Biologists are Nobel Prize winners. Nobel Prizes in Medicine and Biology and its laureates. Drosophila? But the award for medicine
The Nobel Committee has announced the winners of the 2017 Physiology or Medicine Prize today. This year the award will once again travel to the US, with Michael Young of the Rockefeller University in New York, Michael Rosbash of Brandeis University and Geoffrey Hall of the University of Maine sharing the award. According to the decision of the Nobel Committee, these researchers were awarded "for their discoveries of the molecular mechanisms that control circadian rhythms."
It must be said that for the entire 117-year history Nobel Prize this is perhaps the first prize for the study of the sleep-wake cycle, as well as for anything related to sleep in general. The famous somnologist Nathaniel Kleitman did not receive the award, and Eugene Azerinsky, who made the most outstanding discovery in this area, who discovered REM sleep (REM - rapid eye movement, rapid sleep phase), generally received only a PhD degree for his achievement. It is not surprising that in numerous forecasts (we will talk about them in our note) there were any names and any research topics, but not those that attracted the attention of the Nobel Committee.
What was the award for?
So, what are circadian rhythms and what exactly did the laureates discover, who, according to the secretary of the Nobel Committee, greeted the news of the award with the words “Are you kidding me?”.
Geoffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael Young
Circa diem translated from Latin as "around the day". It so happened that we live on planet Earth, where day is replaced by night. And in the course of adapting to different conditions of day and night, organisms developed an internal biological clock - the rhythms of the biochemical and physiological activity of the organism. It was only in the 1980s that it was possible to show that these rhythms had an exclusively internal nature by sending mushrooms into orbit. Neurospora crassa. Then it became clear that circadian rhythms do not depend on external light or other geophysical signals.
The genetic mechanism of circadian rhythms was discovered in the 1960s–1970s by Seymour Benzer and Ronald Konopka, who studied mutant lines of fruit flies with different circadian rhythms: in wild-type flies, circadian rhythm fluctuations had a period of 24 hours, in some mutants - 19 hours, in others - 29 hours, and the third had no rhythm at all. It turned out that rhythms are regulated by the gene PER - period. The next step, which helped to understand how such fluctuations in the circadian rhythm are created and maintained, was taken by the current laureates.
Self-adjusting clockwork
Geoffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash suggested that the gene encoded period PER protein blocks the work of its own gene, and such a feedback loop allows the protein to prevent its own synthesis and cyclically, continuously regulate its level in cells.
The picture shows the sequence of events over 24 hours of fluctuation. When the gene is active, PER mRNA is produced. It exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm, becoming a template for the production of the PER protein. The PER protein accumulates in the cell nucleus when the activity of the period gene is blocked. This closes the feedback loop.
The model was very attractive, but a few pieces of the puzzle were missing to complete the picture. To block the activity of a gene, the protein needs to get into the nucleus of the cell, where the genetic material is stored. Jeffrey Hall and Michael Rosbash showed that the PER protein accumulates overnight in the nucleus, but did not understand how it managed to get there. In 1994, Michael Young discovered the second circadian rhythm gene, timeless(English "timeless"). It codes for the TIM protein, which is essential for our internal clock to function properly. In his elegant experiment, Young demonstrated that only by binding to each other, TIM and PER paired can enter the cell nucleus, where they block the gene period.
Simplified illustration of the molecular components of circadian rhythms
This feedback mechanism explained the reason for the appearance of oscillations, but it was not clear what controls their frequency. Michael Young found another gene double time. It contains the DBT protein, which can delay the accumulation of the PER protein. This is how fluctuations are “debugged” so that they coincide with the daily cycle. These discoveries revolutionized our understanding of the key mechanisms of the human biological clock. Over the following years, other proteins were found that influence this mechanism and maintain its stable operation.
For example, this year's laureates have discovered additional proteins that make a gene period work, and proteins, with the help of which light synchronizes the biological clock (or causes jetlag in case of a sharp change in time zones).
About the award
Recall that the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (it is worth noting that in the original name in place of “and” the preposition “or” sounds) is one of the five prizes determined by the testament of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and, if you follow the letter of the document, should be awarded annually "for a discovery or invention in the field of physiology or medicine" made in the previous year and brought the maximum benefit to mankind. However, the "principle of last year" was not respected, it seems, almost never.
Now the prize in physiology or medicine is traditionally awarded at the very beginning of the Nobel week, on the first Monday in October. It was first awarded in 1901 for the development of a serum therapy for diphtheria. In total, the prize has been awarded 108 times throughout history, in nine cases: in 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941 and 1942, the prize was not awarded.
Between 1901 and 2017, the prize was awarded to 214 scientists, a dozen of whom are women. So far, there has not been a case that someone has received a prize in medicine twice, although there have been cases when an already current laureate has been nominated (for example, ours). If you do not take into account the award of 2017, then average age laureate was 58 years old. The youngest Nobel laureate in the field of physiology and medicine was the 1923 laureate Frederick Banting (award for the discovery of insulin, age 32), the oldest was the 1966 laureate Peyton Rose (award for the discovery of oncogenic viruses, age 87 years).
According to the website of the Nobel Committee, by studying the behavior of fruit flies in different phases of the day, researchers from the United States were able to look inside the biological clock of living organisms and explain the mechanism of their work.
Geoffrey Hall, a 72-year-old geneticist from the University of Maine, his 73-year-old colleague Michael Rosbash of the private Brandeis University, and Michael Young, 69, of Rockefeller University, have figured out how plants, animals and people adapt to the change of day and night. Scientists have discovered that circadian rhythms (from the Latin circa - “about”, “around” and the Latin dies - “day”) are regulated by the so-called period genes, which encode a protein that accumulates in the cells of living organisms at night and is consumed during the day.
2017 Nobel laureates Geoffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young began researching the molecular biological nature of living organisms' internal clocks in 1984.
“The biological clock regulates behavior, hormone levels, sleep, body temperature and metabolism. Our well-being deteriorates if there is a discrepancy between the external environment and our internal biological clock - for example, when we travel across multiple time zones. Nobel laureates have found signs that a chronic mismatch between a person's lifestyle and their biological rhythm, dictated by the internal clock, increases the risk of various diseases, ”the Nobel Committee website says.
Top 10 Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine
There, on the website of the Nobel Committee, there is a list of the ten most popular laureates in the field of physiology and medicine for the entire time that it has been awarded, that is, since 1901. This rating of Nobel Prize winners was compiled by the number of page views of the site dedicated to their discoveries.
On the tenth line- Francis Crick, British molecular biologist who received the Nobel Prize in 1962 with James Watson and Maurice Wilkins "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living systems", in other words, for the study of DNA.
