home Zoology At the sight of the gift, the little pranksters beamed. "control. Questions for self-examination

At the sight of the gift, the little pranksters beamed. "control. Questions for self-examination

Vocabulary is the totality of all the words of a language. Violations of the lexical norm are associated primarily with the use of the word in an unusual sense. In addition, the cases mentioned above speech redundancy(tautology, pleonasm, splitting of the predicate) and speech insufficiency also refer to violations of the lexical norm. Violates the lexical norm and the mixing of paronyms (similar in appearance words like subscriber - subscription, wear - put on etc.), violation of lexical and logical compatibility. Errors can also be associated with the lack of consideration of the stylistic coloring of the word, its outdated or, conversely, new character, etc.

To lexical norms phraseological norms are also adjacent, the violation of which may be associated both with the use of a phraseological unit in an unusual meaning, and with a violation of the external form of a phraseological unit, as, for example, in the case play a role(right: play the role or matter).

Types of grammatical errors are associated with errors in the formation of words, word forms and with a violation of grammatical compatibility. Pay attention to one common misconception that grammar is about spelling and punctuation. In fact, such an interpretation of the term is unscientific. Spelling and punctuation, indeed, rely on grammar, but are not included in this concept. Grammar combines the sections "word formation", "morphology" and "syntax", i.e. grammatical errors are associated with the incorrect formation of a word (for example, courageous), with the wrong declension or conjugation of the word (for example, lie down, new tulle), with incorrect construction of the sentence (According to upon arrival, inform your new address; The carpenter made an oak stool with four legs.)

Questions and tasks

1. What is vocabulary?
2. What is grammar?
4. Name the types of grammatical violations.
5. What errors are lexical?

Exercises

Exercise 44

Divide the sentences into two groups: 1) sentences with lexical or phraseological errors; 2) offers with grammatical errors.

1. Announcement on the doors of the circus: "Children under the age of five go to the circus on their hands." 2. In the soul of Prince Andrei, a contradiction to the war accumulates. 3. Student self-government bodies strive by any means to increase the activity of those students studying at the institute. 4. The search for rare plant species, the creation of herbariums were the result of my passion for fauna native land. 5. After Kabanikha left, Tikhon immediately went to the bar. 6. The scientist who told us these data, and who turned out to be a fan of statistical methods of research, gave interesting figures. 7. The factory specializes in the production of goods for low-income segments of the population, which includes the majority of Russians in the provinces. 8. It's just hard to imagine how incredibly the artist transforms on stage! 9. In the contest "Miss of the Year" this nomination is of great importance.
10. At the sight of a gift, the eyes of the little naughty girl sparkled, her face became melancholy and enthusiastic.

Exercise 45

Divide the sentences into three groups: 1) sentences with lexical or phraseological errors; 2) sentences with grammatical errors; 3) sentences without errors.

Option 1.

Correct spelling mistakes in sentences. Determine the nature of the error.

FINAL CONTROL WORK

Determine the type of expression.

A. Metaphor.

B. Comparison.

V. Epithet.

G. Paraphrase.

D. Hyperbole.

1) I live well, richly, I can do everything, I can do everything, like a dancer on a tightrope, I run according to my fate ... (V. Tushnova).

2) Passionate, godless, empty, unforgettable, forgive me. (A. Blok).

3) In the silver, the surface of the lake sways a little, bending over, the willows whispered ... (D. Ratgauz).

4) He comes from the northern capital.

5) ... so many arrears accumulated that the local treasurer, looking into the treasury box, opened his mouth, and so he remained with his mouth open for life (M. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

A. Metonymy.

B. Litota.

B. Rhetorical question.

D. Comparison.

D. Personification.

1) On the table is an open sheet of paper, clean as an untouched conscience (K. Nekrasova).

2) With a clear smile, nature greets the morning of the year through a dream (A. Pushkin).

3) Below a thin blade of grass, you need to bow your head (N. Nekrasov).

4) I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero (A. Pushkin).

5) Do you know the Ukrainian night? Oh, you don't know the Ukrainian night! (N. Gogol).

A. Antithesis.

B. Hyperbole.

B. Rhetorical address.

D. Gradation.

D. Epithet.

1) I washed it like golden sand, collected it lovingly, tirelessly, bit by bit, drop by drop, spark, sparkle ... (V. Tushnova).

2) Different letters are written: tearful, painful, sometimes beautiful, more often useless (K. Simonov).

3) The smart one rules for a short moment, the stupid one knows everything from the book. Smart stupid is not a couple. Smart cargo, but stupid container (D. Harms).

4) It seems to me that I have risen. I lived. My name was Hercules. I weighed three thousand pounds. I uprooted the forest. His hand stretched to heaven (L. Martynov).

5) My godless Russia, my sacred country! Her plains are snowy, her gypsies are nomadic - oh, are they not given joy? (I. Severyanin).

