Malyasov artist itinerant. Famous Wandering Artists. Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy
The Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions is a key milestone in the development of Russian art. The Wanderers became, in a way, a symbol of Russian art of the 19th century. Emerged as a reaction to the dead lifeless art of the Academy of Arts, the Association of the Wanderers became the most massive and influential art association in the history of Russia. Never before or since has the art of Russian artists been so close and understandable to the masses.
Undoubtedly, the emergence of the Society of the Society for Contemporary Art and Exhibitions occurred at the very time when it was especially necessary for Russia - both from the point of view of pure art and from the point of view of its social coloring. By the end of the 60s, the leading artists of Moscow and St. Petersburg came wiser with some experience in social activities. By this time, they are firmly convinced that the time has come to find a form of association that could ensure the personal independence of the artist from official, government-protected institutions and patrons, to make closer and more direct links between art and the viewer, with the people. The idea of creating the Association of Traveling Exhibitions promised a lot. The opportunity to acquire an immense popular audience became real. The dream of several generations of artists came true with their own eyes. But for none of the previous generations it was not so infinitely attractive as for the generation shaped by the general democratic upsurge of the late 50s and early 60s.
Creativity of the Wanderers
Russian Wanderers sought to show the ideological side in their works visual arts which was valued much higher than the aesthetic one, setting itself the task of broadly promoting the fine arts, the purpose of which was the social and aesthetic education of the masses, bringing them closer to the life of democratic art. Reveal the truth in your pictures living life the oppressed peasantry, suffering from the power of the landowners and the rich - this was the main task. Many works of the Wanderers were written from life in the style of genre painting, other works were written under the imagination from real life. The Russian Wanderers demonstrated with great persuasiveness the existence of a new creative movement at the first exhibition that opened, gradually emerging from the 60s. At this exhibition, the painting of the Wanderers was demonstrated - paintings by many famous artists of all popular genres: portrait, landscape and historical genre. In total, 47 exhibits were exhibited that turned academic ideas about painting upside down, this was the first step in the success of the Wanderers who showed their paintings in a different dimension. By this time, the academy had undergone some changes. as the old settings gradually receded into the past.
Famous Wandering Artists
Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich (1837 - 1887)
A well-known painter, one of the main reformers in art, known for his anti-academic activities, advocating for the free development of young artists. Kramskoy is the main founder and founder of the TPHV. Without Kramskoy, it is impossible to imagine all those undertakings of artistic culture with its latest transformations, which revealed to the masses the whole truth of life in art. Ivan Kramskoy is a wonderful master of the portrait genre. His famous painting "Christ in the Wilderness" caused a storm of emotions and controversy that did not subside for a long time. In this picture, Kramskoy wanted to show a dramatic situation. moral choice, in which there is no deviation from the chosen path.
Vasily Grigorievich Perov (1834-1882)
Perov's paintings are imbued with genuine tragedy: "Old parents at the grave of their son", "Troika". His famous paintings "Tea drinking in Mytishchi", "Arrival of the police officer for the investigation", "The last tavern at the outpost". Many of the master's early works are imbued with a critical, accusatory perception, representing pictorial caricatures, in which the clergy are also involved. Perov, like no one else, revealed in his works the spirit of ideology and freedom of creative choice.
Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov (1830-1897)
Master of the lyrical Russian landscape. His famous painting "The Rooks Have Arrived", in which he managed to reveal all the subtle beauty of the Russian landscape, inspired by extraordinary lyricism. This turned any ideas of contemporaries about native Russian nature upside down. His other paintings are no less popular - "Forest Road", "At the Gates of the Monastery", "Spring Day".