On the eighth line ranking of the most popular Nobel laureates in the field of physiology and medicine is the immunologist Karl Landsteiner, who received the award in 1930 for the discovery of human blood groups, which made blood transfusion a common medical practice.
In seventh place- Chinese pharmacologist Tu Yuyu. Together with William Campbell and Satoshi Omura in 2015, she received the Nobel Prize “for discoveries in the field of new ways to treat malaria”, or rather, for the discovery of artemisinin, an annual preparation from wormwood, which helps fight this infectious disease. Note that Tu Yuyou became the first Chinese woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In fifth place in the list of the most popular Nobel laureates is the Japanese Yoshinori Ohsumi, the winner of the award in the field of physiology and medicine in 2016. He discovered the mechanisms of autophagy.
On the fourth line- Robert Koch, German microbiologist who discovered the bacillus anthrax, vibrio cholerae and tubercle bacillus. Koch received the Nobel Prize in 1905 for his research on tuberculosis.
On the third place James Dewey Watson, an American biologist who received the award along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins in 1952 for the discovery of the structure of DNA, is ranked among the Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine.
Well and the most popular Nobel laureate in the field of physiology and medicine turned out to be Sir Alexander Fleming, a British bacteriologist who, along with colleagues Howard Flory and Ernst Boris Chain, received a prize in 1945 for the discovery of penicillin, which truly changed the course of history.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was the third prize fund that Alfred Nobel mentioned in his will when setting forth his wishes.
Here are the laureates from 1901 to the present:
2018: The 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to James P. Alison and Tasuku Honjo "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation."
2017: Jeffrey K. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young "for their discovery of the molecular mechanisms that control the biological clock."
The Nobel Prize in Medicine has been awarded annually for over a century.
2016: Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discovery of autophagy, or "I am," in yeast cells, showing that human cells are also involved in these strange cellular processes that are also associated with disease.
2014: John O'Keeffe, May-Britt Moser and her husband Edward I. Moser, "for their discoveries of the cells that make up the positioning system in the brain."
2013: James Rothman, Randy Shekman, and Thomas Südhof, for their work in revealing how cells control the delivery and release of molecules - hormones, proteins, and neurotransmitters.
2012 : Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for their pioneering work in the field of stem cells.
2011 : Bruce A. Butler of the USA, Jules A. Hoffmann was born in Luxembourg, and Dr. Ralph M. Steinman of Canada won a $1.5 million prize (10 million crowns). Steinman was awarded half of the prize and Butler and Hoffmann shared the other half.
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2010-2001
2010 : Robert G. Edwards, "for the development of in vitro fertilization."
2009 : Mr. Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak, "for their discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase."
2008 : Harald zur Hausen "for the discovery of human papillomaviruses causing cervical cancer" and Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier "for the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus."
2007 : R. Mario Capecci, Sir Martin John Evans, Oliver Smithy, "for their discovery of the principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice using embryonic stem cells."
2006 : Andrei Zakharovich, Craig K. Mello, "for the discovery of RNA interference - the suppression of gene expression by double-stranded RNA."
2005 : Barry Marshall, J. Robin Warren, "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer."
2004 Credit: Richard Axel, Linda B. Buck, "for their discovery of deodorant receptors and organization of the olfactory sensory system."
2003 : Pavel S. Lauterbur, Sir Peter Mansfield, "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging."
2002 : Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horwitz, John E. Sulston, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death."
2001 : H. Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul M., "for their discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 2000-1991
2000 Story by: Arvid Karlsson, Paul Greengard Eric b. Kandel, "for their discoveries concerning signaling in nervous system».
1999 : Günther Blobel, "for the discovery that proteins have internal signals that regulate their transport and localization in the cell."
1998 : Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad, "for their discoveries regarding nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system."
1997 : Stanley B. Prusiner, "for their discovery of prions, a new biological principle of infection."
1996 : Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of cell-mediated immune defenses."
1995 : Edward B. Lewis, Christian Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development."
1994 : Mr. Alfred Gilman, Martin Rodbell, "for the discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells."
1993 : Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp, "for their discovery of the discontinuous structure of genes."
1992 : H. Edmond Fisher, Edwin G. Krebs, "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism."
1991 : Neher, Bert Sackman, "for their discoveries concerning the functions of single ion channels in cells."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1990-1981
1990 : Joseph E. Murray, Thomas E. Donnall, "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease."
1989 : Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes."
1988 : Sir James Black to Gertrude Elyon B., George H. Hitchins, "for their discovery of important principles of drug therapy."
1987 : Susumu Tonegawa, "for the discovery of the genetic principle for the production of diversity antibodies."
1986 : Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini, "for their discovery of growth factors."
1985 Story by: Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein, "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism."
1984 : his niels K. Jerne, J. J. F. Koehler, Cesar Milstein, "for theories concerning specificity in the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle of production of monoclonal antibodies."
1983 : Barbara McClintock, "for the discovery of mobile genetic elements."
1982 : C. Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelson I., John r. Wayne, "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and biologically related active substances».
1981 : Roger W. Sperry "for their discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres" and David H. Huebel and Torsten N. Wiesel "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1980-1971
1980 : Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell, "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological responses."
1979 : Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey Hounsfield N., "for the development of computed tomography."
1978: Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith, "for their discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems in molecular genetics."
1977 : Roger Guillemin and Andrew v. Schally, "for their discoveries concerning peptide hormone production in the brain", and Rosalyn Yalow "for the development of peptide hormone radioimmunoassays."
1976 : Baruch S. Bloomberg, D. Carlton Gazdusek, "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and spread of infectious diseases."
1975 : David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin, "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell."
1974 : Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade, "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell."
1973 : Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Tinbergen Nikolaas, "for their discoveries concerning the organization and identification of individual and social behavior."
1972 Story by: Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R. Porter, "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies."
1971 : Earl Sutherland, Jr., "for their discoveries concerning the mechanisms of action of hormones."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1970-1961
1970 : Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod, "for their discoveries concerning humoral transmittors in nerve endings and the mechanisms of their storage, release and inactivation."
1969 : Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey, Salvador Luria E., "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism of replication and the genetic structure of viruses."
1968 : Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, W. Marshall Nirenberg, "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."
1967 : Ragnar Granite, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald, "for their discoveries relating to the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye."
1966 : Peyton Rose "for the discovery of tumor-causing viruses" and Charles Brenton Huggins, "for their discoveries concerning the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer."
1965 : François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Mono, "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses."
1964 : Konrad Bloch, Fedor Linenno, "for their discoveries concerning the mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism."
1963 : Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central regions of the nerve cell membrane."
1962 : Francis Harry Compton Crick and James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for the transmission of information in living matter."
1961 : Georg von Bekesy, "for his discovery of the physical mechanism of excitation in the cochlea."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1960-1951
1960 : Sir Frank MacFarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar, "for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance."
