home Online services Vereshchagin cheesemaker. Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin: biography. Books that shaped my inner world

Vereshchagin cheesemaker. Nikolai Vasilievich Vereshchagin: biography. Books that shaped my inner world

Born on October 13 (October 25), 1839 in the village of Pertovka, Cherepovets district, Novgorod province, in the family of a landowner. At the age of 10, he was assigned to Alexandrovsky cadet corps, and a year later transferred to the Petrovsky Naval Cadet Corps.

As a naval officer, in 1864 he graduated from the natural department of the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of St. Petersburg University. By political convictions, he was a populist and decided to devote himself to improving the economic situation of the peasants by rational organization dairy cattle breeding and dairy business in peasant farms.

Leaving in 1865 military service, N.V. Vereshchagin visited Switzerland, Germany, England, France, Holland, Denmark and Sweden in order to study the dairy business. Here, for the first time, he saw an artel cheese factory, where the peasants handed over milk and then divided among themselves the income received from the sale of cheese and butter.

Upon returning to Russia, N.V. Vereshchagin initiated the creation of peasant artels for processing milk into butter and cheese. On March 19, 1866, he opened the first artel cheese factory in Otrokovichi, Tver province. By 1870, there were already 11 artel cheese factories in the Tver province, created by N.V. Vereshchagin. Artel cheese making quickly spread to other places. Within a few years, dozens of cheese dairies were opened in Tver, Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Vologda and other provinces.

Such an active development of the dairy business quickly revealed a lack of qualified personnel and in June 1871 in the village. Edimonovo, Korchevsky district, Tver province, with the direct participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich, the first school of dairy farming in Russia was opened. Under his leadership, the school has trained more than 1,000 people, masters of butter and cheese makers, for 30 years of existence.

Vereshchagin for the first time in Russia organized workshops for the manufacture of dairy equipment and utensils from special iron, which, according to his order, was produced at the Ural metallurgical plants.

In 1890, at a meeting of the Moscow Society Agriculture N.V. Vereshchagin put forward the idea of creating in Russia special higher educational institutions to train highly qualified personnel for all branches of agriculture. This idea was not realized during his lifetime. Only in 1911 Av. A. Kalantar - a student of N.V. Vereshchagin - achieved the opening of a dairy economic institute near Vologda in the village. Dairy.

Since 1866 N.V. Vereshchagin was a member of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture. In 1874 he was elected chairman of the Society's Cattle Breeding Committee. For his useful activity in the organization of the dairy farm on the basis of the artel of the peasants of the northern provinces of Russia, in 1869 he was awarded the gold medal of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, and later elected an honorary member of the society.

Best of the day

The scientist paid much attention to the issues of improving domestic breeds of dairy cattle. In 1883, at the Edimonovskaya school, N.V. Vereshchagin together with Av.A. Kalantar organized the first in Russia (the second in Europe) laboratory for the study of the composition of milk, which marked the beginning of a broad study of the breeds of local cattle. He proved that with proper care and feeding, local cattle are capable of producing exceptionally high milk productivity.

Vereshchagin systematically organized exhibitions of dairy farming in the northern provinces of Russia. The highest award at these exhibitions was the Vereshchagin Prize, which was awarded for achieving high milk productivity of domestic breeds of cattle.

N.V. Vereshchagin was the first in the world to use the boiling of cream and created on their basis a completely new, unknown before him abroad method of making butter, which has a pronounced taste of pasteurization (“nutty”). Due to a misunderstanding, Vologda oil was called Paris oil for many years. Interestingly, the Swedes, who learned about this oil in 1879 at the St. Petersburg exhibition, began to call it St. Petersburg. In the 1930s, this oil was renamed Vologda oil.

Before N.V. Vereshchagin butter was not exported. Russia sold ghee to Turkey and Egypt. However, there was a threat of closing the foreign market for Russian butter, which passed due to the export of Parisian butter. Through the efforts of N.V. Vereshchagin, the Russian export of butter in 1906 was brought to 3 million poods in the amount of 44 million rubles.

H. V. Vereshchagin wrote about 60 scientific and popular science works and articles on agricultural issues. Many of his works have not lost their significance even today.

