Presentation on history 6 formation of the ancient Russian state. Formation of the ancient Russian state - Kievan Rus. among the Eastern Slavs
ancient Russian state Kievan Rus Purpose: To trace the stages of formation ancient Russian state, to identify the features of development at each stage. Problem: Is the state among the Slavs the result of a natural stage in the development of Russia, or was it introduced from outside (by the Vikings)? Practical significance: To form an idea of the role of the state in the life of society - the regulation of social relations, the protection of borders, the maintenance of order.
The main stages in the formation of ancient Russian statehood First stage Mid IX - end of X century. Ruling princes Oleg () Igor () Olga () Svyatoslav () Heyday End of the X-first half of the XI century. Ruling princes Vladimir () Yaroslav () Decline, collapse Second half of the XI-mid XII century. Ruling princes Vladimir Monomakh ()
The main theories of the formation of the Old Russian state Norman (Bayer, Schlozer, Miller) The founders of the Old Russian state are the Normans, whom the Slavs called to their lands to rule them. The name "Rus" is of Scandinavian origin. The Slavs are not capable of creating their own statehood. Anti-Norman (M. Lomonosov) The Eastern Slavs were in the process of disintegration of the tribal system and the development of feudalism, the formation of statehood before the arrival of the Varangians. The influence of the Scandinavians on the formation of the state is insignificant The name "Rus" is of Slavic origin.
Adoption of Christianity Causes The need to unite the tribes. Justification of social inequality. Increasing international prestige. Introduction to Byzantine culture. Significance Rapprochement of the Slavic and Finnish tribes. Expansion of international relations. The development of writing, painting, architecture. A blow was dealt to tribal customs (blood feud).
Byzantine influence on Russia after the introduction of Christianity Power The power of the metropolitan extended to the whole of Russia. Support for the royal power. Churches and monasteries received land ownership. Byzantine customs and laws were established on church lands. Enlightenment The spread of writing, the creation of schools, the emergence of scribes - learned people. Laws and Courts The clergy judged the people subject to them on the basis of the laws of the Greek Church.
The Rurik Dynasty 962-Rurik's Vocation The campaign in Byzantium was founded by Oleg Kyiv: Kiy, Shchek, Khoriv. 882-Capture of Kyiv (Askold, Dir). Igor War with Byzantium. Collection of tribute during polyudya. 945-The murder of Igor by the Drevlyans. Peace with the Pechenegs 943-Journey south to the Black Sea and North Caucasus. Olga Conquered the Drevlyans (avenged the death of her husband). 955-Trip to Tsar-Grad. She organized graveyards, introduced lessons (a certain amount of tribute), administrative units.
I. Glazunov. Prophetic Oleg Died in 912 Prince Igor Died in 944/945 V. Vasnetsov. Varangians (detail) Calling the Varangians. According to the Laurentian list of The Tale of Bygone Years, Russia, Chud, Slovene and Krivichi sent an embassy overseas: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."
Svyatoslav Conquered the Vyatichi, 967-Campaign to the Danube, 971-War with Byzantium Campaign to the Khazars, to the Dnieper. Founded settlements in Tmutarakan Vladimir "Red Sun" Pagan reform Baptism of Russia. The construction of temples and churches, the spread of literacy. Svyatopolk "Cursed" War with Yaroslav for the great reign. The murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb (canonized as Saints).
B. Olshansky The legend of Svyatoslav St. Vladimir died in 1015 The chronicle noted that the prince “fought a lot ... he didn’t carry carts or boilers with him, he didn’t cook meat ... He didn’t have a tent, but he slept with a saddle in his head ...” Svyatoslav was a pagan, he owns the phrase: “We will not disgrace the Russian land, but we will lie down with our bones, for the dead have no shame!” Vladimir Svyatoslavich was sung by the Russian people in epics and nicknamed Vladimir the Red Sun. In 988, the Baptism of Russia took place. After the adoption of Christianity, He built many churches (the Church of the Virgin in Kyiv, etc.). Under St. Vladimir, the minting of gold and silver coins began.
Yaroslav "The Wise" Victory over the Pechenegs. Divided Russia into destinies. Conclusion of dynastic marriages. Code of Laws "Russian Truth". He founded the Hagia Sophia. Izyaslav Uprising in Kyiv. The end of the XI century, the beginning of Russian chronicle writing. Vsevolod Svyatopolk Second half of the 11th century - Founding of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor "The Tale of Bygone Years" Victory over the Polovtsy Congress of princes in Lyubech.