1959 People: Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg, "for their discovery of the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid."
1958 : George Wells Beadle and Edward Tatum Lowry, "for the discovery that genes act to regulate certain chemical events" and Joshua Lederberg, "for their discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria."
1957 : Daniel Bovet, "for their discoveries concerning synthetic compounds which inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and skeletal muscle."
1956 Story by: André Frederic Cournand, Werner Forsmann, Dickinson v. Richards, "for their discoveries concerning cardiac catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system."
1955 : Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell, "for their discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidative enzymes."
1954 : John Franklin Enders, Thomas Hackle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins, "for their discovery of the ability of polioviruses to grow in various tissue cultures."
1953 : Hans Adolf Krebs, "for the discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert Lipmann "for the discovery of coenzyme a and its significance for intermediate metabolisms."
1952 : Zelman Abraham Waxman, "for the discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis."
1951: Max Theiler, "for their discoveries about yellow fever and how to fight it."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1950-1941
1950 : Edward Kelvin Kendall, Tadeusz Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench "for their discoveries concerning the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."
1949 : Walter Rudolf Hess, "for opening a functional organization as a coordinator of activities internal organs"and António Caetano de Abreu Freiri Egas Moniz, "for the discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses."
1948 : Paul Hermann Müller, "for the discovery of the high efficacy of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods."
1947 : Corey Carl Ferdinand and Gerty Teresa Corey, née Radnitz, "for their discoveries during the catalytic conversion of glycogen" and Bernardo Alberto Ousai, "for their discovery of the role of anterior pituitary hormones in glucose metabolism."
1946 : Herman Joseph Müller, "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation."
1945 : Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Flory "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effects in various infectious diseases."
1944 : Joseph Bluesh, Herbert Spencer Gasser, "for their discoveries relating to highly differentiated functions of individual nerve fibers."
1943 : Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edouard Adelbert Doisy "for the discovery of vitamin K" and Edouard Adelbert Doisy "for the discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K."
1942 : No Nobel Prize
1941 : No Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1940-1931
1940 : No Nobel Prize
1939 : gerhard Domagk, "for the discovery of the antibacterial effect of prontosil."
1938 : Corneille Jean-François Heymans, "for their discovery of the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration."
1937 : Albert von St. Györgyi Nagyrápolt, "for his discovery in connection with biological combustion processes, with particular reference to vitamin C and fumaric acid catalysis."
1936 : Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Levy, "for their discoveries connected with the chemical transmission of nerve impulses."
1935 : Hans Spemann, "for the discovery of organizer effects in embryonic development."
1934 : George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy, "for their discoveries concerning the treatment of the liver in anemia."
1933: Thomas Hunt Morgan, "for their discoveries concerning the role of chromosomes in heredity."
1932 : Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian, "for their discoveries concerning the functions of neurons."
1931 : Otto Heinrich Warburg, "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1930-1921
1930 : Karl Landsteiner, "for the discovery of human blood types."
1929 : Christian Aikman, "for the discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" and Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, "for the discovery of growth-promoting vitamins."
1928 : Charles Jules Henri Nicole, "for his work on typhus."
1927 : Julius Wagner-Jauregg, "for their discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia."
1926 : Johannes Andreas Fibiger mushroom, "for the discovery of Spiroptera carcinoma."
1925 : No Nobel Prize
1924 : Willem Einthoven, "for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram."
1923 : Frederick Grant Banting, John James Rickard MacLeod, "for the discovery of insulin."
1922 : Archibald Vivien Hill, "for his discoveries relating to the production of thermal energy in the muscle" by Fritz and Otto Meyerhoff, "for the discovery of a fixed relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism in the muscle."
1921 : No Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1920-1911
1920 : Schuck August Steenberg Krogh, "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism."
1919 : Jules Bordet, "for discoveries relating to immunity."
1918 : No Nobel Prize
1917 : No Nobel Prize
1916 : No Nobel Prize
1915 : No Nobel Prize
1914 : Robert Bárány, "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus".
1913 : Charles Robert Richet, "in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis."
1912 : Alexis Carrel, "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs."
1911 : Allvar Gulstrand, "for his work on diopters. eye."
Nobel Prize in Medicine 1910-1901
1910 : Albrecht Kossel, "In appreciation of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including nucleic substances."
1909 : Emil Theodor Kocher, "for his contributions to the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland."
1908: Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich, "in recognition of their work on immunity."
1907 : Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, "in recognition of his work on the role of protozoa in causing diseases".
1906 : Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system."
1905: Robert Koch, "for his research and discoveries in connection with tuberculosis".
1904: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, thanks to which the knowledge of the vital aspects of this subject has been transformed and expanded."
1903 : Niels Ryberg Finsen, "in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light, through which he opened up new possibilities for medical science."
1902 : Ronald Ross, "for his work on malaria, in which he showed how it enters the body and thereby laid the foundation for successful research into this disease and methods of combating it."
1901 : Emil Adolf von Behring "for his work on serum therapy, especially its use against diphtheria, with which he opened a new path in the field of medical science and thus placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against disease and death."
Alvar GULSTRAND. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1911
Alvar Gulstrand was awarded the prize for his work on eye dioptrics. Gulstrand suggested using two new instruments in the clinical study of the eye - a slit lamp and an ophthalmoscope, developed jointly with the Zeiss optical company in Vienna. The tools allow you to examine the cornea and lens to detect foreign objects, as well as the condition of the fundus.
Henrik DAM
Henrik Dam was awarded the prize for the discovery of vitamin K. Dam isolated a previously unknown nutritional factor from the chlorophyll of green leaves and described it as a fat-soluble vitamin, naming this substance vitamin K, after the first letter of the Scandinavian and German word"coagulation", thus emphasizing its ability to increase blood clotting and prevent bleeding.
Christian De DUV
Christian De Duve was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell. De Duvo owns the discovery of new organelles - lysosomes, which contain many enzymes involved in the intracellular digestion of nutrients. He continues to work on obtaining substances that increase the effectiveness and reduce side effects of drugs used for chemotherapy of leukemia.
Henry H. DALE
Henry Dale was awarded the prize for research on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Based on research, an effective treatment for myasthenia gravis, a disease characterized by muscle weakness, has been found. Dale also discovered the pituitary hormone oxytocin, which promotes uterine contractions and stimulates lactation.
Max DELBRUK
Max Delbrück for discoveries concerning the mechanism of replication and the genetic structure of viruses. Delbrück revealed the possibility of an exchange genetic information between two different lines of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacterial cells), if the same bacterial cell is infected by several bacteriophages. This phenomenon, called genetic recombination, was the first experimental evidence for DNA recombination in viruses.
