home Biology The creative process is inconceivable without imagination. Translation of "amenable to direct" in Chinese

The creative process is inconceivable without imagination. Translation of "amenable to direct" in Chinese

Option No. 2617844

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Indicate the numbers of sentences in which the MAIN information contained in the text is correctly conveyed. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) Of particular interest to scientists is the only one of the geological processes that quickly forms the face of the Earth and allows you to see its structure - the process of volcanism

2) Volcanic activity is a grandiose and impressive phenomenon.

3) None of the slow geological processes can be directly observed.

4) Volcanic eruption can change certain parts of the Earth beyond recognition in a matter of days.

5) The process of volcanism - the only one of the geological processes that quickly forms the face of the Earth and allows you to see its structure - is of particular interest to scientists.

Answer:

Which of the following words (combinations of words) should be in place of the gap in third text sentence? Write out this word.

Naturally

Thereby

Answer:

Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word CONTENT. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

1. That which is contained is contained in something. C. folders.

2. The unity of all the basic elements of the whole, its properties and connections, existing and expressed in the form (in 1 meaning) and inseparable from it. Unity of form and content.

3. The main essence of the presentation; plot. Retell with. report. A book with interesting content.

4. List of sections at the beginning or end of the book, table of contents. S. at the end of the book.

5. Quantity of something., located in something. friend. C. vitamins in blackcurrant.

6. Wage, salary (official). Leave with maintenance.

7. Funds to-rye are given to someone. to ensure subsistence, dependency (obsolete). Assign with. to someone Live with someone on content.

Answer:

In one of the words below, a mistake was made in setting the stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel is highlighted INCORRECTLY. Write out this word.

bleeding

sheet

Answer:

In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

I had previously met ARTISTIC and very talented guys, but the performance of these little virtuosos literally stunned me.

The day promised to be windy and RAINY.

Despite the bright, ARTISTIC inclinations, none of them became a person of art.

A pure RAIN smell poured out of the garden, the intoxicating scent of linden blossoms.

It could not be called anything other than the DISASTER state of his affairs.

Answer:

In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

DIRECTORS OF ENTERPRISES

in two thousand and ten

LIGHT THE FIREWORKS

platoon of SOLDIERS

three hundred KILOGRAMS

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between the sentences and those allowed in them grammatical errors: for each position of the first list, select the corresponding position from the second list.

A) All those who previously opposed the appointment of Yermolov to no avail now raised their heads again.	1) misuse case form of a noun with pretext
B) In the story "The Captain's Daughter" there are a number of episodes that indicate not only the cruelty of both warring parties, but also their ability for mercy and generosity.	2) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) In the outline of the “Study Book of Literature for the Russian Youth”, Gogol defines the “lesser kind of epic” as a genre that is intermediate between the epic and the novel.	3) violation in the construction of a proposal with an inconsistent application
D) Preserving Pushkin's image of the prophet in his lyrics, Nekrasov rejects another important symbol of Pushkin's poetic world - the image of the "poet-priest".	4) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
E) Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Tolya refused to go home immediately from the airport.	5) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial turnover
	6) violation of the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
	7) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

BUT	B	AT	G	D

Answer:

Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

built in..tea

appl..did

art...leria

ass..army

d..rector

Answer:

Find a row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

n..ripe, not..marked;

under..tozhit, dez..information;

neither .. falling, and .. scooping;

pr..to communicate, pr..to overcome;

inter..er, pre..applicant.

Answer:

friendly...

raged ... raged

dol ... voe (participation)

obsolete..vat

weakening

Answer:

Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.

select..sh

indescribable..may

waterproof..my

check..my

Answer:

Identify the sentence in which NOT with the word is spelled CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write out this word.

The still (not) calm sea rolled onto the shore.

It's a pity (not) anyone to tell!

The (not) bright January sun was already shining far away.

(Not) wide, but a narrow pond was made in the garden.

Gerasim (not) paid attention to these cries.

Answer:

Determine the sentence in which both underlined words are spelled ONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

The brothers remained (ON) ONE and (C) BEGINNING only looked at each other.

The seller is ALSO responsible to the buyer for damage or breakage of the goods (FROM) due to improper packaging, as well as the buyer to the seller for timely payment for the goods.

