Possibilities of people in extreme and ordinary situations. Human behavior in an emergency situation People in an emergency situation on a white background

Many people find themselves in extreme situations. It can be an earthquake, flood, fire, terrorism and much more.

AT stressful situations a person can get confused or become a fighting person for a while. As a result, after having experienced horror and fear, the psyche suffers. A person needs the help of qualified specialists.

What are emergency situations

Sometimes a person experiences adverse events that affect the psyche. This is often referred to as emergency situations. Simply put, it is a change in habitual living conditions.

When a critical situation occurs, a person has a fear that needs to be dealt with. After all, while it is present, people are not subject to themselves. Most often, strong fear covers when a person realizes that a certain situation threatens life. Therefore, after the experience, a person is not able to cope with himself, with his psyche. These people need professional help.

After a terrible episode, emotions of excitement overwhelm. There is an opinion that the release of adrenaline from the body is good. However, psychologists have a different point of view. After all, if something unforeseen happens, for example, a fire, a person has a shock. After a successful outcome, a heart attack, heart attack, and other adverse outcomes are possible. Therefore, it is better to avoid such situations. The psychology of extreme situations is a problem that is very difficult to get rid of.

Kinds

Extreme situations can be unexpected and predictable. For example, natural disasters cannot be expected. These situations appear suddenly. Therefore, from surprise, a person may be confused and not have time to take the necessary measures. Extreme situations are divided into the following types.

1. By the scale of distribution. This refers to the size of the territory and the consequences.

• Local situations are only in the workplace and do not go beyond it. Affected people can be a maximum of 10-11, no more.
• object situations. This is a danger on the territory, but it can be eliminated on your own.
• local situations. Only a certain city (suburb or village) suffers. An extreme situation does not go beyond the boundaries of the area and is eliminated by its own means, resources and forces.
• Regional. The dangerous situation extends to several approximate areas. Federal services are involved in the liquidation. In a regional emergency, there should be no more than 500 people affected.

2. By the pace of development.

• Unexpected and sudden (accidents, floods, earthquakes, etc.).
• Swift. This is a very fast spread. These include fires, emissions of gaseous toxic substances, etc.
• Medium. Radioactive substances are emitted or volcanoes erupt.
• Slow. It can be droughts, epidemics, etc.

Any emergency situation poses a threat to human life.

Each catastrophe leaves its mark on the psyche of people. Therefore, it is necessary to be very careful and know how to react in a certain situation.

Rules of behavior

Not everyone thinks about how to behave at a certain moment. Behavior in an emergency is very important. After all, a lot depends on it, including human life.

First of all, you need to be very calm and cool. Count quickly to three and catch your breath. Try on this moment forget about fear and pain. Realistically evaluate your capabilities, strengths and the situation as a whole. Confusion, panic and indecision will only hurt you under such circumstances.

Every person should always be ready for unforeseen danger. Then it's easier to deal with it. You must know how to properly provide first aid. With good preparation, there is always an opportunity to save your life or those around you. Behavior in extreme situations must be controlled.

Survival

First of all, you yourself must make sure that your home is safe and sound. Will you be able to stay in the house if there are hurricanes or earthquakes? Check wiring regularly. You must know for sure that in case of fire you can get out of the trap unharmed.

Every family should have medicines for all occasions. We must not forget about bandages, iodine, a remedy for burns. They are not needed every day, but sometimes they are simply necessary. Survival in extreme situations is a very important factor for every person.

If you have a car, it should always be ready to leave. Try to store fuel for such cases.

Do not forget about spare clothes, which should be close to your home. Maybe in a garage or basement. Let it be old, but warm in the cold.

If each person thinks about their safety in advance, then it will be much easier to survive in any extreme conditions.

Actions

What should a person do in emergency situations? Not everyone will be able to answer this question. It's worth noting. that extreme situations happen to people every day, so you need to know the answer to this question in advance.

If a person finds a suspicious device in a public place, then it cannot be picked up, but must be reported to the police. Even if it's anonymous. Do not be afraid to report, because if you do not suffer, then someone else.

In any situation, you should not panic. This is the most dangerous feeling. Try to pull yourself together, calm down and act according to the situation.

There is always a way out, the main thing is to use it correctly. As a rule, there are others to whom you can turn for help. Actions in extreme situations should be lightning fast. After all, life depends on it. If you find yourself unable to cope, shout as long as you can so that you can be heard. It is clear that not everyone will help, but at least one person will respond to your misfortune.

Memo to citizens

Every citizen needs help in emergency situations. For this, there is a memo that does not let you forget how to act in case of unforeseen incidents.

If you understand that something has happened to the electricity, for example, the meter is cracking or the light is flashing incorrectly, then immediately turn off the power to the apartment. After all, undesirable emergencies can occur. At the same time, it is desirable to turn off the gas and water. After that, do not hesitate to call the master or emergency service.

It often happens that people do not attach importance to some little things. Because of this, fires, explosions, etc. occur. Therefore, your documents should be in one place and preferably closer to the exit. In case of danger, you must take them with you. This is the first thing that should come to a person's mind.

Money and necessary things should also not be too far from the exit. In stressful and extreme situations, there is not always time to run around the apartment and pack your bags. Therefore, it is necessary to think in advance that dangerous events can occur at any time. You always need to remember the rules in extreme situations that can help.

Extreme natural situations

Not only in an apartment can danger overtake a person. In nature, too, there is enough extreme. Therefore, a person must be ready for anything.

For example, you can get into uncomfortable weather conditions - severe frost and snow. The best solution is to survive the cold. You can build a small cave.

Know that snow is an excellent thermal insulator. Therefore, thanks to the snow cave, you can wait out the cold.

Never go without water in hot weather. It is very dangerous. After all, when you feel thirsty, and there is no water nearby, you will be ready for anything, if only you were given a sip of a soft drink. Without water, as you know, a person will not live long.

In natural extreme situations, you can save yourself. However, you should always remember to take precautions. Emergencies can strike a person at any time.

Adaptation

A person can get used to any living conditions. Even in the modern world, not everyone can fully use water, electricity and gas. Therefore, you can also adapt to extreme situations.

Before getting used to dangerous or unusual conditions, it is necessary to prepare psychologically. To do this, read about the unknown area where you are going to go. Try to master the necessary skills.

It is very important to prepare yourself psychologically. If in doubt, maybe it's not time to take risks? An extreme life situation should not break you. Focus only on the positive.

To make it easier for you to adapt to extreme situations, take care of food, water and warm clothes. It is much harder to survive without the essentials.

Effects

People who find themselves in extreme situations need help. Each of them has a mental disorder. The consequences are different for people. Some try to forget and find solace in alcohol, others become drug addicts, others prefer to commit suicide. All of them need the help of qualified specialists who will bring a person out of this state.

Psychologists will help relieve stress, fear and return to normal life. These people cannot be condemned, because none of them is to blame for what happened. Letting go of memories is not easy. If you have witnessed a similar situation, then do not turn away from such people, but try to help them return to a past life where they were calm and comfortable.

Every day, a lot of people need to communicate with doctors such as psychologists or neuropathologists. After stress, a person ceases to exist, begins to live one day. In order to make it easier to survive difficult days, psychologists advise:

• Do not panic;
• Remain calm in any situation;
• More often engage in self-hypnosis;
• Rest a lot;
• Spend as much time as possible with friends and family;
• Don't be alone.

When you see something terrible in front of you, try to avoid tears and panic, and look for a way out of this situation.