Ge Nikolai Nikolaevich (1831-1894)
One of the leaders and organizers of the Association of the Wanderers, who broke his work with the monopoly of academicism. Ge - adherent national history, his painting "Peter I interrogates Tsarevich Alexei in Peterhof" brought him tangible success and popularity of his contemporaries. Some of his works were not so successful: "Catherine II at the coffin of Elizabeth", "A. Pushkin in the village of Mikhailovsky." Ge was often dissatisfied with many works, he did not complete all of them to the end. He simply destroyed the picture "Mercy", hardly experiencing his failures. The painting “Exit from the Last Supper” brought him fame, which became one of the best works, excited by its expressiveness. Such paintings as "What is Truth?", "Christ and Pilate" were criticized by the clergy, for which they were removed from the exhibition.
Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich (1848-1926)
The master is a painter, portrait and landscape painter, theater artist. Member of the Wanderers since 1878. The artist's work was drawn to Russian folklore, he created many canvases on the theme of Russian history, folk tales and epics. For some time, Vasnetsov also worked for the theater, creating various scenery and costumes for plays and fairy tales, which had a huge impact on the development of theatrical and decorative art in Russia. In his famous works, he sought to convey the epic character of Russia, inspired by sincere poetry. His notable works in this genre: “After the Battle of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsy”, “Alyonushka and Ivan Tsarevich on a Gray Wolf”, “Bogatyrs”, “Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible” and many others.
Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin (1832-1898)
famous artist, unique master through forest landscapes. His paintings are known to a very wide public. Shishkin, like no one else, loved the nature of the forest with its colorful shades of tree trunks, bright glades, lit by the sun and airiness. Famous paintings by Shishkin: "Morning in a Pine Forest", "Rye", "Stream in the Forest". Many of his paintings have gained immense popularity, these paintings are known today. Before Shishkin, no one with such stunning frankness told the viewer about his love for his native Russian nature.
Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi (1841-1910)
These are canvases with a picturesque coloring of flowers and light. Rays of light breaking through the fog, playing in puddles on muddy roads - they noticeably emphasize the skill of the artist. The famous painting "Night" attracts with the calm grandeur of nature. The painting “Dnepr in the morning” describes the plot of an early steppe morning. "Birch Grove" - in this picture, the artist showed Russian nature in a hitherto unseen method of writing. He reveals the sublime image of the landscape, sparkling with unusual color and contrast of pure colors. Kuindzhi found his own unique, independent path in the art of landscape.
Isaac Ilyich Levitan (1860-1900)
A magnificent master of quiet and calm landscapes. Levitan was very fond of his native nature, he often retired with her, finding an understanding of her beauty, which was reflected in his landscapes. Singing the nature of the Upper Volga, he showed the world wonderful masterpieces: “Gloomy Day”, “After the Rain”, “Above Eternal Peace”, masterfully painted evening landscapes: “ gold autumn”,“ Evening on the Volga ”,“ Golden Reach ”,“ Evening ”,“ Quiet Abode ”,“ Evening Ringing ”. Levitan's paintings require attentiveness and thoughtfulness, they cannot be quickly examined.
Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930)
The paintings by the famous artist Ilya Repin are distinguished by their versatility. Repin painted a number of monumental genre paintings that gained immense popularity among his contemporaries, which made a strong impression on the public. Traveling along the Volga, he painted many sketches, which he later used to paint his famous painting “Barge haulers on the Volga”. After this work, stunning fame came to Repin. Also not a small impression was made by the painting “The Religious Procession in Kursk province”, which is based on ordinary people, church priests, and the police. Repin also wrote a number of works on historical theme: "Letter of the Cossacks Turkish sultan”, “Ivan the Terrible kills his son”, “They didn’t wait” and others. He worked very fruitfully on portraits. The most significant of them are portraits of writers L. N. Tolstoy, A. F. Pisemsky, Turgenev, Garshin, scientists Sechenov and Pirogov, military engineer A. I. Delvig, composers Mussorgsky and Glinka, artists Surikov and Kramskoy and others. Ilya Repin left a significant mark on the history of Russian painting.
Valentin Alexandrovich Serov (1865-1911)
A very fashionable artist of his time, his portraits brought him fame, although he also painted landscapes and paintings based on historical subjects. Sometimes, he worked as a theater artist. Serov, like no one else, knew what a portrait was and how to draw a portrait. Serov masterfully drew with a pencil from life, famous patrons, artists and writers posed for him a lot. Most of all, his portraits were noticeable: “Girl with Peaches”, “Girl Illuminated by the Sun”, a portrait of M. N. Akimova and many others.
