home life resources Kingdoms in biology diagram. Signs and features of all kingdoms of living nature. Distinctive features of wildlife

Kingdoms in biology diagram. Signs and features of all kingdoms of living nature. Distinctive features of wildlife

Traditionally, all living organisms are divided into three domains (superkingdoms) and six kingdoms, however, in some sources, a different classification system may be indicated.

Organisms are placed into kingdoms based on similarity or general characteristics. Some of the traits that are used to define a kingdom include: cell type, nutrient acquisition, and reproduction. Cells are the two main types of cells.

Common methods of obtaining nutrients include absorption and ingestion. Breeding types include and.

The following is a list of the six kingdoms of life and a brief description of the organisms they contain

Kingdom of Archaea

Archaea growing in the "morning glory" lake in Yellowstone National Park produce vibrant color

Initially, these prokaryotes with one were thought to be bacteria. They are found in and have a unique type of ribosomal RNA. The composition of these organisms allows them to live in very difficult environments, including hot springs and hydrothermal vents.

Domain: Archaea;
Organisms: methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles, psychrophiles;
Cell type: prokaryotic;
Metabolism: Depending on the species, metabolism may require oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide;
Mode of nutrition: depending on the species - food intake can be carried out by absorption, non-photosynthetic photophosphorylation or chemosynthesis;
Reproduction: Asexual reproduction by binary fission, budding, or fragmentation.

Note: in some cases archaea are assigned to the Kingdom of Bacteria, but most scientists distinguish them in a separate Kingdom. In fact, DNA and RNA analysis data show that archaea and bacteria are so different that they cannot be placed in the same Kingdom.

Kingdom Bacteria

coli

These organisms are considered true bacteria and are classified under the bacterial domain. While most bacteria do not cause disease, some can serious illness. Under optimal conditions, they multiply at an alarming rate. Most bacteria reproduce by binary fission.

Domain: ;
Organisms: bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), actinobacteria;
Cell type: prokaryotic;
Metabolism: depending on the species - oxygen can be toxic, tolerable, or required for metabolism;
Method of nutrition: depending on the species - food intake can be carried out by absorption, photosynthesis or chemosynthesis;
Reproduction: asexual.

Kingdom Protista

Domain: Eukaryotes;
Organisms: amoeba, green algae, brown algae, diatoms, euglena, slimy forms;
Cell type: eukaryotic;
Mode of nutrition: depending on the species - food intake includes absorption, photosynthesis or ingestion;
Reproduction: Mostly asexual. occurs in some species.

Kingdom Mushrooms

Includes both unicellular (yeasts and molds) and multicellular (fungi) organisms. They are decomposing organisms and obtain nutrients through absorption.

Domain: Eukaryotes;
Organisms: fungi, yeast, mold;
Cell type: eukaryotic;
Metabolism: oxygen is essential for metabolism;
Nutrition method: absorption;
Reproduction: sexual or asexual.

Plant Kingdom

Extremely important for all life on Earth, as they give off oxygen and provide other living organisms with shelter, food, etc. This diverse group contains vascular or avascular plants, flowering or non-flowering. flowering plants, and etc.

Domain: Eukaryotes;
Organisms: mosses, angiosperms (flowering plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns;
Cell type: eukaryotic;
Metabolism: Oxygen is essential for metabolism;
Nutrition method: photosynthesis;
Reproduction: Organisms undergo alternation of generations. The sexual phase (gametophyte) is replaced by the asexual phase (sporophyte).

Kingdom Animals

All are included in this Kingdom. These multicellular eukaryotes depend on plants and other organisms to sustain themselves. Most animals live in aquatic environments and range from tiny tardigrades to extremely large blue whales.

Domain: Eukaryotes;
Organisms: mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects, worms;
Cell type: eukaryotic;
Metabolism: Oxygen is essential for metabolism;
Method of nutrition: ingestion;
Reproduction: Most animals reproduce sexually, but some asexually.

KINGDOM

1) in biology - the highest unit in the system of living organisms. There are 5 kingdoms: archaebacteria, bacteria, animals, fungi and plants. Kingdoms are divided into sub-kingdoms and further - into types. Many scientists propose to single out taxa of an even higher rank than the kingdom - superkingdoms, uniting archaebacteria and bacteria into the superkingdom of prokaryotes, and 3 other kingdoms - into the superkingdom of eukaryotes;

2) in biogeography - the highest unit of floristic and faunal zoning of land and the World Ocean.

Encyclopedia Biology. 2012

Branches of biology and what they study

Speaking in a general sense, biology studies the living world of the Earth. Depending on what modern biology studies specifically, it is divided into several sections:

molecular biology deals with the study of living organisms at the molecular level;
a branch of biology that studies living cells - cytology or cytogenetics;
living organisms - morphology, physiology;
the biosphere at the level of populations and ecosystems is studied by ecology;
genes, hereditary variability- genetics;
embryo development - embryology;
evolutionary biology and paleobiology are concerned with the theory of evolution and the oldest organisms;
ethology studies the behavior of animals;
general biology - processes common to the whole living world.