If the person who survived severe stress, turn to a specialist, it will be easier for him to survive the current problem. The psychology of extreme situations is very serious, so you need to pay attention to it first of all.

Conclusion

Each person reacts differently to stressful situations. Some will do everything possible to save themselves, others will start to panic. It all depends on the personality of the person. Everyone's psyche is different. Therefore, one cannot condemn those people who give up. After all, they are not to blame for their weakness. There are some extreme situations. It is about them that everyone should remember.

In stressful situations, a person's body is depleted, hence many other diseases appear. In order to avoid undesirable consequences in the future, it is necessary to seek help from specialists who will help restore the nervous system and return to the previous trouble-free life.

It has been established that the behavioral reactions of a person in extreme conditions, their temporal characteristics, and the psychophysiological capabilities of people in general are extremely variable values, depending on the characteristics of the nervous system, life experience, professional knowledge, skills, motivation, and style of activity.

At present, it is almost impossible to derive an integral form of human behavior in a tense situation. Nevertheless, there is more and more evidence that psychological factors - individual qualities, abilities of a person, his skills, readiness, attitudes, general and special training, his character and temperament - in a difficult environment are not summed arithmetically, but form a certain complex that ultimately realized either in right or wrong action.

In general, an extreme situation is a set of obligations and conditions that have a strong psychological impact on a person.

Style of behavior in an extreme situation

Behavior in a state of affect.

Affect is characterized by a high degree of emotional experiences, which leads to the mobilization of a person's physical and psychological resources. In practice, quite often there are cases when physically weak people in a state of strong emotional excitement perform actions that they could not perform in a calm environment. For example, they inflict a large amount of lethal damage or plant an oak door with one blow. Another manifestation of affect is a partial loss of memory, which characterizes not every affective reaction. In some cases, the subject does not remember the events preceding the affect, and the events that occurred during the latter.

The affect is accompanied by the excitation of all mental activity. As a result, the person has a decrease in control over their behavior. This circumstance leads to the fact that the commission of a crime in a state of passion entails specific legal consequences.

The Criminal Code does not say anything about the fact that a person in a state of passion has a limited ability to realize the nature of his actions or control them. This is not necessary, since strong emotional excitement is characterized by a limitation of consciousness and will. It is the “narrowing” of the latter that allows us to say that the state of passion has a certain legal significance. “From the position of criminal law, such emotional states of the accused can be recognized as legally significant, which significantly limited his volitional purposeful behavior.”

Affect has a significant impact on a person's mental activity, disorganizing it and affecting higher mental functions. Thinking loses its flexibility, the quality of thought processes decreases, which causes a person to realize only the immediate goals of his actions, and not the final ones. Attention is entirely concentrated on the source of irritation. That is, a person's ability to choose a behavior model is limited due to strong emotional stress. Because of this, there is a sharp decrease in control over actions, which leads to a violation of the expediency, purposefulness and sequence of actions.

A sudden strong emotional disturbance is preceded by one of the following situations described in the law.

Violence, bullying, grave insult, other illegal or immoral actions (inaction) of the victim. Here, the state of passion is formed under the influence of a one-time and very significant event for the culprit. For example: a spouse who suddenly returned from a business trip discovers with his own eyes the fact of adultery.

A long-term psychotraumatic situation arising in connection with the systematic illegal or immoral behavior of the victim. An affective reaction is formed as a result of a long-term "accumulation" of negative emotions, which leads to emotional stress. In this case, another fact of unlawful or immoral behavior is enough for an affect to arise.

According to the meaning of the law, affect arises in connection with certain actions or inaction of the victim. But in practice there are cases when a sudden strong emotional excitement causes illegal or immoral behavior of several people. At the same time, for the development of an affective reaction, a combination of actions (inaction) of two or more persons is necessary, that is, the behavior of one of them, in isolation from the behavior of the other, might not be the reason for the onset of affect.

Behavior under stress

Stress is an emotional state that suddenly arises in a person under the influence of an extreme situation associated with a danger to life or an activity that requires great stress. Stress, like affect, is the same strong and short-term emotional experience. Therefore, some psychologists consider stress as one of the types of affect. But this is far from being the case, since they have their own distinctive features. Stress, first of all, occurs only in the presence of an extreme situation, while affect can arise for any reason. The second difference is that affect disorganizes the psyche and behavior, while stress not only disorganizes, but also mobilizes the organization's defenses to get out of an extreme situation.

Stress can have both positive and negative effects on personality. A positive role is played by stress, performing a mobilization function, a negative role is having a harmful effect on the nervous system, causing mental disorders and various kinds of diseases of the body.

Stress affects people's behavior in different ways. Some, under the influence of stress, show complete helplessness and are unable to withstand stressful influences, while others, on the contrary, are stress-resistant individuals and show themselves best in moments of danger and in activities that require the exertion of all forces.

Frustrated Behavior

A special place in the consideration of stress is occupied by a psychological state that arises as a result of a real or imagined obstacle that prevents the achievement of a goal, called frustration.

Protective reactions during frustration are associated with the appearance of aggressiveness or avoiding a difficult situation (transferring actions to an imaginary plan), and it is also possible to reduce the complexity of behavior. Frustration can lead to a number of characterological changes associated with self-doubt or fixation of rigid forms of behavior.

The mechanism of frustration is quite simple: first, a stressful situation arises, leading to an overstrain of the nervous system, and then this tension is “discharged” into one or another of the most vulnerable systems.

Distinguish positive and negative reactions to frustration.

Level of anxiety in extreme situations

Anxiety is an emotional experience in which a person experiences discomfort from the uncertainty of perspective.

The evolutionary significance of anxiety lies in the mobilization of the body in extreme situations. A certain level of anxiety is necessary for the normal functioning and productivity of a person.

Normal anxiety helps to adapt to different situations. It increases in conditions of high subjective significance of the choice, an external threat with a lack of information and time.

Pathological anxiety, although it can be provoked by external circumstances, is due to internal psychological and physiological causes. It is disproportionate to the real threat or not related to it, and most importantly, it is not adequate to the significance of the situation and drastically reduces productivity and adaptive capacity. The clinical manifestations of pathological anxiety are diverse and can be paroxysmal or permanent in nature, manifesting both mental and - even predominantly - somatic symptoms.

Most often, anxiety is considered as a negative state associated with the experience of stress. The state of anxiety can vary in intensity and change over time as a function of the level of stress to which the individual is exposed, but the experience of anxiety is inherent in any person in adequate situations.

The causes that cause anxiety and affect the change in its level are diverse and can lie in all spheres of human life. Conventionally, they are divided into subjective and objective reasons. Subjective reasons include informational reasons associated with an incorrect idea of ​​the outcome of the upcoming nature, leading to an overestimation of the subjective significance of the outcome of the upcoming event. Among the objective causes of anxiety, there are extreme conditions that place high demands on the human psyche and are associated with the uncertainty of the outcome of the situation.

Post-stress anxiety develops after extreme, usually unexpected situations - fires, floods, participation in hostilities, rape, kidnapping of a child. Also commonly observed are anxiety, irritability, headache, increased quadrigeminal reflex (reaction to a sudden stimulus), sleep disturbances and nightmares, including pictures of the experienced situation, feelings of loneliness and distrust, feelings of inferiority, avoidance of communication and any activities that may recall what happened. developments. If this whole complex develops after a certain latent period after an extreme situation and leads to significant impairment of life, then a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder is made. Post-stress anxiety is less likely to develop if a person is active during an extreme situation.

emergency behavior

Lecture 8

While a person is in a familiar environment, he behaves normally. But as soon as a difficult, and even more dangerous situation sets in, the most incredible changes can occur to him. In an extreme situation, psychological stress increases many times, behavior changes, critical thinking decreases, there is a violation of coordination of movements, perception and attention decrease, changes emotional reactions and much more.

