectures? View centers distance learning at universities, search channels on YouTube. Although everything is dreary there too ... On the Moscow State University channel, for example, there are as many as 7 videos from the Faculty of Chemistry and 10 videos from the Faculty of Biology. There are no complete sets of lectures, although I know for sure that the lectures of prof. Milekyan, for example. Spirin wrote. Do you need to contact the distance learning center to find out if it has been digitized at all? If so, how to get/buy/trade.

Gavrilenko Alena Valerievna

please tell me servers online to make changes to PDB files.

http://deposit.rcsb.org/ - depository
http://deposit.rcsb.org/depoinfo/depofaq.html - FAQ on placement.
There are all instructions - how to check, how to format, what and how to pack files.

Alyona

I want to become a bison in protein docking, no matter how ridiculous it sounds with my zero knowledge of chemistry and physics. I pretend to study Finkelstein's protein physics and Molecular Modeling Theory and Practice of Hölte, Zippl, Ronjan, Volkers - it seemed that this could help me. In what literature can I get some sense in my situation and what free programs on a PC can I download for protein docking?

admin

Alyona

In what literature can I get some sense in my situation

NCBI server, of course. search keyword: protein docking. There, in the search for articles, you will find all the news on the software used, algorithms, principles, etc. In any case, the search is better to start from there.

Alyona

And what free programs to download on a PC for protein docking?

There will be a problem with free software... Since structure prediction is a potential "bread" place - drug design, for example, free software will have to be searched hard...

I would advise using server software to start with. Docking, in fact, is the prediction of a three-dimensional structure and options for its packaging with neighboring molecules (domains). Calculations are very "gluttonous" and demanding on computer resources - somehow I'm not happy with the constantly hung computer and the calculation, which lasts a week.

Again, in the western scientific world not all rednecks yet, and some software can be obtained for free under an academic license: http://www.russelllab.org/cgi-bin/tools/interprets.pl

Yes, also look towards BioLinux - a good assembly for bioinformatics, with a free license.

Ruslan

Hello, I was interested in a map of metabolic pathways (the one indicated in the description). Do not tell me where it can be downloaded? P.S. I did not find such an opportunity on the site indicated in the description. Thanks in advance.

admin

Ruslan

Do not tell me where it can be downloaded?

Nowhere. It is not possible to download this map in one file (whole piece).
in electronic form, it is on the specified site, namely in the form of a map:

Electronic version

Following the outstanding success of the two posters for over four decades, and of the electronic version hosted on ExPASy since 1994, Roche has created a new electronic version of Biochemical Pathways .

Ruslan

I did not find such an opportunity on the site indicated in the description.

By itself. They earn money on this, and a lot of it. You can use their site, constantly winding up traffic to it, or you can order an already printed card - a hefty poster like this:

hardcopy

More than 700"000 hard copies of the wall charts have been distributed to medical and life-science researchers and students around the world. The Biochemical Pathway posters are still available as paper copy from Roche: Visit the Roche website and order your copy by using the order form.

Pupkin I.I.

Content:

Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry. This science deals with the study of metabolic pathways (chemical transformations) in living organisms at the cellular level. In addition to the study of metabolic pathways in plants and microorganisms, biochemistry is an experimental science that requires appropriate specialized equipment. This vast science is based on a number of basic concepts and ideas that are studied at the beginning of the biochemistry course.