Even in a half-asleep existence, Ilya Ilyich could not, in his words, indifferently recall the aria from the opera by V. Bellini, which HOW (WOULD) merged with the appearance of Olga Ilyinskaya, and SO (SAME) with the dramatic result of Oblomov's love for her.

Nikolay (V) DURING the whole dispute was silent and only in (FLOOR) VOICE asked Marina to remove the samovar.

An hour and a half of controversy passed (B) EMPTY, (THAT) IS common solution so it was not worked out.

Answer:

Indicate all the numbers in the place of which one letter H is written?

The senior forester, long (1) and clumsy, in riding breeches made of homewinding (2) cloth, in a wash (3) shirt, sat apart from everyone and smiled mockingly.

Answer:

Set up punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma

1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.

2) And the years went by quickly and inaudibly and carried away these memories with them.

3) The themes of war and peace of forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.

4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.

5) On the same lilac bush, I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.

Answer:

Full of enthusiasm (1), we (2) barely unpacked our suitcases (3) and had a quick breakfast (4) gathered in the hotel lobby.

Answer:

Fill in all the missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

If I find in the notebooks of famous people an interesting (1) in my opinion (2) observation, witty or funny remark, is it really necessary to refuse to reproduce them just because they are expressed in ten or fifteen or (3) for example (4) in two or three lines?

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

A colorful spectacle is the exit from the bottom of the reservoirs (1) of gases accumulated in the silt (2) whose bubbles (3) flare up on the surface of the water with a bluish flame.

Answer:

Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

The library opened at eight in the morning (1) and (2) although there were never any visitors at such early hours (3) Nina Ivanovna never allowed herself to be late (4) and even came a little earlier.

Answer:

Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) The core of the modern literary language is the common vocabulary.

2) B fiction sometimes it is appropriate to use colloquial, slang words to create local flavor.

3) The problem of non-compliance with the norms of the Russian literary language is often raised in the media.

4) Changes in the lexical composition of the Russian language reflect changes in society.

5) The old words are gone temporarily, but they live on the pages of the classics and are waiting for brighter days.

(According to T. Zharova*)

* Taisiya Vasilievna Zharova

Answer:

Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

Enter the numbers in ascending order.

1) Sentences 1-4 include descriptive elements.

2) In sentences 13-16, reasoning is presented.

3) Proposition 12 contains the conclusion of the argument.

4) In sentences 5-9, examples are given for the statement made in sentence 4.

5) The predominant type of text is narrative.

(1) What a mirror of life our language is! (2) No, he is truly great, remaining to this day free, truthful. (3) He accepts everything, responds to everything like a Pushkin echo, moreover, he will also take in foreign words and teach them to produce new forms (not clone!) From obsolete and borrowed words. (4) The only trouble is that all this sometimes goes on in an ugly, illiterate mixture.

(5) So, in a short time, they managed to Russify and even delimit in meaning such words familiar in the sports environment as “fanatic” and “fan”, and now “fan”, and even religious fanaticism takes on a different color. (6) There were once "fans", even "clackers" (French) theatrical, and now fanatics have separated from "fans". (7) There are also football fans (not "fans"), pop.

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“private docent”, “private conversation ”), we managed to nationalize in such a way that the word “privatization”, even in everyday, always sensitive to shades of language, acquired a dismissive sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that fell into vernacular, into folklore, an anecdote, are already becoming “ours”, “friends”, like witty catchphrases from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

(10) Linguistic diversity is everywhere. (11) What a field for observation of linguists, writers, actors! (12) But how unusual, spiritually, ancient words sound in our over-business speech, which are temporarily gone, but live on the pages of the classics and are waiting for brighter days.

(13) In no case should you close your eyes to the fact that, apart from foreign words, we are overwhelmed by criminal vocabulary. (14) Where did these “cool”, “cool”, “roofs”, “cool” come from? (15) Their source is clear. (16) But why do they flourish among quite decent youth, sound from the screen, are full of print?

(17) This conversation can be continued by anyone who cares for our language. (18) After all, even now he is “great, powerful, truthful and free.” (19) We only spoil it ourselves, forgetting that it is alive, so there is no need to offend him with vulgarity, other people's rubbish, profanity, clerical delights, incompatible hash.