In an extreme situation, in other words, in a situation of real threat, one of three forms of response is possible:

a) a sharp decrease in the organization (disorganization) of behavior;

b) a sharp deceleration of active actions;

c) increasing the efficiency of actions.

The disorganization of behavior can manifest itself in the sudden loss of acquired skills that seemed to be brought to automatism.

Increasing the effectiveness of actions in the event of an extreme situation is expressed in the mobilization of all the resources of the human psyche to overcome it. This is increased self-control, clarity of perception and assessment of what is happening, the performance of actions and deeds adequate to the situation. This form of response is the most desirable, but is it always possible for everyone and is it always possible?

In order to make the right decision in an extreme situation, it is necessary, if possible, to understand what situation you are in.

First, in a situation of a threat to use force, one should first of all decide how real it is, whether it is possible to avoid the onset of undesirable consequences.. Assess the place where the threat is. If this is your office or living space, then it should be taken into account that the threatening person is much worse than you in the environment: you know where this or that thing is. But your loved ones may be in the living quarters, and the threat may, under certain circumstances, turn against them. However, this may be a room in which the threat is the owner, and here the initiative is more on his side.

Another situation is the street. It's one thing - a street on which there are people, another - when there is no one around and the possibility of anyone appearing was very doubtful.

Secondly, the time when there is a threat of the use of force.(day or night) At night, any threat is perceived differently than during the day. Here the installation that violence is committed mainly at night can work. And in general, darkness itself can keep many people in increased tension.

Thirdly, the number of people accompanying the threat. It is one thing if he is alone, it is completely different if there are several people with him. The nature of the relationship between them can guide you as to which of them is in charge, whether they are performing such an act for the first time or acting as a well-coordinated mechanism.

Fourthly, the physical data and equipment of the threat. The nature of clothing to a certain extent may indicate whether the threat was preparing for a meeting with you, whether it corresponds to his intentions. In loose-fitting clothing, you can easily hide the instruments of violence that a person can later use.

When analyzing the situation when they are trying to blackmail you, you should pay special attention to the following points.

First, whether the event that the blackmailer uses actually took place. If what they are trying to threaten you with was not, then it is far from always worth notifying the blackmailer about this immediately. But sometimes a situation may arise when the event itself took place, but it looked completely different than it is stated in the threat. In this situation, you need to quickly assess whether you can prove what this event actually looked like.

Secondly, how real is the possibility of compromising you if you refuse to comply with the requirements of the blackmailer. What are the consequences for you, what way will they try to achieve this.

Thirdly, do you have time to neutralize possible negative consequences, is it possible to delay their onset at least a little.

Fourth, whether the threat affects your loved ones or concerns only you. After all, these are different situations when they are blackmailed by the onset of harmful consequences for yourself now, or when the threat concerns your loved ones, but in the future.

Fifth, whether the blackmail is carried out by phone, in writing or in person with the blackmailer.

Persons from whom the threat of attack or blackmail comes can be classified into three large groups:

1) mentally normal people who are in a state where there are no deviations in behavior;

2) mentally normal people who are in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication;

3) people with pathological mental disorders.
If there is a threat of a physical attack or it is already being carried out, then first of all it is necessary to orientate in the physical data of the partner: height, weight, physique, characteristics indicating that he was undergoing some sort of special training.

Notice how the person is standing. (stance of a boxer, karateka, etc.) The boxer, as a rule, takes an open, but still boxing stance, involuntarily clenching his fists, often tapping the open palm of the other with the fist of the leading hand, as if playing with himself (here you can get visual information about whether he is left-handed or right-handed) . Often, boxers can observe characteristic changes in the structure of the nose - as a result of repeated injury to the bridge of the nose.

The wrestler usually stands with his shoulders somewhat lowered, his arms along the body, they can be half-bent, his fingers seem to be ready to grab something, his legs are shoulder-width apart or slightly wider. The stance can be perceived as threatening, the movements are more fluid than those of a boxer.

A person practicing karate can involuntarily take one of the stances of this type of confrontation, legs and arms occupy a characteristic position, fingers are not always clenched into fists, and about if they are compressed, they are much tighter than boxers do.

As a rule, all these people have a good physique, well-developed muscles, move well, look at their partner, fixing the slightest changes in his behavior.

By the way, fix external signs threatening, attacking, blackmailing is extremely important, because it is possible that you will have to enter into a relationship with law enforcement, and then any little thing you notice can come in handy.

If time and conditions allow, it is advisable to pay attention to height, physique, hair color and hairstyle features, eye color, shape of the forehead, nose, lips, chin, ears. Pay attention to what the enemy is wearing, but most importantly, special signs that distinguish this person.

Special signs include only moles, scars, tattoos, any physical defects, but also manners of speaking, gestures, voice features, pronunciation, vocabulary and much more, which in aggregate is typical only for this person.

If the threatening communicated by telephone, pay attention to the nature of the call - local or out of town, how the subscriber introduced himself, immediately spoke about the merits of the case, without asking who he was talking to, or first specified who he was talking to.

The characteristic of his speech is fast or slow, intelligibility, the presence of stuttering and accent, clarity and other features of pronunciation. Voice - volume, timbre, hoarse, soft, drunk. The manner of speaking is calm, confident, connected, incoherent, unhurried, hurried, decent, obscene, embittered, emotional, colorless.

The presence of noise accompanying the conversation - another voice that tells what to say to the subscriber, silence or loud noise, the sound of transport (train, metro, car, plane), the noise of machine tools, stationery machines, phone calls, music, street noise.

When coming into direct contact with a threatening person, one should also pay attention to the degree of his aggressiveness. Is she directed specifically on you, which may indicate personal motives, or is it aggressiveness of a general nature, that is, it is directed at you simply as an object over which it is instructed to produce violence. Try to assess how real the likelihood of violence is, or whether they are trying to “take you for a fright”.

It is important to determine the emotional state of the enemy - the nature and speed of his actions, the degree of aggressiveness, the ability to conduct a dialogue with him and evade consequences that are harmful to you depend on this.

Let us describe some emotional states and show how, by external signs, it is possible to determine which (or which) emotion experiencing threatening.

Fear- sometimes you can face a situation where the threat or attacker is afraid himself. With fear, as a rule, there is a sharp contraction of the muscles, due to which the person experiencing fear has stiffness in movements. They are somewhat uncoordinated, you can quite clearly fix the trembling of the hands, especially the tips of the fingers, legs, etc. The eyebrows are almost straight, slightly raised, their inner corners are shifted towards each other, the forehead is covered with horizontal wrinkles. Eyes disclosed enough pupils are wide, often dilated, the lower eyelid is tense, and the upper one is slightly raised. The mouth is open, the lips are tense and slightly stretched. The look is perceived as running.

There is more active sweating, although the temperature is comfortable indoors or outdoors. Sweat can be observed in the following areas: forehead, above the upper and under the lower lip, on the neck, armpits, palms, back. The person is actively wiping sweat, his face turns pale.