Edward DOYZY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1943
For the discovery of the chemical structure of vitamin K, Edward Doisy was awarded the prize. Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of prothrombin, a blood clotting factor. The administration of the vitamin has saved the lives of many people, including patients with blocked bile ducts, who often bled during surgery prior to vitamin K.
Gerhard Domagk. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1939
Gerhard Domagk received the prize for discovering the antibacterial effect of prontosil. The advent of prontosil, the first of the so-called sulfa drugs, was one of the greatest therapeutic successes in the history of medicine. A year later, more than a thousand sulfanilamide preparations were created. Two of them, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole, reduced deaths from pneumonia to almost zero.
Jean DOSSE
Jean Dosset received the prize for discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. As a result of the research, a harmonious biological system has been created, which is important for understanding the mechanisms of cellular "recognition", immune responses and transplant rejection.
Renato DUlbECCO
Renato Dulbecco was awarded the prize for his research on the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of a cell. The discovery provided scientists with a means of identifying human malignant tumors caused by tumor viruses. Dulbecco discovered that tumor cells are transformed by tumor viruses in such a way that they begin to divide indefinitely; he called this process cellular transformation.
Nils K. ERNE
Niels Jerne was awarded the prize in recognition of the impact his pioneering theories had on immunological research. Jerne's main contribution to immunology was the theory of "networks" - this is the most detailed and logical concept that explains the processes of mobilizing the body to fight the disease, and then, when the disease is defeated, its return to an inactive state.
François JACOB
François Jacob was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses. The work showed how the structural information recorded in genes governs chemical processes. Jacob laid the foundation for molecular biology; the Department of Cell Genetics was created for him at the College de France.
Alexis CARREL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1912
For recognition of his work on vascular suture and transplantation of blood vessels and organs, Alexis Carrel was awarded the prize. Such vascular autotransplantation is the basis of many important surgeries currently performed; for example, during coronary bypass surgery.
Bernard Katz
Bernard Katz received the award for discoveries in the field of neurotransmitters and the mechanisms of their preservation, release and inactivation. Investigating neuromuscular connections, Katz found that the interaction between acetylcholine and muscle fiber leads to electrical excitation and muscle contraction.
Georg Köhler. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Georg Köhler received the prize jointly with Cesar Milstein for the discovery and development of the principles for the production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridomas. Monoclonal antibodies have been used to treat leukemia, hepatitis B, and streptococcal infections. They also played an important role in identifying cases of AIDS.
Edward KENDALL
Edward Kendall is honored for his discoveries regarding adrenal hormones, their structure and biological effects. The hormone cortisone isolated by Kendall has a unique effect in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatism, bronchial asthma and hay fever, as well as in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Albert Claude. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1974
Albert Claude was awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell. Claude discovered " new world» microscopic anatomy of the cell, described the basic principles of cell fractionation and the structure of cells examined using electron microscopy.
Xap Gobind QURAN
For deciphering the genetic code and its role in the synthesis of proteins, Har Gobind Koran was awarded the prize. The synthesis of nucleic acids, carried out by K., is necessary condition for final decision problems of the genetic code. The Quran studied the mechanism of genetic information transfer, due to which amino acids are included in the protein chain in the required sequence.
Gertie T. CORY
Gerty Teresa Corey shared the award with her husband Carl Corey for the discovery of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. The Corys synthesized glycogen in a test tube using a set of enzymes isolated in pure form, while revealing the mechanism of their action. The discovery of the enzymatic mechanism of reversible transformations of glucose is one of the brilliant achievements of biochemistry.
Carl F. CORY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Carl Corey was awarded the prize for his discovery of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. Corey's work revealed an exceptionally complex enzymatic mechanism involved in the reversible reactions between glucose and glycogen. This discovery became the basis for a new concept of the action of hormones and enzymes.
Allan CORMACK
For the development of computed tomography, Allan Cormack was awarded a prize. The tomograph clearly distinguishes soft tissues from the tissues surrounding them, even if the difference in the absorption of rays is very small. Therefore, the device allows you to determine the healthy areas of the body and the affected. This is a big step forward compared to other x-ray imaging techniques.
Artur KORNBERG
Arthur Kornberg was awarded the prize for discovering the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. Kornberg's work opened up new directions not only in biochemistry and genetics, but also in the treatment of hereditary diseases and cancer. They became the basis for the development of methods and directions for the replication of the genetic material of the cell.
Albrecht KOSSEL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1910
Albrecht Kossel was awarded the prize for his contribution to the study of cell chemistry, made by research on proteins, including nucleic substances. At this time, the role of nucleic acids in encoding and transmitting genetic information was still unknown, and Kossel could not imagine what significance his work would have for genetics.
Robert Koch. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1905
Robert Koch is awarded the prize for research and discoveries regarding the treatment of tuberculosis. Koch achieved his greatest triumph when he was able to isolate the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. At that time, this disease was one of the main causes of death. Koch's postulates on tuberculosis still remain theoretical foundations medical microbiology.
Theodor Kocher. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1909
Theodor Kocher was awarded the prize for his work in the field of physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland. The main merit of Kocher is the study of the function of the thyroid gland and the development of methods for the surgical treatment of its diseases, including various types of goiter. Kocher not only showed the function of the thyroid gland, but also identified the causes of cretinism and myxedema.
Stanley COHEN
Stanley Cohen is honored with the award in recognition of discoveries that are critical to understanding the mechanisms of regulation of cell and organ growth. Cohen discovered epidermal growth factor (EGF) that stimulates the growth of many cell types and enhances a number of biological processes. EGF may find use in skin grafting and in the treatment of tumors.
Hans KREBS
Hans Krebs received the prize for his discovery of the citric acid cycle. The cyclic principle of intermediate exchange reactions became a milestone in the development of biochemistry, as it provided the key to understanding metabolic pathways. In addition, he stimulated other experimental work and expanded understanding of the sequences of cellular reactions.
Francis Crick
Francis Crick was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living systems. Crick developed the spatial structure of the DNA molecule, which contributes to the decoding of the genetic code. Crick conducted research in the field of neuroscience, in particular, studied the mechanisms of vision and dreams.
August CROG. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1920
August Krogh received the prize for discovering the mechanism of capillary lumen regulation. Krogh's proof that this mechanism operates in all organs and tissues has great importance for modern science. Studies of gas exchange in the lungs and the regulation of capillary blood flow formed the basis for the use of intubation breathing and the use of hypothermia in open heart surgery.