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Education of the Old Russian state GBOU school No. 471 Vyborgsky district St. Petersburg Shimolina T.V. from a history reader 2012
1. Show the process of state formation among the Eastern Slavs. 2.Disclose the prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state. 3. To familiarize students with the internal organization of the Old Russian state. 4. Give an idea of the Norman and anti-Norman theories of state formation in Russia. Lesson Objectives:
1. State. 2. Prince. 3. Varangians. 4. Norman and anti-Norman theories. 5. polyude. 6. merchants. 7. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks. New terms:
The state is such an organization of life in which there is a single system for managing people living in the same territory; relations between them are regulated on the basis of uniform laws (or traditions), borders are protected; relations with other states and peoples are regulated in one way or another.
Russia in the IX-XII centuries was an early feudal monarchy, which was based on a genealogical principle: the supreme power in the country belonged to the Rurik family (IX-end of the XII centuries). Grand Duke traditionally considered the supreme ruler and owner of the land in Russia. But his power was not the sole, it was limited to the boyars and veche. The path of state formation in Russia was non-synthetic (independent). Old Russian state in the IX- early XII centuries
The state of Rus was created by the Vikings. The word Rus is of Varangian origin. The Slavs were weak enough to create a state on their own. (The founders of this theory were the German scientists Bayer, Schlozer and Miller). Norman theory of state formation Kievan Rus
1. The word "Rus" is of Russian origin. Not a single Scandinavian chronicle records the formation of the Russian state by the Normans. In Russia, by the time the Varangians were called, there were already state formations: Kuyaba (Kyiv), Slavia (Novgorod) and Artania (it is assumed on the spot old Ryazan). Lomonosov (anti-Norman) theory of state formation Kievan Rus
The need to defend against external enemies: Khazars, Pechenegs. The need to keep the masses in subjection. Tasks contributing to the formation of the Old Russian state
7th century - raids of neighbors, the need to unite unions of tribes - the embryo of statehood (vi-viii centuries - military democracy). VII_IX century - the unification of Slavic tribes into unions and superunions - the development of the institution of the tribal system. The formation of two groups of East Slavic tribes: northern (center in Novgorod) and southern (with center in Kyiv) is the final stage in the development of tribal political organization. 882 - Oleg's campaign against Kyiv and the unification of two groups of Eastern Slavs into a single state - Kievan Rus. stages of the formation of statehood in Russia
Map of Ancient Russia
The path from the Varangians to the Greeks In the 9th century, in the life of the Eastern Slavs, everything great importance began to play foreign trade. People whose main occupation was trade were called merchants. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks: r. Neva - Lake Ladoga - r. Volkhov-lake Ilmen-r. Lovat - dragging to the tributaries of the Dnieper - r. Dnieper - Black Sea. The final destination is rich Byzantium.
862 year. “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order (management) in it. Yes, go (come) reign and rule over us "
Aldagemor (Old Ladoga) The Varangian prince Rurik responded to the invitation of the Slavs. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. So in the northwestern lands a large association (principality) arose, the center of which would later be built by Rurik in 864. New city - Novgorod
Rurik, after the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, built a fortress on the site of modern Novgorod. And it was in 864. And in 2009, Veliky Novgorod celebrated 1150 years (according to the first mention of Novgorod in the Nikon Chronicle in 859)
882 Oleg, having gathered a large army, set off on a campaign to the south. Approaching Kyiv, he tricked the princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Kyiv Oleg declared "the mother of Russian cities", the capital of his lands. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, headed by Kyiv and the northern one, headed by Novgorod, a state was formed, called Rus.
Formation of the state association in Kyiv In the first third of the 9th century, the Varangian princes Askold and Dir set off along the great trade route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. When they went down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread over three hills. It was Kyiv. They liked the city and they stayed there to rule. So in the 9th century in the Dnieper region a second public education with the center in Kyiv.
polyudie From November to April, the Kyiv prince with his retinue traveled around the subject lands, collecting the prepared tribute
Control system Grand Duke Druzhina (boyars, youths) Princes tribal unions Druzhiny Yaroslav the Wise. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav (1019-1054) reached its peak.
The ruling elite: Prince. Boyars. Junior warriors, clergy. Citizens Artisans, merchants. Rural population: Free: community members (people), semi-dependent: smerds, purchases, ryadovichi. Dependents: serfs, servants. The main strata of the Old Russian population
Vladimir Monomakh Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) and his son Mstislav (1125-1132) were last princes states of united Kievan Rus.