Anger often observed in aggressive behavior. It is this emotion that is an indicator of the degree of aggressiveness of the partner. His posture takes on a harvesting character, the person looks as if he is preparing to throw. The muscles are tense, but there is no tremor characteristic of fear. The face is frowning, the gaze can be fixed on the source of anger and express a threat. The nostrils dilate, the wings of the nostrils tremble, the lips are pulled back, sometimes so much that they reveal clenched teeth. The face turns pale, but more often reddens. Sometimes you can see how convulsions run across the face of a person experiencing anger.

Speech with notes of threat through teeth. Very rude words, turns and foul language can take place. It is characteristic that even people of non-Russian nationality often use Russian obscene language in strong anger.

It should be especially noted that when angry, a person feels a surge of strength, becomes much more energetic and impulsive. In this state, he feels the need for physical action, and the stronger the anger, the greater this need. Self-control is reduced.

Contempt- unlike anger, this emotion rarely causes impulsive behavior, but it is possible that this is why a person who demonstrates contempt is in some way more dangerous than an angry one.

Outwardly, it looks something like this: the head is raised up, and even if the person demonstrating contempt is shorter than you, it seems that he is looking from above. You can observe the posture of detachment and self-satisfied facial expression.

Disgust - negative emotion that can stimulate aggression. A disgusted person looks like he has something disgusting in his mouth or smells extremely bad. The nose wrinkles, the upper lip is pulled up, sometimes it seems that such a person has squinted eyes. As with contempt, a posture of detachment, but without pronounced superiority.

Disgust combined with anger can cause very aggressive behavior, since anger motivates the attack, and disgust - the need to get rid of the unpleasant.

We will not dwell on the description of such emotions as joy, surprise, grief, shame, since they are not so characteristic of situations of aggression and attack. But if the person who hurts shows external signs of joy, then this is at least a sign of sadism.

Man "out of his mind"

Often the threat of attack, the attack itself or blackmail is carried out by a person who is in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication. Alcohol and drugs bring the psyche of the attacker or threatening to a state of increased excitability, sharply reduce the level of self-control. That is why it is sometimes important to determine what “doping” and how much the opponent has taken and what can be expected from him.

The signs of alcohol intoxication are so well known that there is no need to describe them in detail. But it is important to know: the most dangerous are the light and medium stages of intoxication, which often cause an increase in aggressiveness. Some take alcohol for "courage", thereby overcoming the feeling of fear, the signs of which can nevertheless be recorded.

With alcohol intoxication, the criticality of the perception of what is happening decreases, such a person hardly perceives or does not perceive any argument at all. Movements are activated and can quickly turn into aggressive ones. As a rule, a physical attack in such situations is preceded by swearing, abuse, threats.

A person who is in a state of drug intoxication looks like almost anyone normal person, and those who have never seen people in such a state may not notice this.

Drug intoxication is characterized, as a rule, by increased activity in movements: fast, excessive live speech, inadequate response to questions, a kind of "shine" in the eyes, sometimes causeless laughter, in general, a state of euphoria. In some people in this state, sensitivity to pain decreases, responsibility for their actions may practically not be realized, and there is no feeling of empathy for others. All this is typical for mild drug intoxication, which acts excitingly.

In a chronic drug addict, you can fix injection marks, bags under the eyes. It should be borne in mind that the reaction to the drug can be quite short-term, and the end of its action in an extreme situation for the addict can cause him to withdraw, which will result in a sharp deterioration in his condition, he can become depressed, angry, even more excited and aggressive.

He may have an overwhelming desire to remove the obstacle to the next dose of the drug as soon as possible. For some drug addicts, this period of activation lasts a short time, after which a period of sharp depression may set in, up to epileptic seizures, when the person becomes practically helpless.

Aggression can come from a person suffering from a mental disorder. Very conditionally, such people are divided into four groups: patients suffering from paranoid schizophrenia; patients suffering from manic-depressive psychosis; patients with antisocial behavior; persons with inadequate response.

If the person threatening to attack belongs to the first group, then it should be taken into account that such people have practically lost all connection with reality, they often have auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as a manic syndrome, manifested in delusions of grandeur or persecution. With delusions of grandeur, a person considers himself endowed with special qualities, as a result of which he is much “higher” than others. With persecution mania, a person is sure that he is being persecuted for his "special mission", "special gift", etc.

A manic person may consider you a "great sinner" from whom he must rid the world. These are people with a sufficiently developed intellect, it is difficult to deceive them, mislead them. In certain situations, they can be quite aggressive.

Persons belonging to the second group are usually in a state of such deep depression that they lose all connection with the real world. They often consider themselves unworthy of life, but they are ready to take others with them to another world, since they sincerely believe that they will render a service by delivering them from the horrors of earthly existence.

The patient's speech is extremely slow, it takes him from 15 to 30, and sometimes more seconds, to answer the simplest questions. The movements may be like showing a movie in slow motion. He may have spontaneous "improvements" of the state, when he suddenly says quite calmly: "Well, now I know what to do." Do not rejoice ahead of time, it is better when the improvement of his condition occurs gradually.

The next two groups do not belong to the mentally ill, as they do not lose touch with reality, but they can also be classified as persons with mental disorders.

The classic manipulator or swindler is characterized by complete absence feelings of guilt, pangs of conscience. He is alien to morality and ethics in the general human sense, which makes it unlikely that he will be able to relate to those whom he threatens or who he exerts. physical impact like to people. Often, he strives for physical pleasures, loves to manipulate other people, knows how to “submit” himself, and at first he can form an opinion about himself as a pleasant person. Increased impulsiveness, can achieve immediate satisfaction of their requirements.

And, finally, there are people who, without losing touch with reality, think immaturely, although they can be aware of the consequences of their actions and actions. Shows an inadequate reaction to stress, feels like a loser in life, a person who is always unlucky. An incident with you is an opportunity to prove something important to someone, and a physical collision can be considered by him as one of the thrills. He often makes statements like, “I'll prove it to them. what I'm capable of."

Survival in extreme situations requires a person's endurance and unshakable faith that there are no hopeless situations. We have collected 5 stories whose heroes managed to survive in the most difficult conditions.

Long flight and 4 days of struggle

The record height, after falling from which a person managed to survive, is 10,160 meters. This record is listed in the Guinness Book and belongs to Vesna Vulovich, the only survivor of the plane crash on January 26, 1972. She not only recovered, but also wanted to return to work again - she did not have a fear of flying, because she did not remember the very moment of the disaster.

On August 24, 1981, 20-year-old Larisa Savitskaya and her husband flew from their honeymoon on an An-24 plane from Komsomolsk-on-Amur to Blagoveshchensk. In the sky at an altitude of 5220 meters, the plane in which the newlyweds were flying collided with a Tu-16.

Larisa Savitskaya was the only one of 38 people who managed to survive. On the wreckage of an aircraft measuring three by four meters, she fell in free fall for 8 minutes. She managed to get to the chair and squeeze into it.

Later, the woman claimed that at that moment she remembered an episode from the Italian film "Miracles Still Happen" where the heroine survives in similar conditions.

Rescue work was not very active. Graves have even been dug for all the victims of the plane crash. Larisa Savitskaya, in the end, was found last. She lived for three days among the wreckage of the aircraft and the bodies of dead passengers. Despite numerous injuries - from a concussion to spinal injuries, with broken ribs and a broken arm - Larisa Savitskaya not only survived, but was able to build herself something like a hut from the fuselage fragments.
When the search plane flew over the crash site, Larisa even waved to the rescuers, but they mistook her for a geologist from an expedition stationed nearby.