The 19th century is the golden age of Russian fine art, which gave rise to a large number of famous Russian artists who left their descendants a rich heritage. Its value is simply immeasurable. Thanks to the Wanderers, the most famous artists of that time, the paintings of Russian art help all mankind to comprehend the ideas about the life of those years.
Material prepared with: tphv, art-portrets
Photo: feldgrau
M Alyasov Viktor Alexandrovich - commander of the battalion of the 234th Guards rifle regiment 76th Guards rifle division 61st Army of the Central Front, guard captain.
Born on November 7, 1917 in the city of Tashkent, now the capital of Uzbekistan, in a working class family. Russian.
He graduated from the 7th grade of school number 43 in the city of Tashkent and the worker's faculty. He worked at an aircraft factory as a turner. In 1938 he entered the Tashkent Mechanical Engineering Institute. But the war prevented me from graduating from the institute...
In the Red Army since November 1941. In 1942 he graduated from the Tashkent military infantry Red Banner School named after V.I. Lenin. Member of the CPSU (b) since 1942.
Member of the Great Patriotic War since May 1942. He fought on the Western, Bryansk, Central and Belorussian fronts. Participated in the battles for the liberation of the cities of Chernihiv, Kalinkovichi, Brest, and others settlements Ukraine and Belarus, in forcing the rivers Desna, Dnieper. He commanded a platoon, company, battalion.
Commanding a battalion, on September 28, 1943, under heavy mortar and artillery fire, he crossed the Dnieper near the village of Mysy, Repkinsky district, Chernihiv region of Ukraine.
The battalion captured and held the bridgehead until the approach of the main forces of the regiment, repelling enemy counterattacks.
At order of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 15, 1944 for the exemplary performance of combat missions of the command on the front of the fight against fascist german invaders and the courage and heroism shown at the same time, the guard captain Malyasov Viktor Alexandrovich awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union with the award of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 2974).
After forcing the Dnieper, the battalion took part in the further liberation of Ukraine and Belarus, in forcing the Pripyat and Western Bug rivers, in reaching the State border of the USSR, in battles in Poland.
Guard Major Malyasov V.A. died on October 17, 1944 in the battle for the town of Radzimin (Poland). He was originally buried in the city of Warsaw-Motokow (Warsaw Voivodeship, Poland). Then he was reburied in a mass grave in the May 1st park in the city of Brest (Belarus). Later he was reburied in an individual grave in the Park of Mass Graves (Tashkent, Uzbekistan).
Awarded with orders Lenin, Alexander Nevsky, Patriotic War 1st degree, Red Star.
By order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR of April 22, 1965, Hero of the Soviet Union V.A. Malyasov is forever enrolled in the lists of personnel of the 234th Guards Airborne Regiment.
In Tashkent, memorial plaques were installed on the house where the Hero lived and on the building of school No. 43, where he studied, and a bust on the territory of the aviation plant. Streets in Pskov, Tashkent, Chernigov are named after him.
Poems for the song about the Hero of the Soviet Union V.A. Malyasov, written in the summer of 1957 by an aspiring poet, cadet of the Tashkent VOKU Nail Bogdanov:
You died heroically in battles with enemies,
Brave and illustrious hero,
Malyasov - you are in the ranks forever with us
We will always be proud of you.
We are proud of how you fought with enemies,
That in our third company you served,
We are proud that with the guards-fighters,
You were one of the first to cross the Dnieper.
You were a skillful, brave officer,
And the fighters followed you everywhere.
You always led forward by your example
In any campaign, in any mortal battle.
You brought up with your guardsmen
Love for the people, hatred for the enemy.
With you, they beat the Germans everywhere,
No mercy is given to anyone.
Passed in battles with enemies to the border
He fought for the Dnieper, Bug and Pripyat,
You are glorious pages in history
He entered with his heroic deed.
