Spelling dictionary definition. Dictionary types. Modern spelling dictionaries

A language dictionary that gives the normative spelling of words. [GOST 7.60 2003] Topics of the publication, main types and elements EN spelling dictionary DE orthographisches Wörterbuch ... Technical Translator's Handbook

orthographic dictionary- spelling dictionary: A language dictionary that gives the standard spelling of words. Source: GOST 7.60 2003: System of standards for information, library and publishing ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

orthographic dictionary- Rus: spelling dictionary Deu: orthographises Wörterbuch Eng: spelling dictionary GOST 7.60 ... Dictionary of Information, Library and Publishing

orthographic dictionary- a dictionary containing words in their normative literary pronunciation and spelling... Explanatory Translation Dictionary

orthographic dictionary- see linguistic dictionary ...

linguistic dictionary- A dictionary that explains the meaning and use of words (as opposed to an encyclopedic dictionary that provides information about the relevant realities of objects, phenomena, events). Dialect (regional) dictionary. Dictionary containing ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

ORTHOGRAPHIC- SPELLING, spelling, spelling. adj. to spelling. spelling rules. Orthographic dictionary. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Dictionary Ushakov- "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by Dmitry Nikolaevich Ushakov, one of the main explanatory dictionaries Russian language. Under the editorship and with the author's participation of D. N. Ushakov, in 1935 1940, 4 volumes of "Explanatory ... ... Wikipedia

Dictionary- Dictionary 1) vocabulary, vocabulary of a language, dialect, any social group, an individual writer, etc. 2) A reference book that contains words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.) arranged in a certain order … … Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary

Dictionary- a collection of words (sometimes also morphemes or phrases) arranged in a certain order, used as a reference book that explains the meanings of the described units, gives various information about them or their translation to another ... ... Big soviet encyclopedia

Books

• Spelling Dictionary, Ushakov Dmitry Nikolaevich, Kryuchkov Sergey Efimovich. The "Spelling Dictionary" of D. N. Ushakov and S. E. Kryuchkov is known to all those who studied at school. And this is no coincidence: the dictionary has been used for more than 70 years. For it does not become obsolete, reflecting active changes ... Buy for 353 rubles
• Spelling Dictionary, O. Gaibaryan (comp.). The spelling dictionary is an indispensable reference book for students and applicants. In it you can find all the answers to your questions regarding the spelling of words in the Russian language. This…

Spelling dictionaries, unlike sensible ones, consider words from the point of view of spelling. Such reference books exist to help schoolchildren, editors and specialists who use terminology in the fields of professional activity.

Pre-revolutionary spelling dictionaries in Russia

The first attempt to create a reference book of Russian spelling was made by Ya.K. Grotto. To his work Russian spelling”, first published in 1885, was accompanied by an index, which contained about three thousand words. On its basis, spelling dictionaries were created already in the 20th century, the editors and compilers of which were V. Kimental (1900), M. Altabaev (1913), V. Zelinsky (1914) and others.

With the advent of the new government in Russia, not only the political system has changed, but also the rules of spelling. Accordingly, there is a need for reference and educational literature explaining and summarizing the new rules.

The first of the dictionaries of the new regime was the manual “My Dictionary. A short guide to the new spelling. For students." Its author was V. Flerov. First published in 1918, it went through nine editions. The spelling reference book by I. Ustinov, published in 1921, supplemented by exercises for the development of speech, as well as a dictionary for students, were repeatedly reprinted. high school(1933) edited by D.N. Ushakov and S.E. Kryuchkov and other publications for elementary and secondary schools.

In addition to publications for schoolchildren, there was also a manual for journalists, editors and proofreaders of book publishing houses, written by Y. Khomutov in 1927. Its volume was approximately 100,000 words. Correction reference books of various authors, published in the 1950s-1970s, were also supplied with voluminous spelling dictionaries in the form of appendices.

In 1945, a separate dictionary was published dedicated to the rules for using the letter "e". Its authors, K.I. Bylinsky, M.V. Svetlaev and S.E. Kryuchkov, gave more than four and a half thousand examples of words using this letter.

Dictionaries edited by the famous linguist D.E. Rosenthal, which deal with the continuous and separate spelling of words, as well as the correct use of capital and lowercase letters at the beginning of the word, appeared in the mid-80s of the twentieth century. They are still reprinted from time to time.

Modern spelling dictionaries

After the collapse Soviet Union There have been no global changes in spelling standards, so dictionaries published during the Soviet period are used on a par with newly created ones.