Monument dedicated to the millennium of Russia in Novgorod
The state of the Eastern Slavs took shape at the end of the 9th century. The process of state formation was natural, it is the result of changes that have taken place during inner life East Slavic tribes, accelerated by an external factor - the attack of the Varangians on the northwestern lands and the Khazars on the south. Lesson summary
WWW.yandex.ru A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XYI century, 2006. Patriotic Russia in diagrams and tables. Moscow 2010. Sources.
Formation of the Old Russian State Lesson plan
- 1. Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state
- 2. The emergence of princely power
- 3. Education government centers
- 4. Formation of the Old Russian state
- STATE - such an organization of life in which there is a single system of managing people, uniform laws, protection of borders is carried out, relations with other peoples and countries are regulated.
- State formation is a long process. The state arises as a result of the decomposition tribal system. The prerequisites for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs took place over several centuries.
- There were people who bought furs, honey, wax from the Slavs and took them to the markets of Byzantium, Khazaria ( merchants).
- In the 9th century, great importance in the life of the Slavs was trade. Through the lands of the Slavs ran a trade route from the Baltic and Northern Europe to Byzantium (“the path from the Varangians to the Greeks”).
- Trade was very profitable, but also very dangerous business. The lower course of the Dnieper River was under the control of the nomadic people Pechenegs. They robbed sailing merchant ships, and the captured people were sold into slavery.
- Along the trade routes, settlements arose, gradually growing into cities ( Kyiv- by the meadows Chernihiv- northerners Smolensk and Polotsk- at the Krivichi, Novgorod- in Ilmenian Slovenians).
- Merchants traded in the cities, artisans moved here. Cities subjugated the surrounding territories. People from various tribes settled in the cities. In the cities, new uniform orders were established for all.
- Historians have different points of view about the emergence of princely power among the Slavs. In the 8th-9th centuries Normans raided European countries. They invaded the northwestern territory of the Eastern Slavs and imposed tribute on the tribes chud and I measure(Finno-Ugric), as well as Krivichi and Ilmen Slovenes.
- Finno-Ugric tribes called the Normans "routsy", hence the name "ros" or "Rus". Russ - that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs, gradually mixed with the local population, adopted its language and customs.
- Some Slavic cities, for a small fee, began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by princes, for their protection ( kings). among the Slavs. Slavs called hired soldiers Varangians. Kings began to be invited to resolve tribal disputes.
- Gradually, the kings from the leaders of mercenary units turned into rulers. Instead of a small fee, they obliged the population to pay them TRIBUTE.
- The chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years" reports that in 862 the Slavs and the Finno-Ugric peoples expelled the Varangians, but strife and clashes began among them, attacks by enemies resumed. Then the representatives of the tribes at the veche decided to invite the Vikings they knew to reign.
- The prince accepted the invitation. Rurik. He arrived with his retinue and began to rule in the city of Ladoga, and later Novgorod became his capital.
- Vocation Rurik, from which the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs is traditionally counted, in historiography it was called "The Calling of the Varangians".
- Rurik
- Rurik laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty, which ruled until the end of the 16th century.
- Noble warriors of Rurik Askold and Deer set out with warriors on a raid on Constantinople, but along the way they stopped at Kyiv and, having captured it, remained there to reign.
- Monument to the founders of Kyiv
- According to legend, Kyiv was founded by three brothers - Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv.
- The meadows paid tribute to the Khazars. Askold and Deer freed the glades from this tribute. Askold took the title of khakan. The Varangians entered into a struggle with the Drevlyans, Pechenegs, and Bulgars.
- Battle of the Varangians with the Khazars
- In the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations were formed, in which invited princes ruled. Novgorod in the north and Kyiv on South.
- Novgorod
- Kyiv
- After death Rurik in 879 his relative became Prince of Novgorod Oleg. In 882, having gathered a large army, he went on a campaign to the south. Along the way, the Krivichi were subordinated. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where Askold and Dir reigned. Oleg lured them to his boats and announced to them:
- "You bear the princes of the princely family, but I am the princely family." Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg became the ruler Kyiv.
- After the annexation of Kyiv, Oleg subjugated the Drevlyans to his power, and having defeated the Khazars, he annexed the territories of the northerners and Radimichi. A large East Slavic state was formed RUSSIA. Historians call this state Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
- At the head of Russia was the great Kievan prince. His power was based on combatants, with whom the prince consulted on the most important matters and shared tribute and military booty.
- All the tribes that recognized the power of the Kyiv prince concluded with him treaty and were obliged to pay tribute in furs, bread and others.
- From November to April, the prince with his retinue traveled around the subject lands and collected the prepared tribute. This form of tribute collection was called POLYUDIE.
- In case of war, all the tribes had to put up a militia. Commanded the All-Russian militia governor. In the cities, all the main issues were decided by the veche. Some tribes retained the power of their princes. local princes were ready to use every opportunity to free themselves from the power of Kyiv.