Larisa Savitskaya was twice included in the Guinness Book of Records: as a person who survived a fall from a great height, the second time - as a person who received the minimum amount of compensation for physical damage in a plane crash - 75 rubles (in 1981 money).

On a small raft

On November 23, 1942, a German submarine torpedoed the English ship Belomond. All members of his crew were killed. Almost all. Sailor Lin Peng managed to survive. He was lucky - during the search on the surface of the water, he found a life raft, which had a supply of food.

Lin Peng, of course, understood that food and water would run out sooner or later, so from the first day of his "Robinsonade" he began to prepare equipment for collecting rainwater and catching fish. He stretched an awning over the raft, made a fishing line from the threads of the rope found on the raft; from a nail and wires from a flashlight - hooks; from metal from a tin can - a knife with which he butchered the caught fish. Interesting fact: Lin Peng could not swim, so he was tied to a raft all the time.

Lin Peng caught very little fish, but he took care of its safety - he dried it on ropes stretched over the deck of his "ship". For a hundred days, his diet was one fish and water. Sometimes algae came overboard, the consumption of which prevented Lin Peng from getting scurvy.

The bitter irony of Lin Peng's record-breaking voyage is that he could have been saved multiple times. Once he was not taken on board a cargo ship just because he was Chinese. Then the US Navy noticed him and even threw him a rescue buoy, but the storm that broke out prevented the Americans from completing the rescue mission. In addition, Lin Peng saw several German submarines, but for obvious reasons did not turn to them for help.

Only in April 1943, Lin Peng noticed that the color of the water had changed, and birds began to appear in the sky every now and then. He realized that he was in the coastal zone, which means that his chances of success increased many times over. On April 5, he was found by Brazilian fishermen, who immediately took him to the hospital. Surprisingly, Lin Peng was able to walk on his own after his journey. He lost only 9 kilograms during the forced “Robinsonade”.

Well-read cabin boy

"Robinsonade" is the survival of a person alone for a long time in the natural environment. The record holder in this "discipline" was Jeremy Beebs, who lived on the island for 74 years.

In 1911, during a hurricane in the South Pacific Ocean, the English schooner Beautiful Bliss sank. Reach the shore and save yourself on desert island only 14-year-old cabin boy Jeremy Beebs succeeded. The boy was helped by his erudition and love of reading - he knew by heart the novel by Daniel Defoe.

Following the example of the hero of his favorite book, Beebs began to keep a wooden calendar, built a hut, learned to hunt, ate fruit and drank coconut milk. While Beebs lived on the island, two world wars took place in the world, the atomic bomb and the personal computer were created. He didn't know anything about it. We found Biebs by accident. In 1985, the crew of a German ship unexpectedly discovered a record holder among Robinsons, who had already reached the age of 88, and delivered him to his homeland.

Father's daughter

In the story about Larisa Savitskaya, we recalled the film "Miracles still happen." It is based on real events. On December 24, 1971, a Lockheed L-188 Electra aircraft of the Peruvian airline LANSA fell into a vast thunderstorm area, was struck by lightning, entered the turbulence zone and began to collapse in the air at an altitude of 3.2 kilometers. He fell into the jungle, 500 kilometers from Lima.

The only survivor was 17-year-old schoolgirl Juliana Margaret Koepke. At the time of the fall, the girl was fastened to a chair. Her collarbone was broken, her right hand was injured, she was blind in one eye. Juliana's survival was helped by the fact that her father was a famous zoologist, who from childhood instilled in his daughter the skills to survive in extreme conditions. Immediately after the crash, putting aside attempts to find her mother among the bodies of the dead, the girl examined the luggage for food, but found only a few sweets - also the result.

Then Juliana found a stream near the place of the fall and went down its stream. Only nine days later she was lucky enough to go to the boat on the river bank. With gasoline from a canister, the girl treated the wound on her right shoulder, in which at least 40 larvae had already bred.

The owners of the boat, who turned out to be local lumberjacks, did not appear until the next day. Juliana was fed, treated for wounds and taken to the hospital of the nearest village.

Alone with the snow

On October 13, 1972, a plane carrying the players of the Uruguayan rugby team Old Christians from Montevideo, as well as their relatives and sponsors, crashed in the Andes highlands. 27 people survived after the fall. Later, due to the avalanche, another 8 people died, three more died from their wounds.

The fact that there was nowhere to wait for help, the Uruguayans realized 11 days after the accident, when they said on the radio that their search had been stopped and they were declared dead. The dire situation in which the passengers found themselves was aggravated by the fact that supplies were leaving very quickly. Miraculously surviving after the crash, they made a difficult decision - to eat the meat of the dead.

The victims were rescued only 72 days after the disaster. Only due to the fact that the group sent three people on the road, who needed to cross the Andes and report what had happened. The most difficult transition was overcome by two. W

and 11 days, without equipment and warm clothes, they walked 55 kilometers through the snowy Andes and went to a mountain stream, where they met a Chilean shepherd, who informed the authorities about the surviving passengers.

Imagine a group of athletes preparing for a major running event. In training, they show approximately the same results, their functional capabilities are equal - one wonders why some are, as it were, doomed to win, while others always lose, even