And the memory of you is imperishable for us
Your deed will never be forgotten.
In their cadet everyday life
We always remember you.
We are excellent students these days
Keeping school traditions
We - Leninists are always ready for battle,
We stand guard over our Motherland.
The Association of Traveling Exhibitions was founded in 1870. A group of young artists challenged academic art. Which called for the depiction of only myths and historical plots divorced from reality.
In addition, such art was available only to selected people from the nobility and wealthy merchants.
The Wanderers, on the other hand, wanted to bring art to a wider audience. Organizing exhibitions in different cities of Russia.
And they wanted to write life ordinary people. The fate of the humiliated and offended.
Their stories were revealing and dramatic. Class inequality, social injustice, poverty.
Here are 5 of the brightest Wanderers, in whose works the life of the poor appears before us without embellishment.
1. Vasily Perov (1834-1882)
. Portrait of Vasily Perov. 1881, St. PetersburgThe main masterpieces of Perov were created even before the official formation of the Association of Traveling Exhibitions. But it was he who was one of the main inspirers and organizers of the movement. After all, Perov, like no one else, was focused on stories about the underprivileged.
Perhaps his most emotional work is the painting "Troika". Those who have children cannot look at her without longing. Now this child labor seems to us savagery. And some 100-150 years ago it was the norm.
Terrible weather. Deep minus. Blizzard. And poor children (without mittens!) drag a barrel of water to the workshop.
Vasily Perov. Troika. Apprentice craftsmen carry water. 1866 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow Of course, they did not get to work in the workshop from a good life. Parents, not being able to feed several children, could give one into service.
Muted gray, white, beige colors of the picture bring us to the feeling of cold. But the faces of children against such a background are clear and lively. The viewer has no way to see them. And see the suffering in the eyes, in which there should be only careless joy.
Even before the "Troika" Perov created a number of anti-clerical works. One of the most interesting paintings on this topic is “Tea drinking in Mytishchi”.
Vasily Perov. Tea drinking in Mytishchi. 1862 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow Could such a scene actually occur? Quite. Imagine this soldier was taken to serve once for as much as 20 years. Of course, upon returning home, the parents were hardly alive anymore. No wife, no children. A meager pension.
Only - freedom of movement (a peasant who had served was no longer a serf). What remained but to wander and beg.
Perov was a brilliant "scenographer". He so successfully selected the poses and gestures of the characters that his stories are read at a glance. The clumsiness of the maid, the humility of the soldier, and the indifference of the churchman are understandable.
2. Ilya Repin (1844-1930)
Ilya Repin. Self-portrait. 1887 Moscow Repin officially became a Wanderer in 1878. And it's not surprising either. His "Barge haulers on the Volga" with obvious social overtones "left him no choice."
Ilya Repin. Barge Haulers on the Volga. 1870-1873 State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg Now we are taken aback by the fact that an employee can look so pathetic like that. 11 people pulling a strap look like a dark, dirty spot against a bright summer landscape. Yes, even in the distance the ship is visible. Which could well pull the ship instead of unfortunate people.
In fact, burlachistvo was a good opportunity to earn money for people thrown to the sidelines of life. For former sailors, landless liberated peasants. Having worked one summer season, they could feed themselves during the coming winter.
“Seeing the Rookie” is a lesser-known painting by Repin. But it very clearly shows one of the moments in the life of the peasants. Family and neighbors escorted to the service young man. Repin himself observed this scene.
Ilya Repin. Seeing a new recruit. 1879 State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg At this time, the service life has already been reduced from 20 years to 6. But this, alas, does not make it easier for the recruit. goes Russo-Turkish War(1877-1878), and relatives do not know if they will see him alive. That is why we are seeing such confusion around. Even the children froze, stopping the games and laughter.
Repin is striking in its inclusiveness. In one picture, he managed to show the character of each individual character, and the key moments of an entire era.