- Read paragraph 3.
- Learn the first princes and the years of their reign.
- Reply to question on page 31 (oral)
History of Russia, 6th grade
Lesson topic:
"Establishment of the Old Russian State"
We work according to the plan:
- First princes
- Unification of the lands of the Eastern Slavs.
- The first laws of the Old Russian state.
- Strengthening the international position of Russia.
tribal decomposition
building
Development of trade and crafts
Prerequisites
education
states
Growth of cities as tribal
reigns
The emergence of inequality and nobility
External threat
In the 9th century, everything in the life of the Eastern Slavs greater value begins to acquire trade. On the Neva Lake Ladoga, Lovat, the Dnieper was a trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks", connecting the Baltic and Black Seas.
Trade in Byzantium
The people involved in the trade were called merchants.
The occupation of trade was profitable, but very dangerous and difficult, because the Pechenegs, who settled in the expanses of the Black Sea region, attacked the merchant caravans.
Pecheneg warrior
With the development of trade in the central tribal settlements leading to the Black and Baltic Seas, special points began to take shape, where people began to bring their goods.
Novgorod bargaining
The Tale of Bygone Years tells about how princely power appeared among the Eastern Slavs. But until now, historians are arguing about the origin of the first Russian princes and the word "Rus"
Nestor the chronicler
The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs:
Many historians believe that the first princes were Normans, immigrants from Scandinavia. At the end of the 8th - 9th centuries, they began to make trade and conquest campaigns, subjugating the Slavs.
The calling of the Varangians
The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs:
Some tribes began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by commanders - princes, for a small fee. Hired warriors began to be called Varangians. They were good sailors and had rich military experience.
The calling of the Varangians
The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs:
During the wars, they led the people's militias of the Slavs, passing on the wisdom of military art to them. Subsequently, the Varangian princes began to carry out other assignments.
Varangians
Formation of state centers:
“Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no order (management) in it. Yes, go to reign and rule over us.
Prince Rurik responded to the invitation. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladon. This is how the first large association with the center in Novgorod appeared.
Rurik 862-879
In the first third of the 9th century, detachments of the Rus appeared in the south. The noble warriors Askold and Dir founded the city on three hills. It was the center of the meadows - Kyiv.
Askold and Dir
Education of state centers
So in the 9th century, 2 large East Slavic associations were formed, in which princes ruled. One in the north is Novgorod, the other in the south is Kyiv.
In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod and his relative Oleg became the new prince. In 882, he gathered a large army and marched south. Along the way, he subjugated the Krivichi.
Prince Oleg
and Igor 879-912
Formation of the ancient Russian state.
Approaching Kyiv, he tricked Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Oleg declared Kyiv "the mother of all Russian cities", the capital of his lands.
882 - the capture of Oleg by Kyiv.
The murder of Askold and Dir
Formation of the ancient Russian state.
With Oleg:
-907-treaty with the Greeks
-911 signed the first peace treaty with Byzantium
- annexed the lands of the Drevlyans of the northerners, Radimichi.
- new fortifications built
- new taxes were introduced.
Formation of the ancient Russian state.
prince
Druzhina
Governor
All the tribes that recognized
the power of the Kyiv prince,
entered into an agreement with him
in which they committed
pay tribute.
Polyudie - collection of tribute by the prince
- Tribute- natural or monetary requisition from conquered tribes and peoples.
- Polyudie- collection method tribute with East Slavic tribes .
- 912-945
- He made a military campaign against the Khazars in 913 (unsuccessfully - almost the entire squad of the prince was destroyed).
- 915 alliance with the Pechenegs
- Suppressed the resistance of the Drevlyans .
- 945 was killed by the Drevlyans for trying to collect a larger tribute
The first laws of the Old Russian state
- Olga - 945-964
- Brutally suppressed the uprising of the Drevlyans.
Strengthened the international position of Kievan Rus: established peaceful relations with Byzantium (adopted Christianity);
- Carried out the first tax reform: introduced a fixed amount of tribute (lessons) and determined the places of tribute collection (graveyards)
- Lessons - tribute, having a certain size.
- Graveyards- place of collection of tribute.
Strengthening the international position of RUSI
- Svyatoslav -964-972
- "I want to go to you."
- P.4. P.44-45.
- What did Syatoslav do for the state? Write down in notebook.
Svyatoslav
- in 964 - made a number of campaigns on the Oka, in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus and the Balkans,
- .965 - defeated the Khazar Khaganate.
- 968 - fought with Danube Bulgaria and captured a number of cities.