March 13, 1907 N.V. Vereshchagin died in poverty, leaving his family no means of subsistence, as he mortgaged his estate.

Born in the family of a hereditary nobleman, a retired collegiate assessor Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin. There were four sons in the family, and all of them left a mark in the history of Russia. The second son - Vasily Vasilyevich (born in 1842) became a great Russian battle painter. Sergei Vasilievich (born in 1845) showed great ability in drawing, being an orderly of M. D. Skobelev during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, surprised everyone with his courage, but, unfortunately, died during the assault on Plevna. Alexander Vasilievich (born in 1850) participated in Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878, his “military” stories were praised by L. N. Tolstoy, since 1900 he served in Far East, retired with the rank of Major General. Ten years old, Nikolai was sent to the Naval Corps along with his younger brother Vasily. During Crimean War 1853 - 1856 the young midshipman served on a steam gunboat in the port of Kronstadt. In 1859, midshipman N.V. Vereshchagin received permission from his superiors to attend St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, where he listened to lectures at the natural faculty. In 1861 he retired as a lieutenant and settled on his parents' estate. He was elected to the conciliatory mediators of the Cherepovets district.
N.V. Vereshchagin considered cheese making to be a means that could contribute to the intensification of both peasant and landowner economy. Initially, he tried to take up cheese-making on his father's estate, but could not find good specialists in Russia so that they could teach him this business. Then he went to Switzerland, where in a small cottage near Geneva he learned the basics of cheese making, and then learned the intricacies of the craft from various specialists.
Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1865, N. V. Vereshchagin turned to Volnoye economic society(VEO) with the proposal "to make an experience of setting up artel cheese factories." The VEO supported this idea and allocated funds from the capital bequeathed "to improve the farms of the Tver province." In winter, he settled with his wife in the half-abandoned wasteland of Aleksandrovka, renting two huts. The best one was equipped for syrnya, the other was adapted for housing. It was important for N.V. Vereshchagin to show by his own example the possibility of making good cheese and butter in Russia. This is where everyone who wants to learn comes in. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilyevich traveled to the surrounding villages, inciting the peasants to create artel cheese factories. In two years, more than a dozen such artels were formed. N.V. Vereshchagin began to have students. One of his students A. A. Kalantar testified that Nikolai Vasilievich knew how to captivate people with his ideas, and they became his assistants and successors. In particular, he attracted former sailors N. I. Blandov and G. A. Biryulev, who became his associates in the development of cheese making, and later big businessmen.
At the beginning of 1870, N.V. Vereshchagin submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of State Property on the need to set up a dairy farming school in Russia, and in 1871 in the village. Edimonov, Tver province, such a school was created. In addition to writing and counting, in Edimonovo they taught how to make condensed milk, chester, backstein, green and French cheeses, butter; experiments were conducted with Swiss cheese; Dutch and Edam cheeses were prepared in a branch of the school in the village. Koprino (Yaroslavl province). The Edimon school existed until 1894 and during this period it trained more than 700 masters. Among the teachers of the Edimon school was the Buman Holstein family. When their contract expired, Vereshchagin helped them open their own dairy near Vologda. They accepted trainees from Edimonov and kept their own apprentices. For 30 years, the Bumans have trained about 400 masters. On the basis of their exemplary farm, in 1911, the Dairy Institute was established - the first such institution in Russia (at present - the Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin).
N.V. Vereshchagin is credited with creating a method for making a unique oil, which he called "Paris". The taste of this butter was achieved by boiling cream and was similar to the taste of butter made in Normandy. The “Parisian” oil that appeared on the market in St. Petersburg interested the Swedes, who, having learned the technology of its manufacture, began to make the same oil at home and called it “Petersburg”. This oil received the name "Vologda" only in 1939 according to the order of the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry of the USSR "On the renaming of the name "Paris" oil into "Vologda".