André Cournan
André Cournan was awarded the prize for discoveries concerning cardiac catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system. The method of cardiac catheterization developed by Kurnan allowed him to triumphantly enter the world of clinical medicine. Curnan was the first scientist to lead a catheter through the right atrium and ventricle into the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
Charles Laveran. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1907
Karl Landsteiner. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1930
Karl Landsteiner was awarded the prize for the discovery of human blood groups. With a group of scientists L. described another human blood factor - the so-called Rh. Landsteiner substantiated the hypothesis of serological identification, not yet knowing that blood groups are inherited. Landsteiner's genetic methods are still used today in paternity examinations.
Otto LOWI. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1936
Otto Loewy received the prize for discoveries related to the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Levy's experiments showed that a nerve stimulus can release substances that have an effect characteristic of nervous excitement. Subsequent studies have shown that the main mediator of the sympathetic nervous system is norepinephrine.
Rita LEVI-MONTALCINI. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1986
In recognition of discoveries of fundamental importance for understanding the mechanisms of regulation of cell and organ growth, Rita Levi-Montalcini was awarded the prize. Levi-Montalcini discovered the growth factor nervous tissue(FRNT), which is used to repair damaged nerves. Studies have shown that it is precisely the disturbances in the regulation of growth factors that cause the onset of cancer.
Joshua LEDERBERG
Joshua Lederberg received the award for discoveries regarding genetic recombination and the organization of genetic material in bacteria. Lederberg discovered the process of transduction in bacteria - the transfer of fragments of chromosomes from one cell to another. Since the determination of the sequence of genes in chromosomes is based on transduction, Lederberg's work contributed to the development of bacterial genetics.
Theodore LINEN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1964
Feodor Linen was awarded the prize for discoveries related to the mechanism and regulation of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Through research, it has become known that disturbances in these complex processes lead to the development of a number of serious diseases, especially in the field of cardiovascular pathology.
Fritz LIPMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1953
For the discovery of coenzyme A and its significance for the intermediate stages of metabolism, Fritz Lipmann was awarded the prize. This discovery made an important addition to the decoding of the Krebs cycle, during which food is transformed into physical energy cells. Lipman demonstrated the mechanism of a widespread reaction and at the same time discovered a new way of energy transfer in the cell.
Konrad LORENTZ
Konrad Lorenz was awarded the prize for discoveries related to the creation and establishment of models of individual and group behavior of animals. Lorenz observed patterns of behavior that could not be acquired through training and had to be interpreted as being genetically programmed. The concept of instinct that Lorentz developed formed the basis of modern ethology.
Salvador Luria. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Salvador Luria was awarded the prize for discovering the mechanisms of replication and the genetic structure of viruses. The study of bacteriophages made it possible to penetrate deeper into the nature of viruses, which is necessary for understanding the origin of viral diseases in higher animals and combating them. The works of Luria explained the mechanisms of genetic regulation of life processes.
Andre LVOV. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1965
Andre Lvov was awarded the prize for discoveries related to the genetic regulation of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses. L. found that ultraviolet radiation and other stimulants neutralize the action of the regulator gene, causing phage reproduction and lysis, or destruction bacterial cell. The results of this study allowed L. to make hypotheses about the nature of cancer and polio.
George R. MINOT
George Minot was awarded the prize for discoveries related to the use of the liver in the treatment of anemia. Minot found that the best therapeutic effect in anemia is the use of the liver. Later it was found that the cause of pernicious anemia is a lack of vitamin B 12 contained in the liver. Having discovered the function of the liver, previously unknown to science, Minot developed new method anemia treatment.
Barbara McClintock. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1983
For the discovery of transposing genetic systems, Barbara McClintock was awarded the prize 30 years after her work. McClintock's discovery anticipated advances in bacterial genetics and had far-reaching implications: migrating genes, for example, could explain how antibiotic resistance is passed from one bacterial species to another.
John J. R. MACLEOD. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1923
For the discovery of insulin, John MacLeod received the prize jointly with Frederick Banting. McLeod used all the resources of his pulpit to secure the receipt and purification large quantities insulin. Thanks to McLeod, commercial production was soon established. The result of his research was the book Insulin and Its Use in Diabetes.
Peter Brian MEDAWAR. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1960
Peter Brian Medawar is honored for his discovery of acquired immunological tolerance. Medawar defined this concept as a state of indifference, or non-reaction to a substance that usually excites immunological reaction. Experimental biology has gained the opportunity to study disorders of the immune process that lead to the development of serious diseases.
Otto MEYERHOF
Otto Meyerhoff received the prize for discovering the close relationship between oxygen uptake and lactic acid metabolism in the muscle. Meyerhof and his colleagues extracted enzymes for the main biochemical reactions that take place in the process of converting glucose into lactic acid. This main cellular pathway of carbohydrate metabolism is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
Herman J. MÖLLER. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1946
Hermann Möller was awarded the prize for the discovery of the appearance of mutations under the influence of X-ray irradiation. The discovery that heredity and evolution could be deliberately altered in the laboratory took on a new and terrifying significance with the advent of atomic weapons. Möller argued for the need to ban nuclear tests.
William P. MURPHY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1934
For discoveries related to the development of a method of treating pernicious anemia using the liver, William Murphy was awarded the prize. Liver therapy cured anemia, but even more significant was the reduction of disorders of the motor apparatus associated with damage to the nervous system. This meant that liver factor stimulated bone marrow activity.
Ilya MECHNIKOV
Russian scientist Ilya Mechnikov was awarded the prize for his work on immunity. M.'s most important contribution to science was methodological in nature: the scientist's goal was to study "immunity in infectious diseases from the standpoint of cellular physiology." Mechnikov's name is associated with a popular commercial method for making kefir.
Cesar MILSHTEIN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1984
Cesar Milstein was awarded the prize for the discovery and development of the principles for the production of monoclonal antibodies using hybridomas. The result was the production of monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic purposes, and the development of hybridoma-based controlled vaccines and anticancer therapeutics.
Egash MONISH
Near the end of his life, Egas Moniz was awarded the prize for discovering the therapeutic effects of leucotomy in certain mental illnesses. Moniz proposed a "lobotomy" - an operation to separate the prefrontal lobes from the rest of the brain. This procedure was especially indicated for patients in severe pain, or those whose aggressiveness made them socially dangerous.
Jacque MONO. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1965
Jacques Monod received the prize for discoveries related to the genetic control of the synthesis of enzymes and viruses. The work showed that DNA is organized into sets of genes called operons. Monod explained the system of biochemical genetics that allows the cell to adapt to new environmental conditions, and showed that similar systems are present in bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacterial cells.
Thomas Hunt MORGAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1933
Thomas Hunt Morgan was awarded the prize for discoveries related to the role of chromosomes in heredity. The idea that genes are located on a chromosome in a specific linear sequence and, further, that the linkage is based on the proximity of two genes on a chromosome, can be attributed to the main achievements of genetic theory.