Steps

Part 1 Learn the Basics

1. 1 Remember the structure of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks that make up all proteins. When studying biochemistry, it is necessary to remember the structure and properties of all 20 amino acids. Learn their one-letter and three-letter designations so you can easily recognize them later on.
   • Learn five groups of amino acids, four acids in each group.
   • Remember the important properties of amino acids, such as charge and polarity.
   • Again and again draw the structure of amino acids until it is deposited in your memory.
2. 2 Familiarize yourself with the structure of proteins. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. To know the basics of biochemistry, it is necessary to recognize the various levels of protein structure and be able to depict the most important of them (alpha helices and beta sheets). There are four levels of protein structure:
   • The primary structure is a linear arrangement of amino acids.
   • The secondary structure corresponds to sections of the protein in the form of alpha helices and beta sheets.
   • Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule, which is due to the interaction of amino acids. This is the physiological form of protein. The tertiary structure of many proteins is still unknown.
   • The quaternary structure results from the interaction of several proteins that form a larger protein molecule.
3. 3 Learn about the pH level. The pH level of a solution characterizes its acidity. It indicates the amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions present in the solution. Acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions and relatively few hydroxide ions. Conversely, hydroxide ions predominate in alkaline solutions.
   • Acids act as donors of hydrogen ions (H +).
   • Alkalis are acceptors of hydrogen ions (H+).
4. 4 Learn to determine the pKa of a solution. The dissociation constant of an acid, Ka, indicates how readily an acid gives up hydrogen ions in a given solution. This constant is defined as K a = /. For most solutions, K a can be found in tables in reference books or on the Internet. The value of pK a is defined as negative decimal logarithm constants K a .
   • Strong acids have very low pKa values.
5. 5 Learn to find pH from pK a using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. This equation is used to prepare buffer solutions in the laboratory. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is written in following form: pH = pK a + lg [base]/[acid]. The pK a value of a solution is equal to the pH level of this solution if the concentrations of acid and base are the same.
   • A buffer solution is a solution whose pH does not change when a moderate amount of acid or base is added. Such solutions are important for maintaining a constant pH level.
6. 6 Learn about ionic and covalent chemical bonds. An ionic bond between atoms occurs when one or more electrons move from one atom to another. As a result, positive and negative ions are formed, which are attracted to each other. At covalent bond atoms exchange electron pairs.
   • Other types of interaction are also important, such as hydrogen bonding, in which there is an attraction between hydrogen atoms and molecules with high electronegativity.
   • The type of bond between atoms determines some properties of molecules.
7. 7 Learn about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that play an important role in the body - they catalyze (speed up) biochemical reactions. Almost every biochemical reaction in the body is accelerated by a certain enzyme, so the study of the catalytic action of enzymes is the most important task of biochemistry. Catalytic mechanisms are studied mainly from the point of view of kinetics.
   • Enzyme inhibition is used in pharmacology to treat many types of diseases.

Part 2 Memorize metabolic pathways

1. 1 Read up on metabolic pathways and study related charts. There are many important metabolic pathways to remember when studying biochemistry. In particular, these pathways include: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, cycle tricarboxylic acids(Krebs cycle), respiratory electron transport chain, photosynthesis.
   • Read descriptions of metabolic pathways and study their representations in diagrams.
   • It is possible that in the exam you will be asked to draw complete scheme one or another metabolic pathway.
2. 2 Learn one path at a time. If you try to learn all the metabolic pathways at the same time, you will get confused and not be able to remember any of them properly. Focus on one path and dedicate a few days to it before moving on to the next one.
   • Once you memorize a path, try not to forget it. Draw this path often to refresh your memory.
3. 3 Draw the main path. Start by learning the main metabolic pathway. Some pathways are repetitive cycles (tricarboxylic acid cycle), others are linear processes (glycolysis). To begin with, memorize the shape of the path, where it begins, which substances decompose and which are synthesized.
   • At the beginning of each cycle, there are starting molecules, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or glucose, and end products, such as adenosine triphosphate or glycogen. First of all, remember the starting materials and end products.
4. 4 Examine coenzymes and metabolites. Now check out this path in more detail. Metabolites are intermediate products that are formed during the process, they are used in subsequent reactions. There are also coenzymes that make a reaction possible or speed it up.
   • Do not memorize material automatically, without understanding. Pay attention to how one substance is converted into another, so that you really understand this process, and not just memorize it.
5. 5 Write down the necessary enzymes. The final step in studying the metabolic pathway is to add to it the enzymes necessary for the reactions to take place. This step-by-step memorization of the path will make your task easier. You will complete your study of the metabolic pathway after you memorize the names of the relevant enzymes.
   • After that, you can easily write down all the proteins, metabolites and molecules that are involved in this metabolic pathway.
6. 6 Repeat the paths you have learned regularly. This type of information needs to be refreshed weekly or you will forget it. Repeat a metabolic pathway every day. By the end of the week, you will repeat all the paths and be able to start again next week.
   • When the time is right control work or an exam, you don't have to frenetically memorize metabolic pathways because you already know them.