Gradually, the activities of N.V. Vereshchagin began to gain public recognition: the products of the cheese dairies and butter-making artels organized by him receive awards at exhibitions, he is invited to make presentations at meetings of the VEO, and he is elected a member of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSH). At the international exhibition of dairy farming in London in 1880, the Russian department was recognized by experts as the best, and N.V. Vereshchagin received a large gold and three silver medals and first prize for Chester cheese. Naturally, there were also skeptics who believed that Russian cattle, due to their genetic characteristics, could not be highly productive, therefore N.V. Vereshchagin's undertakings were doomed to failure. N.V. Vereshchagin had to organize three expeditions to examine Russian cattle in order to rehabilitate the Yaroslavl and Kholmogorok.
Great efforts were made to influence the culture of the peasants. The technology of making cheese requires special purity, and peasants often handed over milk in dirty dishes, often diluted, from sick cows. I had to establish a system for checking the quality of milk. The situation with lending to artels was difficult. The government, fearing that usury might develop in the countryside, limited the possibilities for peasants to receive bank loans. Vereshchagin had to seek permission for loans to dairy artels from the State Bank under the guarantor's bill. In addition, together with the “prince-cooperator A.I. Vasilchikov, they began to create savings and loan partnerships of mutual credit. In order to spread his ideas more widely, N.V. Vereshchagin began to appear in the press. His articles began to appear in VEO yearbooks. In September 1878, on his initiative, the newspaper Cattle Breeding began to appear. True, the newspaper did not last long - a little more than two years. Later, N.V. Vereshchagin founded the Bulletin of Russian Agriculture, which was published for twelve years. 160 articles by Nikolai Vasilyevich were published there.
In 1889, becoming chairman of the Cattle Breeding Committee under the Moscow Union of Artists, Vereshchagin introduced annual exhibitions of regional peasant cattle, which forced the zemstvos to engage in this business. All major All-Russian exhibitions of agriculture (Kharkov, 1887, 1903; Moscow, 1895), art and industrial exhibitions (Moscow, 1882; Nizhny Novgorod, 1896) and others had departments of cattle breeding, dairy farming and a demonstration department arranged (in whole or in part) by Vereshchagin. In the demonstration departments, students from the school in Edimonovo made cheese and butter in front of visitors. In addition to exhibitions, propaganda among the peasants was carried out by mobile dairies and a detachment of Danish craftsmen, issued by the Ministry of State Property. The work of the Danes was led by the outstanding practitioner K. X. Riffestal, attracted by Vereshchagin in 1891.
With the widespread development of butter and cheese making, the delivery of finished products to consumers, especially foreign ones, has become a big problem. N. V. Vereshchagin immediately enters into a seemingly hopeless struggle. He addresses projects and petitions to railway companies, to the government demanding the creation of refrigerator cars, lowering tariffs for the transportation of perishable goods, accelerating the speed of their progress, points to international experience, etc. Thanks to his perseverance, the transportation of dairy products gradually became in Russia exemplary.
The efforts of N. V. Vereshchagin began to bear fruit. Prior to the start of its activities, Russia practically did not export butter to Europe. In 1897, its exports amounted to more than 500 thousand poods worth 5.5 million rubles, and in 1905 - already 2.5 million poods worth 30 million rubles. And this is not counting the products that were consumed by the domestic market. The interests of the development of the dairy industry began to be taken into account by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Communications, the Main Directorate of Merchant Shipping and Ports, and other departments. Interdepartmental meetings and meetings of the State Council on the development of buttermaking have become the norm.
AT last years life of Nikolai Vasilievich departed from practical work passing it on to his sons. His last work was the preparation of the Russian department of dairy farming for the World Exhibition in Paris (1900). The exhibits of the department received many top awards, and the entire department as a whole received an honorary diploma.
The life of Nikolai Vasilyevich Vereshchagin is the life of an ascetic who actually created a new branch of the national economy in Russia: butter and cheese making. Lacking funds and influential connections, only by the power of persuasion and personal example, he managed to stir up interest in bureaucratic circles, zemstvos, and peasant farms in many provinces in increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding through in-depth processing of milk. The result of his activities was the entry of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. among the world's leading oil exporters.

