Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Examination

Average general education

Line UMK I. L. Andreev, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)

General history

Russian history

USE in history: we analyze tasks with a teacher

Sergey Agafonov, co-author , methodologist of the corporation "Russian Textbook" *,teacher of the highest category:“In my opinion, half the success (if not more) in the history and social studies exam depends on the number of thoroughly analyzed typical tasks. It is the disassembled tasks, and not just the completed ones. It is important to enter events, processes, phenomena national history into context world history establishing connections between various social phenomena and processes”.

Evgeny Mikhailovich Polushin, teacher of history and social studies of the 1st category, 5 years of experience as a teacher, graduate of the Faculty of History of Moscow State Pedagogical University. IN AND. Lenina, Ph.D.:“The unified state exam in history consists of 25 tasks. The answers to tasks 1-19 are a sequence of numbers or words, tasks 20-25 require detailed answers. Let's take a look at these tasks. The seeming simplicity of the first 19 tasks is offset by the lack of answer options, so solid knowledge is required, and you can’t count on luck.”

1. In the first task, it is supposed to be located in chronological order events related to domestic and world history:

1) Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor

2) Proclamation of Charlemagne as Emperor

3) Accession of Crimea to Russian Empire

Here it would be good to know the dates firmly: 1) - 1549; 2) - 800; 3) - 1783 and the problem is solved, but such bright events in history are well remembered at least in chronological order.

2. In the second task, you need to establish a correspondence between events and years. And again, you need to know the dates, at least imagine - about the era of the reign of which politician is being discussed. The events of our history are often correlated with the rulers of the country, why not use this in the exam? The task is complicated by the fact that there are more dates than events, that is, the exclusion method will not work here.

The date of the baptism of Russia is firmly known to any student who takes the exam in history - 988. The decree "on free cultivators" is also a textbook - 1803, the abolition of parochialism is clearly associated with the 17th century - 1682, and the 19th conference of the CPSU is Gorbachev, hence 1988.

3. The third task involves the exclusion of two abbreviations that are not related to the period 1945-1953:

1) CPSU; 2) NATO; 3) CMEA; 4) CIS; 5) SNK; 6) UN.

AT this case we will need to know that the SNK (council of people's commissars) is the first Soviet government. Its existence belongs to more early period, and the CIS (commonwealth of independent states) is currently being heard, which also does not correspond to the specified period.

4. Write the term in question:

The highest state position in the Novgorod Republic in the XII-XV centuries. he was elected at the veche for one or two years and supervised the activities of all officials, together with the prince he was in charge of administration and court issues, commanded the army, led the veche meeting and the boyar council.

According to the first words, "The highest state position in the Novgorod Republic ..." it is clear that we are talking about the tenant. In addition to the posadnik, a thousand man was elected in Novgorod, and he led the city militia as an assistant posadnik. The archbishop was the head of the church, and the prince had only military functions.

5. Establish a correspondence between events and facts:

Couple One World War- Brusilovsky breakthrough is obvious. The Battle of Austerlitz and the Anti-French Coalitions too. Prince Igor and his famous unsuccessful campaign against the Polovtsy at school are studied, in addition to history, also in the lessons of music and literature. The battle of Klushino is an unsuccessful attempt by Vasily Shuisky to stop Polish army, after which he was overthrown by the Seven Boyars, and the Poles occupied Moscow.

6. Set correspondence between fragments historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment marked with a letter, select two relevant characteristics marked with numbers:

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

BUT)“We grant this nominal decree with our royal and fatherly mercy to all who were previously in the peasantry and in the citizenship of the landowners, to be loyal slaves to our own crown, and we reward with an ancient cross and prayer, heads and beards, liberty and freedom and forever Cossacks, without requiring recruitment collections, per capita and other monetary taxes, possession of lands, forest, hayfields and fishing, and salt lakes without purchase and without dues, and we free all the judges who were previously committed from the villains of the nobles and city bribe-takers to the peasants and all the people - imposed taxes and burdens.

B)“If any of the landowners wishes to release their acquired or ancestral peasants one by one or as a whole village to freedom and at the same time approve a piece of land or a whole dacha for them, then having made conditions with them that are recognized by mutual agreement as the best, he has to present them at the request his through the provincial noble leader to the Minister of the Interior for consideration and presentation to us; and if a decision follows from us according to his desire, then these conditions will be presented in the Civil Chamber and recorded at the serf deeds with the payment of legal duties. ... Peasants and villages, released from the landowners under such conditions with land, if they do not wish to enter into other states, can remain farmers on their own lands and in themselves constitute a special state of free cultivators.

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This document was published by Alexander 11
2) The execution of this document is made dependent on the will of the landowners
3) A contemporary of the publication of this document was A.D. Menshikov
4) This document was published by Alexander 1
5) According to this document, some duties introduced by Peter 1 are abolished
6) This document was issued by the leader of the popular uprising.

REASONING

The first fragment refers to the manifestos of Emelyan Pugachev. This becomes apparent when you look at the style - it is similar to the imperial manifestos of the 18th century, as well as the content - the promise of the abolition of recruitment kits and the return of the old cross and beards. It was the recruitment kits and the poll tax that were the innovations of Peter I.

The second fragment is an excerpt from the decree "On free ploughmen" of 1803, which, as you know, allowed the landowners to release peasants with land to the will with the consent of the emperor.

Thus, the answer is: A - 5.6; B - 2.4

7. Which three of the following events occurred in the 18th century:

1) Battle of Borodino
2) Gangut naval battle
3) defense of Shipka
4) the battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
5) Sinop naval battle
6) the battle of Rymnik

Here are quite famous battles, let's remember them. battle of Borodino- this is the war of 1812; naval battle - Crimean War, 1853, the Battle of Rymnik took place during the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791.

Accordingly to XVIII century include: the Gangut naval battle, the Battle of Gross-Egersdorf and the battle of Rymnik.

8. Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want:

A) Commander of the 62nd Army, which distinguished itself in Battle of Stalingrad ___
B) Complete release Leningrad from the enemy blockade occurred in January ___
C) September 30, 1941 began ___

Missing items:
1) defense of the Brest Fortress
2) 1943
3) 1944
4) V.I. Chuikov
5) N.F. Vatutin
6) battle for Moscow

Great Patriotic War in the course of the history of Russia in the XX century. much attention is paid, and significant battles that had a significant impact on the course of the Second World War are especially highlighted. One of them is the Battle of Stalingrad, in which the 62nd Army under the command of V.I. Chuikov.

The Leningrad blockade was lifted during one of the 10 operations of 1944, namely the Leningrad-Novgorod one, while the blockade was broken as early as 1943.