(According to T. Zharova*)

* Taisiya Vasilievna Zharova(born in 1923), member of the Union of Journalists, veteran of the Great Patriotic War. The main theme of creativity is the fate of the Russian language.

Text source: USE 2012. Russian language. Training tasks

Answer:

Write out contextual antonyms from sentences 11-12.

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“private docent”, “private conversation ”), we managed to nationalize in such a way that the word “privatization”, even in everyday, always sensitive to shades of language, acquired a dismissive sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that has fallen into the folk language, into folklore, an anecdote, is already becoming “ours”, “own”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

(13) In no case should we turn a blind eye to the fact that, in addition to foreign words, we are overwhelmed by criminal vocabulary. (14) Where did these “cool”, “cool”, “roofs”, “cool” come from? (15) Their source is clear. (16) But why do they flourish among quite decent youth, sound from the screen, are full of print?

(According to T. Zharova*)

* Taisiya Vasilievna Zharova(born in 1923), member of the Union of Journalists, veteran of the Great Patriotic War. The main theme of creativity is the fate of the Russian language.

Text source: USE 2012. Russian language. Training tasks

(11) What a field for observation of linguists, writers, actors! (12) But how unusual, spiritually, ancient words sound in our over-business speech, which are temporarily gone, but live on the pages of the classics and are waiting for brighter days.

Answer:

Among sentences 10-19, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a possessive pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“private docent”, “private conversation ”), we managed to nationalize in such a way that the word “privatization”, even in everyday, always sensitive to shades of language, acquired a dismissive sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that has fallen into the folk language, into folklore, an anecdote, is already becoming “ours”, “own”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

(According to T. Zharova*)

* Taisiya Vasilievna Zharova(born in 1923), member of the Union of Journalists, veteran of the Great Patriotic War. The main theme of creativity is the fate of the Russian language.

Text source: USE 2012. Russian language. Training tasks

(1) What a mirror of life our language is!

Answer:

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The speech of the author of the text is especially emotional when it comes to the beauty and richness of the Russian language. This emphasizes such a syntactic means of expression as (A) _______ (sentences 1, 11), and such a technique as (B) _______ (“everything accepts, responds to everything”), and lexical means such as (C) _______ ( "over-business" in sentence 12) and (D) _______ ("great, powerful, truthful and free" in sentence 18), make the speech expressive, figurative and allow a deeper understanding of the author's position.

List of terms:

2) dialectism

3) lexical repetition

6) parceling

7) colloquial word

8) phraseological unit

9) rhetorical exclamation

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“private docent”, “private conversation ”), we managed to nationalize in such a way that the word “privatization”, even in everyday, always sensitive to shades of language, acquired a dismissive sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that has fallen into the folk language, into folklore, an anecdote, is already becoming “ours”, “own”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

(According to T. Zharova*)

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite original text without any comments, then such work is rated 0 points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

(8) Even the old-fashioned “private”, once rarely found in everyday speech, is interpreted in the dictionary by V. Dahl as “private”, “personal”, “special”, “home” (“private docent”, “private conversation ”), we managed to nationalize in such a way that the word “privatization”, even in everyday, always sensitive to shades of language, acquired a dismissive sound, becoming “privatization”. (9) But it is known that a word, a hero, a phenomenon that has fallen into the folk language, into folklore, an anecdote, is already becoming “ours”, “own”, like witty words from the films of Danelia, Ryazanov, Gaidai.

NO BLUE GUNPOWDER

The expressive effectiveness of the expression ensures its continued existence - and long after related words and even the form of the same word have already been lost in living speech or have undergone drastic semantic changes. Many idiomatic expressions have developed and survived due to their vivid expressiveness.

Here is an example. In modern Russian, the colloquial expression is occasionally used not a blue of gunpowder(no, will not remain) in the meaning of the negative amount of "nothing". "Well, I'll die, and - no blue powder there won’t be any left after me!” Tiunov spoke convincingly.” Nor blue-gunpowder - for us, an indecomposable idiom. Its complexity is palpable, but its lexical composition is not amenable to direct comprehension and explanation; in it even syntactic link elements is broken. Obviously, no blue powder goes back to the archaic phrase no blue powder(cf. in broad daylight, young and old etc.). phrase blue powder we don't use it. However, even in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign" we find: "blue wine", "blue haze"; cf. in the "Word of the Transdon": "birds of heaven, grazing that one, fly under the blue shells." Acad. I. I. Sreznevsky points out that in Old Russian blue also meant "dark, dark from blue" (cf. xinq - Ethiopian, black creature) (Sreznevsky, 3, p. 358). It should be remembered that in Serbian sûњ means "blue and greyish"; si? њav - "gray"). Etymologically related to blue seems to be located and gray(cf. Preobrazhensky, 2, p. 287). Powder in this regard indicates dust, a speck of dust.