Part 3 Organization of studies

1. 1 Read the textbook. Reading a textbook is necessary in the study of any subject. Read the relevant material before class. Make up brief summary what you have read so that you can better prepare for the lessons.
   • Read thoughtfully. After each section, take brief notes and write down the most important points.
   • Try answering some of the questions at the end of the section to see how well you have understood the material.
2. 2 Study the pictures in the textbook carefully. These drawings contain many important information and help to better imagine what is said in the text. It is often much easier to understand something by looking at a picture rather than just reading the text.
   • Transfer important drawings to your outline so you can refer to them later.
3. 3 Mark your posts with different colors. In biochemistry, there are many complex processes. Develop a color system for your posts. For example, you can mark complex material with one color, and use another color for simple and understandable material.
   • Use the system that suits you. Don't mindlessly rewrite your friend's notes, otherwise you won't get a better understanding of the material.
   • Do not overdo it. While too many different colors will give your outline a colorful look, it won't make the material easier to understand.
4. 4 Ask questions. While reading the textbook, write down the questions you have, and then ask them during the lecture. Don't be afraid to raise your hand. If something is not clear to you, it is possible that other students also have questions about this.
   • If you didn't have time to ask some questions during the lecture, try talking to the teacher after class.
5. 5 Make cards. There are many technical terms in biochemistry that you may not have come across before. Learn the basic terms at the beginning of the course so that you can better understand the more complex ideas and concepts based on them.
   • Make cards with new terms in paper or electronic form. In the latter case, you can record them on your mobile phone.
   • When you have a free minute, take out the cards and look at them.

Probably, it is worth starting with the fact that the human body is about a quarter (or slightly less) composed of proteins, that is, proteins. Children need them for growth and development. We can say that proteins are the frame, the basis of our body.

At the same time, each protein performs its own, strictly defined amount of work: for example, hemoglobin is responsible for enriching the baby's body with oxygen, myosin and actin - for the development and contraction of muscles, insulin affects metabolism, keratin is an important component of hair and nails, and it is unthinkable without collagen formation of bones, skin and tendons. Thanks to protein support, the child's immune system resists infections, and his psyche easily copes with stress.

They are plant and animal and enter the body during meals. When a baby eats a particular product, the proteins contained in it enter the gastrointestinal tract and are broken down into amino acids. And then they form their own human proteins - " construction material"for the development and constant renewal of organs and tissues. Amino acids are also responsible for ensuring that this process is continuous: growth is stable, cell renewal is uninterrupted, the development of thinking is constant.

Luckily, moms don't have to hunt for special or rare foods to provide their little ones with all the protein they need: they're present in most meals traditionally fed to babies. So, the baby receives vegetable proteins, in particular, from vegetables, fruits, cereals and legumes, and animals from meat, eggs, fish and milk. Both are important to his health.

What would you like to eat?

It is known that a complete set of essential amino acids is present in proteins of animal products - eggs and milk, as well as in soy proteins. While in plant foods, amino acids are somewhat unevenly distributed, as if “scattered” among different products: some are present in vegetables, others in nuts, others in algae, and fourth in sesame.

Therefore, it cannot be said that a grown-up baby, in whose diet the listed products of animal origin will be present, will not be able to switch to a vegetarian diet without harm to health. However, since most parents do not have professional knowledge in this area, contacting a pediatrician, and ideally a dietitian, will be a responsible step. Only a specialist in strength can calculate the diet of a strong man, including plant products that can satisfy the need of a growing body for amino acids, in the correct proportions, taking into account the age, health status and development of the child.

Having received such professional advice, in the future, mom and dad will be able to independently follow the recommendations of a specialist and add certain dishes. It is quite realistic to do this, having enough information about each required product, especially since there is more than enough information on the World Wide Web. For example, it is known that the amount of essential amino acids contained in nut proteins practically brings them closer to the standard - the so-called "ideal protein" of a chicken egg. However, you should also be prepared to search for products that are necessary for a full-fledged diet, but at the same time, quite rare for our strip of products - for example, almond milk or spirulina.

When considering the idea of ​​transferring a child to a vegetarian diet, parents should also take into account the information that, despite the proven nutritional value, vegetable proteins, with the exception of soy, are still absorbed by the body by only 60 percent, while animals - all 90.