On September 30, 1941, of course, the Battle of Moscow began, that is, its defensive stage, and the counteroffensive near Moscow on December 5-6, 1941 became the first major successful offensive operation of the Red Army in the Second World War.

9. Establish a correspondence between events (processes, phenomena) and participants in these events: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position in the second column:

EVENTS (PROCESSES, PHENOMENA)
A) the development of Siberia and the Far East by Russia
B) internecine war in the Moscow principality
B) Northern War
G) economic reforms 1960s in the USSR

PARTICIPANTS
1) Dmitry Shemyaka
2) Ivan 111
3) E.P. Khabarov principality in the second half of the 15th century.
4) A.N. Kosygin
5) G.A. Potemkin
6) B.P. Sheremetev

The development of Siberia and the Far East by Russia is associated with the name of E.P. Khabarova. The internecine war in the Moscow principality was fought between Vasily the Dark and his brothers Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. B.P. Sheremetev - commander Northern war. A.N. Kosygin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

10. Read an excerpt from the Decree of the Presidium of the Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR and indicate the last name that was omitted three times in the text:

“The awarding ___ of the Nobel Prize, in essence, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, hastily covered up by high-flown phrases about his lyrics and prose, actually emphasizes the political side of the unscrupulous game of reactionary circles ... Considering the political and moral fall of ___, his betrayal of the Soviet people, to the cause of socialism, peace, progress, paid Nobel Prize in the interests of inciting the Cold War, the Presidium of the Board of the USSR Writers' Union, the bureau of the Organizing Committee of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR and the Presidium of the Board of the Moscow branch of the Writers' Union of the RSFSR deprive ___ of the title of a Soviet writer, exclude him from the membership of the USSR Writers' Union.

In this task, the title of the novel will tell you the name of the author. Of course, this is Pasternak.

11. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select the number of the required element:

Missing items:
1) the formation of the Holy Roman Empire
2) the first convocation of the Estates General in France
3) XIII century.
4) Battle of Kulikovo
5) XVII century.
6) the emergence of the state of the Franks
7) X c.
8) oprichnina
9) the beginning of the compilation of Russian Truth

The complexity of this task is that it is necessary to synchronize the events of the domestic and foreign history which is not easy for children.

11th century in the history of Russia is the creation of "Russian Truth".

Ice battle or battle on Lake Peipus- 1242, which means the XIII century, the baptism of Russia - 988, i.e. X century, and the formation of the Holy Roman Empire in 962 - also X century.

It turns out that in the XIV century. the Battle of Kulikovo took place (1380) and the first convocation of the Estates General in France (1302).

12. Read an excerpt from the Constitution of the USSR:

"Article 1. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics there is a socialist nationwide state that expresses the will and interests of the workers, peasants and intelligentsia, the working people of all nations and nationalities of the country. Article 2. All power in the USSR belongs to the people. The people exercise state power through the Soviets of People's Deputies, which constitute the political foundation of the USSR. All other state bodies are controlled and accountable to the Councils of People's Deputies. Article 3. The organization and activities of the Soviet state are built in accordance with the principle of democratic centralism: the election of all bodies of state power from top to bottom, accountability to their people, and binding decisions of higher bodies for lower ones. Democratic centralism combines unified leadership with initiative and creative activity in the localities, with the responsibility of each state body and official for the assigned work. Article 4 Soviet state All its bodies act on the basis of socialist legality, ensure the protection of law and order, the interests of society, and the rights and freedoms of citizens. State and public organizations, officials obligated to abide by the Constitution of the USSR and Soviet laws. Article 5. The most important issues of state life are submitted for public discussion, as well as put to a nationwide vote (referendum). Article b. The leading and guiding force of Soviet society, the core of its political system, state and public organizations is the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU exists for the people and serves the people...”.

Using the passage and knowledge of history, select three correct judgments from the list below:

1) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted during the leadership of the USSR I.V. Stalin
2) The principle of democratic centralism implies that the decisions of higher bodies are binding on lower ones
3) Article 5 of this Constitution of the USSR during the entire history of the Soviet Union has never been implemented
4) According to this passage, in the USSR there is Soviet authority
5) This Constitution of the USSR was adopted by the XXV Congress of the CPSU
6) One of the articles of the USSR Constitution presented in the excerpt was canceled before the collapse of the USSR

There are several “beacons” in this passage from the Constitution of the USSR that you need to pay attention to:

1) the mention in Art. 6 about the CPSU as the "leading and guiding force" of Soviet society. This immediately indicates that we have before us the "Brezhnev" Constitution of 1977.
2) reference to the referendum.

We need to choose the right judgments. 1) - we brush aside immediately, because led by Brezhnev. 2) - suitable, because in Art. 3 is clear enough about it. 3) - not suitable, because a referendum on the preservation of the USSR was held in 1991 4) - fits unambiguously. 5) - not good, because Party congresses did not adopt the Constitution, but only the Congresses of Soviets. 6) - suitable, because 6 art. was abolished in 1990, before the collapse of the USSR, which took place in 1991.

Review the diagram and complete tasks 13-16:

13. Name the country-opponent of Russia in the war to which the diagram is dedicated:

Tasks on the historical map often cause difficulties. In this case, the map Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 this is clear from geographical names.

14. What is the name of the commander of the Russian troops in the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "1":

The number "1" denotes the battle of Mukden in Manchuria. General Kuropatkin commanded the Russian troops.

15. Indicate the name of the battle, the area of ​​​​which is shaded and indicated on the diagram by the number "2":

The number "2" denotes the Tsushima naval battle.

16. What judgments related to the events indicated in the diagram are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table:

1) The city indicated on the diagram by the number "3" was not surrendered to the enemy
2) The Russian squadron in the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "2", was commanded by Z.P. Rozhdestvensky
3) The peace treaty following the war, the events of which are indicated in the diagram, was signed in the American city of Portsmouth
4) One of the defenders of the city, indicated on the diagram by the number "3", was R.I. Kondratenko
5) As a result of the war, the events of which are indicated on the diagram, Russia lost the city of Vladivostok
6) In the battle, indicated on the diagram by the number "1", the Russian troops won.

Here again we choose the correct judgments. The number 3 denotes the fortress city of Port Arthur, it was surrendered to the enemy by General Stessel in 1904. Accordingly, 1) is not suitable. 2) - suitable, because The Russian squadron was commanded by Rozhestvensky. 3) - suitable, because the peace treaty was indeed signed in the American Portsmouth. 4) - suitable, because Kondratenko is the hero of the defense of Port Arthur. 5) - not suitable, Russia did not lose Vladivostok. 6) - does not fit, near Mukden, the Russian army, rather, was defeated, and Mukden was captured by the Japanese.

17. Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position of the second column:

MONUMENTS OF CULTURE
A) "The Tale of Bygone Years"
B) Tsar Cannon
C) the painting "Boyar Morozova"
D) sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman"

CHARACTERISTICS
1) a cultural monument created in the 16th century.
2) a cultural monument created in the 17th century. author - I.E. Repin
4) author - V.I. Mukhina
5) author-monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery Nestor
6) author - V.I. Surikov

The Tale of Bygone Years, according to the generally accepted version, was written by the monk Nestor. The Tsar Cannon was cast by master Chokhov in the 16th century. The painting “Boyar Morozova” was painted by V.I. Surikov. The sculpture "Worker and Collective Farm Woman" was created by V.I. Mukhina.

18. What statements about this coin are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered:

1) This coin was issued after the Caribbean Crisis
2) The monument depicted on the coin was erected in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad
3) By the time of the collapse of the USSR, the number of ribbons on the coat of arms of the USSR depicted on the coin had decreased
4) The war, in which the coin is dedicated to the anniversary of victory, began in the first decade of June
5) The monument depicted on the coin was designed by the sculptor V.I. Mukhina.

The commemorative coin depicts the sculpture "The Motherland Calls". It was created by 1967 according to the project of the sculptor Vuchetich. Again, we choose the right judgments. 1) - right, the Caribbean crisis was in 1962. 2) - right, in memory of the Battle of Stalingrad and installed in Volgograd. Here you can stop, in the condition it was required to choose two correct judgments. 3) - not true, the number of tapes has not changed since 1956. 4) - not true, the Second World War began on June 22, and this is the third decade. 5) - not true, Vuchetich.

19. Specify the photographs showing the buildings, the construction of which was completed in the same period when this coin was issued (during the leadership of the USSR by the same statesman):

To begin with, we need to remember who led the USSR in 1967, by the time the monument “The Motherland Calls!” was opened! In Volgograd. This is L.I. Brezhnev (1964-1982). This means that the building under the number 2) is suitable - the house of the Soviets, built in the late 1970s, and 3) is the house-book on Novy Arbat, built under Brezhnev.

ASSIGNMENTS 20-25

From the Emperor's Manifesto

“Immortal Glory, Wise Monarch, Dear Sovereign, Our Grandfather, Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia, what a burden and colossal labors he was forced to endure solely for the well-being and benefit of his fatherland, raising Russia to perfect knowledge of both military, civil and political affairs , not only the whole of Europe; but the greater part of the world is an unfaltering witness. But how to restore this it was necessary, in the first place ... to teach the noble nobility and show how great are the advantages of the enlightened powers in the prosperity of the human race against countless peoples, immersed in the depths of ignorance; therefore, at that time, extremeness insisted on the Russian nobility, showing its excellent signs of favor to them, ordered them to enter the military and civil services, and, moreover, to teach noble youth, not only various liberal sciences, but also many useful arts ...
The aforementioned establishment, although at the beginning it was somewhat coercive, but very useful, was followed by all those who have owned the Russian Throne since the time of Peter the Great, and especially Our Dear Aunt, blessed memory, the Empress Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, imitating the deeds of Her Sovereign Parent, knowledge political affairs and various sciences has spread and multiplied ... We see with our pleasure, and every true son of his fatherland must admit that innumerable benefits followed from that, rudeness was exterminated in those who are negligent about the common good, ignorance was changed into common sense, useful knowledge and diligence in service has multiplied skillful and brave generals in military affairs, in civil and political affairs put people who are knowledgeable and fit for the cause, in one word to conclude, noble thoughts Instilled in the hearts of all true Russian patriots boundless loyalty and love for Us, great zeal and excellent zeal for Our service, and therefore We do not find the need for compulsion to service, which until now has been needed ...

1) All nobles who are in Our different services can continue it for as long as they wish ... "

20. Indicate the year in which this manifesto was published. Indicate the emperor who issued this manifesto. Specify the name of this manifest:

At the very beginning of the document, it is indicated that this is a manifesto. The text of the document refers to the release of the nobles from the compulsory service established by Peter I. Accordingly, this is the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility of 1762, and its author is Peter III.

21. What, according to the author of the manifesto, is the reason that forced Peter I to oblige the nobles to serve and study? In what way does the author of the manifesto see the merit of Elizaveta Petrovna? How does the author explain the reason for the decision expressed in the last sentence of this passage?

This task can be performed based solely on the text of the document. 1) The reason was the need to have an educated nobility to serve for the benefit of the fatherland. 2) Elizaveta Petrovna “distributed and multiplied various sciences” (founded Moscow University, for example). 3) The reason is that the nobility became educated and diligent in service. And therefore, there is no need to force him to it.

22. List any three measures not mentioned in this manifesto that the author of the manifesto took during his reign:

Peter III rules for a short time, about six months, he was killed by the guards conspirators who elevated Catherine II to the throne, but he managed to do something. Firstly, he canceled the persecution of the Old Believers (Pugachev promised the old faith, posing as Peter III); secondly, he began the secularization of church lands, which was then continued by Catherine II; thirdly, he led Russia out of the Seven Years' War by entering into an alliance with Prussia, which, in many ways, brought the wrath of the guards on him.

23. In 1990, a program was developed for the transition of the USSR to a market economy, which was called "500 days". Specify any two directions of reforming the economy that were envisaged to be carried out as part of the implementation of this program. Specify the reason for the rejection of this program by the President of the USSR:

The 500 Days program assumed a transition to a market economy, for which it was necessary: ​​1) to privatize state property and 2) to abolish centralized management of the economy, i.e. planning. Gorbachev rejected this program for fear of social unrest.

24. AT historical science there are debatable problems on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science:

"The political activity of Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich was successful"

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

REASONING

Arguments to support:

1) Svyatoslav defeated a neighbor Kievan Rus- The Khazar Khaganate, to which the Slavs once even paid tribute.

2) He appointed the rulers of individual lands not the leaders of tribal unions, as it was before, but his sons, which reduced the risk of separatism.

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) Svyatoslav spent a lot of time on campaigns, leaving Kyiv without cover for the squad, which the Pechenegs used more than once.

2) Svyatoslav was defeated by the Byzantine army, concluding a peace that was not particularly beneficial for Russia, and was killed by the Pechenegs, returning home from this campaign.