Word powder in the meaning of "dust, ashes" was still alive in Russian literary language late XVIII – early XIX in. (see the words of AR 1822.5, pp. 8-9; words - powder, powder, powder).

In the dictionary of 1847 in the word powder, Besides contemporary meaning, also noted as the main “small particle of the earth; dust, ashes (...)”. " Gunpowder in the eye hit” (1867–1968, 3, p. 792).

Blue powder in the eye as an image, it receives the meaning “the smallest, smallest amount”, with a negation - “not at all” (like one powder in the eye). For example, in the “Painter” of 1772 (l. 23) in the message “To my son Falaley”: “The girl is not poor, she knows how to read and write, and most of all, a great housekeeper: she nor blue powder will not be wasted, such and such, son, I found you a bride ”(Russian satirical journal of the 18th century, p. 196). Compared like blue powder in the eye or simply gunpowder in the eye expressed singularity, the extreme limit of uniqueness. For example, in “The Painter” (l. 24): “Please, my light, me; you're the only one with me, like blue powder in the eye how can I not love you (ibid., p. 198). Wed D. Fonvizin in “The Undergrowth”: “Would it really be necessary to meet my own father, on whom all hope, who we have one, like gunpowder in the eye"(Prostakov Starodum).

In V. I. Dal’s “The Adventures of Violdamur and his Arshet”: “... in the opposition party, he stands, one like a finger - one like a poppy color - one like blue gunpowder in the eye - alone, like the sun in the sky - alone, like a goblin in a swamp - stands a new friend of Violdamur, acquired in Muddle, Mr. Mokrievich-Khlamko-Nagolny ... ”(Dal, 1898, 10, p. 135). A. I. Levitov in the story “Sweet Life”: “... the captain is nothing - powders it was impossible to notice the smallest in his eyes...” (1911, 1, p. 98). Saltykov in "Provincial Essays": "... in two hours they have, one might say, no blue powder will not remain ... ”(in the speech of mother Mavra Kuzmovna). In Leskov's essays "Laughter and Grief": "... I see that my room is being carefully cleaned and washed and that not a single thing of mine is left in it, positively, as they say, no blue powder". In P. P. Gnedich in the “Tree of Life”: “I thought I would give you a sheepskin coat for the holiday for kindred feelings, but now I won’t let you no blue powder". In the memoirs of B. N. Chicherin (vol. 2, “Moscow of the forties”, p. 82): “And your mind no blue powder. And the darling in you is mean!” (Alyabyev's poems about D.P. Golokhvastov). Wed Pisemsky in the story "Leshy": "I ... interrupted everything before gunpowder blue, but what he was looking for, he did not find ”(in the speech of the police officer).

The article has not been published before. The archive preserved the manuscript (5 sheets of different formats yellowed from time to time) and typescript without author's corrections.

Published according to the manuscript with the necessary corrections and clarifications. - E.X.

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Based on your request, these examples may contain colloquial vocabulary.

Translation of "amenable to direct" in Chinese

Other translations

One of these aspects amenable to direct user perception; others can only be assessed by NSI.

Are directly observable by users; others only the NSI can assess.">

However, these data were based on different definitions, classifications and time intervals, and therefore not amenable to direct comparison.

directly comparable.">

Marine fish populations amenable to direct visual definition, and therefore estimates of abundance are based on conceptual models, the acceptability of which is often questioned and changes over time.

Suggest an example

Other results

In most cases, these goals amenable to immediate quantitative assessment, except in difficult areas such as child protection, academic achievement and quality education.

In most cases, those goals are directly measurable, with the exception of challenging areas in child protection, learning achievement and education quality.