Paul Müller. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1948
Paul Müller received the prize for discovering the high effectiveness of DDT as a contact poison. For two decades, the unparalleled value of DDT as an insecticide has been proven over and over again. Only later were the adverse effects of DDT discovered: without gradually decomposing into harmless components, it accumulates in soil, water and animal bodies.
Daniel NATHANS
Daniel Nathans was awarded the prize for the discovery of restriction enzymes and methods for their use for research in molecular genetics. Nathanson's genetic structure analysis methods were used to develop DNA recombination methods to create bacterial "factories" that synthesize medicines needed for medicine, such as insulin and growth hormones.
Charles NICOLE. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1928
Charles Nicole was awarded the prize for identifying the transmitter of typhus, the body louse. The discovery did not contain new principles, but was of great practical importance. During the First World War, military personnel were sanitized to remove lice from everyone going to the trenches or returning from them. As a result, losses from typhus were significantly reduced.
Marshall W. NIRENBERG. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Marshall Nirenberg received the award for deciphering the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. The genetic code controls not only the formation of all proteins, but also the transmission of hereditary traits. Having deciphered the code, Nirenberg provided information that enables scientists to control heredity and eliminate diseases caused by genetic defects.
North OCHOA. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1959
Severo Ochoa was awarded the prize for the discovery of the mechanisms of biological synthesis of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids. For the first time in biology, RNA and protein molecules were synthesized with a known sequence of nitrogenous bases and a composition of amino acids. This achievement allowed scientists to further decipher the genetic code.
Ivan PAVLOV. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1904
Ivan Pavlov was awarded the prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. Experiments on the digestive system led to the discovery conditioned reflexes. Pavlov's skill in surgery was unsurpassed. He was so good with both hands that it was never known which hand he would use in the next moment.
George E. PALADET. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1974
George Palade was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell. Palade designed experimental methods to study the synthesis of proteins in a living cell. Having carried out a functional analysis of the exocrine cells of the pancreas, Palade described the successive stages of the secretory process, which is protein synthesis.
Rodney R. PORTER
Rodney Porter received an award for his discovery of the chemical structure of antibodies. Porter proposed the first satisfactory model of the structure IgG(immunoglobulin). Although she did not give an answer to the question of what causes the presence of antibodies of such a wide spectrum of activity, however, she created the basis for more detailed biochemical studies.
Santiago RAMON Y CAJAL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1906
For his work on the structure of the nervous system, the Spanish neuroanatomist and histologist Santiago Ramon y Cajal was awarded the prize. The scientist described the structure and organization of cells in various areas of the brain. This cytoarchitectonics is still the basis for the study of cerebral localization - the definition of specialized functions of various areas of the brain.
Tadeusz Reichstein. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Tadeusz Reichstein was awarded the prize for discoveries related to adrenal hormones, their chemical structure and biological effects. He managed to isolate and identify a number of steroid substances - precursors of adrenal hormones. Reichstein synthesized vitamin C, his method is still used for industrial production.
Dickinson W. RICHARDS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1956
Dickinson Richards was awarded the prize for his discoveries regarding cardiac catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system. Using the method of cardiac catheterization, Richards and his colleagues studied the activity of the cardiovascular system during shock and found that whole blood, rather than plasma, should be used to treat it.
Charles RICHE. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1913
Charles Richet is awarded the Prize in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis. This phenomenon is opposite to the preventive effect of conventional immunization. Richet has developed specific diagnostic tests to detect hypersensitivity reactions. During World War I, Richet studied the complications of blood transfusions.
Frederick C. ROBBINS
Frederick Robbins received the prize for discovering the ability of the polio virus to grow in cultures of various tissues. The research was a significant step in the development of a polio vaccine. The discovery proved to be very important for the study of different types of polio virus in human populations.
Ronald ROSS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1902
Ronald Ross was awarded the prize for his work on malaria, in which he showed how the pathogen enters the body, and thus laid the foundation for further successful research in this area and the development of methods to combat malaria. Ross' conclusion that Plasmodium matures in the body mosquitoes of a certain species, solved the problem of malaria.
Peyton ROUS
For the discovery of oncogenic viruses, Peyton Rous was awarded the prize. The suggestion that experimental chicken sarcoma was caused by a virus went unanswered for two decades. Only many years later this tumor became known as Rous's sarcoma. Rous later proposed 3 hypotheses regarding the mechanisms of tumor formation.
Earl Sutherland. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1971
Earl Sutherland is awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the mechanisms of action of hormones. Sutherland discovered c-AMP, a substance that promotes the conversion of inactive phosphorylase to active and is responsible for the release of glucose in the cell. This has led to the emergence of new fields in endocrinology, oncology and even psychiatry, since cAMP "affects everything from memory to fingertips."
Bengt Samuelson. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1982
Bengt Samuelson is awarded the prize for discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances. Prostaglandin groups E and F used in clinical medicine to regulate blood pressure. Samuelson proposed the use of aspirin to prevent blood clotting in patients at high risk of myocardial infarction due to coronary thrombosis.
Albert Szent-Györgyi. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1937
Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the prize for his discoveries in the field of biological oxidation processes, especially in relation to the study of vitamin C and fumaric acid catalysis. Szent-Györgyi proved that hexuronic acid, which he renamed ascorbic acid, is identical to vitamin C, the lack of which in the diet causes many diseases in people.
Hamilton SMITH. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1978
Hamilton Smith is honored for his discovery of restriction enzymes and their use in solving problems in molecular genetics. Research has made it possible to conduct a similar analysis of the chemical structure of genes. This opened up great prospects in the study of higher organisms. Thanks to these works, scientists are now able to deal with the most important problem of cell differentiation.
George D. SNELL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1980
George Snell received the award for discoveries concerning genetically defined structures located on the surface of cells and regulating immune responses. Snell came to the conclusion that there is a single gene, or locus, that plays a particularly important role in transplant acceptance or rejection. Later it was found that this is a group of genes on the same chromosome.
Roger SPERRY
Roger Sperry was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. Studies have shown that the right and left hemispheres perform different cognitive functions. Sperry's experiments have largely changed approaches to the study of cognitive processes and have found important application in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the nervous system.
Max TEILER. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1951
For discoveries related to yellow fever, and the fight against it, Teyler was awarded a prize. Theiler obtained conclusive evidence that yellow fever was not caused by a bacterium, but by a filterable virus, and developed a vaccine for mass production. He was interested in poliomyelitis and discovered an identical infection in mice, known as murine encephalomyelitis, or Teyler's disease.
Edward L. TATEM. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1958
Eduard Taytem was awarded the prize for the discovery of the mechanism of regulation of the genes of the main chemical processes. Tatem came to the conclusion that in order to be able to discover how genes function, some of them must be made defective. Investigating the effects of X-ray induced mutations, he created an effective methodology for studying the mechanism of gene control of biochemical processes in a living cell.