25. You need to write a historical essay about one of the periods in the history of Russia:

1) 912-945; 2) December 1812 - December 1825; 3) March 1921 - October 1928. The essay must:

Evgeny Mikhailovich Polushin, history teacher:“I decided to take the period from December 1812 to December 1825. This is the time from the expulsion of the French from Russian territory during Patriotic War 1812 to the Decembrist uprising. In that eventful historical period, in my opinion, two stand out especially - the creation Holy Union in 1815 and the Decembrist uprising of 1825

The initiator of the creation of the Holy Alliance was the Russian Emperor Alexander I, who from his youth dreamed of an international arbitration court, necessary to prevent military conflicts. The Holy Alliance was formed after the Napoleonic Wars in order to preserve the European order that was established after the victory of the anti-French coalition over Napoleonic France and the prevention of revolutions.

This union, originally founded by Russia, Prussia and Austria, gradually included almost all European monarchs. But the existence of the Holy Alliance did not bring the fruits that Alexander I had hoped for. Russia, faithful to the ideals of the Holy Alliance, suppressed the Polish uprising of 1830-1831. and even sent Russian troops to suppress the revolution in Austria-Hungary. This activity of Russia has frightened some European countries and allowed us to suspect our country of expansion plans, for example, in the Balkans, which later affected during Crimean War in which Russia had no allies. The lack of allies and international isolation were important reasons for Russia's humiliating defeat in this war.

N. Muravyov is one of the founders of the Northern Society of Decembrists and the author of the "Constitution" - the program of this society. Secret societies arose among Russian officers after the foreign campaign of the Russian army. In Europe, they got acquainted with the way of life and ways government controlled which were very different from Russian realities. The absence of serfdom, the relative economic well-being of the peasants, the officers dreamed of realizing in Russia. In the way of this, in their opinion, stood autocratic power, firmly standing guard over serfdom and administrative arbitrariness. Although until the end of the 1810s, its young officers hoped for the goodwill of the emperor and dreamed of helping the authorities in reforming the country. Convinced that Alexander lost interest in reforms, the conspirators headed for an armed uprising. The northern society, created by N. Muravyov, represented the moderate wing of the conspirators, who assumed the preservation of the monarchy, provided that it became constitutional. The uprising of the Decembrists, as they were later called, took place on December 14, 1825 and was brutally suppressed by troops loyal to the government. The Decembrists had a huge impact on the further history of our country, stirring up the thinking part of society, becoming an example of disinterested service to the idea of ​​​​the country's well-being. Although there is another opinion formulated by P. Chaadaev. He did not approve of the Decembrist uprisings. He considered it senseless and even harmful, frightened and embittered the authorities, and made liberal reforms impossible in the foreseeable future. In many ways, he was right."

*Since May 2017, the DROFA-VENTANA joint publishing group has been part of the Russian Textbook Corporation. The corporation also included Astrel publishing house and digital educational platform"lecta". CEO Alexander Brychkin, a graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, PhD in Economics, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education (electronic forms of textbooks, Russian e-school”, LECTA digital educational platform). Prior to joining the DROFA publishing house, he held the position of Vice President for Strategic Development and Investments of the EKSMO-AST publishing holding.

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Option No. 1393464

When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-19 are a sequence of numbers, a number or a word (phrase). The names of Russian sovereigns should be written only in letters.

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Arrange historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) the first congress of Russian princes in Lyubech

2) baptism by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich of Russia

3) Battle of Grunwald

Answer:

Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the transformational activities of Peter I.

1) collegium

2) seven boyars

3) possession manufactory

5) province

6) localism

Find and write down the serial numbers of terms related to another historical period.

Answer:

Write the missing concept (term).

The form of economic management established everywhere in the countryside in the USSR as a result of the “great change”, in which the means of production (land, equipment, livestock, seeds, etc.) were jointly owned and under the public control of its participants, is called ___________.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column

PROCESSES (PHENOMENONS, EVENTS)		DATA
A) development of relations between the Old Russian state and Byzantium B) the expansion of the territory in the XVI century. B) reforming activity of Catherine II D) economic reforms of A. N. Kosygin		1) joining Astrakhan to Russia 2) the capture of Korsun by the army of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich 3) accession to Russia of Left-Bank Ukraine 4) start of voucher privatization 5) adoption of the Decree "On improving the management of industry, improving planning and strengthening economic incentives for industrial production" 6) convocation of the Legislative Commission

A	B	AT	G

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment, indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics, indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “In the year 6390 (chronology from the Creation of the world). Oleg went on a campaign, taking with him many warriors: Varangians, Chud, Slovenian, I measure, all, Krivichi, and came to Smolensk with Krivichi, and took power in the city, and planted his husband in it. From there he went down, and took Lyubech, and also made his husband sit down. And they came to the mountains of Kyiv, and Oleg found out that Askold and Dir reigned here. He hid some of the soldiers in the boats, and left the others behind, and he himself proceeded, carrying the baby Igor. And he swam to Ugorskaya Gora, hiding his soldiers, and sent to Askold and Dir, telling them that "we are merchants, we are going to the Greeks from Oleg and Prince Igor. Come to us, to your relatives." When Askold and Dir arrived, everyone else jumped out of the boats, and Oleg Askold and Dir said: "You are not princes and not a princely family, but I am a princely family," and showed Igor: "And this is the son of Rurik." And they killed Askold and Dir, carried them to the mountain and buried Askold on the mountain, which is now called Ugorskaya, where Olmin's court is now; on that grave Olma built the church of St. Nicholas; and Dir's grave is behind the church of St. Irina. And Oleg, the prince, sat down in Kyiv, and Oleg said: "May this be the mother of Russian cities." And he had Varangians, and Slavs, and others, nicknamed Rus. That Oleg began to establish cities and established tributes to Slovenes, and Krivichi, and Mary, and established the Varangians to pay tribute from Novgorod at 300 hryvnias annually in order to preserve peace, which was given to the Varangians until the death of Yaroslav.

B) “And Vladimir began to reign in Kyiv alone, and set up idols on a hill outside the tower courtyard: a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, and Khors, Dazhbog, and Stribog, and Simargl, and Mokosh. And they sacrificed to them, calling them gods, and brought their sons and daughters, and sacrificed to demons, and defiled the earth with their sacrifices. And the Russian land and that hill were defiled with blood. But the most good God did not want the death of sinners, and on that hill now stands the church of St. Basil, as we will tell about it later. Now let's go back to the previous one.

Vladimir planted Dobrynya, his uncle, in Novgorod. And, having come to Novgorod, Dobrynya placed an idol over the Volkhov River, and the Novgorodians offered sacrifices to him as to a god.

CHARACTERISTICS

1) after Oleg, Prince Svyatoslav ruled Russia

2) Oleg was the first of the princes to sign an agreement beneficial for Russia with Byzantium

3) these events refer to the end of the 9th century.