3. Vladimir Makovsky (1846-1920)
Vladimir Makovsky. Self-portrait. 1905 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow Makovsky can be called a darling of fate. He was born and raised in a wealthy and creative family. He had every chance to become a salon artist, like his older brother Konstantin Makovsky.
But Vladimir liked to wander around the bunkhouses and bazaars. He was looking for bright types. After all, he preferred genre scenes about the hardships of ordinary people. Therefore, his characters are so truthful and emotional.
In the painting "Date" we see a mother and son. The son was given as an apprentice. His mother visits him, having bought a kalach as a gift.
Vladimir Makovsky. Date. 1883 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow The barefoot boy greedily bites his teeth into the bread. It immediately becomes clear in what terrible conditions the child lives and works. The mother understands this. In her sad eyes everything is easy to read. But she can't do anything.
Poverty does not allow her to take her son. Or maybe there is still a glimmer of hope that one day the son will be able to become a master and "break out into the people." But in any case, the boy does not have a real childhood.
And here is another story "On the Boulevard". After the abolition of serfdom, not all peasants got land allotments. And they left to work in the cities to feed their families.
The young guy did just that. Got a job as a janitor. And after some time, a young wife with a baby came to him. Here we see them on a bench on Sretensky Boulevard in Moscow.
Vladimir Makovsky. On the boulevard 1887 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow The husband is already accustomed to a free life. Therefore, his wife is only a hindrance to him. Realizing this, the girl sits as if stunned, trying to realize her misfortune. And the landscape is appropriate: November, fallen leaves, lonely passers-by.
Makovsky's paintings are very literary. It's more of a story. From them we understand all life situation heroes: what preceded the captured moment. And what lies ahead for them.
4. Sergey Ivanov
Osip Braz. Portrait of Sergei Ivanov. 1903 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow After the abolition of serfdom, not all peasants got land that could feed them. Millions of them decided to move to Siberia, to free lands. And the main chronicler of this difficult period of their life was Sergei Ivanov.
He followed them to the Urals. First by train to Tyumen. Then on rafts to Barnaul. And then on foot and in wagons to free plots of land.
The whole journey took several months. The path is difficult and even life-threatening. 7% of the settlers died on the road. Ivanov portrayed one of these tragedies.
Sergey Ivanov. Death of a migrant. 1889 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow The head of the family died suddenly on the way. The wife collapsed to the ground to mourn her grief. What's in store for her? If she gets married (and there were not enough women in Siberia), then she has a chance to survive. If not, then her fate is begging or hard hired labor. Having a child in my arms. Very sad.
Ivanov played a significant role in the fate of the settlers. After all, his paintings were seen by many thanks to traveling exhibitions.
Already in the 90s of the 19th century, the authorities began to support the settlers. At the very least, taking care of their food and health on the road. And such terrible scenes as in the painting “Death of a Settler” have never been seen before.
Of course, such a fighter for justice as Sergei Ivanov simply could not ignore the spontaneous events of the uprising in December 1905.
Sergey Ivanov. Execution. 1905 State Central Museum modern history Russia, Moscow Again we see the humiliated and offended. This time they were shot on one of the squares in Moscow. Ivanov seemed to have written the sound of death. Shots are heard in the empty space, the moan of the dying and the roar of the crowd.
5. Abram Arkhipov
Abram Arkhipov. Self-portrait. Private collection Arkhipov came from a very poor family. But we almost never see tragic stories from him. In addition, he gravitated towards impressionism more than the rest of the Wanderers. Which willy-nilly softens any drama.
But Arkhipov has his main masterpiece, Laundress, which fits perfectly into the concept of the Wanderers.
Once the artist accidentally wandered into the basement of a house. And I saw poor women who are busy in troughs with water from morning until late at night.
He was extremely impressed by their hard work. Therefore, he could not help but create his own "Washerwomen".
Abram Arkhipov. Washerwomen. 1901 State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow The elderly woman sank down on the bench, exhausted. Her thin, twisted hand seems too small for such hellish work.
We do not see the faces of young laundresses. As if Arkhipov gives them hope one day to escape from this endless whirlwind of basins, soap and steam.