Be that as it may, the main part of foods rich in vegetable protein will appear in the baby's diet a little later (with the exception of soy, which is included, in particular, in some infant formulas, and vegetables).

Absolutely irreplaceable

If we talk about crumbs up to three years old, then in order to satisfy their body's need for amino acids, the daily menu should be designed in such a way that the child receives at least 53 grams of protein with food, and most of it - 37 grams - must be of animal origin , and only 16 grams - vegetable.

Amino acids are so important for the growth and development of children that doctors, down to a milligram, have calculated the necessary minimum, thanks to which strong men can grow up big and strong. It turned out that a child under one year of age experiences the greatest need for lysine - 150 mg per 1 kilogram of body weight, and the smallest need for tryptophan - 17 mg. All this is contained in sufficient quantities, for example, in meat dishes. According to experts, it is desirable that a child who is already allowed to eat meat by age should have meat in their daily diet.

Eight or ten? It is generally accepted that there are eight essential amino acids: valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. And this is true if we are talking about the mature body of an adult. However, for babies, arginine and histidine are also indispensable. To help memorize the ten essential amino acids, medical students use this amusing mnemonic rule: "Lisa Threw Fen in the Tribune, Sober Lieutenant Laid in Isolation with the Argentinian Guitarist."

However, today, without having your own subsistence farm, it is quite difficult to make sure that the product intended for the child is of good quality. Therefore, ready-made meat and meat and vegetable purees from the world's leading manufacturers of baby food will be the best and safest option.

Developed taking into account the recommendations of pediatricians and nutritionists, they are prepared from natural products without the addition of salt, starch, genetically modified components, artificial flavors and flavor enhancers. The safety of such products is guaranteed both by the reputation of the manufacturer and by constant monitoring by numerous inspection authorities.

Due to their consistency and thoughtful combination of ingredients, dishes such as, for example, Heinz "Country Veal" are easy to digest, enriching the child's diet with high-grade proteins, vitamins, microelements and microelements necessary for successful growth. organic acids. A wide range of meat purees offered by manufacturers will make it possible to make the nutrition of the little one as varied as possible, periodically introduce him to new interesting tastes, giving him a taste of tender turkey, rabbit meat, or chicken.

What does a deficit lead to? Deficiency of essential amino acids can lead to serious and sometimes even irreversible consequences. When a protein deficiency begins to develop in a child's body, organs and tissues, for which intensive renewal is most important, for example, the intestines, suffer first of all. It is also possible the development of anemia, a decrease in the mass of the liver, weakening of the immune system and, finally, inhibition of the growth of hair and marigolds.

Thus, by gradually introducing meat complementary foods into the baby’s diet, parents will not only provide him with the best nutrition, but also instill in the baby the habit of natural products from early childhood and, thereby, provide him with a healthy future.

Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry. This science deals with the study of metabolic pathways (chemical transformations) in living organisms at the cellular level. In addition to the study of metabolic pathways in plants and microorganisms, biochemistry is an experimental science that requires appropriate specialized equipment. This vast science is based on a number of basic concepts and ideas that are studied at the beginning of the biochemistry course.

Steps

Part 1

Get to know the basics

Remember the structure of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks that make up all proteins. When studying biochemistry, it is necessary to remember the structure and properties of all 20 amino acids. Learn their one-letter and three-letter designations so you can easily recognize them later on.

• Learn five groups of amino acids, four acids in each group.
• Remember the important properties of amino acids, such as charge and polarity.
• Again and again draw the structure of amino acids until it is deposited in your memory.

1. Familiarize yourself with the structure of proteins. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids. To know the basics of biochemistry, it is necessary to recognize the various levels of protein structure and be able to depict the most important of them (alpha helices and beta sheets). There are four levels of protein structure:

   • The primary structure is a linear arrangement of amino acids.
   • The secondary structure corresponds to sections of the protein in the form of alpha helices and beta sheets.
   • Tertiary structure is the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule, which is due to the interaction of amino acids. This is the physiological form of protein. The tertiary structure of many proteins is still unknown.
   • The quaternary structure results from the interaction of several proteins that form a larger protein molecule.

2. Learn about the pH level. The pH level of a solution characterizes its acidity. It indicates the amount of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions present in the solution. Acidic solutions contain more hydrogen ions and relatively few hydroxide ions. Conversely, hydroxide ions predominate in alkaline solutions.