4) Prince Vladimir ascended the throne in Kyiv, according to the will of his father Svyatoslav

5) the chronicle speaks of the "pagan reform" of Prince Vladimir

6) "Pagan Reform" failed, but did not stop the prince's attempts to reform the sphere of religion

Fragment A		Fragment B

Answer:

Which three of these measures were implemented during perestroika? The corresponding numbers and write them down in the answer.

1) convocation of the Congress of People's Deputies

2) the introduction of state acceptance

3) liquidation of the central branch ministries and their replacement by economic councils

4) price liberalization

5) adoption of the law on individual labor activity

6) liquidation of the KGB

Answer:

Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a gap, choose the number of the element you want.

A) ______________ offensive operation Soviet troops refers to the winter of 1941/42.

B) ______________ battle ended with the destruction of the encircled enemy grouping on February 2, 1943.

B) ______________ battle ended with the liberation of Kharkov.

Missing items:

1) Rzhevskaya

2) Leningradskaya

3) Iasi-Chisinau

4) Moscow

5) Stalingrad

6) Kursk

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between cultural figures of the second half of XIX in. and their works.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G

Answer:

Read the extract from the memoirs and write the missing last name in it.

“On the night of November 18, three members of the Directory - Avksentiev, Zenzinov and Argunov ... were a group of officers ... unexpectedly arrested ... Immediately, upon receiving information about what had happened, the Council of Ministers met and, in view of the acute situation that had arisen, decided , taking full power, then transfer it into the hands of the military, who alone could maintain order. There were two designated candidates: General Boldyrev and Vice Admiral ____________. The first received, however, only one vote, why ____________ was given the supreme power ...

____________ wanted to release the arrested officials of the Directory immediately, taking only an obligation from them to immediately leave Siberia, to which, however, the arrested did not agree. A few days later, those arrested under foreign guards were taken to China.

____________ was not immediately recognized as the supreme ruler. Ataman Dutov, commander of the Amur Corps in the Far East, General Ivanov-Rinov, Ataman Annenkov submitted to him. But ataman Semyonov and Kalmykov fought against his power for a long time, not wanting to recognize him, and only by the summer of 1919 this issue was settled.

Answer:

Fill in the empty cells of the table using the data presented in the list below. For each cell marked with letters, select the number of the required element.

Missing items:

2) Vistula-Oder operation

5) J. V. Stalin, F. D. Roosevelt, W. Churchill

8) I. S. Konev

9) Iasi-Chisinau operation

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G	D	E

Answer:

Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a participant in the events.

“Approaching the fortress, the Japanese decided to take it by open force, but a number of attacks on our center positions were unsuccessful. On August 3, General Nogi sent a truce with a proposal to surrender the fortress, but the council assembled by General Stessel rejected this proposal, and on August 6, the Japanese began artillery preparation for the assault and on the same day went on the offensive, after a series of demonstrative attacks on our western front, sending the main his blow to the center of our positions, against the Eagle's Nest. The first assault on Port Arthur began.

The first days the Japanese advanced in dense columns, thinking of crushing the defenders of the fortress with a mass.

Strict discipline, harsh military law, fanaticism and personal prowess of the Japanese led to the fact that the Japanese battalions, incurring incredible losses, still reached the goal of their attacks, even if consisting of several people, and clashed with ours with hostility. In my summary it is impossible to describe everything that happened under the Eagle's Nest in the days from August 6 to 11 inclusive, the days of continuous, uninterrupted battle. I will say one thing, that valor was shown both on the one hand and on the other. Two redoubts, Nos. 1 and 2, on which the battle was concentrated at that time, changed hands many times, and as a result of this seven-day battle, the Japanese only took possession of the destroyed face of these redoubts, and the inner one remained in our hands.

Using the passage, choose three correct statements from the list below. Write down in response the numbers under which they are indicated.

1) The events described took place in 1905.

4) The Russian general mentioned in the passage died during the defense of the fortress in question.

5) As a result of the war, during which the described events took place, a peace treaty was signed in the city of Portsmouth.

6) As a result of the war, during which the described events took place, Russia lost part of Sakhalin Island.

Answer:

Indicate the century in which the events indicated in the diagram took place. Write the answer in words.

Answer:

Write the name of the river indicated by the letter "A" after the completion of the events depicted in the diagram.

Answer:

Write the name of the city, indicated by the number "1" on the diagram, in which the troops whose actions are indicated by white arrows won.

Answer:

Which statements about this scheme are correct? Choose three sentences from the six offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The diagram shows the course of the largest popular uprising.

2) A participant in the events depicted in the diagram was the Cossack ataman Vasily Us.

3) Armed detachments, whose actions are indicated by black arrows, consisted only of Cossacks and state peasants.

4) At the city marked with the number "2" on the diagram, the troops whose actions are indicated by black arrows won a major victory.

5) The number "3" in the diagram indicates the place of captivity of the leader of the armed detachments, whose actions are indicated by black arrows.

6) After the completion of the events indicated in the diagram, a provincial reform was carried out in the Russian Empire.

Answer:

Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

MONUMENTS OF CULTURE		CHARACTERISTICS
A) the Summer Palace in the village. Kolomenskoye B) "The Captain's Daughter" B) "Chapaev" D) "Domostroy"		2) This Soviet film is dedicated to the events of the Civil War. 3) This creation was created in the 15th century. 4) This work is dedicated to events Peasants' War under the direction of Emelyan Pugachev. 6) This monument was created during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich.

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

BUT	B	AT	G

Answer:

What statements about this postage stamp are correct? Choose two sentences from the five offered. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) The action of the picture depicted on the stamp takes place at the X Congress of the RCP (b).

2) The stamp was issued during the "thaw" in the USSR.

3) The politician whose speech is shown in the picture was the first Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

4) At the congress, the events of which are depicted in the picture, the Decree on Land was adopted.

5) The events depicted in the picture took place in Moscow.

Answer:

Specify the coins issued during the years of the leadership of the USSR by the same politician under whom this postage stamp was issued. In your answer, write down the two numbers under which these coins are indicated.

1)	2)
3)	4)

Answer:

Indicate the year when the speech was delivered, a fragment of which is given in the assignment. Name the author of this speech. Indicate the name of the phenomenon in the relations of the USSR with the former allies in participation in the Second World War, the prerequisites of which are mentioned in the passage.