having higher results shown on the control estimates?
When all the runners line up at the preliminary start line, it is clear that almost everyone is worried and nervous. But at the same time, some blush, while others turn pale. We know from history that when Julius Caesar selected soldiers from recruits for his invincible legions, he tried at first to confuse the person properly. Fear manifests itself in different people but in different ways - in some, the skin of the face turns pale, while in others, on the contrary, due to a rush of blood to the skin, it turns red. Think and tell me - did Caesar try to get those who were turning pale or blushing into his army?
This means that there is a huge, fundamental difference between activity under normal conditions (say, at a training session, at a regular lesson) and the same activity, but at major competitions or at an entrance exam, on the results of which, perhaps, all life depends.
such signs as “difficult”, “difficult”, “special”, “critical”, “emergency”, “emergency”, “extreme”, “supereketremal”, “hyperstress”, etc. are called. It turns out that in one case, the emphasis is on the characteristics of the objective conditions of activity (difficult" conditions), in the other, on the person's attitude to the situation that has arisen ("difficult" conditions), in the third, the emphasis is on the state that has arisen in a person ("hyperstress" conditions).
The very concept of extreme conditions is defined by some experts as "unfavorable for life", others as "conditions requiring the mobilization of the body's emergency capabilities." It is known that everyone can run fast if a growling shepherd dog rushes behind. Recall the story that happened in KiiTae on the eve of the Tokyo Olympics. The police pursued one robber and drove him into a dead end from which there was no way out. Tall fences lined the street on three sides.
The police triumphed - the fate of the thief was a foregone conclusion. Ho the thief continued to rush forward, increasing his speed
height; they turned on the siren and the searchlight - this finally frightened the unfortunate. Having uttered a heartbreaking cry, he took off from a straight run, with a push of his right foot, over a fence 2 m 51 cm high and disappeared. China then needed at least one gold medal at the Olympic Games. It was announced in the newspapers that if this criminal voluntarily appears at the stadium in the high jump sector, then everything will be forgiven him, and besides, he will be included in the Olympic team and paid a solid monetary reward. Seven people showed up at the stadium. The best one jumped 2 m 03 cm. This was below the Olympic standard^ and, just in case, the winner of these "criminal police" competitions was sent to prison.
Or another example closer to us. Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, at the age of 52, was vacationing in Switzerland. He lay on the green grass, on the bank of the stream with his feet to the water and admired the clouds floating across the sky. And suddenly a snake's head swayed before his eyes. And Bunin was terrified of snakes from childhood. Terrified, he jumped up and jumped over the stream. And the width of the stream was 2 m 94 cm. It is known that Bunin was intelligent person, of short stature, who had never played sports in his life. I am sure that among the readers of this book there are a lot of “cool” guys lm 90 cm. Let them try to jump at least 2 m 50 cm from a place. This means that people under normal conditions use only a small fraction of their potential. Extreme conditions are needed so that a person can show his true capabilities. But it turns out that not all people are able to improve their results in a critical situation for their lives. Some, on the contrary, are lost in a difficult situation and are not able to show even their usual result.
Psychologists know that under the influence of various psychological conditions of activity, there is a weakening of the impact of some and an increase in other properties of temperament. So, performance indicators in training sessions do not show practically any connections with any property of temperament. In familiar conditions and a calm environment, each person can show everything that he is capable of. But the effectiveness of performances at competitions is negatively affected by such personality traits as anxiety and emotional excitability. These properties of temperament in competitions, differently than in training, affect other aspects of activity: the duration of concentration of attention before performing exercises, the level of claims, etc. change. In particular, under conditions of cipecca, the motives of the same activity cause an unequal degree of neuropsychic stress in athletes with strong and weak nervous system. In people with a strong nervous system, with a high activity of the motive, as a rule, the level of psychological stress is optimal, and this contributes to the improvement of their activity. A classic example of American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. Having received a gold medal in the long jump, he began to prepare for the final race of 200 meters. The interval between these views is 30 minutes. All athletes are in monstrous nervous tension. And Owens calmly wraps himself in a blanket and calmly goes to sleep on the green grass of the stadium. Exactly 20 minutes later, he wakes up and begins to warm up confidently. The sight of Owens sleeping on the eve of the most important start of his life had a devastating effect on his main competitors. For Ifflx it was a demonstration of absolute confidence in their victory.
As for athletes with a weak or unstable nervous system, with active motivation, they usually experience excessive mental stress, leading to a deterioration in performance. I remember how, on the eve of the national athletics championship, I, a young 20 km walker, had an ideological and educational conversation with me: “Tomorrow morning you have a final. The fate of the entire team struggle depends on your successful performance. You have to go all out and show your best." As a responsible person, I took this instruction very seriously. So start at 8 am. You need to get up at 5 o'clock and eat properly. So, you need to go to bed early to get a good night's sleep. And so I went to bed at 21.00 and until 5 o'clock in the morning I could not close my eyes. No matter how much I inspired myself that I needed to sleep, it was all useless. The big responsibility literally crushed me. During the night, at least 20 times, I started and fought with imaginary opponents to the end. In the morning, completely exhausted, I was able to crawl out of bed with great difficulty. It is known that under the influence of stressful pages, the call zzzzzz==rzzz
factors, excitation is stimulated and a dominant is formed with varying degrees of mobility of nervous processes. In a person with a strong nervous system, the dominant is stable and stable, while in athletes with a weak nervous system, it is unstable and easily turns into inhibition, accompanied by a deterioration in motor capabilities. A very important role in human behavior in an extreme situation is played by such qualities as temperament, sensitivity (emotional sensitivity and excitability), anxiety and activity in overcoming obstacles. Sensitivity in the broad sense of the word is an indicator of effectiveness, adaptation of a person to stressful or extreme conditions. High sensitivity is a quality opposite to the stability and stability of the mental state. Practice shows that with an increase in networking, the effectiveness of human activity worsens, especially in a critical situation (say, responsible competitions, exams, an unexpected attack by hooligans on the street).
It is known that almost all Olympic champions have reduced sensitivity. Why is that? Imagine that a log 30-50 cm thick lies on the ground. Will you worry, worry, worry, doubt your abilities, turn pale with fear if you are asked to walk on this log? Well, of course not. After all, the log is very wide and this walk does not pose any danger to you. And if the same log is thrown across a deep gorge, along the bottom of which a river roars in a fierce battle with huge boulders? And you will no longer be asked, but forced to cross the gorge along this log. Some people can die of fear at the mere thought of it. Before such an ordeal, a person turns pale, sweats, his arms and legs tremble. And all why? He doesn't just want to cross this log. And he really wants to! And the more he inspires himself that “it is necessary”, “you need to force yourself”, “by all means”, “I must”, “otherwise shame or death on sharp stones”, the less chances he has for successful completing this task. But one has only to convince oneself that there is no danger, that I ran over this log hundreds of times, that because it was raised to a great height, it did not become thinner, - you will easily complete the task. The main thing is not to look down at the boiling water and sharp rocks at the bottom

gorges. So, in order not to be afraid, you need to really look at things, soberly assess the situation (this is not the last exam in life, it won’t work out - I’ll come again, I won’t win in these competitions - I’ll win in others, in the end both the assessment and the sports result - it's not the most important thing in life. Sometimes it’s even useful to downplay the degree of possible danger (well, what’s wrong with throwing a familiar log across an abyss from childhood, because I ran along it a hundred times while it was lying on the ground). It was no coincidence that the greatest orator of Ancient Rome, Cicero, uttered a paradoxical thought: "A good speech can only be delivered in front of a herd of sheep." Therefore, anyone preparing for public speaking, must treat his audience without excessive Tpeneia and excessive respect, otherwise he will only be able to tremble with fear and babble nonsense. You have to look at the audience from top to bottom. Veda you prepared, you all know what to be afraid of. It's time to enlighten these "rams" as well. The same applies to people with speech impediments. The more a person thinks about his stuttering, the more he tries to get rid of it, the worse his speech will be. First you need to be able to relax and convince yourself that my speech defects have no meaning for life. After all, a smart person is not visible to the eyes. If I could then, many years ago, be able to relax on the night before the start, I would have shown a good result.
According to psychological research, people who, due to a violation of the regulatory functions of the personality, are not able to cope with a difficult situation, show a tendency to avoid it. In particular, it was found that among people with high self-esteem there are more unstable to stress than among people with adequate self-esteem. An athlete is always afraid of getting physically injured. What a shame to stretch the tendon on the eve of the competition! But it is equally important to learn how to avoid mental trauma. Indeed, in difficult conditions, not individual organs or systems of the body, but the whole organism as a whole, participate in the implementation of activities, although any of the systems may be subjected to a predominant load. At the same time, it must be taken into account that the biological structures of the individual, as the personality develops, are increasingly transformed and, at the level of a developed personality, become subject to it. In a mature and developed personality, the biological functions of the body largely depend on psychological determinants. Psychologists emphasize “fine adaptability of the body to various emotional situations; Thus, vegetative, somatic and behavioral reactions in fear are completely different depending on whether the possibility of avoiding danger is real or not. In sports psychology, there are data according to which "biological functions during competitions proceed under the strong influence of mental factors". But mental factors act, firstly, individually, and secondly, selectively. The autonomic nervous system, which is responsible for the internal functions of the body, is practically uncontrolled by consciousness. Therefore, people with a strong balanced and mobile - sanguine temperament, in an extreme situation, there is a "lion stress". It turns out that the more difficult the situation, the more optimally, rationally and reliably such an individual acts. Here he is at the start, reddened, with eyes shining with excitement. A large amount of adrenaline, a hormone that stimulates motor activity, enters his blood at this time. the hormone will help him to give all his best and show a better result than in a calm training work, without a large number of spectators and strict judges. And the louder the roar of the stands, the more confident such an athlete feels. Danger, as it were, spurs on such a person, makes him act boldly, confidently, decisively. Napoleon wrote about one of his marshals: “Ney had mental insights only among the nuclei, in the thunder of battle; there his eye, his composure and energy were incomparable, but he did not know how to prepare his operations as well in the quiet of the office, studying the map. But next to our hero is his friend, who in training surprised everyone with his high results. Ho is very pale, agitated and shudders at the shouts from the stands. He also wants to be the first and set a record, but he has a weak nervous system and acetylcholine is released in his blood - a hormone with an action opposite to that of adrenaline. Therefore, in the conditions of the same extreme situation, a person with a weak nervous system has a completely opposite reaction - “rabbit stress” - disorganization of activity, a sharp drop in its efficiency, passivity and general inhibition. Moreover, for a particular athlete, the “stress rabbit” can every time