Howard M. TEMIN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1975
Howard Temin was awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of a cell. Temin discovered viruses that have reverse transcriptase activity and exist as proviruses in the DNA of animal cells. These retroviruses cause a variety of diseases, including AIDS, some forms of cancer, and hepatitis.
Hugo THEORELL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1955
Hugo Theorell was awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the nature and mechanism of action of oxidative enzymes. Theorell studied the cytochrome With, an enzyme that catalyzes oxidative reactions on the surface of mitochondria, the "energy stations" of the cell. Developed economical experimental methods for studying hemoproteins.
Nicholas Tinbergen. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Nicholas Tinbergen received the award for discoveries concerning the establishment of individual and social behavior and its organization. He formulated the position that instinct arises due to impulses or impulses emanating from the animal itself. Instinctive behavior includes a stereotyped set of movements - the so-called fixed pattern of action (FCD).
Maurice WILKINS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962
Maurice Wilkins is awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and their importance for the transmission of information in living matter. In search of methods that would reveal the complex chemical structure of the DNA molecule, Wilkins subjected DNA samples to X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that the DNA molecule has the shape of a double helix, resembling a spiral staircase.
George H. Whipple. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1934
For research in the field of treatment of the liver of patients with anemia, George Whipple was awarded the prize. With pernicious anemia, unlike its other forms, the formation of new red blood cells is disrupted. Whipple suggested that this factor is probably located in the stroma, the protein base of red blood cells. After 14 years, other researchers identified it as vitamin B 12.
George WOLD
George Wald received the prize for discoveries related to the primary physiological and chemical visual processes. Wald explained that the role of light in the visual process is to straighten the vitamin A molecule in its natural form. He was able to determine the absorption spectra of various types of cones that serve for color vision.
James D. WATSON. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1962
James Watson was awarded the prize for discoveries in the field of the molecular structure of nucleic acids and for determining their role in the transmission of information in living matter. The creation, together with Francis Crick, of a three-dimensional model of DNA was rated as one of the most outstanding biological discoveries centuries to unravel the mechanism of control and transfer of genetic information.
Bernardo USAY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1947
Bernardo Ousai was awarded the prize for discovering the role of anterior pituitary hormones in glucose metabolism. Being the first scientist to show the leading role of the pituitary gland, Usai revealed its regulatory relationships with other endocrine glands. Usai determined that maintaining normal level glucose and its metabolism occurs as a result of the interaction of pituitary hormones and insulin.
Thomas H. WELLER. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1954
For the discovery of the ability of the polio virus to grow in cultures of various types of tissue, Thomas Weller was awarded the prize. The new technique allowed scientists to grow the virus for many generations to obtain a variant capable of reproducing without risk to the body (the main requirement for a live attenuated vaccine). Weller isolated the virus that causes rubella.
Johannes FIBIGER. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1926
Johannes Fibiger is awarded the prize for the discovery of carcinoma caused by Spiroptera. By feeding healthy mice cockroaches containing Spiroptera larvae, Fibiger was able to stimulate the growth of stomach cancers in a large number animals. Fibiger came to the conclusion that cancer is due to the interaction of various external influences with hereditary predisposition.
Nils FINSEN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1903
Niels Finsen received the award in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases - especially lupus - using concentrated light radiation, which opened up new broad horizons for medical science. Finsen developed methods of treatment using arc baths, as well as therapeutic methods that made it possible to increase the therapeutic dose of ultraviolet radiation with minimal tissue damage.
Alexander FLEMING
Alexander Fleming was awarded the prize for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effects in various infectious diseases. A happy accident - Fleming's discovery of penicillin - was the result of a combination of circumstances so incredible that they are almost impossible to believe, and the press received a sensational story that could capture the imagination of any person.
Howard W. FLORY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
Howard Flory received the prize for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effects in various infectious diseases. Penicillin, discovered by Fleming, was chemically unstable and could only be obtained in small quantities. Flory led research into the drug. Established the production of penicillin in the United States, thanks to the huge allocations allocated for the project.
Werner FORSMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1956
Werner Forsmann was awarded the prize for discoveries related to cardiac catheterization and the study of pathological changes in the circulatory system. Forsman independently carried out cardiac catheterization. He described the technique of catheterization and considered its potential for studying the cardiovascular system under normal conditions and in its diseases.
Carl von FRISCH. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1973
Zoologist Karl von Frisch received the award for discoveries related to the creation and establishment of individual and group behavior patterns. While studying the behavior of bees, Frisch learned that bees communicate information to each other through a series of carefully designed dances, the individual steps of which contain the relevant information.
Charles B. Huggins. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1966
Charles Huggins is honored for his discoveries regarding the hormonal treatment of prostate cancer. The estrogen treatment developed by Huggins has shown promise in the treatment of prostate cancer, which is common in men over 50 years of age. Estrogen therapy was the first clinical evidence of the fact that the growth of some tumors depends on the hormones of the endocrine glands.
Andru Huxley
For discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central regions of the membrane of nerve cells, Andru Huxley was awarded the prize. Huxley, along with Alan Hodgkin, while studying the transmission of nerve impulses, designed mathematical model action potential, explaining the biochemical methods for studying the components of the membrane (channels and pump).
Harald HAUSEN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008
German scientist Harald Hausen was awarded the prize for the discovery of the papillomavirus that causes cervical cancer. Hausen found that the virus interacts with the DNA molecule, so HPV-DNA complexes can exist in the neoplasm. The discovery, made in 1983, made it possible to develop a vaccine, the effectiveness of which reaches 95%.
H. Keffer HARTLINE. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1967
Keffer Hartline received the prize for his discovery of the basic physiological and chemical visual processes. Experiments have shown that visual information is processed in the retina before reaching the brain. Hartline established the principles of obtaining information in neural networks that provide sensitive functions. In relation to vision, these principles are important for understanding the mechanisms of perception of brightness, shape, and movement.
Godfrey HOUNSFIELD. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1979
Godfrey Hounsfield is awarded the prize for the development of computed tomography. Based on the method of Alan Cormack, Hounsfield developed a different mathematical model and introduced the tomographic research method into practice. Hounsfield's subsequent work was based on further improvements in computed axial tomography (CAT) technology and related diagnostic techniques such as non-X-ray nuclear magnetic resonance.
Roots HEYMANS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1938
For the discovery of the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration, Korney Heymans was awarded the prize. Heymans demonstrated that the respiratory rate is regulated by nervous system reflexes transmitted through the vagus and depressor nerves. Subsequent research by Heymans showed that partial pressure oxygen - and not the oxygen content of hemoglobin - is a fairly effective stimulus for vascular chemoreceptors.