Reference book of Russian spelling, authored by N.V. Solovyov, saw the light in 1997. In 1999, a spelling dictionary appeared under the editorship of V.V. Lopatin. It was prepared in connection with the planned, but still not implemented, reform of the Russian language. This huge work, containing more than 160,000 lexical units, was created in a hurry, however, according to the author, it is the most full assembly spelling material, taking into account modern trends.

The year 1999 was also marked by the release of a series of reference books by the AST-Press publishing house, prepared by a group of authors, and explaining the continuous and separate spelling of words, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, and the use of single and double letters "H".

Competent written speech- an integral part of the life of modern intellectual developed person. When conducting business correspondence, spelling errors are strictly unacceptable. This may indicate the lack of education of the partners' staff. Or illiterate private messages when communicating in in social networks, mobile instant messengers, SMS correspondence can alienate people who barely met.

If you have any difficulties in writing words, it is better to refer to the spelling dictionary.

Meaning of the spelling dictionary

orthographic dictionary- a dictionary in which words are placed, in alphabetical order. These words are hard to come by. test words to make sure you spell the correct spelling. Such words must be remembered. The most important function of this type of dictionaries is to help you correctly write or pronounce a word whose spelling or pronunciation is difficult.

Features of dictionaries

In spelling dictionaries, all words are stressed. This contributes to improving the quality of not only written, but also oral speech.

Distinctive features of the spelling dictionary:

if words with the same meaning can be written in different ways, then these words follow in one line through the union “and”. For example, "tunnel" and "tunnel".

when writing some vocabulary units separately or together, in case of differences, they are placed on two lines (“slightly wounded” and “slightly wounded”, adj.)

verbs with postfixes "-sya" ("-s") are listed in one line. For example, "launch(s), -ay, -ayet(s)". This is also typical when writing participles: “sowing (sowing)”.

Categories of dictionaries

There are a huge number of dictionaries. For ease of use, they are divided into the following groups.

The main types of spelling dictionaries are:

1. School- dictionaries used by schoolchildren. Usually they have a convenient format of publications, they are pocket-sized. They are the most common and suitable for additional study of the Russian language.
2. Industry- have a rather narrow focus. Such dictionaries contain words, their spelling, possible use in certain professional circles. For example, "Musical Encyclopedic Dictionary" - contains the basic terminology and the most used vocabulary among professional musicians and music lovers.
3. Reference dictionaries- serve for use in proofreading and editorial work on texts.
4. General- are used when certain spelling problems arise. For example, hyphen, separate, or continuous spelling words.

Classic dictionaries

Among the huge mass of books for literate writing, dictionaries occupy one of the main places. Among them, the works of great Russian linguists should be noted, their results of work are often used in the 21st century.

The most popular - spelling dictionary created under the supervision of D.N. Ushakov and S.E. Kryuchkov.

The famous Russian linguist D. N. Ushakov in 1911 created the work "Russian Spelling". It was he who was an active participant in the reform of the rules of Russian spelling in 1918. Then the letter Ѣ (yat) and some others ceased to exist, solid sign"b" began to be used only for separation, in the genitive and accusative adjectives and participles, the ending -ago was replaced by -his (best → best) and a number of others. All this prompted D.N. Ushakov to create a spelling dictionary.

Kryuchkov Sergey Efimovich - famous Soviet linguist. He is known for creating a modern school grammar of the Russian language. When combining labor D.N. Ushakov and S.E. Kryuchkova turned out "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language", which has been in active use for more than half a century. It has been published about sixty times.

Famous "Russian spelling dictionary: about 180,000 words" under the direction of O. E. Ivanova, V. V. Lopatin. Vladimir Vladimirovich Lopatin is a famous Russian linguist. The original work of V.V. Lopatin was published in the middle of the twentieth century, and since then it has been constantly republished and expanded. From its first release to today vocabulary increased by 80,000 units. Vocabulary is constantly updated with new modern words on business, programming, banking and other topics. In addition, in the dictionary V.V. Lopatin introduced a number of categories that must be recorded with capital letter: names of sacred concepts of faith: Bible, Koran; and names historical eras or events: the Reformation, the Risorgimento and a number of others.