   • Acids act as donors of hydrogen ions (H +).
   • Alkalis are acceptors of hydrogen ions (H+).

3. Learn to determine the pKa of a solution. The dissociation constant of an acid, Ka, indicates how readily an acid gives up hydrogen ions in a given solution. This constant is defined as K a = /. For most solutions, K a can be found in tables in reference books or on the Internet. The value pK a is defined as the negative decimal logarithm of the constant K a .

   • Strong acids have very low pKa values.

4. Learn to find pH from pK a using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. This equation is used to prepare buffer solutions in the laboratory. The Henderson-Hasselbach equation is written as follows: pH = pK a + lg [base]/[acid]. The pK a value of a solution is equal to the pH level of this solution if the concentrations of acid and base are the same.

   Learn about ionic and covalent chemical bonds. An ionic bond between atoms occurs when one or more electrons move from one atom to another. As a result, positive and negative ions are formed, which are attracted to each other. In a covalent bond, atoms exchange electron pairs.

   Learn about enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that play an important role in the body - they catalyze (speed up) biochemical reactions. Almost every biochemical reaction in the body is accelerated by a certain enzyme, so the study of the catalytic action of enzymes is the most important task of biochemistry. Catalytic mechanisms are studied mainly from the point of view of kinetics.

   • Enzyme inhibition is used in pharmacology to treat many types of diseases.

   Part 2

   Remember metabolic pathways

   1. Read up on metabolic pathways and study related charts. There are many important metabolic pathways to remember when studying biochemistry. In particular, these pathways include: glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs cycle), respiratory electron transport chain, photosynthesis.

      • Read descriptions of metabolic pathways and study their representations in diagrams.
      • It is possible that during the exam you will be asked to draw a complete diagram of one or another metabolic pathway.

   2. Learn one path at a time. If you try to learn all the metabolic pathways at the same time, you will get confused and not be able to remember any of them properly. Focus on one path and dedicate a few days to it before moving on to the next one.

      • Once you memorize a path, try not to forget it. Draw this path often to refresh your memory.

   3. Draw the main path. Start by learning the main metabolic pathway. Some pathways are repetitive cycles (tricarboxylic acid cycle), others are linear processes (glycolysis). To begin with, memorize the shape of the path, where it begins, which substances decompose and which are synthesized.

      • At the beginning of each cycle, there are starting molecules, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), or glucose, and end products, such as adenosine triphosphate or glycogen. First of all, remember the starting materials and end products.

   4. Examine coenzymes and metabolites. Now check out this path in more detail. Metabolites are intermediate products that are formed during the process, they are used in subsequent reactions. There are also coenzymes that make a reaction possible or speed it up.

   5. Write down the necessary enzymes. The final step in studying the metabolic pathway is to add to it the enzymes necessary for the reactions to take place. This step-by-step memorization of the path will make your task easier. You will complete your study of the metabolic pathway after you memorize the names of the relevant enzymes.

      • After that, you can easily write down all the proteins, metabolites and molecules that are involved in this metabolic pathway.

   6. Repeat the paths you have learned regularly. This type of information needs to be refreshed weekly or you will forget it. Repeat a metabolic pathway every day. By the end of the week, you will repeat all the paths and be able to start again next week.

      • When it's time for a test or exam, you won't have to frantically memorize metabolic pathways because you'll already know them.

It's no secret that for a person to maintain life on high level protein is needed - a kind of building material for body tissues; proteins contain 20 amino acids, the names of which are unlikely to say anything to an ordinary office worker. Every person, especially when it comes to women, has at least once heard about collagen and keratin - these are proteins that are responsible for appearance nails, skin and hair.

Amino acids - what is it?

Amino acids (or aminocarboxylic acids; AMA; peptides) - organic compounds, 16% consisting of amines - organic derivatives of ammonium - which distinguishes them from carbohydrates and lipids. They are involved in protein biosynthesis by the body: in the digestive system, under the influence of enzymes, all proteins that come with food are destroyed to AMK. In total, there are about 200 peptides in nature, but only 20 basic amino acids are involved in the construction of the human body, which are divided into interchangeable and irreplaceable; sometimes there is a third type - semi-replaceable (conditionally replaceable).