1. Prepare a written report on one of the following topics:

1. Accuracy as a communicative quality of speech.

2. Comprehensibility as a communicative quality of speech.

4. Jargon and culture of speech.

5. Foul language and culture of speech.

6. Wealth and diversity as communicative qualities of speech.

7. Expressiveness as a communicative quality of speech.

8. Purity as a quality competent speech.

9. Logic as a quality of literate speech.

10. Speech etiquette. Speech etiquette formulas: main groups.

11. Appeal in Russian speech etiquette.

12. Russian phraseology and expressiveness of speech.

13. Conditions and criteria for effective communication.

Option 1

1. We must study this decision, which is of great importance in our life. 2. He left a good impression on us. 3. Maxim Gorky put a lot of effort into gathering and soldering young writers. 4. The entire contingent of people at the table expressed satisfaction with the quality of the meals. 5. The old man listened to these news and only shook his head crushingly. 6. As it moved to the northeast, the air masses cooled. 7. Going to go fishing, we put on raincoats. 8. Today, the capital of France - Paris - has acquired its usual appearance. 9. Spectators followed the dramatic events that took place in the early summer of 1928. 10. The life of a rural worker is not much different from a city dweller. 11. Six countries built rescue expeditions in search of the crew of Italy. 12. The builders here are re-laying the walls, sewerage. 13. The door opens inwards. 14. The saleswoman said that she was married and returned the bottle to me. 15. Now this story has long sunk into mite. 16. I know that he will miss me. 17. We love and care about you. 18. Four ballerinas were invited to participate in the competition. 19. Due to the unsatisfactory work of the headman, the task was not solved. 20. The directory was requested from Kazakhstan, the Caucasus, Turkmenistan.

Option 2

1. By the measures taken, the violator of the border was detained. 2. Unflattering words sometimes fly at the address of sales workers. 3. Execute an artillery salute according to the instructions given by me. 4. The milkmaid is very proud of herself for having such a "cultural" speech. 5. The referee raises his hands, indicating that the match is over. 6. The second group of the 4th year did a good job of practicing, where the headman comrade. Petrov, which this year, at the direction of the head office, has significantly increased in its volume. 7. The heads of the sections temporarily detained the allocated workers from the sections of the trust management for courses. 8. The minutes indicate the content of the report, co-report, questions and answers given to the speaker. 9. I have to regret that you can tell in detail about what happened that evening. 10. In addition to lily of the valley and wild rose, all the pharmacies of the city are engaged in the collection of plants. 11. We retreated with confidence in the rightness of our cause. 12. At the gate, sentries stopped them and demanded passports. 13. The factory has supplied 20 automatic machines for processing screws, which require special devices to work on them, which are not yet available at the factory. 14. The admiral was appointed commander of the US Navy for pacific ocean. 15. The library has two thousand four hundred and eighty three books. 16. 61 fourth-year students took part in the Sunday. 17. We met three girls who were also returning home. 18. Students doing in control work six or more errors will not pass the test. 19. The boy grew up. He is now over a year and a half old. 20. The Attorney General is a head cleaner than those who today are trying to throw a stone at him.

Option 3

1. Thousands of people in some countries are unemployed and bloodless. 2. Before me is a list-sheet with one hundred and sixty-eight surnames. 3. A kerosene lamp burns dimly, reflecting a clear circle on the ceiling. 4. Yesterday he came out of the water clean - he dumped everything on me. 5. The oldest participant in a chess tournament is Chlorine. 6. Our most distant ancestors knew about the existence of the North Star. 7. All her six brothers fought: Alexander and Mikhail were infantrymen, Semyon was a driver, Nikolai was a radio operator, Anatoly, Ivan and Sergey were machine gunners. 8. John L. Marks directed and controlled the covert activities of the CIA. 9. The Court must consist of members appointed and accountable personally to the President of Russia. 10. It is not yet known how many and what questions will be submitted. 11. Since then, his rating has practically not decreased. 12. In order for the reader to have a complete understanding of this issue. 13. In the event that casualties could have been avoided, the situation that had arisen had not changed its political essence. 14. Funds for this are released to the poor poor. 15. Organized searches found the plane destroyed on the seashore. 16. He had tears in his eyes. 17. It is necessary to bring him to fresh water. 18. The price list hung on the wall. 19. The disease affects trees of cherries, plums, thorns and apricots. 20. This formula has long been tested and has proven itself well.

Option 4

1. I would like to have an animal to take care of. 2. The authoritative jury recognized the work of this actor as the brightest. 3. Lenya grew up as an orphan. 4. The guys painted the windows and doors with imported whitewash. 5. Our city is beautiful at any time of the year. 6. The short blitz tournament has come to an end. 7. Our chemistry teacher seems to be more educated. 8. When he arrived in Novosibirsk, he did not find Kravtsov there. 9. Heroes-chauffeurs carried bread along Ladoga and delivered it to soldiers at the fronts. 10. Measures of influence by judicial procedure are applied to them. 11. Engineers are required everywhere. 12. The inspector judged the wrongness of the arbitrator. 13. A cruel young man did not listen to the pleas of his old mother. 14. I want to elaborate on the situation in Yugoslavia. 15. He craves storms and adventures. 16. He will miss me. 17. He came to Russia and guessed right. 18. Ride calmly: I will fulfill everything that is needed. 19. Walking around the palace, the boy was met by the count. 20. I congratulate you on this award with pleasure.