It is impossible not to mention the well-deserved and often used works of D.E. Rosenthal. A popular Russian linguist analyzed and clearly stated how grammar rules, and punctuation, stylistic and spelling principles of the normative Russian language. Under his leadership, in the 80s of the twentieth century, reference dictionaries for press workers, reference dictionaries for the correct use of uppercase or lowercase letters and a number of other textbooks, collections of exercises for in-depth study of the language were published.

A spelling dictionary is an excellent assistant for competent written or oral communication with others. This is an acquisition that will come in handy not only while studying at school, but also throughout your studies at the institute, during business correspondence at work or when exchanging personal messages.

Spelling dictionaries are dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, sectoral (for example, "Spelling Marine Dictionary" M., 1974), reference dictionaries for press workers, school. Recall also that the spelling of words should be checked according to authoritative dictionaries.

The new academic normative "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (M., 1999) refers to general type spelling dictionaries. This dictionary reflects the vocabulary of Russian literary language in the state it was in at the end of the 20th century. Compared with the previous "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language", published in 1956-1998. (editions 1-33), the volume of the dictionary has been increased by more than one and a half times (now it contains about 160,000 words and phrases). An innovation that distinguishes the dictionary from the previous edition is the inclusion of words written with an uppercase letter and combinations with such words, including words written in their different meanings and uses, both with an uppercase and lowercase letter.

Reference dictionaries are devoted to any spelling difficulties. The dictionary of such a dictionary includes only words in which there is a given orthogram. For example, the dictionary B.Z. Bukchina "Spelling Dictionary: Jointly? Separately? Through a hyphen? (M., 1999), devoted to the problem of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words; dictionary D.E. Rosenthal "Capital or lowercase?: The experience of a reference dictionary" (M., 1986). There are dictionaries dedicated to the use of one letter: the dictionary of K.I. Bylinsky The use of the letter Yo: A Handbook (M., 1945).

Due to the need to optimize educational process the task was to create various minimums, including spelling and punctuation. See A.V. Tekuchev "On the spelling and punctuation minimum for secondary school" (M., 1976).

* Dictionary of Russian spelling or spelling. M., 1813. (One of the first small dictionaries.)

* Genning V.P. Reference book and index of Russian spelling. SPb., 1879.

* Romashkevich P. Russian spelling dictionary. SPb., 1881.

* Spelling dictionary with the addition of a refresher course in Russian spelling / Comp. A. Spitsyn. M., 1883. (The first school spelling dictionary.)

* Gan I.K. Complete dictionary letters yat. A collection of all the words of the Russian language, indigenous and derivative, which are written through yat. With preliminary rules and explanations regarding the use of this letter. With the addition complete list cities, villages, towns and postal stations, the name of which includes the letter yat. 6th ed., revised again. and correct. Vlna, 1896.

* Seslavin D.N. Pocket spelling dictionary containing more than 30,000 words / Comp. Seslavin D.N. SPb., 1897.

* Ruch S.G. Spelling dictionary with the designation of stresses and the indication of the roots of words of Russian origin. Comp. on latest sources S.G. Manual SPb., 1900.

* Chudinov A.N. Reference dictionary. Spelling, etymological and explanatory of the Russian literary language. SPb., 1901.

* Razygraev V. Reference index of Russian spelling, with the application of all spelling rules and root words, comp. according to Reif, Shimkevich and others. St. Petersburg, 1884.

* Vladimirsky I. Spelling Dictionary. With spelling rules. A guide to learning Russian spelling. M., 1903.

* Abramenko F. A dictionary containing about ten thousand words that are difficult to spell, spelling rules, word wrapping rules and punctuation rules. Compiled according to Grot and supplemented by F. Abramenko according to academic dictionaries and other sources. 8th ed. Kyiv, 1909.

* Zachinyaev A. Spelling Dictionary / Ed. I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay. SPb., 1910.

* New spelling dictionary. Comp. a group of proofreaders according to Ya.K. Grot and others, under the general editorship of V. Grechaninov. 100,000 words. M., 1911.

* Large spelling dictionary: With grammar appendix. OK. 70000 words. M., 1999.

* Bookchina B.Z. Russian spelling dictionary. M., 1999.

* Tikhonov A.N., Tikhonova E.N., Tikhonov S.A. Dictionary-reference book on the Russian language: Ok. 26,000 words / Ed. A.N. Tikhonov. 4th ed., stereotype. M., 1999.

* Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language: Handbook for schoolchildren and applicants. M., 1999.

* Tikhonov A.N. Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language: Ok. 70000 words. 2nd ed., stereotype. M., 1999.