- 970-971 - war with Bulgaria and Byzantium.
- Returning from a campaign in Kyiv in 972, he was met by the Pechenegs and killed in an unequal battle
Vladimir Svyatoslavich
- 980-1015
- 983 pagan reform.
- Paganism- beliefs of the ancient Slavs in various gods.
- Temple - the place where the pagan gods stood.
Perun
Khorsa
Dazhbog
Stribog
Simargl
Mokosh
Knowledge control:
Kiem
- The city of Kyiv was founded
2. Varangians called themselves
3. In 862 The Slavs called
4. After the death of Rurik ruled
5. In 882 Were merged
6. Until 882, they ruled in Kyiv
7. The united state of Russ began to be called
Vikings
Rurik, Sineus and Truvor
Oleg
Kyiv and Novgorod
Askold and Dir
Kievan Rus
Let's summarize the lesson:
- p.4-5, printed notebook.
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
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Periodization of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus): 1) IX - the middle of the X century. - the time of the first Kyiv princes; 2) the second half of the X - the first half of the XI century. - the time of the principality of Vladimir I the Holy and Yaroslav the Wise, the heyday of the Kyiv state; 3) the second half of the XI - the second half of the XII century. - transition to territorial and political fragmentation, or to specific orders. The reasons for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: economic social political 1. production and use of iron tools 2. separation of agriculture from animal husbandry 3. development of trade and expansion of the domestic and foreign markets 1. the emergence of the rich and the poor 2. the allocation of tribal nobility 3. the appearance of foreigners 1 .contradictions between different social groups 2. protection of the territory from external interference 3. waging wars of conquest
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Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs: Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Vikings with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of more developed world M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov Foreign princes were really invited to Russia as a "third", reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of a long self-development Slavic society. A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katsva The presence of the Varangians in Russia and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied. G. Bayer, 18th century G. Miller and A. L. Schlozer N.M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Solovyov
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At the end of the 8th-9th centuries, armed Norman detachments carried out trade and conquest campaigns in different countries Europe. They also invaded the northwestern lands of the Eastern Slavs. The Rus are that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs. Some East Slavic cities began to invite armed detachments of the Rus, led by commanders - princes, for a small fee. They obliged the population to pay them instead of salaries a constant and higher payment - tribute - for the performance of their duties. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, in 862, the East Slavic and Finnish-speaking tribes living in the northwest stopped paying tribute to the Varangians and expelled them "over the sea", that is, to the land from which they came. However, very soon the tribes quarreled, it came to armed clashes. Meanwhile, other enemies began to attack their lands.
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And then representatives of all the tribes gathered at the veche and decided to send their ambassadors “over the sea” to the familiar Varangians with the words: “Our land is great and plentiful, but there is no outfit [management] in it. Yes, go [come] reign and rule over us.” Prince Rurik responded to the invitation. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. Thus, a large association (principality) arose in the northwestern lands, the center of which was built by Rurik new town- Novgorod. Rurik began to be called Gostomysl (d. c. 860) - the legendary elder of the Ilmen Slovenes.
6 slide
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In the first third of the 9th century, detachments of the Rus appeared in the south. The noble warriors of Rurik Askold and Dir went along the Great Trade Route to the capital of Byzantium, Tsargrad. Going down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was the center of the glades Kyiv, which, according to legend, was founded by three brothers: Kyi, Shchek and Khoriv. The inhabitants of Kyiv paid tribute to the Khazars, besides, they were "offended" by the Drevlyans and other tribes. The meadows invited the Varangian squads to the city (perhaps Askold first arrived here, and Dir - a little later). The Rus liberated the glades from the Khazar dependence. Thus, in the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations were formed, in which invited princes ruled.
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In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. His relative Oleg became Prince of Novgorod. In 882, having gathered a large army, he set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, Oleg subjugated the land of the Krivichi, which was claimed by the southern princes. Approaching Kyiv, he tricked the princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Kyiv Oleg declared "the mother of Russian cities", the capital of his lands. In the future, he defeated the nearest neighbors of the glades - the Drevlyans. Then the prince defeated the Khazars and freed the northerners and Radimichi from their dependence. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, headed by Kyiv and the northern one, headed by Novgorod, a state was formed, which received the name Rus. Since it was the first ancient state Eastern Slavs, then historians call it the Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
8 slide
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The system of state authorities of Kievan Rus: Signs of state power in Kievan Rus:
9 slide
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The first prince of the Old Russian state, Oleg, gradually annexed most of the East Slavic lands to Kyiv. Under his rule was the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks." In 907, Oleg made a grandiose campaign against Constantinople. It was attended by 2 thousand ships, which housed 80 thousand soldiers. The Byzantines, having learned about the approach of the Russian army, closed the harbor of Constantinople with a huge chain and took refuge behind the walls of the city. Then Oleg ordered to pull the ships ashore and put them on wheels. A fair wind drove the sailboats of the Rus to the walls of the Byzantine capital. Frightened Greeks asked for peace. Prince Oleg, as a sign of victory, nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The result of the campaign was a trade agreement with Byzantium that was beneficial for Russian merchants, which Oleg concluded in 911.