The husband is the head and the wife is the neck.

About myself

I, Vereshchagina N.V., work as a defectologist teacher in kindergarten with children with a complex structure of the defect, as well as a teacher-psychologist with children with normative developmental options. My hobby is to teach psychology students to understand children with disabilities and their parents, as well as the implementation of copyright professional development programs for employees preschool education. I am the author pedagogical diagnostics educational process according to GEF DO.

Books that shaped my inner world

1. Maryutina T.M., Ermolaev O.Yu. Introduction to psychophysiology - M., 2001.

Mukhamedrakhimov R.Zh. Mother and baby. Psychological interaction. - St. Petersburg, 1999.

My view of the world

The world is open and full of possibilities. the main thing is to want to achieve something, and everything will be. Laziness is often above all.

My achievements

Organizer of scientific and practical conferences for the exchange of experience for teachers.

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Department of Science and Technology Policy and Education

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education

Volgograd State Agricultural Academy

Discipline "Marketing cooperation".

Report

On thetopic“Activity of N.V. Vereshchagin »

Done: female students

Ek-41 group

Rudicheva Julia,

Mayorova Julia

Checked:

Korotkova S.M.

Volgograd 2011

Vereshchagin Nikolai Vasilyevich was born into the family of a hereditary nobleman, a retired collegiate assessor Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin. There were four sons in the family, and all of them left a mark in the history of Russia. The second son - Vasily Vasilyevich (born in 1842) became a great Russian battle painter. Sergei Vasilievich (born in 1845) showed great ability in drawing, being an orderly of M. D. Skobelev during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, surprised everyone with his courage, but, unfortunately, died during the assault on Plevna. Alexander Vasilyevich (born in 1850) participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, his “military” stories were praised by L. N. Tolstoy, since 1900 he served in the Far East, retired with the rank of major general. Ten years old, Nikolai was sent to the Naval Corps along with his younger brother Vasily. During the Crimean War of 1853 - 1856. the young midshipman served on a steam gunboat in the port of Kronstadt. In 1859, midshipman N.V. Vereshchagin received permission from his superiors to attend St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, where he listened to lectures at the natural faculty. In 1861 he retired as a lieutenant and settled on his parents' estate. He was elected to the conciliatory mediators of the Cherepovets district.

N.V. Vereshchagin considered cheese making to be a means that could contribute to the intensification of both peasant and landowner economy. Initially, he tried to take up cheese-making on his father's estate, but could not find good specialists in Russia so that they could teach him this business. Then he went to Switzerland, where in a small cottage near Geneva he learned the basics of cheese making, and then learned the intricacies of the craft from various specialists.

Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1865, N.V. Vereshchagin turned to the Free Economic Society (VEO) with a proposal to "make an experience in setting up artel cheese factories." The VEO supported this idea and allocated funds from the capital bequeathed "to improve the farms of the Tver province." In winter, he settled with his wife in the half-abandoned wasteland of Aleksandrovka, renting two huts. The best one was equipped for syrnya, the other was adapted for housing. It was important for N.V. Vereshchagin to show by his own example the possibility of making good cheese and butter in Russia. This is where everyone who wants to learn comes in. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilyevich traveled to the surrounding villages, inciting the peasants to create artel cheese factories. In two years, more than a dozen such artels were formed. N.V. Vereshchagin began to have students. One of his students A. A. Kalantar testified that Nikolai Vasilievich knew how to captivate people with his ideas, and they became his assistants and successors. In particular, he attracted former sailors N. I. Blandov and G. A. Biryulev, who became his associates in the development of cheese making, and later big businessmen.

At the beginning of 1870, N.V. Vereshchagin submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of State Property on the need to set up a dairy farming school in Russia, and in 1871 in the village. Edimonov, Tver province, such a school was created. In addition to writing and counting, in Edimonovo they taught how to make condensed milk, chester, backstein, green and French cheeses, butter; experiments were conducted with Swiss cheese; Dutch and Edam cheeses were prepared in a branch of the school in the village. Koprino (Yaroslavl province). The Edimon school existed until 1894 and during this period it trained more than 700 masters. Among the teachers of the Edimon school was the Buman Holstein family. When their contract expired, Vereshchagin helped them open their own dairy near Vologda. They accepted trainees from Edimonov and kept their own apprentices. For 30 years, the Bumans have trained about 400 masters. On the basis of their exemplary farm, in 1911, the Dairy Institute was established - the first such institution in Russia (at present - the Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin).