There are also many sciences involved in the study of certain taxa. What are these branches of biology and what do they study? Depending on which kingdoms of living organisms studies biology, it is divided into bacteriology, zoology, mycology. Smaller taxonomic units are also studied by separate sciences, such as entomology, ornithology, and so on. If biology studies plants, then the science is called botany. Let's consider in more detail.

What kingdoms of living organisms does biology study?

According to the now dominant theory, the living world has a complex structure and is divided into groups of different sizes - taxa. The classification of the living world is dealt with by systematics, which is part of biology. If you need an answer to the question of which kingdoms of living organisms studies biology, you need to turn to this science.

The largest taxon is an empire, and the living world consists of two empires - non-cellular (another name is viruses) and cellular.

From the name it is clear that the members of the first taxon did not reach the cellular level of organization. Viruses can reproduce only in the cells of another, cellular, organism - the host. so primitive that some scientists do not even consider them alive.

Cellular organisms are divided into several kingdoms - eukaryotes (nuclear) and prokaryotes (pre-nuclear). The first have a formalized cell nucleus with a nuclear envelope, the latter do not have it. In turn, super-kingdoms are divided into kingdoms.

The eukaryotic kingdom consists of three multicellular kingdoms - animals, plants and fungi, and one single-celled kingdom - protozoa. The kingdom of protozoa includes many heterogeneous organisms with great differences. Sometimes scientists divide protozoa into several groups, depending on the type of food and other features.

Prokaryotes are usually divided into the kingdoms of bacteria and archaea.

Scientists are currently proposing another division of wildlife. Based on the signs, genetic information and differences in the structure of cells, three domains are distinguished:

archaea;
real bacteria;
eukaryotes, which in turn are divided into kingdoms.

What kingdoms of living organisms does biology study today:

Domain or realm Archaea

Kingdom (domain) of bacteria or eubacteria

Prokaryotes are usually unicellular, but sometimes form colonies (cyanobacteria, actinomycetes). They do not have a nucleus enclosed in a membrane and membrane organelles. contains an unformed nucleoid containing genetic information. The cell wall consists mainly of murein, although some bacteria lack it (mycoplasmas). Most bacteria are heterotrophs, meaning they feed on organic matter. But there are also autotrophs, for example, capable of photosynthesis - cyanobacteria, which are also called blue-green algae.

Some bacteria are useful - contained in the intestinal microflora are involved in digestion; some are harmful (causative agents of infectious diseases). People have long been able to use bacteria for their own purposes: for the production of food, medicines, fertilizers, and so on.

Kingdom of Protozoa

mushroom kingdom

plant kingdom

eukaryotes; distinctive features- the ability to unlimited growth, autotrophic type of nutrition (photosynthesis), immobile lifestyle. Cellulose cell wall. Reproduction is sexual. They are divided into sub-kingdoms of lower and higher plants. Lower plants (algae), unlike higher plants (spore and seed), do not have organs and tissues.

animal kingdom

Eukaryotic with a heterotrophic type of nutrition. Features - limited growth, ability to move. Cells form tissues; cell wall is absent. Reproduction is sexual; in lower groups, alternation of sexual and asexual is possible. Animals have a nervous system of varying degrees of development.

Until relatively recently, by universal recognition, all organisms were divided into two kingdoms the animal kingdom and the plant kingdom. The main difference between animals and plants was the mode of nutrition. Animals were considered to be those who used ready-made organic material as food (heterotrophic mode of nutrition), plants - organisms that themselves synthesize the necessary organic material from non-organic materials. organic compounds(autotrophic mode of nutrition).

More precisely, then heterotrophic organisms- these are those that should receive carbon in the form of its organic compounds, and autotrophic organisms are able to use carbon in an inorganic form, namely in the form of carbon dioxide (CO, carbon dioxide). Animals usually have to search for food and therefore they must be able to locomotion. And this implies the presence of a nervous system that provides coordination of movements in more highly organized animals. Plants, on the other hand, lead a motionless lifestyle, they are unable to move and, therefore, nervous system they don't need.

A. Classification according to Margelis and Schwartz: all organisms are divided into five kingdoms. Viruses do not correspond to any of the groups in this classification of living organisms, since they are arranged too simply, do not have cellular structure and are unable to exist independently of other organisms. B. Evolutionary relationships among the five kingdoms. As can be seen from the diagram, starting with protoctists, evolution took place in the direction of multicellularity.