Non-essential amino acids

Non-essential amino acids are those that are both consumed with food and reproduced directly in the human body from other substances.

• Alanine is a monomer of biological compounds and proteins. Carries out one of the dominant pathways of glucogenesis, that is, it turns into glucose in the liver, and vice versa. A highly active participant in metabolic processes in the body.
• Arginine is an AMA that can be synthesized in the body of an adult, but not capable of being synthesized in the body of a child. Promotes the production of growth hormones and others. The only carrier of nitrogenous compounds in the body. Helps to increase muscle mass and reduce fat.
• Asparagine is a peptide involved in nitrogen metabolism. During the reaction with the enzyme asparaginase, it cleaves off ammonia and turns into aspartic acid.
• Aspartic acid - takes part in the creation of immunoglobulin, deactivates ammonia. Necessary for malfunctions of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
• Histidine - used to prevent and treat gastrointestinal diseases; is making a positive difference in the fight against AIDS. Protects the body from the harmful effects of stress.
• Glycine is a neurotransmitter amino acid. Used as a mild sedative and antidepressant. Enhances the effect of some nootropic drugs.
• Glutamine - in a large volume Activator of tissue repair processes.
• Glutamic acid - has a neurotransmitter effect, and also stimulates metabolic processes in the central nervous system.
• Proline is one of the components of almost all proteins. They are especially rich in elastin and collagen, which are responsible for the elasticity of the skin.
• Serine - AMK that is contained in the neurons of the brain, and also promotes the release a large number energy. It is a derivative of glycine.
• Tyrosine is a component of animal and plant tissues. Can be reproduced from phenylalanine by the action of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase; the reverse process does not occur.
• Cysteine ​​is one of the components of keratin, which is responsible for the firmness and elasticity of hair, nails, and skin. It is also an antioxidant. Can be made from serine.

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized in the body are essential

Essential amino acids are those that cannot be generated in the human body and can only come from food.

• Valine is an AMA found in almost all proteins. Increases muscle coordination and reduces the body's sensitivity to temperature changes. Supports the hormone serotonin at a high level.
• Isoleucine is a natural anabolic that, in the process of oxidation, energizes muscle and brain tissue.
• Leucine is an amino acid that improves metabolism. It is a kind of "builder" of the protein structure.
• These three AMCs are part of the so-called BCAA complex, which is especially in demand among athletes. The substances of this group act as a source for increasing the volume of muscle mass, reducing fat mass and maintaining good health during especially intense physical exertion.
• Lysine is a peptide that accelerates tissue regeneration, the production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies. Responsible for the strength of blood vessels, contained in muscle protein and collagen.
• Methionine - takes part in the synthesis of choline, the lack of which can lead to increased accumulation of fat in the liver.
• Threonine - gives elasticity and strength to the tendons. It has a very positive effect on the heart muscle and tooth enamel.
• Tryptophan - supports the emotional state, as it is converted into serotonin in the body. Indispensable for depression and other psychological disorders.
• Phenylalanine - improves the appearance of the skin, normalizing pigmentation. Supports psychological well-being by improving mood and bringing clarity to thinking.

Other methods for classifying peptides

Scientifically, the 20 essential amino acids are subdivided based on the polarity of their side chain, that is, the radicals. Thus, four groups are distinguished: (but not having a charge), positively charged and negatively charged.

Non-polar are: valine, alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, glycine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, proline. In turn, aspartic and glutamic acids are classified as polar, having a negative charge. Polar, having a positive charge, called arginine, histidine, lysine. Amino acids with polarity but no charge include directly cysteine, glutamine, serine, tyrosine, threonine, asparagine.

20 amino acids: formulas (table)

Amino acid	Abbreviation
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Histidine
Glutamine
Glutamic acid
Isoleucine
Methionine
tryptophan
Phenylalanine

Based on this, it can be noted that all 20 in the table above) have carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen in their composition.

Amino acids: participation in the life of the cell

Aminocarboxylic acids are involved in the biological synthesis of proteins. Protein biosynthesis is the process of modeling a polypeptide ("poly" - many) chain from amino acid residues. The process takes place on the ribosome - an organelle inside the cell that is directly responsible for biosynthesis.