Option 5

1. Some bird sat on a branch, and silver rain fell from it. 2. He looked at her with thoughtful eyes. 3. Most tall buildings in the world are located in New York City. 4. Scientists have described more than five hundred languages of non-literate peoples. 5. The girl's wallpaper was very pretty. 6. Cheerful kitten Murka made us laugh every day. 7. This country, due to its uniqueness and diversity, attracts tourists. 8. These facts speak for the impossibility of efficient use of all resources. 9. The pupils of the class on duty were instructed to observe order at recess. 10. Mom put a new cover on the bed. 11. A young birch oak forest turned green outside the outskirts. 12. During the war, my grandmother was a mortar man. 13. We saw a rider galloping in the yard. 14. Our chess player lagged behind her rival in development. 15. Let's run to the station, maybe we'll meet her there. 16. Everyone understood that these words and tears are a fig cover of an adventurer. 17. The early works of the poet are understandable and accessible to everyone. 18. The engine roared, and the plane rushed up. 19. Joint rest, like work, makes people drunk. 20. Bulgakov's hero is a clear prototype of the Christian Jesus Christ.

Option 6

1. In winter, the squirrel will pull the mushroom out of the hollow and eat it. 2. When the boy climbed over the fence, one felt boot fell off his leg. 3. Katya taught me how to dance the old tango. 4. Muscovites are better provided with housing than the national average. 5. So far, the brigade is fully staffed, but in the near future three will go on maternity leave, and there will be no one to work. 6. The village was one hundred and fifty kilometers from the station. 7. I saw old guns in the Historical Museum. 8. Two women came up to the table: one red-haired, the other in a gray suit. 9. From Nizhnevartovsk to the UAE. Delivery of cargo with tourists. 10. Furniture was covered with covers. 11. Old trees were cut down in the park. 12. Immediately after the awards, the veterans of the unit raised their toast. 13. There is a bouquet of flowering asters on the table. 14. He was hot full of life. 15. The Dnieper River overflowed its banks this spring. 16. Thanks to the efforts of the parents, the son received an excellent education. 17. Indigenous people North America- Indians - significantly infringed in their rights. 18. The good news brought him into a minor mood - he was ready to jump with happiness. 19. Both students were given additional task. 20. Among those invited were professors, students, businessmen, bankers.

Option 7

1. The impeachment process, which would have started the process of developing democratic procedures in the country, has come off in the bud. 2. A sore callus haunted me all day. 3. The old man was the unfortunate victim of these circumstances. 4. Cut off excess threads with a scissor. 5. Doctor Noskova accepts patients only by appointment. 6. The artist was awarded a high award. 7. Having squandered his fortune, he had nothing to leave for his children. 8. The first debut of the team in the major leagues was thus unsuccessful. 10. The neighbor's cat is dozing in the corner. 11. The playwright shows the "bottom", ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ prepared for the losers in this cruel world of malice and self-interest. 12. By the search measures taken, the offender was detained. 13. Alena agreed to live in Nastya's house until her husband returns. 14. When we ran up to the cart, we saw that one bag was torn and grain was pouring out of it. 15. Delicate acacia tree has become a symbol hometown. 16. The father was always surprised by the industriousness of his son. 17. Evaluation of VG Belinsky's novel "Eugene Onegin" was extremely high. 18. In the capital, tourists went to museums, theaters, concerts. 19. White chestnut blossoms were like candles on holiday trees. 20. I found this guide in my office.

Option 8

1. Let me play with your car, and you take my dolls. 2. The window is curtained with beautiful white tulle. 3. Dostoevsky's letters sparkle with despair. 4. I like the profession of a policeman because there are many dangers and various risks in it. 5. Most of the money was spent on restoring a broken car. 6. The sentry stood at the post all night. 7. Doctors tell the truth only to their relatives, in connection with this, it is necessary that someone from the family come. 8. The above examples speak for the possibility of wide use of this invention. 9. Petya is capable, and he definitely needs to be trained. 10. Shmelev's arguments are less weighty. 11. The boy was not allowed to touch his father's briefcase. 12. The guy seemed honest and promised to get married, but everything turned out completely wrong. 13. The coat of my Murka is long and glossy. 14. I hope that he will recover in a week. 15. Chicks fall down on solid ground. 16. The computer program is not yet able to distinguish the declension of Russian nouns by cases. 17. The main contingent of passengers - travel. 18. Tired after class, I could not read. 19. Many more columns joined us. 20. Elevator saves health. Take care of him.

Option 9

1. The hosts harnessed two bears to one sleigh and put guests there. 2. My dog has a funny crest, like a waxwing. 3. This illustration shows one of the main characters of the story. 4. Before you go camping, you need to stock up on food. 5. The book is well written about the neighborhood of the city of St. Petersburg. 6. Pour me, please, a seagull and pour some sugar. 7. Parents scold me for being rude to teachers, but this is not true. 8. Guys from kindergarten were at the zoo and saw little camels there. 9. I love playing the piano and singing. 10. A hungry bear was locked in a back room. 11. At first, upon arrival in Moscow, he felt very bad. 12. Mayakovsky stood at the sources of new poetry. 13. In art, he is completely ignorant. 14. This tradition has revived again in our country. 15. Is the indifference of parents for the fate of their children conceivable? 16. The next day, Petya went to his comrade Obolensky, who was fifteen years old, who also entered the regiment. 17. When you close a book, you need to remember its characters for a long time. 18. 51 people underwent retraining. 19. Peter took four dogs for hunting. 20. I believe in the future of this young man.