Are directly measurable, with the exception of challenging areas in child protection, learning achievement and education quality.">

In addition, Statistics Canada will not administer training in areas that are not amenable to immediate quantitative assessment (and the number of exceptions to this rule is constantly decreasing), even in cases where these areas directly related to the issues under consideration by the Office.

Nor will Statistics Canada administer training in those areas that do not lend directly to quantification (with a decreasing number of exceptions) even when they are directly linked to the subject at hand.

Lend themselves directly to quantification (with a decreasing number of exceptions) even when they are directly linked to the subject at hand.">

Physical Consequences global warming not amenable to immediate as human rights violations, not least because the harms associated with climate change often cannot be clearly traced to the actions or omissions of specific States.

The physical impacts of global warming cannot easily be classified as human rights violations, not least because climate change-related harm often cannot be clearly attributed to acts or omissions of specific States.

Easily be classified as human rights violations, not least because climate change-related harm often cannot be clearly attributed to acts or omissions of specific States.">

As Dr. Jagan noted, “The key factors that cause our problems to arise and which can therefore be used to solve them are, for the most part, not lend themselves our direct control.

outside our immediate control.">

The Committee notes that most budget performance indicators lend themselves measurement and have immediate relation to expected accomplishments; in case of a significant discrepancy between the actual results and the planned ones, an explanation of the reason for such a discrepancy is given.

The Committee observes that most performance indicators are measurable and relevant to the expected accomplishments; an explanation is provided of significant variations in performance indicators, compared with the planned output.

Are measurable and relevant to the expected accomplishments; an explanation is provided of significant variations in performance indicators, compared with the planned output.">

Most organizations are good at calculating and calibrating outcomes, because outcomes tend to be lend themselves quantification and directly dependent on activities overseen by program managers.

Most organizations are good at defining and measuring results at the output level as outputs are generally measurable and directly influenced by the activities controlled by program managers.

Measurable and directly influenced by the activities controlled by program managers.">

One of them directly related to the state of the forests themselves, they are easily lend themselves definition and are called "direct causes".

Directly on the forest itself and are often easily recognizable in the field: these are referred to as "direct causes".">

It was also noted that the problems caused by the imposition of sanctions, in many cases directly explained by the specifics of the general economic situation of the affected states and not lend themselves partial solution.

It was also noted that problems stemming from the imposition of sanctions were in many cases part and parcel of the overall economic situation of the affected States and did not lend themselves to a piecemeal solution.

Parcel of the overall economic situation of the affected States and did not lend themselves to a piecemeal solution.">

The Board may wish to invite the secretariat to review selected projects and programs immediate the results of which lend themselves quantitative analysis in order to evaluate their benefits.

Immediate causes of maternal, infant and child mortality are largely lend themselves prevention and treatment through proven, cost-effective and currently available practices.

Direct causes of maternal, newborn, and child deaths are largely preventable and treatable using proven, cost-effective, and currently available interventions.">

However, the unexplained gap (18.1%) should not be directly regarded as discrimination because, on the one hand, some of the remaining pay gap may also be determined by characteristics that are not lend themselves accounting.

Nevertheless, the unexplained gap (18.1 per cent) should not be directly interpreted as discrimination, because on the one hand, some of the remaining wage difference might also be due to characteristics that could not been taken into account.

Directly interpreted as discrimination, because on the one hand, some of the remaining wage difference might also be due to characteristics that could not been taken into account.">

It's getting special meaning in situations that are difficult lend themselves settlement on the basis of the rule of law, when decisions of the Council directly affect the rights and obligations of specific individuals who are not entitled to individual remedies.

Directly affect the rights and obligations of individuals who are not entitled to individual legal remedies - a situation which can be difficult to reconcile with the rule of law.">

What is imagination? Not everything lends itself direct perception. For example, in our time it is impossible to observe the fight of gladiators, as this is a phenomenon of the distant past.

However, by the power of imagination, based on the knowledge of history, it is quite possible to imagine such a picture.

That is why the role of imagination in a person is so great, especially in art, literature, the field of science and technology.

Role of imagination

Imagination is a property that allows a person to create new sensory or mental images based on existing perceptions and knowledge.

Imagination as a mental process is inherent in man, although its rudiments are also characteristic (for example, instinct contains a significant proportion of imagination).