Information is read from a section of the DNA chain according to the principle of complementarity (A-T, C-G), when creating m-RNA (matrix RNA, or i-RNA - informational RNA - identically equal concepts), the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by uracil. Further, according to the same principle, a transporting amino acid molecule is created to the site of synthesis. T-RNA is encoded by triplets (codons) (example: UAU), and if you know which nitrogenous bases a triplet represents, you can find out which amino acid it carries.

Food groups with the highest AUA content

Dairy products and eggs contain important substances like valine, leucine, isoleucine, arginine, tryptophan, methionine and phenylalanine. Fish, white meat have a high content of valine, leucine, isoleucine, histidine, methionine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan. Legumes, grains and cereals are rich in valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, methionine, threonine, methionine. Nuts and various seeds will saturate the body with threonine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine and histidine.

Below is the amino acid content of some foods.

The largest amount of tryptophan and methionine can be found in hard cheese, lysine - in rabbit meat, valine, leucine, isoleucine, threonine and phenylalanine - in soy. When compiling a diet based on maintaining normal BUN, you should pay attention to squid and peas, and potatoes and cow's milk can be called the poorest in terms of peptide content.

Amino acid deficiency in vegetarianism

The fact that there are such amino acids that are found exclusively in animal products is a myth. Moreover, scientists have found that plant protein is absorbed by the human body better than animal. However, when choosing vegetarianism as a lifestyle, it is very important to follow the diet. The main problem is that one hundred grams of meat and the same amount of beans contain different amounts of AUA in percentage terms. At first, it is necessary to keep records of the content of amino acids in the food consumed, then this should reach automaticity.

How many amino acids should be consumed per day

AT modern world absolutely all foods contain the nutrients necessary for a person, so you should not worry: all 20 protein amino acids are safely supplied with food, and this amount is enough for a person who leads a normal lifestyle and at least a little watching his diet.

The athlete's diet must be saturated with proteins, because without them it is simply impossible to build muscle mass. Physical exercise leads to a colossal consumption of amino acids, so professional bodybuilders are forced to take special supplements. With intensive muscle building, the amount of protein can reach up to one hundred grams of protein per day, but such a diet is not suitable for daily consumption. Any food supplement implies an instruction with the content of different AUAs in a dose, which must be read before using the drug.

The effect of peptides on the quality of life of an ordinary person

The need for proteins is present not only among athletes. For example, the proteins elastin, keratin, collagen affect the appearance of hair, skin, nails, as well as the flexibility and mobility of the joints. A number of amino acids affect the body, keeping the balance of fat at an optimal level, provide enough energy for Everyday life. After all, in the process of life, even with the most passive way of life, energy is expended, at least for breathing. In addition, cognitive activity is also impossible with a lack of certain peptides; the maintenance of the psycho-emotional state is carried out, among other things, at the expense of the AMC.

Amino acids and sports

The diet of professional athletes involves perfectly balanced nutrition, which helps maintain muscle tone. They make life very easy, designed specifically for those athletes who work on gaining muscle mass.

As mentioned earlier, amino acids are the main building blocks of proteins needed for muscle growth. They are also able to speed up metabolism and burn fat, which is also important for beautiful muscle relief. When exercising hard, it is necessary to increase the intake of BUAs because they increase the rate of muscle building and reduce post-workout pain.

The 20 amino acids in proteins can be consumed both as part of aminocarboxylic complexes and from food. If you choose a balanced diet, then you need to take into account absolutely all grams, which is difficult to implement with a heavy workload of the day.

What happens to the human body when there is a lack or excess of amino acids

The main symptoms of amino acid deficiency are: poor health, lack of appetite, brittle nails, increased fatigue. Even with a lack of one BUN, there are a huge number of unpleasant side effects that significantly impair well-being and productivity.

Oversaturation with amino acids can lead to disturbances in the work of the cardiovascular and nervous systems which, in turn, is no less dangerous. In turn, symptoms similar to food poisoning may appear, which also does not entail anything pleasant.

In everything you need to know the measure, so compliance healthy lifestyle life should not lead to an overabundance of certain "useful" substances in the body. As the classic wrote, "the best is the enemy of the good."

In the article, we examined the formulas and names of all 20 amino acids, the table of the content of the main AMK in products is given above.