Option 10

1. They were ordered to surrender all weapons. 2. Water is also used for economic purposes. 3. Now we have plenty of bread. 4. Just think how many dresses she has in her closet, but she still demands new ones. 5. Mom spends with me more time than dad. 6. Cooking homework, I was distracted by the phone all the time. 7. You will see majestic cathedrals that will be remembered forever. 8. The teacher was very interesting person and talked a lot about his life. 9. And then he saw the banner: Vasya took off his coat and wrapped it around him. 10. Sometimes you get carried away interesting book and forget about sleep. 11. The woman became deaf in early childhood. 12. Grandmother's speech is brighter and more expressive than the speech of other characters. 13. By the time my mother arrives, everything is already cleaned up! 14. The government has prepared a note urgently sent to the conflict zone. 15. Sea waves, energetically rolling on the shore and which made an exciting noise, had a magical effect on us. 16. A lecture given to students about new achievements in medicine aroused great interest. 17. Then Sergeev is appointed head of the motor depot, working in this position for a year and a half. 18. Many shops have opened in the city. 19. All the heroes of the work have their own individual traits. 20. When the mother asked her son why he read forbidden books, Paul replied that he wanted to know everything.

Option 11

1. Our interest in medicine is quite understandable. 2. The woman was very full, as she was seriously ill. 3. I saw Anatoly in my house many times. 4. I know that I was obliged to do it, but I did not have enough strength. 5. The bowels of our earth are rich in minerals. 6. All the people fought against the invaders, they believed that victory was close. 7. Her proposal was inappropriate. 8. It will be better if you fulfill my request. 9. About an hour and a half has passed since then. 10. Over five hundred nationalities live on this continent. 11. The students listened intently to the teacher's story. 12. This man made a big impact on me. 13. The stranger sank into a chair and stretched out his hands to the fire that burned in the fireplace and which attracted him. 14. Teachers who have worked all their lives in the school, no doubt, should receive a preferential pension. 15. Waking up, he was told that breakfast had already been served. 16. The commission examined the hostel, which at one time was given a lot of money and attention, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ is located in a former garage. 17. There are many books in the closet. 18. At the New Year's Eve there were a lot of jokes, pranks and funny incidents. 19. Conditions have been created not only for publication scientific works but also putting them into practice. 20. He advised: "Drive along that road: it is shorter and smoother."

Option 12

1. Vitaly Borisovich was very similar to his older brother. 2. If the flowers are not immediately placed in a vase, they will be even more sluggish. 3. Kostya was insanely happy about the arrival of his mother. 4. Nina found the butler in her room. 5. Dobrynya sits on his horse, and his mane flutters in the wind: he is ready for battle. 6. She didn't have a stake or a yard. 7. There is only about one and a half academic months left before the start of the exams. 8. The snowstorm did not subside for three days. 9. Of course, he does not have new boots and never has. 10. Do you know what time it is? 11. The peasantry for many centuries fought against the landowners. 12. A young man was offended by the impolite treatment of a passerby. 13. Representatives of many countries took part in the tournament: Austria, Hungary, Russia, Italy, France and others. 14. Everywhere - on the streets, squares, parks and gardens - the imminent arrival of spring was felt. 15. Poems young poet will soon be published in a magazine. 16. Thank God, I don't depend on them now. 17. The forest, shrouded in dark darkness, terrified us. 18. Terrible poverty forced him to drag out a miserable coexistence. 19. He was late for class back. 20. When the curtain parted, an actor in a gilded role was standing on the stage.

Option 13

1. In a deadly fight, Mtsyri defeated the leopard. 2. In this cafe you can buy a variety of cakes. 3. We watched the bright flames of the fire for a long time. 4. The children were ready for a long journey. 5. My thoughts became more and more empty and stupid. 6. He invited friends to his house. 7. Having risen up the Volga, the barge will be unloaded at the berths Nizhny Novgorod. 8. Everyone was delighted with their offer. 9. How bad it is when you can't get the most the most important book. 10. Twenty-two sledges and three sledges, slowly moving, stretched out in a long line. 11. Vasya whispers something to his neighbor. 12. For a long time the peasantry was under the yoke of serfdom, but they did not put up with their position and more than once opposed the oppressors. 13. The boy knew that the older sisters did not want to take him with them. 14. Drive faster - it's getting late. 15. In the poem "Monument" the poet wrote that "in my cruel age I glorified freedom." 16. The facts cited in the report testify to the great advances in medicine. 17. His character is firm and unbending in any circumstances. 18. Remove all broken glasses and cups from the table. 19. A fire burned brightly in their parking lot. 20. He skied over one hundred and fifty kilometers.

Option 14

1. The words of Luke make the strongest impression on the inhabitants of the rooming house. 2. They are driven by the desire to get a good education. 3. The boy was seriously ill with chickenpox. 4. The voice reaching us became more muffled and weaker. 5. Maple leaves in autumn are very beautiful in their color. 6. He had absolutely no money and a piece of bread. 7. Their daughter graduates pedagogical institute She will be a chemistry teacher. 8. Among the twenty-one students of the group, four were excellent students. 9. At the heart of the novel is the story of a typical noble family. 10. Warm spring days came at the beginning of April. 11. Thirty-one countries participated in the congress. 12. The newspaper "Arguments and Facts" recently published an article about the activities of the new party. 13. Despite the efforts of the tutors, the boy studied poorly. 14. Schoolchildren are provided with the following educational supplies: books, notebooks, pencils. 15. I think that my favorite writer in some of his works is not far from the truth. 16. In distress were the inhabitants of neighboring villages, cut off by floods from outside world and who escaped on the roofs of houses. 17. Living relatives in Siberia, having arrived in Moscow, stayed with us. 18. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me. 19. Through the cracks in the roof penetrates two sunbeam. 20. The new play attracted the attention of critics with its original, to the point of banality, plot.