From a politician's speech

“A shadow has fallen on the picture of the world, so recently illuminated by the victory of the Allies. No one knows what Soviet Russia and its international communist organization intend to do in the future and what are the limits, if any, to their expansionist and converting tendencies. I deeply admire and honor the valiant Russian people and my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin. In England - I have no doubt that here too - they have deep sympathy and good will for all the peoples of Russia and the determination to overcome numerous disagreements and breakdowns in the name of establishing a lasting friendship. We understand that Russia needs to ensure the security of its western borders from a possible resumption of German aggression. We are glad to see it in its rightful place among the world's leading powers. We salute her flag on the seas. And above all, we welcome the constant, frequent and growing ties between the Russians and our peoples on both sides of the Atlantic. However, I consider it my duty to give you some facts - I'm sure you want me to tell you the facts as they appear to me - about the present situation in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, the continent sank iron curtain. On the other side of the curtain are all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe - Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia. All these famous cities and the populations in their districts fell within what I call the Soviet sphere, all of them in one form or another are subject not only to Soviet influence, but also to the significant and increasing control of Moscow ... The Communist Parties, which were very few in all these states of Eastern Europe, have attained exceptional strength... and everywhere strive to establish totalitarian control...

I do not believe that Russia wants war. What she wants is the fruits of war and the unlimited spread of her power and doctrines. But what we have to think about here today, while there is still time, is to prevent wars forever and create the conditions for freedom and democracy as soon as possible in all countries.”

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

Indicate at least three events (phenomena) directly related to the complete cessation of the phenomenon in relations between the USSR and the West, the beginning of which is discussed in the text.

From a politician's speech

“A shadow has fallen on the picture of the world, so recently illuminated by the victory of the Allies. No one knows what Soviet Russia and its international communist organization intend to do in the future and what are the limits, if any, to their expansionist and converting tendencies. I deeply admire and honor the valiant Russian people and my wartime comrade Marshal Stalin. In England - I have no doubt that here too - they have deep sympathy and good will for all the peoples of Russia and the determination to overcome numerous disagreements and breakdowns in the name of establishing a lasting friendship. We understand that Russia needs to ensure the security of its western borders from a possible resumption of German aggression. We are glad to see it in its rightful place among the world's leading powers. We salute her flag on the seas. And above all, we welcome the constant, frequent and growing ties between the Russians and our peoples on both sides of the Atlantic. However, I consider it my duty to give you some facts - I'm sure you want me to tell you the facts as they appear to me - about the present situation in Europe.

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain descended on the continent. On the other side of the curtain are all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe - Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest, Sofia. All these famous cities and the populations in their districts fell within what I call the Soviet sphere, all of them in one form or another are subject not only to Soviet influence, but also to the significant and increasing control of Moscow ... The Communist Parties, which were very few in all these states of Eastern Europe, have attained exceptional strength... and everywhere strive to establish totalitarian control...

I do not believe that Russia wants war. What she wants is the fruits of war and the unlimited spread of her power and doctrines. But what we have to think about here today, while there is still time, is to prevent wars forever and create the conditions for freedom and democracy as soon as possible in all countries.”

There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. The following is one of the controversial points of view that exist in the historical

1) 1425-1505;

2) 1762-1796;

3) 1941-1943

The essay must:

Indicate at least two events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

name two historical figures whose activities are associated with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, to characterize the role of these individuals in the events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of Russian history;

Indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that existed between events (phenomena, processes) within a given period of history.

Using the knowledge of historical facts and (or) the opinions of historians, give one historical assessment of the significance of this period for the history of Russia. In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Solutions to tasks with a detailed answer are not checked automatically.
On the next page, you will be asked to check them yourself.

Finish testing, check answers, see solutions.

Analysis of complex USE tasks in history

Kovalevsky Stanislav Alexandrovich

The tasks of part 2 of the USE in history are traditionally considered the most difficult for graduates who have received a secondary general education. Why? Here are a few reasons to look for:

The presentation of a certain level of requirements for the individual preparation of the student, the degree of knowledge of historical material.

Increased complexity of tasks that require not only the application of knowledge to solve practical problems, but also an understanding of the requirements for individual tasks.

Answers to the tasks of part 2 are evaluated by experts. Full correct performance of tasks 20, 21, 22 is estimated by 2 points; tasks 23 - 3 points, tasks 24 - 4 points; tasks 25 - 11 points.

Tasks 20 - 22 require the graduate to conduct complex analysis historical source.

Task number 20 requires the graduate, as a rule, either to establish the belonging of the passage to its author, or to establish the identity (ruler) with whom this historical source is organically connected.Task number 21 involves a direct analysis of the source, identifying the position of the author.Task number 22 connects the presented text with historical events and personalities.

Our example:

From the notes of a foreigner

“____________ was so lucky that he defeated the Novgorodians at the Shelon River and, forcing the vanquished to recognize themselves as their master and sovereign, ordered them to pay a large amount of money; he departed from there no sooner than he appointed his governor there. Finally, after seven years, he returned there and, having entered the city with the help of Archbishop Theophilus, turned the inhabitants into the most miserable slavery. He seized gold and silver, even took away all the property of the citizens, so that he took out over three hundred fully loaded carts from there. He himself was personally only once present at the war, precisely when he conquered the principalities of Novgorod and Tver;

at other times, as a rule, he never went into battle and yet always won victories, so Stefan, the famous governor of Moldavia, often commemorated him on pipax, saying that he, sitting at home, multiplies his power, and he himself, fighting daily, barely able to defend their borders.

He also installed tsars at his own will in Kazan, sometimes took them prisoner, although in his old age he suffered a very strong defeat from them. He also ... built [new] walls of the Moscow fortress, his residence, which can be seen until now. For the poor, oppressed by the more powerful and offended by them, access to it was barred.

However, no matter how powerful he was, he was still forced to obey the Horde. When the ambassadors of the Horde arrived, he went out of the city to meet them and, standing, listened to them sitting. His Greek wife was so indignant at this that she repeated daily that she had married a slave of the Horde, and therefore, in order to leave this slave custom someday, she persuaded her husband to pretend to be sick when the Horde arrived.

20. Name the ruler whose name is missing twice in the text. Indicate the age in which most of his reign occurred. Name him the "Greek wife" mentioned in the text.

Answer:

To build sentences for tasks of part 2 of the USE in history, it is worth using directly the questions contained in the tasks to construct the answer. By arranging the answer in this way, you can always correctly indicate which part of the question you are answering.

- The name is missing twice in the text IvanaIIIVasilyevich.

- Most of his reign is in XVcentury.

- Mentioned in the text "Greek wife" - Sophia Paleolog.

It is worth considering the fact that answering only part of the question, you can count on 1 point out of 2 possible only if you correctly indicate two of its elements.

21. What successes associated with the activities of this ruler, the author calls? Give any three examples of his success.

Answer:

It should be borne in mind that the graduate is not required to accurately rewrite the relevant fragments of the text.