Philip S. HENCH. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1950
Philip Hench was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects. Using cortisone to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Hench provided the first clinical evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of corticosteroids in rheumatoid arthritis.
Alfred HERSHEY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1969
Alfred Hershey was awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the mechanism of replication and the genetic structure of viruses. By studying various strains of bacteriophage, Hershey obtained indisputable evidence for the exchange of genetic information, which he called gene recombination. This is one of the first evidence in experiments on recombination of genetic material between viruses.
Walter R. HESS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1949
Walter Hess received the prize for his discovery of the functional organization of the diencephalon as a coordinator of the activity of internal organs. Hess concluded that the hypothalamus controls emotional responses and stimulation of some of its regions causes anger, fear, sexual arousal, relaxation, or sleep.
Archibald W. HILL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1922
For discoveries in the field of heat generation in the muscle, Archibald Hill was awarded the prize. Hill associated the formation of initial heat during muscle contraction with the formation of lactic acid from its derivatives, and the formation of heat during recovery - with its oxidation and decomposition. The concept of H. explained the processes occurring in the body of an athlete during a period of heavy load.
Alan HODGKIN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1963
Alan Hodgkin received the award for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central regions of the nerve cell membrane. The ionic theory of the nerve impulse by Hodgkin and Andre Huxley contains principles that apply to muscle impulses as well, including electrocardiography, which is of clinical importance.
Robert W. HOLLEY. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1968
Robert Holley is awarded the prize for deciphering the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis. Holly's research represents the first determination of the complete chemical structure of a biologically active nucleic acid (RNA), which has the ability to read the genetic code and translate it into a protein alphabet.
Frederick Gowland Hopkins
Frederick Hopkins received the prize for the discovery of vitamins that stimulate growth processes. He concluded that the properties of proteins depend on the types of amino acids present in them. Hopkins isolated and identified tryptophan, which affects body growth, and a tripeptide formed by three amino acids, which he called glutathione, which is necessary as an oxygen carrier in plant and animal cells.
David H. HUEBEL. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1981
David Hubel is awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning information processing in the visual analyzer. Hubel and Thorsten Wiesel showed how the various components of the image on the retina are read and interpreted by the cells of the cerebral cortex. The analysis takes place in a strict sequence from one cell to another, and each nerve cell is responsible for a certain detail in the whole picture.
Ernst CHAIN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945
For the discovery of penicillin and its therapeutic effect in many infectious diseases, Ernst Chain was awarded the prize. Penicillin discovered by Fleming was difficult to produce in quantities sufficient to scientific research. Cheyne's merit is that he developed a freeze-drying technique that could be used to obtain concentrated penicillin for clinical use.
Andrew W. CHALLEY
Andrew Schally is honored for his discoveries regarding the production of peptide hormones in the brain. Schally established the chemical structure of the factor that inhibits the release of growth hormone and called it somatostatin. Some of its analogs are used to treat diabetes, peptic ulcers and acromegaly, a disease characterized by an excess of growth hormone.
Charles S. SHERRINGTON
Charles Sherrington received the award for discoveries concerning the functions of neurons. Sherrington formulated the basic principles of neurophysiology in the book Integrative Activities of the Nervous System, which neuroscientists are still studying today. The study of the functional relationships between various nerves made it possible to identify the main patterns of the activity of the nervous system.
Hans SPEMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1935
Hans Spemann was awarded the prize for his discovery of organizing effects in embryonic development. Spemann was able to show that in a number of cases the further development of special groups of cells into those tissues and organs into which they must turn into in a mature embryo depends on the interaction between the embryonic layers. The totality of his work laid the foundation for the modern theory of the development of the embryo.
Gerald M. EDELMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1972
Gerald Edelman was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies. In an effort to figure out how the individual parts of the antibody are connected to each other, Edelman and Rodney Porter established the complete amino acid sequence of the molecule. IgG myeloma. Scientists have figured out the sequence of all 1300 amino acids that form a protein chain.
Edgar ADRIAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1932
Edgar Adrian is awarded the prize for discoveries concerning the functions of nerve cells. Works concerning the adaptation and coding of nerve impulses have allowed researchers to conduct a complete and objective study of sensations. Adrian's research on the electrical signals of the brain was an important contribution to the development of electroencephalography as a method of studying the brain.
Christian AIKMAN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1929
Christian Aikman was awarded a prize for his contribution to the discovery of vitamins. While studying the beriberi disease, Aikman found that it was not caused by bacteria, but by a lack of a specific nutrient in certain foods. The research marked the beginning of the discovery of treatments for many diseases associated with a lack of additional factors in food, now known as vitamins.
Ulf von Euler. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1970
Ulf von Euler was awarded the prize for his discoveries concerning humoral neurotransmitters and the mechanisms of their storage, release and inactivation. The work is critical to the understanding and treatment of Parkinson's disease and hypertension. The prostaglandins discovered by Euler are used today in obstetrics and gynecology.
Billem EINTHOVEN. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1924
Billem Einthoven is awarded the prize for discovering the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. Einthoven invented the string galvanometer, which revolutionized the study of heart disease. With the help of this device, doctors were able to accurately record the electrical activity of the heart and, using registration, establish characteristic deviations on ECG curves.
John Eckles. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1963
John Eccles received the award for his discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms of excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central regions of nerve cells. Research has established the unified nature of electrical processes occurring in the peripheral and central nervous system. Studying the activity of the cerebellum, which controls the coordination of muscle movements, Eccles came to the conclusion that inhibition plays a particularly important role in the cerebellum.
John ENDERS. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1954
John Enders received the award for discovering the ability of the polio virus to grow in cultures of various tissue types. Enders' methods were used to produce a polio vaccine. Enders was able to isolate the measles virus, grow it in tissue culture, and create a strain that induces immunity. This strain served as the basis for the development of modern measles vaccines.
Joseph ERLANGER. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1944
Joseph Erlanger was awarded the prize for discoveries regarding a number of functional differences between different nerve fibers. The most important discovery that Erlanger and Herbert Gasser made using an oscilloscope was to confirm the hypothesis that thick fibers conduct nerve impulses faster than thin ones.
Joseph ERLICH. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1908
Joseph Ehrlich, together with Ilya Mechnikov, was awarded the prize for their work on the theory of immunity. The side chain theory in immunology has shown the interaction between cells, antibodies and antigens as chemical reactions. Erlich is widely recognized for his development of a highly efficient medicinal product neosalvarsan, a remedy for curing syphilis.
Rosalyn S. YALOU. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1977
Rosalyn Yalow received an award for the development of radioimmunoassay methods for the determination of peptide hormones. Since that time, the method has been used in laboratories around the world to measure low concentrations of hormones and other substances in the body that were not previously determined. The method can be used to detect hepatitis virus in donor blood, for early cancer diagnosis.