Option 15

1. She didn't have time at all. 2. This movie is more interesting than the one we watched yesterday. 3. Urgent care was provided to seven hundred and thirty-five patients during the epidemic. 4. There were scratches on both knees. 5. Yesterday the experienced therapist Solomina received patients. 6. He has always been an excellent captain to his ship. 7. Our teacher organized and manages the "Chemistry in everyday life" circle. 8. The lecturer operated with exact facts. 9. In his notes, the author describes in detail about the trip to the Caucasus. 10. At the sight of a gift, the eyes of the little naughty girl sparkled, her expression became enthusiastic and melancholic. 11. A trio of horses with a covered bag drove up to the entrance. 12. Driver number three is in the lead. 13. Maris Liepa was an outstanding benefit performance of modern Russian ballet; his dance parts are remembered by more than one generation of spectators. 14. Sit on a chair, put your hand on the table, squeeze and unclench your fingers. 15. Using a calculator, the calculation is done correctly and easily. 16. In the center of attention is a hero who opposes society, which comes into conflict with it. 17. All the heroes of the work have their own individual traits. 18. Who is last for tickets? 19. In his works, Mayakovsky uses the traditional satirical technique based on exaggeration - allegory. 20. In the capital of India, we were met by a government delegation, whose members were in traditional Indian clothes - saris.

Option 16

1. This cup is much more beautiful than all the others. 2. Potatoes are already quite ready to eat. 3. Chatsky dealt a decisive blow to a society that hated dissent and ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ defended serfdom. 4. A person's life experience is his true wealth. 5. Having finished the tour, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant. 6. A hurricane broke the ears and carried them away to no one knows where. 7. The workshop assumed the following obligations: a) reducing the cost of production; b) increase labor productivity; c) improve product quality. 8. A small ancient city located on both sides of the most beautiful river in the Vladimir region. 9. The writer showed how young, almost young youth fought against enemies. 10. He did not like to work and led a festive lifestyle. 11. Learn your lessons first, and then go for a walk. 12. In the contest "Miss Autumn" this nomination is of great importance. 13. This architectural monument impresses with its bizarre dimensions. 14. During the years of reaction, many renounced their former liberal views, locked themselves in a close world of personal interests. 15. The first premiere of this ballet took place on the stage of the Mariinsky Theatre. 16. Every morning, well-equipped golf jockeys appeared on the green lawn. 17. The problems under study are of great interest. 18. The girl confidentially admitted to her friends that she changed the name Katya to Carmen, because the latter impresses her appearance. 19. At the end of the year, my benefit performance will take place, in which I will go on stage for the first time. 20. Our economic success has led to a marked setback in other areas as well.

A dash is placed at the place of the gap between the members of the sentence:

Choose one answer:

My brother is a jack of all trades.

This officer is not like you, he brought glory to Russia.

Learning is always helpful.

He is the head of our class.

Indicate sentences with an error in the formation of the word form

The composer and I noticed that in both songs the chorus is almost the same

People who did not have a residence permit were placed at one hundred and first kilometers from Moscow

In 2009, a laboratory car was created to identify counterfeit drugs.

Officials who use obscene language are subject to a fine of sixty thousand rubles

Determine which one functional style refers to this passage: “The General Assembly proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a task to which all peoples and nations should strive, so that every person and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, strives by enlightenment and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and to ensure, through national and international progressive measures, their universal and effective recognition and exercise both among the Member States of the Organization and among the peoples of the territories under their jurisdiction"

Choose one answer:

formal business style

scientific style

colloquial style

journalistic style

Violation of the logic of speech is present in the sentence:

Choose one answer:

The bus overturned due to heavy snowfall.

Articles linguistic dictionaries different from encyclopedic dictionaries.

Children love watching TV more than reading books.

The hijacker was unable to cope with the stolen vehicle.

Choose one answer:

The prince told me that (having earned money) we would sail to Batum.

Sun glare from the water ran along the banks (extinguishing in the crowns of trees).

(However) it is time to say a few words about the place where we arrived.

(Turning away) he began to look at the other side.

Determine in which sentence one of the words is used in an unusual meaning

Choose one answer:

The steamer trembled from the sharp blows of the propeller and stuck sideways to the landing stage

The guest of the program had such a respectable appearance and a confident look that it seemed simply inappropriate to ask him tricky questions.

At the sight of the gift, the little naughty girl's eyes sparkled, her expression became melancholy and enthusiastic.

On the main square medieval city towering gothic cathedral

If the second part of the non-union complex sentence contains a direct question, then the following is put between the parts:

Choose one answer:

semicolon

colon

There is an unpronounceable consonant in the word:

Choose one answer:

agency

leatherette

uncompromising...ness

precedent

The letter A is written in the word:

Choose one answer:

unfold ... roar

stretch ... take the hair

vy…chit

Words that are similar in sound and spelling but different in meaning are...

Choose one answer:

synonyms

antonyms

paronyms

The relevance of speech is closely related

Choose one answer:

with the style of speech within which the statement is realized

with informative richness of speech

with the language norm

with the availability of speech

In which sentence, the words in brackets do not need to be separated by commas?