Bizarre and daring "footprints" of the imagination can be found at many key points in human history.

L. N. Tolstoy saw one of the main merits of I. S. Turgenev (1818-1883) in that he created with his imagination the type of “Turgenev woman”: there was no such thing in reality, but after his novels about Liza Kalitina, Elena Insarova and others she appeared.

However, imagination can become a negative factor, especially when it takes perverse forms.

If the psychophysical mechanism that stimulates the work of the imagination is influenced with the help of various kinds, then it is possible to sharply activate the work of the imagination, but make it fruitless and even destructive - first for higher mental functions, and ultimately for the biological basis of man.

It was previously believed that the pressure of the imagination decreases with age, but the latest research has shown that it rather takes on other forms, being less visible in external signs, but more strongly affecting the results.

The creative process is unthinkable without imagination, fantasy, inspiration.

People of art express this special emotional state in different ways, depending on individual features, flavors, .

The French philosopher D. Diderot (1713-1784), according to the memoirs of contemporaries, when writing, looked like an obsessed.

He ran around the rooms, waving his arms and shouting at the whole house, tore off his wig from his head, threw it up, trampled it and threw it again.

The famous French writer of the XVII century. J. Lafontaine (1621 -1695) wrote his fables only in heavy rain.

Taking off his wig and hat, he paced the streets for hours, repeating in full verse, arguing with himself, stamping his feet frantically and waving his arms.

READING PROCESS MODEL

As we have already noted, reading is the oldest form of cognitive activity human, but so far much is still unclear in the mechanism of reading.

In the study of complex processes in nature and society modern science widely uses the modeling method. If the mechanism of a phenomenon is complex and not amenable to direct study, its simplified model is built, with the help of which its main parameters are studied. To study the process of reading, we will create such a model and consider reading as a special case of receiving and processing textual information. Engineering psychology has long and deeply studied reading. In this science, the human body is presented as a complex cybernetic machine that receives information from the external and internal environment, processes it and stores the necessary information in the memory system of the brain.

Such a representation enables us to construct a generalized cybernetic model of one of the critical processes perception and processing of textual information - the process of reading. The scheme of this model is shown in fig. 4. As you know, cybernetics explores two types of processes: information processing and management. Considering reading as a certain “man-text” system, one can see that reading is also a typical cybernetic system. There are five main blocks in the reading process shown in the figure.

The block of the visual analyzer perceives information. The processing of the received information takes place with the participation of the speech-motor, speech-auditory blocks and the block of semantic processing and decision-making. The nature of the decision, the speed of its adoption is affected not only new information, but also that internal (basic) about the subject of reading, which comes from the memory system in the form of previously received information and instructions, which are, as it were, programs of mental actions for effective comprehension of what has been read. The result of this block is reading comprehension, which, as a result of reading, also enters the memory system. The control unit controls the executive organs: the muscles of the eyes, hands, tongue, lips. This stage is the actual control, as a result of which the chain of transformations in the circuit is closed: “text - reader - text”. Thus, the chain - perception, processing, development of a solution and its implementation - forms a closed ring-like system between the reader and the author of the text.

RICE. 4

As in any control object of this kind, there are feedback channels here. Feedback in control systems is called the corrective effects of the output of the system on its input. In our case, the feedback channel is implemented by issuing a signal about the corrective decision taken (as a result of comprehending the current fragment of the text) to the channel of the visual analyzer: “Stop”, “Read more”, “Come back” (in contrast to the general command “Read, read, read” ).

So, reading in the “man - text” system is a process of managing several processes, where:

A text is an object of perception and cognition of the content information embedded in it;

The brain is a processing and control device. In accordance with the described structural model, the reading process itself can be represented as follows. The reader grasps with his eyes a certain fragment of the text, which then begins to be processed in the channel of the visual analyzer. going on the most complicated process processing of the received text message, and not only visual, but also speech-auditory and speech-motor analysis is performed. As a result of this traditional three-stage information processing, definite decision: in the block of semantic processing - a command to perform a regression or to read the next piece of text, or a command to the muscles of the hand to turn the page, or a command not to stop reading.

Being aware of the extreme conventionality and proximity; considered structure - a functional model of the reading process, we nevertheless consider its awareness useful for readers of this book.