N.V. Vereshchagin is credited with creating a method for making a unique oil, which he called "Paris". The taste of this butter was achieved by boiling cream and was similar to the taste of butter made in Normandy. The “Parisian” oil that appeared on the market in St. Petersburg interested the Swedes, who, having learned the technology of its manufacture, began to make the same oil at home and called it “Petersburg”. This oil received the name "Vologda" only in 1939 according to the order of the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry of the USSR "On the renaming of the name "Paris" oil into "Vologda".

Gradually, the activities of N.V. Vereshchagin began to gain public recognition: the products of the cheese dairies and butter-making artels organized by him receive awards at exhibitions, he is invited to make presentations at meetings of the VEO, and he is elected a member of the Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSH). At the international exhibition of dairy farming in London in 1880, the Russian department was recognized by experts as the best, and N.V. Vereshchagin received a large gold and three silver medals and the first prize for Chester cheese. Naturally, there were also skeptics who believed that Russian cattle, due to their genetic characteristics, could not be highly productive, therefore N.V. Vereshchagin's undertakings were doomed to failure. N.V. Vereshchagin had to organize three expeditions to examine Russian cattle in order to rehabilitate the Yaroslavl and Kholmogorok.

Great efforts were made to influence the culture of the peasants. The technology of making cheese requires special purity, and peasants often handed over milk in dirty dishes, often diluted, from sick cows. I had to establish a system for checking the quality of milk. The situation with lending to artels was difficult. The government, fearing that usury might develop in the countryside, limited the possibilities for peasants to receive bank loans. Vereshchagin had to seek permission for loans to dairy artels from the State Bank under the guarantor's bill. In addition, together with the “prince-cooperator A.I. Vasilchikov, they began to create savings and loan partnerships of mutual credit. In order to spread his ideas more widely, N.V. Vereshchagin began to appear in the press. His articles began to appear in VEO yearbooks. In September 1878, on his initiative, the newspaper Cattle Breeding began to appear. True, the newspaper did not last long - a little more than two years. Later, N.V. Vereshchagin founded the Bulletin of Russian Agriculture, which was published for twelve years. 160 articles by Nikolai Vasilyevich were published there.

In 1889, becoming chairman of the Cattle Breeding Committee under the Moscow Union of Artists, Vereshchagin introduced annual exhibitions of regional peasant cattle, which forced the zemstvos to engage in this business. All the largest All-Russian exhibitions of agriculture (Kharkov, 1887, 1903; Moscow, 1895), art and industrial exhibitions (Moscow, 1882; Nizhny Novgorod, 1896) and others had departments of cattle breeding, dairy farming and a demonstration department arranged (in whole or in part) Vereshchagin. In the demonstration departments, students from the school in Edimonovo made cheese and butter in front of visitors. In addition to exhibitions, propaganda among the peasants was carried out by mobile dairies and a detachment of Danish craftsmen, issued by the Ministry of State Property. The work of the Danes was led by the outstanding practitioner K. X. Riffestal, attracted by Vereshchagin in 1891.

With the widespread development of butter and cheese making, the delivery of finished products to consumers, especially foreign ones, has become a big problem. N. V. Vereshchagin immediately enters into a seemingly hopeless struggle. He addresses projects and petitions to railway companies, to the government demanding the creation of refrigerator cars, lowering tariffs for the transportation of perishable goods, accelerating the speed of their progress, points to international experience, etc. Thanks to his perseverance, the transportation of dairy products gradually became in Russia exemplary.

The efforts of N. V. Vereshchagin began to bear fruit. Prior to the start of its activities, Russia practically did not export butter to Europe. In 1897, its exports amounted to more than 500 thousand poods worth 5.5 million rubles, and in 1905 - already 2.5 million poods worth 30 million rubles. And this is not counting the products that were consumed by the domestic market. The interests of the development of the dairy industry began to be taken into account by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Communications, the Main Directorate of Merchant Shipping and Ports, and other departments. Interdepartmental meetings and meetings of the State Council on the development of buttermaking have become the norm.

In the last years of his life, Nikolai Vasilievich retired from practical work, passing it on to his sons. His last work was the preparation of the Russian department of dairy farming for the World Exhibition in Paris (1900). The exhibits of the department received many top awards, and the entire department as a whole received an honorary diploma.