Choose one answer:

Her gaze (turned to the new landscape outside the train window) seemed happy

The workers did not disperse around the city, but (leaving their wagons) lined up and went straight to the plant

Underfoot crunches (smelling of wet freshness) March snow

Elk (this forest giant) is able to travel considerable distances

The use of an extra word in a phrase is:

Choose one answer:

tautology

pleonasm

hyperbola

Name a sentence that does not contain errors in the formation of the word form

Choose one answer:

These are the most characteristic diseases in children of this age.

The last fifty meters the sprinters ran at lightning speed.

Let's get closer to these three students.

Material incentive funds allow for a more flexible approach to the risk group.

Tautology is...

Choose one answer:

stylistic mistake, which consists in the fact that when describing the realities of the past, lexical and phraseological means are used that denote the realities of the present

stylistic error, which consists in the repetition in a narrow context of the same root words or forms of the same word

stylistic error, which consists in the repetition in a narrow context of words that semantically duplicate each other

stylistic error, which consists in the unjustified omission of a necessary member of a sentence or part of an utterance

The culture of speech is a branch of linguistics that studies ...

Choose one answer:

set of rules of Russian speech

communicative qualities of speech

speech norms

means of communication

The rules for pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations regulate ... norms

Choose one answer:

morphological

lexical

orthoepic

stylistic

Nouns have a zero ending in the genitive plural form

pasta

The systematization of language norms and their written fixation in dictionaries is called ...

Choose one answer:

spelling

punctuation

editing

codification

Determine which functional style this passage refers to: “A serious help in highlighting the problem of origin Slavic languages is toponymy. Toponymy is widely used in ethnogenetic studies. The history of toponymy in the Slavic territory and adjacent lands is rather complicated. These areas are areas of ancient settlement. Large toponymic objects: large rivers, lakes, mountains, etc. - received their names in times that preceded the formation of the Proto-Slavs, Proto-Balts, Proto-Germans. Usually these names were transferred with different variations from one ethnic group to another"

Choose one answer:

scientific style

formal business style

colloquial style

journalistic style

In what words does the highlighted consonant before E correspond to a solid consonant?

Therapist

businessman

Manager

In which row is there a word with the wrong accent?

Choose one answer:

petition, spoil, inspector

contracts, aristocracy, put

Christian, dispensary, aggravate

security, carbonated, accept

Separating bj is written in the words:

con…juncture

two ... tiered

interior ... er

objective

Determine which functional style this passage refers to: “Naberezhnye Chelny seems to have decided to fight for the return of the glorious name of Brezhnev to the city. A weighty application has already been made: the other day the local city council abandoned the planned nationwide mayoral elections. Leonid Ilyich, whose name the city bore for six years, would be very pleased. Comrades are on the right path."

Choose one answer:

formal business style

scientific style

journalistic style

colloquial style

The sentence "He covered her with a raincoat" is broken

Choose one answer:

lexical norms of speech

sentence construction norms

impaired speech accuracy

grammatical norms of speech

In place of the combination of letters CHN, [shn] is pronounced in words

Brown

Fiddling

Transverse

Enough

Ilyinichna

Choose one answer:

aggression

a sandwich

detective

Indicate the sentence in which it is necessary to isolate the member of the sentence:

Choose one answer:

Since that time, something surprisingly absurd began.

By autumn, in the foliage not dumped for the winter, a lot of salts harmful to the tree would accumulate

At last it became clear that the well-trodden road was turning left.

To the right, piles of snow hung over our heads, ready to break into the gorge at the first gust of wind.

Specify the wrong form comparative degree adjective

Choose one answer:

cleaner

the cleanest

pure

Punctuation rules are violated in the sentence:

Choose one answer:

Smoking is injurious to health.

Books written by Russian scientists are valued all over the world.

After leaving school, many go to universities.

Chestnut trees stood in the garden illuminated by the sun.

In accordance with the norm literary language gender at nouns generic depends on the gender of the person in question. Therefore, about a girl, a girl, a woman, we will say: “She is a terrible mess (kopushka, dirty, sweet, etc.)” , but about a boy, youth, man: “He is an incorrigible badass (couch potato, meaner, sleepyhead, etc.)” .

Special rules exist in the use of the case. When a definition refers to a phrase stands between its elements, the following forms of agreement are used: 1) with masculine and neuter nouns, the definition is put in the form of the genitive plural, for example, four deep wells, twenty-two small windows ; 2) with feminine nouns in this position, the nominative plural form is more often used, for example, three lush lilac branches, twenty-four diligent students . It is permissible to use the genitive plural with a feminine noun (two dark boats) , but this form is less common. If the definition comes before the phrase "numeral two, three, four + noun" or after it, then most often it is put in the form of the nominative case, for example, the next three years, any four definitions, four bags filled with groceries .

Norms for the use of the number of definitions when agreeing

In the singular, the definition is put in the following cases: 1) if the noun does not have a plural form: scientific and technical progress happy and carefree childhood ; 2) if the noun acquires plural other meaning: electronic and space communications (compare close relations); 3) if the definitions characterizing the noun are interconnected (right - left, male - female, etc.) and form a terminological phrase together with the noun: on the right and left sides, singular and plural verbs, equations of the first and second order . In the plural, a noun is put when the presence of several objects is emphasized, for example, wooden and plastic frames, Japanese and Chinese dictionaries .

There are expressions in which one definition refers to two or more nouns: "my father and mother", "brother and sister" . What should be followed to avoid mistakes? We use the definition in the singular, if it is clear in meaning that it refers not only to the first (nearest) noun, but also to the rest: road vanity and confusion, winter cold and cold . In the plural, we use the definition when it may be unclear whether it refers only to the nearest noun or to the entire series homogeneous members: A multi-storey building and a school were built on a wasteland .