The victory of the Moscow army in the battle of the river. Sheloni

Recognition from the Novgorodians IvanIIIVasilyevich as lord and sovereign, as a result of which the Novgorod Republic became part of the Moscow principality

Construction (repair) of new fortifications in Moscow, erection of buildings on the territory of Moscow

Foreign policy influence on the policy pursued by the Kazan Khanate (the establishment of the rulers of Kazan, pleasing to IvanIIIVasilyevich).

22. What event resulted in the liberation of the Muscovite state from the dependence mentioned in the third paragraph of the text? Indicate the year this event took place. Name a ruler who this event opposed the Muscovite state.

Answer:

The liberation of the Muscovite state from dependence was the result of the victory over the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat as a result of the events known to us as “Standing on the river. Eel.

This event dates back to 1480.

During this event, the Muscovite state was opposed by the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat.

Task number 23 involves the analysis by the graduate of the presented historical problem, the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships of events that had a significant impact on historical development national history.

Our example:

23. In the first years of the reign of Alexander II, most of the landowners-nobles and the highest bureaucracy opposed the abolition of serfdom.
and the implementation of other reforms, later called "great". However, the emperor was firmly convinced of the need for large-scale transformations. What objective grounds did Alexander II have for this? Give any three reasons.

Answer:

Serfdom, as a form of feudal dependence of peasants, hindered economic development Russia. The need of industry for workers became a deterrent to its development, which was one of the reasons for Russia's lagging behind the advanced countries of Europe on the path of the industrial revolution.

Significant influence on the implementation of the "great reforms" by AlexanderIIThe foreign policy situation in which Russia found itself in connection with the defeat in the Crimean War (1853-1856) also had an effect. Only a strong Russia with a capable, technically re-equipped army and navy could count on a revision of the results of the Crimean War.

The deterioration of the economic situation of the peasants, the increase in peasant revolts and revolutionary sentiments in society.

When solving tasks, it should be borne in mind that you can get 3 primary points only if you answer correctly for each evaluated element of the answer. With a partial solution of the task - 1 point for each correct answer.

Task number 24

Task number 24 involves the argumentation of one's own opinion within the framework of a historical problem. The debatable problem requires the graduate to present polar points of view, both confirming and denying the statement presented in the assignment. The position designated by the graduate must contain not only a value judgment, but also evidence in the form of a fact (facts). Moreover, and this applies to all tasks of part 2 of the USE in history, a graduate can give more than two (required) positions, which is not a drawback of the answer and creates a certain opportunity to get the maximum score, even if one of the arguments is not counted as correct. It should be borne in mind that, giving arguments only to confirm or refute a position, you can only count on 1 primary score out of 4 possible.

Our example:

There are debatable problems in historical science, on which different, often contradictory points of view are expressed. Below is one of the controversial points of view that exist in historical science.

"The Soviet-Finnish war had favorable consequences for the USSR."

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can support this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. When presenting arguments, be sure to use historical facts.

Write your answer in the following form.

Answer:

Arguments to support:

1) The USSR gained experience in combat operations in winter, experience in breaking through fortifications in depth located in wooded and swampy areas. The effectiveness of the use of submachine guns by the Finnish troops in combat conditions led to the return of this type of weapon to the USSR Armed Forces.

2) the USSR in the framework of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939 - 1940. was able to acquire a number of territories that played an important role during the Great Patriotic War. So, control over the water area Lake Ladoga was able to secure Murmansk, located near the Soviet-Finnish border; the establishment of control over Kaleria and a number of islands in the Gulf of Finland secured Leningrad, which was a major industrial center of the USSR.

Arguments in rebuttal:

1) One of the results of the Soviet-Finnish war was the deterioration of the international position of the USSR, its expulsion from the League of Nations in 1939 as an aggressor, and the reduction of foreign trade relations with the capitalist countries of the world (USA).

2) The huge losses of Soviet troops during the Soviet-Finnish war became one of the reasons for the formation of ideas about weakness Soviet army, its inability to effectively lead fighting, overcome the lines of fortifications of the enemy, which was the result of strengthening the opinions of supporters of the war with the USSR in Germany (06/22/1941 - 05/09/1945).

3) Soviet-Finnish war and its results became the reason for the rapprochement of Germany and Finland, its participation in the Second World War on the side of the Axis countries, with the return in 1941 of the territories lost during the war of 1939-1940. (until 1944). The Karelian issue is still a stumbling block in the relations between Russia and Finland.

Task number 25

Task number 25 - a historical essay. Not completing the task, the graduate loses the opportunity to get 11 primary points. Writing historical essay implies variability of choice on the part of the graduate. To successfully write a historical essay, you should definitely take into account the criteria for evaluating the task:

Indication of events (two events, phenomena, processes). It could be like major events given historical period, and the date of the current historical process. But, even if you own historical material, you should not oversaturate a historical work with dates, because in the conditions of the exam (strong excitement), you can make a mistake and deprive yourself of 2 primary points according to the criterion K6 (the presence of actual events). That is, you should indicate only those dates that you have no doubt about.

Historical figures and their role in the indicated events (phenomena, processes) of a given period of history (it is required to bring two historical figures, to reveal their role in the indicated historical period on specific facts). Instead of indicating a dozen names in a historical essay, it is worth focusing on a detailed description of two or three key personalities that occupy a central place within the selected historical period, indicating the specific actions of the individual.

Cause-and-effect relationships (it is worth pointing out two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of events). Here you can indicate the causes of events, their influence on the further development of the historical process.

Evaluation of the impact of events (evaluation of events on the further historical development of Russia by a graduate is based on specific facts and (or) opinions of historians). For example, according to the Doctor of Historical Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.N. Sakharov this period ...

Use of terminology (correct application of the conceptual apparatus by the graduate).

Presence/absence of factual errors

Form of presentation (consistent presentation of the selected historical period, separate parts of the essay are logically interconnected).

Our example:

You need to write a historical essay aboutONE from periods of Russian history:

1) 862–945; 2) June 1762 - November 1796; 3) June 1945 - March 1953

The essay must:

–– indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;

–– name two historical figures whose activities are connected
with the indicated events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the individuals you named
in these events (phenomena, processes);

Attention!

When characterizing the role of each person named by you, it is necessary to indicate the specific actions of this person that largely influenced the course and (or) result of the indicated events (processes, phenomena).

–– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships that characterize the causes of the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred
during this period;

–– using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, to assess the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the subsequent history of Russia.

In the course of the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms, concepts related to this period.

Answer:

862 - 945

In historical science, there are several points of view about the date of the emergence of the Old Russian state.