As scientists have established, reading is a simultaneous process of receiving and issuing speech. This means that when reading written language(text) is first accepted (read) by the visual analyzer, but the main assimilation of what is read is certainly accompanied by internal speech processes, in which the auditory analyzer also takes part. And it is on how these processes are organized, what is the degree of their consistency, that the speed of reading depends. If during reading there is a so-called external articulation - speaking aloud or in a whisper of what is being read, and then internal listening, then in these cases all three blocks process information: visual, speech-motor, speech-auditory. In other words, the text in this case is visually perceived, pronounced and listened to. Almost all readers read in this traditional way.

However, such multi-stage text processing is not always necessary and, moreover, what is read is not absorbed better. Reading with pronunciation resembles the movements of a child who is learning to walk: each next step is carefully, uncertainly groped. You read letter by letter, syllable by syllable, word by word. With such reading, the perception and comprehension of large fragments of text, the selection of their logical elements is difficult. Figuratively speaking, the reader does not see the forest of meaning behind the trees of words.

From the point of view of cybernetics, the slow pace of reading in this case can only be explained by the low bandwidth of the speech-auditory channel as a whole due to its inertia. Indeed, the speed of our speech is low - 150 words / min - this is the limit above which it becomes slurred. 150 lines/min is also the reading speed of those who read with pronounced external articulation.

Stoyan Stoyanov (Bulgaria), a four-time world champion in the speed and accuracy of writing texts of business papers, managed to write down 575 characters per minute, i.e. 207 words, at the last competitions. This is the extremely fast pace of speech for a modern person.

So, external articulation in any form (speaking out loud or in a whisper) slows down reading and probably needs to be eliminated in the first place. Skillful suppression of articulation, as we will see later, will allow us to exclude from participation in information processing when reading one functional block - auditory and speech and switch to a new, more economical two-stage information processing using only visual and speech motor blocks, the work of which also changes. With such reading, entire groups of words are replaced in the brain by one key word-concept that generalizes the meaning of the entire phrase. How to do this, we will learn later.

In the meantime, we will analyze another approach to the analysis of the reading process. Factors controlling the reading process can be divided into two groups: causal (brain) and investigative (peripheral). As you know, any psychophysiological analyzer consists of three parts (receiving - peripheral, transmitting - broadcasting) and a higher control center - a group of neurons in the cerebral cortex. The analysis of information coming from outside begins in the peripheral part. But only in the cerebral ends of the analyzer - in the cerebral cortex of the brain - is a fine analysis of all the complex elements of the perceived image possible. It is here that programs and codes are formed, with the help of which a person actively perceives the events of the external world.

Thus, when teaching speed reading, it is necessary to influence both groups of factors: investigative factors that determine the behavior of the peripheral parts of the visual, speech and auditory analyzers, and causal mechanisms of the brain. The task is to achieve the development of the peripheral part of the visual analyzer, blocking the speech-auditory analyzer, and, accordingly, rebuild or develop new brain work programs during text processing through various control educational and methodological influences. The device that controls the reading process, the brain, is therefore the central causal factor, because it is its activity that determines the investigative behavior of all the peripheral ends of the analyzers.

Obviously, it is in the functions of the cerebral cortex that one must look for those key causal factors that ultimately determine the speed and efficiency of reading. Unfortunately, today we still know very little about the mechanism of the brain processes that govern reading. Until now, it is not known for certain what laws are used to select and process the most important semantic units of the text when reading, and with the help of which code systems this is implemented. The human mind is striking precisely in its flexible ability to extract and use the most significant information for the most seemingly unexpected purposes. However, modern ideas about the work of the brain suggest that with fast reading, more advanced programs of mental activity are implemented, and most importantly, codes are more high levels interpretation of the meaning of the text. By analogy with progress in the construction of electronic computers, we can assume that fast reading people use the interactive advantages of modern third-generation computers, while people who read slowly “work” at the level of first-generation machines, i.e. in the “big adding machine” mode ". The ability to flexibly associate and choose, adapt and improve programs of mental actions when communicating with text is an obvious advantage of the human brain, which, however, in practice people use so far is extremely inefficient. As we have already noted, the resources of the brain are unusually large. A quick read allows you to use them to great effect.