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After the death of Oleg, Rurik's son Igor became the Prince of Kyiv. He began his activities with the return of the Drevlyans under the rule of Kyiv, who separated, taking advantage of the death of Oleg. The reign of Prince Igor is characterized as a cruel, bloody era: constant skirmishes, wars, internecine strife. In 912, Prince Igor began his independent reign on the throne of Kiev after the death of Prince Oleg. The Drevlyans (a tribe that lived in the Ukrainian Polissya) were previously subordinated to Prince Oleg and are required to pay tribute to Kyiv. With the death of Oleg, they tried to free themselves and refuse to pay. Igor defeated them and imposed more tribute than before. In 915, the Pechenegs came to Russian land for the first time. Igor's diplomacy turned the clash in the direction of a peace treaty, but in 920 the Russian army went on a campaign against the Pechenegs, which speaks of Igor's warlike policy. The result of this campaign is unknown, but it can be assumed that it ended successfully, since nowhere in the annals is there any mention of losses and Prince Igor returned home alive, the Pechenegs did not disturb the Russian land for a long time and were even hired to attack Byzantium in 944.
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In 941, Igor made a big campaign against Constantinople. But he was unsuccessful. The Byzantines burned the boats of the Rus with a special combustible mixture - "Greek fire". This defeat did not stop Igor. In 944, he again went to Byzantium. Upon learning of this, the Greeks sent an embassy to the prince with rich gifts. Igor turned his squads back. While the prince of Kyiv was making military campaigns, the governor was collecting tribute from the Russian lands. But, having returned home, in 945, at the insistence of the squad, Igor himself went for tribute to the Drevlyans. The Drevlyans did not argue with the prince. However, upon returning to Igor, it seemed that the fee was small. The prince released most of the squad and returned to the Drevlyans with a new demand for tribute.
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This time, the Drevlyans were indignant - after all, the prince grossly violated the agreement on polyudye. The Drevlyansk veche decided: “If a wolf gets into the habit of sheep, it will carry away the whole herd until they kill it.” The Drevlyans killed the prince's warriors and brutally dealt with the prince. After the death of Igor, his widow Princess Olga (945-957) became the ruler of the state. She took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband. And in order to further exclude events like the massacre of Igor, the princess set the exact amount of tribute - lessons and places of its collection - graveyards. Tribute was now collected not by the princes themselves, but by people specially appointed by them. It was the first government reform- an important change in people's lives. In 957, Olga with a magnificent retinue went to the distant Tsargrad. Here she converted to Christianity.
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Upon her return from Byzantium, Olga handed over the reign to her son Svyatoslav (957-972). Svyatoslav annexed to Russia the last East Slavic union of tribes - the Vyatichi, who had previously paid tribute to the Khazars. From the land of the Vyatichi, he moved to the Volga. Having devastated the lands of the Volga Bulgars, Svyatoslav rushed to Khazaria, which created obstacles for Russian merchants on the Volga trade route leading through the Caspian Sea to the rich countries of the East. During two campaigns against the Khazar Khaganate (965-969), Svyatoslav's troops defeated the main Khazar cities - Itil, Semender and Sarkel. Then the Russian prince captured the mouth of the Kuban River and the coast of the Sea of Azov. On the Taman Peninsula the Tmutparakan principality, dependent on Russia, was formed. Shortly after the campaigns of Svyatoslav, the Khazar Khaganate ceased to exist as an independent state.