The life of Nikolai Vasilyevich Vereshchagin is the life of an ascetic who actually created a new branch of the national economy in Russia: butter and cheese making. Lacking funds and influential connections, only by the power of persuasion and personal example, he managed to stir up interest in bureaucratic circles, zemstvos, and peasant farms in many provinces in increasing the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding through in-depth processing of milk. The result of his activities was the entry of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. among the world's leading oil exporters. activities of teachers of the Department of Information Systems Thesis >> Pedagogy

Sports and cultural activity, trade union activity, vocational guidance work). For rate activities the teacher is used ... 4 Vasiliev S.S. full-time Ph.D. associate professor professor 0.85 5 Vereshchagin L.V. full-time Ph.D. * associate professor 0.27 6 Vladovsky...

physiologist, creator of Vologda oil, founder of the domestic dairy industry and agricultural cooperation

Date of birth: 1839
Date of death: 1907

(10/13/1839, Pertovka village, Cherepovets district - 03/13/1907, Pertovka village, Cherepovets district (now - Cherepovets district)

Public figure, creator of the first Russian cheese dairies on an artel basis,
creator of oil "Vologda"

Born in the family of a hereditary nobleman, a retired collegiate assessor Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin.

There were four sons in the family, and all of them left a mark in the history of Russia. The second son - Vasily Vasilyevich (born in 1842) became a great Russian battle painter. Sergei Vasilyevich (born in 1845) showed great ability in drawing, being an orderly of M.D. Skobelev during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, surprised everyone with his courage, but, unfortunately, died during the assault on Plevna. Alexander Vasilievich (born in 1850) participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878, his “military” stories were praised by L.N. Tolstoy, since 1900 he served in the Far East, retired with the rank of major general.

Ten years old, Nikolai was sent to the Naval Corps along with his younger brother Vasily. During the Crimean War of 1853–1856 the young midshipman served on a steam gunboat in the port of Kronstadt. In 1859, midshipman N.V. Vereshchagin received permission from his superiors to attend St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, where he listened to lectures at the natural faculty. In 1861 he retired as a lieutenant and settled on his parents' estate. He was elected to the conciliatory mediators of the Cherepovets district.

D. Magakyan cites an excerpt from a letter from Nikolai Vasilievich to the Minister of Agriculture Yermolov, in which he explains the reasons for his passion for dairy farming: when I had to start farming.

A sailor by education, with all my desire I could not accustom myself to endure sea rolling and from the officer classes of the Naval Corps I moved to St. Petersburg University. Here, at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, I, by the way, attended Professor Svetlov's lectures, and in his ardent sermon on grass-sowing I saw one of the best guarantees for providing our cattle breeding with fodder. Even then I imagined as a resident of one of the northern provinces - Novgorod, that only increased concern for improving cattle breeding could support our economy ... ".

Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1865, N.V. Vereshchagin turned to the Free Economic Society (VEO) with a proposal to “make an experience in setting up artel cheese factories”. The VEO supported this idea and allocated funds from the capital bequeathed "to improve the farms of the Tver province." In winter, he settled with his wife in the half-abandoned wasteland of Aleksandrovka, renting two huts. The best one was equipped for syrnya, the other was adapted for housing. It was important for N.V. Vereshchagin to show by his own example the possibility of making good cheese and butter in Russia. This is where everyone who wants to learn comes in. At the same time, Nikolai Vasilyevich traveled to the surrounding villages, inciting the peasants to create artel cheese factories. In two years, more than a dozen such artels were formed. N.V. Vereshchagin began to have students. One of his students, A.A. Kalantar, testified that Nikolai Vasilievich knew how to captivate people with his ideas, and they became his assistants and successors. In particular, he attracted former sailors N.I. Blandov and G.A. Biryulev, who became his associates in the development of cheese making, and later big businessmen.

At the beginning of 1870, N.V. Vereshchagin submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of State Property on the need to set up a dairy farming school in Russia, and in 1871 such a school was established in the village of Edimonovo, Tver province. In addition to writing and counting, in Edimonovo they taught how to make condensed milk, chester, backstein, green and French cheeses, butter; experiments were conducted with Swiss cheese; Dutch and Edam cheeses were prepared in the branch of the school in the village of Koprino (Yaroslavl province). The Edimon school existed until 1894 and during this period it trained more than 700 masters.