A common mistake often made is the violation of the agreement of the participle (or adjective) with the defining word if the members of the sentence are distant from each other. For example:

Written:

There are many myths around hackers, the most common of which portrays everyone as some kind of genius sitting somewhere in the basement and hacking the servers of military departments for ideological reasons.

You should write:

There are many myths around hackers, the most common of which depicts everyone as some kind of genius sitting somewhere in the basement and hacking the servers of military departments for ideological reasons.

Geniuses - what? – sitting and hacking, not hacking. In order to avoid mistakes in coordinating participles and adjectives with a noun, you need to put a question after the noun in the form of a pronoun which? Including case and gender, which is the defining word.

When approving applications difficulties arise as a rule, when you need to choose the case form geographical name acting as an application . Titles cities usually agree in all cases with the word being defined: in the city of Kazan, near the city of Vitebsk . Consistent and non-consistent forms for city names are allowed on -about : in the city of Zverevo and in the city of Zverevo , The compound names of cities do not agree: near the city of Velikie Luki, to the city of Velikie Luki .

Titles rivers , as a rule, are consistent with the word being defined, only little-known and compound names do not change: between the Volga and Don rivers, near the Lena river, but with the Seversky Donets river .

Names don't match bays, straits and bays, islands and peninsulas, mountains and mountain ranges, deserts . The only exceptions are widely famous titles, which are often used without a generic word. Compare: to the Yamal Peninsula, along the lakes Elton and Baskunchak .

Names don't match ports, stations, foreign administrative-territorial units, astronomical names : at the Kropotkinskaya metro station, in the port of Murmansk .

Names of foreign countries that include the word republic , agree if the endings on - and I: trade relations between Russia and the Republic of Nigeria .

Norms for the use of involved and participle turns

Proper use of participial phrases requires knowledge of the following rules: a) the word being defined must come before or after the participial phrase in the sentence; b) a common mistake is the incorrect placement of the participial turnover and the attributive clause in the sentence, for example:

Written:

There was a fireplace in the room, which had not been lit for a long time and an employee

Shelf residents.

You should write:

There was a fireplace in the room, which served as a shelf for the tenants, since a fire had not been lit in it for a long time.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely in the sentence, those. can be at the beginning, middle or end. We can single out the following errors associated with the use of adverbial phrases: a) the use of adverbial phrases that are not related in meaning to the subject; b) the inclusion of the subject in the middle of the adverbial turnover; c) inclusion in the participial turnover of unions.

The most common mistake in constructing a sentence with a participial turnover is that writers or speakers do not always clearly realize that the main action expressed by the verb and the additional action expressed by the participle are performed by one person (object). If we do not take this circumstance into account, we get, for example, the following statement:

Written: Should be written:

Pulling up to the city, when we pulled up to the city

it started to rain. it started to rain.

The main action expressed by the verb started , fulfills the subject rain . Additional driving up , expressed by a gerund, is the author of the statement.

A gerund can be used in an impersonal sentence if it contains an infinitive - When sitting at the table, you must wash your hands with soap and water. . In such sentences there is no subject of speech, and care must be taken that the verb in them must be in an indefinite form. Otherwise, there is impersonal offer: Opening the window, the smell of pines . Some verbs do not form gerunds with the suffix - and I) in present time: write, run, save, beat .

Sometimes there is a violation of the order of words, which consists in the fact that the subject is inside the adverbial turnover, for example:

Written: Should be written:

Meeting the guys around Having met around the school,

Schools, all went together, the boys all went together

Zoo. to the zoo.

Questions for self-examination

1. What rules for harmonizing definitions do you know?

2. Formulate application matching rules.

3. What rules for the use of participial phrases do you know?

4. What errors occur when using adverbial phrases?

Practical tasks

Task 1. Correct the mistakes made in the sentences.

1. Kind, gentle with those he loved. Ivanov was an orphan. Cynically noticed this shrewd rogue, Mark. 2. There was an important person in the city - an actor from the capital. 3. This Petrov is a simpleton who is able to confuse everything in the world. 4. But everything will end with the fact that this old woman Pyotr Nikolaevich ... will ask him for an apology. 5. She is an experienced teacher and a well-known master of sports. 6. Beckman-Shcherbina is one of the oldest music teachers. 7. Anna Petit played - one of the winners International Competition Liszt in Budapest.

Task 2. Edit these sentences. Explain the reasons for the errors.

1. While preparing my homework, I was constantly distracted by the phone. 2. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start new family. 3. You will see majestic cathedrals that will be remembered forever. 4. Having squandered his fortune, he had nothing to leave for his children. 5. Tired after class, I could not read. 6. The stranger sank into a chair and stretched out his hands to the fire that burned in the fireplace and which attracted him. 7. Teachers who have worked all their lives in the school, no doubt, should receive a preferential pension. 8. Waking up, he was told that breakfast had already been served. 9. Using the calculator, the calculation is done correctly and easily. 10. Sea waves, energetically rolling on the shore and which made an exciting noise, had a magical effect on us. 11. The lecture given to students about new achievements in medicine aroused great interest.

Norms of literate speech

Accuracy how the quality of literate speech implies the following: 1) the ability to think clearly (logical accuracy); 2) knowledge of the subject of speech (subject accuracy); 3) knowledge of the meaning of words used in speech (conceptual accuracy) of words.