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In 968, the Kyiv flotilla entered the mouth of the Danube. Svyatoslav captured a number of Bulgarian settlements, and declared the city of Pereyaslavets his new capital. Such a turn of events was not included in the plans of Byzantium. A new strong enemy appeared at its borders. The emperor persuaded his Pecheneg allies to attack Kyiv, where the elderly Princess Olga and her grandchildren were. Svyatoslav hurried home with part of his squad and drove the Pechenegs away from the capital. But the prince told his mother and the boyars: “I don’t like Kyiv, I want to live in Pereyaslavets on the Danube: there is the middle of my land, everything good is brought there from all sides: gold, fabrics, wines, various fruits from the Greeks, from Czechs and Hungarians silver and horses, from Russia furs, honey, wax and slaves. But the old princess Olga did not want to let the prince go on a new campaign. She died soon after. In the spring of 971, the best troops of Byzantium moved against Svyatoslav. Fierce battles ensued, during which the opponents suffered heavy losses. This forced them to start negotiations. The Byzantine emperor agreed to let Svyatoslav's warriors go home in exchange for the prince's promise to retreat from Bulgaria. In 972, when Svyatoslav was returning to Kyiv with a small detachment, the Pechenegs ambushed him at the Dnieper rapids (stone heaps blocking the river) and killed him.
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The Pecheneg Khan ordered to insert the skull of Svyatoslav into a gold frame and used it at feasts as a bowl.
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After the death of Svyatoslav, a struggle for power began between his sons. The victory in this struggle was won by Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015). During the years of his reign, a defensive system was created for the southeastern borders of Russia from the Pechenegs (notches and watchtowers). Vladimir began his reign by restoring order in his own state. As a result of a two-year war, Vladimir returned the Vyatichi "under the arm" of Kyiv. In 984, the prince defeated the Radimichi militia. Even earlier, he conquered the Principality of Polotsk on the Western Dvina. After that, Vladimir led a campaign in Volga Bulgaria, which began to obstruct Russian trade. Having won, Vladimir made peace with the Bulgars on favorable terms for Russia.
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Under Vladimir, the first clash of Russia with Poland, the newly emerged state of the Western Slavs, took place. In 981, Vladimir conquered the Polish cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others, significantly expanding the territory of his state. In 988 Russia was baptized according to the Byzantine model. The adoption of Christianity was of great importance for the further development of Russia: 1) Christianity affirmed the idea of the equality of people before God, which contributed to the mitigation of the cruel customs of the former pagans; 2) the adoption of Christianity strengthened state power and territorial unity of Kievan Rus; 3) Russia strengthened its international prestige by becoming now equal to other Christian countries, ties with which have expanded significantly; 4) the adoption of Christianity played a big role in the development of Russian culture, served as a bridge for the penetration of Byzantine Russia into Russia, and through it, ancient culture.
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Russian Orthodox Church. Some time after the adoption of Christianity in Russia, a clear church organization developed. At the head of the church was the Metropolitan of Kyiv, who was sent from Constantinople. Russia was divided into church districts headed by bishops subordinate to the metropolitan. The clergy were divided into white and black. Whites included priests who served in urban and rural churches. The black clergy lived in monasteries. The monks refused worldly pleasures, lived very poorly, in labor and prayers. Under Vladimir, a church charter was adopted. He gave the church wide rights. She had her own court. Church courts tried for crimes against faith - heresy, pagan prayers, as well as for all offenses of a moral nature.
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Vladimir, following the example of his father, sent 12 of his sons to different lands of Russia so that they would carry out his policy there. In this way, he hoped to strengthen his power and strengthen the unity of the state. Vladimir's favorite sons were Boris and Gleb. Prince Vladimir clearly wanted to transfer the Kiev principality to Boris after himself. The two eldest sons of the prince, Svyatopolk and Yaroslav, did not like this very much. When Vladimir was dying, Boris was not in Kyiv: he went on a campaign against the Pechenegs. Svyatopolk had many supporters among the people of Kiev, and they recognized him as their prince. But, knowing about the love of many in Russia for Boris, Svyatopolk decided to get rid of a dangerous rival, as well as his brother Gleb, sending secret assassins to them (Boris and Gleb were later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church). Later, Svyatopolk organized the murder of another brother - Svyatoslav, who ruled in the Drevlyane land. For his terrible crimes, Svyatopolk was nicknamed the Cursed by the people.