Among the teachers of the Edimon school was the Buman Holstein family. When their contract expired, Vereshchagin helped them open their own dairy near Vologda. They accepted trainees from Edimonov and kept their own apprentices. For 30 years, the Bumans have trained about 400 masters. On the basis of their exemplary farm in 1911, the Dairy Institute was established - the first such institution in Russia (at present - the Dairy Academy named after N.V. Vereshchagin).

N.V. Vereshchagin is credited with creating a method for making a unique oil, which he called "Parisian". The taste of this butter was achieved by boiling cream and was similar to the taste of butter made in Normandy. The “Parisian” oil that appeared on the market in St. Petersburg interested the Swedes, who, having learned the technology of its manufacture, began to make the same oil at home and called it “Petersburg”. This oil received the name "Vologda" only in 1939 according to the order of the People's Commissariat of the Meat and Dairy Industry of the USSR "On the renaming of the name "Paris" oil into "Vologda".

Naturally, there were also skeptics who believed that Russian cattle, due to their genetic characteristics, could not be highly productive, therefore N.V. Vereshchagin's undertakings were doomed to failure. N.V. Vereshchagin had to organize three expeditions to examine Russian cattle in order to rehabilitate the Yaroslavl and Kholmogorok.

The situation with lending to artels was difficult. The government, fearing that usury might develop in the countryside, limited the possibilities for peasants to receive bank loans. Vereshchagin had to seek permission for loans to dairy artels from the State Bank under the guarantor's bill. In addition, together with the “prince-cooperator A.I. Vasilchikov, they began to create savings and loan partnerships of mutual credit.

In order to spread his ideas more widely, N.V. Vereshchagin began to appear in the press. His articles began to appear in VEO yearbooks. In September 1878, on his initiative, the newspaper Cattle Breeding began to appear. True, the newspaper did not last long - a little more than two years. Later, N.V. Vereshchagin founded the Bulletin of Russian Agriculture, which was published for twelve years. 160 articles by Nikolai Vasilyevich were published there.

All the largest All-Russian exhibitions of agriculture (Kharkov, 1887, 1903; Moscow, 1895), art and industrial exhibitions (Moscow, 1882; Nizhny Novgorod, 1896) and others had departments for cattle breeding, dairy farming and a demonstration department, arranged (in whole or in part) Vereshchagin. In the demonstration departments, students from the school in Edimonovo made cheese and butter in front of visitors.

In addition to exhibitions, propaganda among the peasants was carried out by mobile dairies and a detachment of Danish craftsmen, issued by the Ministry of State Property. The work of the Danes was led by the outstanding practitioner K.Kh. Riffestal, attracted by Vereshchagin in 1891.

With the widespread development of butter and cheese making, the delivery of finished products to consumers, especially foreign ones, has become a big problem. N.V. Vereshchagin immediately enters into a seemingly hopeless struggle. He addresses projects and petitions to railway companies, to the government demanding the creation of refrigerator cars, lowering tariffs for the transportation of perishable goods, accelerating the speed of their movement, points to international experience, etc. Thanks to his perseverance, the transportation of dairy products gradually became exemplary in Russia.

The efforts of N.V. Vereshchagin began to bear fruit. Prior to the start of its activities, Russia practically did not export butter to Europe. In 1897, its exports amounted to more than 500 thousand poods worth 5.5 million rubles, and in 1905 - already 2.5 million poods worth 30 million rubles. And this is not counting the products that were consumed by the domestic market. The interests of the development of the dairy industry began to be taken into account by the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Communications, the Main Directorate of Merchant Shipping and Ports, and other departments. Interdepartmental meetings and meetings of the State Council on the development of buttermaking have become the norm.

Literature

Malygina I.N. N.V. Vereshchagin - the organizer of the first school of dairy farming in Russia // Actual problems milk processing and production of dairy products. - Vologda, 1989. - P.4.

Magakyan D. The first Russian cheese factories // Science and life. - 1981. - No. 7. - P. 116–120.

Guterts A.V. About Nikolai Vasilyevich Vereshchagin // Cooperation. History pages. - T. 1. - Book. 1. - 30-40s XIX years- the beginning of the XX century. - M., 1999. – P.441–450.

F.Ya.Konovalov