manifest differently. For two false starts, he can simply be removed from the competition, he stumbles and falls, poorly tied spiked shoes fly off him, etc. After an unsuccessful finish, such an unlucky athlete, explaining his defeat, will each time find different reasons: sudden indigestion (called “bear disease” - a direct consequence of stress), an old injury suddenly ached, he started the distance too quickly and there was no strength left to finish, etc. .d. Other losers in such cases always blame the rivals - they are the ones who are overwritten at the start, beaten with an elbow in the liver, pushed over the edge, etc. It is interesting that if such incidents happen to a person who is confident in his abilities, then, say, a blow to the liver can only anger him and become a new incentive for a brilliant victory. Therefore, the same property of temperament - for example, anxiety (which is understood as a person's tendency to exaggerate the physical or social danger of a situation and experience negative emotional states - fear, anxiety, anxiety, etc.) does not manifest itself in different people in the same way. This personality trait largely determines the intensity of the anxiety reaction among athletes on the eve of important competitions. But the whole point is that without this very anxiety there is no way to show a better result in competitions than in training. The anxiety reaction should therefore be regarded as a natural process of adaptation of the organism to a tense situation. To a certain extent, the intensity of this reaction is positive, and only excessive anxiety is undesirable and leads to a deterioration in performance. Anxiety serves as a trigger for the manifestation of activity in overcoming external and internal obstacles on the way to achieving the goal. Anxiety and excitability in various limits contribute to the emergence of a state of mobilization, mental readiness for activity in stressful conditions, and improvement of its effectiveness.
What is important for us is not that people with a strong nervous system (and this is an innate property given to a person by God) are capable of high results. These people by nature are intended to be winners. It is much more interesting that among athletes of a very high class there are people with weakness, imbalance, inert
Tew nervous processes, overly excitable and mentally unstable. But even such properties of the nervous system and temperament do not prevent them from achieving outstanding success in sports. This is largely facilitated by the formation of an individual style of activity, which is understood as a set of techniques and methods of activity and forms of response determined by the typological properties of the nervous system, which make it possible to achieve success in its implementation. An individual style of activity is one of the significant aspects of self-actualization, something that every person should strive for. The formation of an individual style of activity mainly occurs not by overcoming or correcting the negative aspects of temperament and properties of the nervous system, but by effectively using their positive aspects for this activity. So, the reliability of an athlete in the extreme conditions of major competitions depends not only on whether a strong or weak type nervous activity he possesses, but also on how much he dominates his psyche. After all, almost any person, with proper preparation and training, has the ability to self-regulate at an involuntary and arbitrary level immediately before a performance. Involuntary regulation of the prelaunch state is carried out by implementing certain programs automated during the preparation process.
Conscious regulation of the pre-launch state is based on the developed ability of an athlete to control its manifestations and causes, purposefully create images-representations, concentrate and switch attention to any objects, distract from the impact of negative psychogenic factors and stimuli, use verbal formulations and special techniques for. effects on the state of muscles, autonomic functions and emotional arousal. Conscious regulation of the mental state can contribute to an increase in the reliability of an athlete only with the daily use of a system of psycho-regulatory influences (autogenic, psycho-regulatory training).
So, practice shows that in the same conditions, different individuals react differently, and these differences relate both to the degree of exposure to influences and the type of observed effects. So, some have you

high resistance to stress, to activities in extreme conditions, while others are low. At the same time, in some, under extreme conditions, activity improves (sometimes quite significantly, while in others it worsens up to a breakdown).
So, we can talk about two types of states associated with activity in an extreme situation: tension, which has a positive mobilizing effect on activity, and tension, which is characterized by a decrease in the stability of mental and motor functions up to the disintegration of activity.
On what does the occurrence of this or that state depend? In many ways, from a subjective assessment of the degree of importance, significance of this or that event for a certain individual. This can be called a potential threat assessment. According to the data obtained by psychologists, a threat is a person's anticipation of the possible consequences of a situation affecting him. This assumption was tested in experiments in which subjects were shown the same movie showing accidents at a sawmill. In the first version of the experiments, the subjects were simply told that the film would show accidents at the sawmill; in the second, that the events are not real, but only imitated by the actors; Finally, in the third case, the experimenters tried to divert the attention of the subjects from the difficult episodes in the film: the audience was asked to observe impartially, for example, how clearly and convincingly the master sets out the safety rules for the workers. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that in the first case, the majority of viewers had clearly expressed stress reactions, in the second case, stress did not arise, since the events in the film were considered not dangerous. As for the third version of the film, if the subjects interpreted these events as dangerous and thus did not occupy an impartial position of an observer, then a stressful state arose.
The psychological specificity of states of tension, therefore, does not depend on external influences, although they must be strong enough for a person, but also on the personal meaning of the purpose of the activity, assessment of the situation in which he is, etc. In order to solve the problems that arise here, the developed psy

chologists questions about the strength of motives, about their hierarchy, types of such hierarchies, the effectiveness of potential and actual motives, their awareness and unconsciousness, the dependence of the realization of motives on time, on distance to the goal, on the intensity of needs, on the adequacy of ways to achieve the goal, age characteristics, etc. .
However, it remains unclear to what extent the regularities established for ordinary conditions are preserved in difficult situations. Indeed, in situations that create a threat, all motivational processes come into play and the implementation of one of them will depend not only on its strength, place in the hierarchy, etc., but also on various situational factors, the degree of danger, etc. Thus, a person who knows that running away in conditions of physical danger is unworthy of a “real man” may, after being attacked by hooligans, flee, because at this moment maintaining health is more important than maintaining a good opinion of oneself.
Everyone knows that in difficult conditions in a critical situation, the dynamic side (tempo, energy, intensity) of activity and behavior becomes extremely important, since it directly determines the effectiveness and reliability of a person. This means that the innate dynamic characteristics of the course of mental reactions in extreme conditions have a decisive impact on the final effectiveness of human actions. Undoubtedly, the strength of the nervous system plays an important role in the dynamics of mental states. The strength of the nervous system is a physiological prerequisite for the reliability of a person. This factor has always been taken into account in professional selection and career guidance. Therefore, to work as an air traffic controller, a pilot (and other professions that require instant making the right decision in an extreme situation), people with a strong, balanced and mobile nervous system have always been selected. This means that the natural features of a person limit the possibilities of a person. It is in a critical situation that their functioning can become decisive and affect the process of activity as a whole. The fact is that there are general and individual limits of permissible intensities of biological processes, within which various kinds of biological rearrangements occur, accompanied by the mobilization of the body's reserves, its adaptation to influencing stimuli. At-
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approaching these limits or exceeding them leads to various pathological changes, which are sometimes even irreversible.
The question is, can a person go beyond the limits of his biological capabilities not in extreme, but in the most ordinary conditions? Many amazing facts, which science is still unable to explain, prove that the possibilities of man are truly unlimited. This can be understood only through the unity and interconnection of the natural properties of a person with his properties as a person. And a person, as already mentioned, can be described not only as a biological individual, but also as an unlimited field of consciousness, which has unlimited experiential access to various aspects of reality without the mediation of the senses. Thus, the newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda" (1996, No. 44) wrote about a 56-year-old strong man from the city of Serpukhov - Anatoly Ivanovich Amodumov. Anatoly Ivanovich is short, strong, but not Stallone. If you meet me on the street, you won't turn back. It lifts 6.5 tons off the ground. In principle, it is impossible to explain how he does this, based on the data of physiology, anatomy, physics, chemistry and other sciences. The limit of human biological capabilities (meaning a super strongman weighing 150 kg) cannot exceed 1.5 tons.
Once Samodumov fell into the hands of Vladimir Shaposhnikov's book "Iron Samson" - about Russian strongmen. After reading it, he was surprised that all the "heroes" in their achievements stopped at 60 pounds (about one thousand three hundred kilograms). "Why not more?" - Anatoly thought and began to solve the riddle, based on his own experience. And also stalled at this mark. When I lifted a ton of three hundred, it seemed that I could add a couple of hundred more kilograms. Ho added fifty, and the bar seemed to grow into the ground. However, training continued, and in the end the bar gave way. After that, Samodumov spent a month and a half in euphoria. “It was an idiotic state,” he recalls. - I was absolutely happy, satisfied with everything, although I understood that from the outside I look abnormal. When this state passed, I began to realize that in this way you can achieve a lot and get into an area hitherto unknown.
How does Samodumov himself explain his phenomenal