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Yaroslav, having received news of the death of his father and the murder of his brothers, at the head of a mercenary Varangian squad and the Novgorod militia opposed Svyatopolk. He called for the help of the Pechenegs. Troops of Kyiv and Novgorod princes met in the late autumn of 1016 near the town of Lyubech and stood for almost three months on different banks of the Dnieper, showering each other with ridicule. Yaroslav was the first to cross the Dnieper and defeated the Kyivans with a sudden blow. Svyatopolk fled to his wife's father (father-in-law) - the Polish prince Boleslav the Brave. In 1017, Yaroslav entered Kyiv and took the princely throne. Svyatopolk the Accursed Yaroslav
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Boleslav the Brave, who sought to expand his possessions, saw a suitable opportunity for this. In 1018, he went along with Svyatopolk to Yaroslav and defeated his army. Having captured Kyiv, Boleslav did not return it to Svyatopolk, but began to rule himself. The humiliated prince began to incite the people of Kiev to oppose the Poles. Bolesław was forced to return to Poland. Svyatopolk reasserted himself in Kyiv. In 1019, at the insistence of the Novgorodians, who did not want to pay tribute to Kyiv, Yaroslav again opposed Svyatopolk and defeated him. Svyatopolk tried to find shelter in Poland, but died on the way. Boleslav
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The reign of Yaroslav (1019-1054) was the heyday of the Old Russian state. The prince did a lot to spread Christianity in Russia. He built new churches (including the outstanding Hagia Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), opened schools with them, encouraged the translation of church books from Greek into Slavic. Under him, the famous Kiev-Pechersk Monastery was founded. Yaroslav was literate and an educated person. He bought many books abroad, read them, according to the chronicle, "day and night", knew the Bible well. For this, he received the nickname of the Wise among the people. Hagia Sophia in Kyiv Hagia Sophia in Novgorod
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In an effort to establish order and legality in his state, Yaroslav the Wise laid the foundation for the creation in Russia of a written code (collection) of laws, which was called Truth of Yaroslav. Russkaya Pravda provided for punishments for beatings, mutilations, harboring a runaway slave, damage to weapons and clothes. For criminal offenses, Russkaya Pravda provided for a fine (vira) in favor of the prince and a reward in favor of the victim (golovnichestvo). For serious crimes, according to the Russkaya Pravda set of rules, all the property of the perpetrator was taken away, expelled from the community or deprived of liberty.
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FROM THE TRUTH YAROSLAV 1. If a free man kills a free man, then [for him they have the right] to avenge brother for brother, or son for father, or father for son, or sons of brother and sister; if one of them does not want or cannot take revenge, then let him receive 40 hryvnias for the murdered ... 13. If someone discovers the property stolen from him from another person, he should not arbitrarily take it away, saying at the same time: “This is mine”, but let him say: "Go to the vault and show me where you got it"; if the suspect of theft does not immediately go to the vault, then let him put up a guarantor for himself no later than five days ... 16. If the serf hits free husband and hides with his master, and he does not want to extradite him, then he leaves the serf with himself and pays the offended 12 hryvnias; and then if where he meets a hit offender [serf], then he has the right to beat him. What remnants of the tribal system were preserved in the Old Russian state? What testifies to the birth feudal relations?
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Foreign policy Yaroslav the Wise: 1030 approved his power on the western coast Lake Peipus and built the city of Yuryev there (his middle name - Yuri - the Kyiv prince received at baptism). In 1036, near Kyiv, Russian troops, led by the prince, completely defeated the Pechenegs, after which the steppe inhabitants stopped raiding Russia. 1041 union treaty with the Polish king. 1046 Byzantium and Russia signed a peace treaty.
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With the death of the last of the sons of Yaroslav the Wise, strife began again. The most popular in Russia at that time was the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125), who in 1097 took the initiative to convene a congress of princes in the city of Lyubech. It was decided to stop the strife and proclaimed the principle of "everyone keeps his fatherland." The establishment of this principle consolidated the already begun division of the Russian land into separate principalities. However, the strife continued even after the Lyubech Congress. In 1113, Vladimir Monomakh was invited to the Kyiv throne, temporarily restored the weakened power of the Grand Duke, and pacified the Polovtsy. Vladimir II was an enlightened ruler, the author of Teachings to Children. In 1132, under the sons and grandsons of Vladimir Monomakh, Russia finally disintegrated into separate principalities. "... Let everyone keep his Fatherland .." - the beginning of fragmentation in Russia.
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A few days after his reign in Kyiv, Vladimir Monomakh gave Russia a new set of laws - the "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich." The new law greatly facilitated the position of various kinds of debtors. From now on, moneylenders had no right to demand more than 20% in excess of the amount borrowed. These provisions of the "Charter" freed many debtors from financial dependence, and limited the arbitrariness of usurers. The sources of servility were clearly defined: - self-sale into servitude, - the transformation into a serf of a person who married a serf without an appropriate contract, - entering the service of the master as a tiun without any specifically stipulated freedom in this case - a purchase who escaped from the master became a serf. If he left in search of money to repay the debt, then in this case he could not be turned into a slave. In all other cases, attempts to enslave free people were suppressed, which was certainly a progressive rule for that time. It was forbidden to turn into a slave a person who received a loan of bread.
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The crown (or hat) presented to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the ambassadors of the Byzantine emperor in 1116. All Russian autocrats were crowned kings, putting on their heads the Cap of Monomakh. She was a symbol of royal power.