1. The ability to think clearly is taught by logic. Everyone who prepares written and oral texts must have elementary representations about the concept, judgment, inference as the basic units of thinking. concept is a form of mental generalization of objects according to their specific features. Judgment- an idea that consists in establishing a connection between two concepts through the affirmation and denial of this connection. In language, judgment is expressed simple sentence negative and affirmative character. inference connects two or more sentences. The inference in the language is expressed complex sentence. It can be true and false, depending on how accurately a person can establish the real relationship of objects and phenomena in the world.

2.Subject Accuracy relies on the speaker's deep knowledge of the properties of the object, the phenomenon that he is going to tell the audience about. For example: In total, in France, 75.3% of the population declare themselves Catholics, 1.9% - Protestants, 1.1% - Muslims, 0.6% - Jews . The author of the article made a mistake, because. Jews are a nationality, not a confessional affiliation. The word "Jews" had to be used. Subject Accuracy- politeness of the writer. Her absence is unacceptable.

3. Conceptual Accuracy an indispensable condition for the creation of a competent written or oral statement. The most common mistakes leading to conceptual inaccuracies are as follows: 1) the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it; 2) the use of homonyms in speech, generating ambiguity in the text; 3) the use of pleonasms; 4) the use of paronyms.

Logic how communicative quality has a lot to do with accuracy. Like accuracy, it characterizes speech from the side of content. At the text level, consistency is ensured by connecting individual statements using special techniques: 1) lexical repetition, 2) synonym, 3) anaphoric pronoun. An important means of logical organization of the text is its division into paragraphs. In terms of content, a paragraph is a complete part of the whole, a separate link in the general dynamics of thought and a transition to the next link.

Purity speech implies the absence of non-normative elements in it. Uncharacteristic elements for the literary language are considered dialect words, barbarisms, jargonisms, clericalisms, prazite words . Dialect- a kind of common language used for communication between people connected by a single territory. Jargon- a kind of common language used to communicate a separate relatively stable social group. Chancellery- standard formulas of official business speech, the use of which in other speech styles is inappropriate. Barbarisms - included in speech unnecessarily foreign words and expressions.

Relevance how the quality of literate speech requires such a selection and organization of language tools that make speech meet the goals and conditions of communication. Distinguish relevance stylistic, contextual, personal-psychological.

Expressiveness of speech name such features of its structure that support the attention and interest of the listener (reader). The main source of expressiveness is vocabulary, which gives a number of special means: epithets, metaphors, comparisons, metonymy, synecdoches, hyperbole, litotes, personifications, paraphrases, allegory, irony . Great Opportunities enhance the expressiveness of speech has syntax, the so-called stylistic figures : anaphora, antithesis, non-union, gradation, inversion, multi-union, oxymoron, ellipsis, etc. (cm. terminological dictionary)

Questions for self-examination

1. What is a concept?

2. What is judgment?

3. What is an inference?

4. What is the logical (objective, conceptual) accuracy?

5. What non-normative elements of the language are the object of literary editing?

6. What elements of the language strengthen (weaken) its expressiveness?

Practical tasks

Task 1. Find errors in the sentences that lead to subject and conceptual inaccuracies. Edit them.

1. The poems of the young poet will soon be published in the magazine. 2. After a revolver was stolen from him at a rally, he now carried two, stuffed his pockets with bullets. 3. The forest, shrouded in dark darkness, terrified us. 4. Terrible poverty forced him to drag out a miserable coexistence. 5. He was late for class back. 6. When the curtain parted, an actor in a gilded role was standing on the stage. 7. Individual members of the group did not appear for the math exam. 8. The appointment of the chairman seemed to everyone successful. 9. The writer showed how young, almost young youth fought against enemies. 10. He did not like to work and led a festive lifestyle. 11. Learn your lessons ahead, and then go for a walk. 12. In the contest "Miss Autumn" this nomination is of great importance. 13. The new play attracted the attention of critics with its original, to the point of banality, plot. 14. Ilyin's characterization did not correspond to reality. 15. We went to work in a backward brigade. 16. Carriage locksmiths tap with hammers on cast-iron wheels. 17. All the heroes of the work have their own individual traits. 18. Who is last for tickets? 19. In his works, Mayakovsky uses a traditional satirical device based on exaggeration - allegory. 20. The early works of the poet are understandable and accessible to everyone. 21. The engine roared, and the plane rushed up. 22. Joint rest, like work, makes people drunk. 23. Bulgakov's hero is a clear prototype of the Christian Jesus Christ. 24. The indigenous people of North America - the Indians - are significantly infringed in their rights. 25. The good news brought him into a minor mood - he was ready to jump with happiness. 26. At the heart of the novel is the story of a typical noble family. 27. Warm spring days came at the beginning of April. 28. The students listened intently to the teacher's story. 29. This person made a big impact on me. 30. Our economic success has led to a marked setback in other areas as well. 31. In the capital of India, we were met by a government delegation, whose members were in traditional Indian sari clothing. 32. At first, upon arrival in Moscow, he felt very ill. 33. Mayakovsky stood at the sources of new poetry. 34. In art, he is completely ignorant. 35. This tradition has revived again in our country. 36. At the sight of a gift, the little naughty girl's eyes sparkled, her expression became enthusiastic and melancholic. 37. A trio of horses with a covered bag drove up to the entrance.