But still Arkhipov preferred not to be sad. And more often portrayed happy women.
In this article, and so there were many reasons for sadness. So I'll end this post on a more positive note. A portrait of a contented and well-dressed peasant woman.
Abram Arkhipov. Woman in red. 1919 Nizhny Novgorod Art Museum The Association of Traveling Exhibitions lasted 53 years (1870-1923). Already at the end of the 19th century, they began to be increasingly criticized. Accusing of literary and hypertrophied tragedy.
And with the advent of fashion for modern and non-objective art, they stopped buying at all.
But the contribution of the Wanderers to the development of Russian art is colossal. The pictorial skill of artists working in a free atmosphere has risen to incredible heights.
This is also why many masterpieces of Russian painting were created precisely in the second half of the 19th century, at the dawn of the Wandering era.
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R was born in 1917 in the city of Tashkent. Russian. Member of the CPSU since 1942. Hero of the Soviet Union (January 15, 1944). He was awarded the orders of Lenin, Alexander Nevsky, World War I degree, Red Star.
He was born on the day of Great October. Therefore, the holiday of November 7 in the Malyasov family was always celebrated especially solemnly.
After the eighth grade, Victor went to the factory, quickly mastered the specialty of a turner. He immediately joined the Komsomol, began to study at the workers' faculty.
In 1938, Viktor Malyasov became a student at the Tashkent Mechanical Engineering Institute. But the war changed all plans. In November 1941, he was drafted into the army and sent to study at the Tashkent Military Infantry School; in May 1942, Lieutenant Malyasov left for the front.
At the end of 1942, senior lieutenant Malyasov, after a second, this time severe wound, undertreated, returned to the front again, now to the 76th guards division 61st Army of the Central Front. On the Kursk Bulge he already commands a battalion of the 234th Guards Rifle Regiment. The soldiers under the command of Malyasov were the first to cross the Desna, through the forests and swamps in two days they fought about 80 kilometers. On the move, having overcome the Snov River, the battalion was one of the first to break into the outskirts of the city of Chernigov.
Soon the guard captain Malyasov received an order to go to the Dnieper and in the Lyubech area to overcome it on the move, seize a bridgehead and hold it until the main forces of the regiment approached.
On September 27, Malyasov's battalion, bypassing enemy strongholds, reached the left bank of the Dnieper. Here, in the village of Mysy, Repkinsky district, Chernihiv region, the fighters quickly prepared improvised means and on the night of the 28th, under enemy fire, crossed the river. Immediately, the battalion went to storm an important height and with a swift blow knocked out the Nazis from there.
For three days, the Malyasov battalion held the height until other units of the regiment crossed to the right bank. During these three days, the battalion repelled dozens of attacks supported by tanks, artillery and aircraft. The battalion commander was always where it was especially difficult. He raised the fighters to attack, took up a machine gun, threw grenades. On October 2, the entire regiment went on the offensive from this bridgehead.
For the capture of the bridgehead on the Dnieper, the guard captain V. A. Malyasov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Then there were battles in Polissya, where the guards of Malyasov overcame difficult swamps and forests, fought heavy battles for Kalinkovichi and Kovel, crossed Pripyat.
On August 27, 1944, the Malyasov battalion reached the state border, crossed the Western Bug and occupied the village of Yablochna on Polish soil.
On October 17, 1944, Major Malyasov died in action. They buried him in Brest in mass grave on May Day Square. Streets in Pskov, Chernigov and Tashkent are named after him. In Tashkent, on the house where the Hero lived, and on the building of the school where he studied, memorial plaques were installed, and a bust on the territory of the aviation plant. He remained forever in the lists of one of the military units.
Literature:
Forever in line. Album. Issue. 2. M., 1973. S. 50.
Forever in line. M., 1973. Prince. 6. S. 117–133.
Feat. Tashkent, 1980, pp. 108–155.
Krinov Yu. S. Forever in the ranks. L., 1979. S. 19-22.