However, in this classification overlooked is the obvious fact that all cellular organisms fall into two natural groups, now called prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Between these two groups there is a fundamental difference, to be convinced of this, you need to look at the nursery. Terms " prokaryotes" and " eukaryotes” reflect the difference in the localization of DNA (genetic material) in the cell. In prokaryotes, DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane and floats freely in the cytoplasm. In other words, these cells do not have a true (formed) nucleus (pro - in front; karyon - nucleus). In the cells of eukaryotes, there is a real nucleus (she is completely, well). Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

The division of all organisms into and plants faces certain difficulties. For example, fungi are heterotrophs, but they are not able to move. So where do you take them? To get out of this situation, it was decided that there must be more than two kingdoms. In 1982, Margulis and Schwartz proposed a system that included five kingdoms - a prokaryotic kingdom and four eukaryotic kingdoms (Fig. 2.4). The system of Margelis and Schwartz has received wide recognition and it is now recommended to use it. It is believed that eukaryotes form the kingdom of Eukaryotae. The most controversial group is the Protoctists, perhaps because they are not natural group.

All tiny organisms , although they do not form a natural taxonomic unit, they are often combined into one group under the general name of microorganisms or microbes. This group includes bacteria (prokaryotes), viruses, fungi and protoctists. Such association is convenient for practical purposes, since the methods used to study these organisms are usually similar. So, in particular, a microscope is needed for their visual observation, and their cultivation should be carried out under aseptic conditions. The science that studies microorganisms forms one of the branches of biology called microbiology. Microorganisms acquire everything greater value in such fields of science as biochemistry, genetics, agrobiology and medicine; Moreover, they form the basis important direction in an industry called biotechnology. Some microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, also play an important ecological role as decomposers.

- Return to the section heading "

They were divided into two kingdoms - the kingdom of animals and the kingdom of plants. The main difference between animals and plants was the mode of nutrition. Animals were those who used ready-made organic material as food ( heterotrophic mode of nutrition), plants - organisms that themselves synthesize the necessary organic material from inorganic compounds ( autotrophic mode of nutrition). More precisely, heterotrophic organisms are those that should receive it in the form of its organic compounds, and autotrophic organisms are able to use carbon in an inorganic form, namely in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 , carbon dioxide). usually they have to look for food and therefore they must be capable of locomotion. And this implies the presence of a nervous system that provides coordination of movements in more highly organized animals. they lead a motionless lifestyle, they are unable to move and, therefore, they do not need a nervous system.

However, this classification overlooks the obvious fact that all cellular organisms fall into two natural groups, now called prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

There is a fundamental difference between these two groups. The terms "prokaryotes" and "eukaryotes" reflect the difference in location (genetic material) in the cell. In prokaryotes, DNA is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane and floats freely in the cytoplasm. In other words, these cells do not have a true (formed) nucleus (pro - in front; karyon - nucleus). In the cells of eukaryotes, there is a real nucleus (eu - completely, good). Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Rice. 2.4. A. Classification according to Margelis and Schwartz: all organisms are divided into five kingdoms. Viruses do not correspond to any of the groups in this classification of living organisms, since they are too simple, do not have a cellular structure and are not able to exist independently of other organisms. B. Evolutionary relationships among the five kingdoms. As can be seen from the diagram, starting with protoctists, evolution took place in the direction of multicellularity.

The division of all organisms into animals and plants faces certain difficulties. For example, fungi are heterotrophs, but they are not able to move. So where do you take them? To get out of this situation, it was decided that there must be more than two kingdoms. In 1982, Margulis and Schwartz (Margulis, Schwartz) proposed a system that provides for the existence of five kingdoms - the kingdom of prokaryotes and four kingdoms of eukaryotes (Fig. 2.4). The system of Margelis and Schwartz has received wide recognition and it is now recommended to use it. It is believed that eukaryotes form the kingdom of Eukaryotae. The most controversial group is the Protoctists, perhaps because they are not a natural group. This issue is discussed in detail in Sect. 2.6.

Viruses form another group of "organisms" that do not fit into any of the classification systems. Viruses are extremely small particles consisting only of genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective protein coat. Unlike all other organisms, viruses do not have a cellular structure and are able to multiply only by penetrating into living cell. The nature of viruses is discussed in Sect. 2.4, and in fig. 2.4, And they are allocated to an additional group.

All the smallest organisms, although they do not form a natural taxonomic unit, are often combined into one group under the general name microorganisms or microbes. This group includes (prokaryotes), viruses, fungi and protoctists. Such association is convenient for practical purposes, since the methods used to study these organisms are usually similar. So, in particular, for their visual observation, they are needed, and their cultivation should be carried out under aseptic conditions. The science that studies microorganisms forms one of the branches of biology called. Microorganisms are becoming increasingly important in such areas of science as biochemistry, genetics, agrobiology and medicine; in addition, they form the basis of an important branch of industry called biotechnology. This issue is discussed in more detail in Chap. 12. Some microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, also play an important ecological role as decomposers (Section 10.3.2.).