Some scientists adhere to the point of view that the date of the emergence of the Old Russian state is862 - the year of the calling of the Varangians to Russia.

This event is the basis Norman theory emergence of statehood Eastern Slavs(founders - Miller, Bayer). Historians believe that only the calling of the Varangians-Rus (Rurik, Sineus and Truvor), i.e. external factor contributed to the unification of the Slavs. In contrast to them, anti-Normanists (the founder of the theory - M.V. Lomonosov) are of the opinion that without the formation of internal prerequisites (cultural and economic unity of the region, social stratification of ancient Russian society and the allocation of power), the formation of the state is not possible.

Some scientists believe that a single state among the Eastern Slavs arose in 882 as a result of a campaign Prince of Novgorod Oleg the Prophet to Kyiv.Moreover, he had to kill the rulers of Kyiv - Askold and Dir. (Askold and Dir were the warriors of Prince Rurik, who left him in 864, hoping to go to the service of the Byzantine emperor, but established themselves in Kyiv as princes. In history, Askold and Dir are the first princes who converted to Christianity after an unsuccessful campaign against Constantinople in 866.). It would be wrong not to note the participation in the campaign of 882 Igor Rurikovich. After all, it was on Igor and his right to power by virtue of belonging to a princely family that Oleg the Prophet relied in a dispute with Askold and Dir.

The creation of the core of statehood subsequently led to the fact that other territories of the East Slavic tribes were included in Kievan Rus. So, in 843 to Old Russian state the lands of the Drevlyans were annexed, in 844 - the northerners, in 845 - the Radimichi.

In addition, the creation of a united East Slavic Union led to the strengthening of its international authority. In 907, Oleg the Prophet was able to carry out a successful campaign against Constantinople, which led Russia to conclude a profitable trade and military agreement with one of the largest empires of the Middle Ages - Byzantium.

However, one should not idealize the history of Kievan Rus. During the change of rulers, certain territories in this historical period made attempts to return to independence. So, during the transfer of power to Igor Rurikovich, there is an attempt to isolate the Drevlyans. Tensions, as well as demands for greater tribute, caused the death of the prince in 945 in the Drevlyansk lands.

The unification of the East Slavic tribes into a single union made it possible to resist the external threat from the nomadic tribes (in 965 - 967 Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the Khazars, in 1037 Yaroslav the Wise defeated the Pechenegs under the walls of Kyiv).

In contrast to the united Russia, the fragmented principalities could not withstand the threat from the steppe in 1237-1242, being enslaved by the Mongol conquerors for a long time.

Discussions about the time (date) of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs in historical science do not subside even today. But, in my opinion, the point of view of Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.N. Sakharov thatthe emergence of the East Slavic state was facilitated by both external (calling of the Varangians) and internal factors (social stratification, the separation of the nobility, the development of economic ties within the framework of trade routes (“from the Varangians to Greek”, the Volga route).

K 1 - 2 points - Two events (phenomena, processes) are correctly indicated

K2 - 2 points - Two historical figures are correctly named, the role of each of these personalities is correctly characterized

K3 - 2 points - Two causal relationships are correctly indicated, characterizing the causes of events

K4 - 2 points - An assessment of the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of this period on the further history of Russia is given

K5 - 1 point - Historical terminology is correctly used in the presentation

K6 - 2 points - There are no factual errors in the historical essay

K7 - 1 point - The answer is presented in the form of a historical essay (consistent, coherent presentation of the material)

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Preparation for the exam in history becomes more effective not only with a thorough study of the material, but also with a preliminary acquaintance with typical tests and tasks of part C. This section of the site will help future graduates understand the structure of the exam tasks and prepare an algorithm for solving the most difficult points of the exam. Part C requires a free written answer, which is quite difficult for students. The USE format includes questions on the most important periods in the history of Russia - each task has a scientific area assigned to it. That is why a student who is familiar with several test options in advance is able to complete the tasks on the exam correctly.

• - Most often in part A there are questions about key dates in national and world history, about the main provisions of the most important historical documents and about the general direction of social movements. Almost all questions relate to the history of the twentieth century.
• - Abstracts of answers to tasks of the C-7 level in history are presented. To get a high score during the exam, you need to take these theses as a basis and, on their basis, draw up a detailed presentation of the events and justify your own attitude towards them.
• - Work with tasks of the C-6 level assumes that the examinee will not only describe the actual course of events, but also explain what options existed and why, out of the many possibilities, this particular scenario of actions was chosen.
• - Questions from part C-5 require concise answers containing a comparison of two historical phenomena. For the convenience of the applicant's preparation, the answers are presented in the form of tables, however, at the exam itself, the answer should be given in the form of a coherent text.
• - The questions in section C-4 require short answers. The applicant must list character traits social movement, results historical event, the parties that formed the government, etc. Answers must be clear and comprehensive.

USE 2017. History. Workshop. Part 2 tasks. Gevurkova E.A., Solovieva Ya.V.

M.: 2017. - 96 p.

The workshop on the history of Russia is focused on preparing high school students and graduates for the successful completion of the Unified state exam. The manual contains a detailed analysis of all types of tasks of part 2, common mistakes when performing them and commenting on them. The manual also offers tasks for self-practice of each type of tasks, answers and assessment criteria. The book is intended for teachers, parents, tutors, as well as high school students for self-preparation for the exam.

Format: pdf

The size: 1.5 MB

Download: drive.google

Content
Preface 4
Section I. Place and purpose of tasks with a detailed answer in the examination paper 5
Section II. Tasks 20-22 9
Examples of tasks 20-22
and comments on answers 14
Tasks 20-22 for independent work 21
Section III. Task 23 28
Examples of completing task 23 and comments on answers 33
Tasks 23 for independent work 36
Section IV. Task 24 40
Examples of completing task 24 and comments on answers 44
Tasks 24 for independent work 50
Section V. Task 25 57
Sample task 25 57
Examples of completing task 25 and comments on answers 71
Answers to tasks for independent work 80
Tasks 20-22 80
Assignments 23 85
Tasks 24 90

Among the tasks of the Unified State Exam, tasks with a detailed answer of part 2 are the most difficult to complete. They require graduates not only to have deep knowledge of the course of history, but also a whole range of skills when working with historical sources and other types of historical information, the ability to analyze the historical situation, the activities of historical figures, the ability to determine cause-and-effect relationships and argue their point of view, position on the most important historical issues, based on historical facts and knowledge of historiography, assess historical processes and phenomena.
These deep knowledge and skills are formed during schooling history, over the years; they are the result of the purposeful work of teachers, parents and, of course, the students themselves. none tutorial cannot form them if there has not been this many years of preparation.