results? According to him, it’s not about pumped up muscles and monstrous physical strength.
“In addition to gravity, there are a lot of other phenomena in the world that we didn’t know anything about before and are just beginning to comprehend,” he says. - For example, there is an internal energy state of every living being or object. It is important to learn how to manage this state of vie. Doctors have established that if a person is engaged in lifting weights, this has a beneficial effect on him: the body recovers very quickly. When we lift the barbell, all our capabilities are included in the work. The energy capacity of each cell is rebuilt. Our classes are the same natural need as eating, drinking and sleeping.
The trouble with yogis, all martial arts is that he is. develop some centers in a person, but suppress others. Development is one-sided. We achieve harmony - in this;, the uniqueness of the methodology. And all our records are just an effey from self-improvement classes.
Anatoly Ivanovich does not declare his method as a panacea for all diseases. He only cites the facts - a fifty-four-year-old patient had a purely female pathology. Doctors forbade her to carry more than five kilograms, otherwise; - intensive care unit. A complicated operation threatened. After six months of classes in the section, this woman lifted eight centners, the need for surgery disappeared. Almost all the diseases that I tried to treat using my technique have disappeared, says Samodumov. - " Side effect» - weight loss, rejuvenation, overall strengthening of the body. People who work with me stop getting sick. Even a cold, from which it is very difficult to protect themselves, flows very easily and quickly with them ... But do not immediately try to grab heavy weights to get rid of sores. Nothing will work. It might get worse. Here, as in studies, training is based on the principle of "teacher-student". This is very important, because, according to the shackles of Anatoly Ivanovich, for the first time it is he who "charges a person with energy drawn from the Cosmos." Without her, all classes are in vain. ”
It is curious that Anatoly Ivanovich deals only with girls. He believes that girls are more open, more trusting, more disciplined. Men question everything, they need to analyze everything and sort it out, and there can be no talk of trust. In addition, the stronger sex very easily squanders the potential accumulated with difficulty.
This means that a person, not only in extreme conditions, but in ordinary ones, when it is necessary to do something beyond the limits of human capabilities, can draw additional energy from an unknown source. Not only this, but also many other unusual results can be explained by obtaining additional energy. How, for example, can a karateka break 10 concrete blocks laid one on top of the other with his bare hand? Even if we assume that his bones and muscles are stronger than steel, it is still impossible in principle, since the power of a heavy artillery shell is needed to perform such work. Or how a karateka extinguishes a candle behind a thick glass with a wave of his hand? Moreover, sometimes such phenomenal opportunities appear in the most ordinary people who find themselves in a critical situation. After all, facts are very stubborn things.
One day, in front of a woman, a wall collapsed on her 15-year-old son. The guy was crushed by a very heavy plate. There was no need to wait for salvation, there was no one in the room, and he was doomed. But the fragile woman did not think that only a crane could lift a slab weighing about three tons. She thought only about saving her only son and knew that no one else would do it except her. Therefore, she was able to jerk this slab up and pull her son out. More well-known examples can be cited. So, the famous yogi Shri Chen Moy lifted a load of 2 tons in weight from mief and above his head in front of numerous spectators. From history, one can recall how 14-year-old American Lulu Hurst in 1885, standing on the scales in the circus arena, lifted a chair over her head with a man weighing 80 kg sitting on it. The most surprising thing is that the scales at the same time showed only her weight. The weight lifted by an unknown force has decreased to 0. Obviously, only in some exceptional conditions does a person acquire such incredible strength and gain new unprecedented opportunities. Conventionally, psychologists call these phenomena special states of the psyche. These special states arise, as a rule, in extreme or, more precisely, borderline situations. These are situations of individual existence in which the self-consciousness of the individual becomes aggravated and the person involuntarily cognizes himself. More precisely, he learns something new about his essential powers and capabilities.

According to K. Jaspers, borderline situations arise only in the face of death, unrequited love or trials with an unpredictable outcome. Borderline situations encourage a person to rely on their essential forces and serve as an important source of self-development of the individual. Borderline states do not have a continuous existence, they seem to be interspersed in our everyday experience. Being in this state, a person acts contrary to everything, despite common sense and in spite of everything. Many real facts prove the legitimacy of this purely philosophical abstraction: for example, a person rushes to help another, not only risking his life, but often not realizing whether it is possible to save him at all. A man defends his dignity and man's honor, knowing that no one will ever know about it.
Imagine that you are walking along the Voroshilovsky Bridge and in front of your eyes a five-year-old child is hanging over the railing and rapidly falling down. How to act in such a situation? All men are divided into two categories: some, without thinking about anything, jump from the bridge into the water, while others, convulsively clinging to the railing, think hard about something. But there is something to think about. Does it even make sense to take risks and jump down if the child has already crashed into the water and drowned? What if iron piles or concrete blocks stick out of the water in this place? What if a barge is already coming in from the other side, and I will jump right onto the iron deck? Finally, it would not hurt to take off an expensive leather jacket, etc. etc. It is clear that after such a comprehensive analysis of the current situation, there will be no one to save. Ho on the other hand, how reasonable person do reckless things?
Some guy can boast a lot about his "coolness" and courage, but he will never go unarmed against a crowd of twenty people. After all, this is recklessness - the forces are too unequal. But why does another (who falls into the category of "real man") these reasonable arguments never come to mind, and he crashes into a crowd of twenty people with burning eyes? Paradoxically, such recklessness often leads to a convincing victory. There is something in the madness of the brave that puts to flight a stronger and more numerous opponent.
Masculinity is always irrational and paradoxical. Sometimes a person realizes that the act he is doing

not only a steelyard, but also meaningless, but to do otherwise, to restrain himself, he, in principle, cannot. Sometimes the concept of "masculinity" is incorrectly replaced by the concepts of "ideological conviction", "moral maturity", "moral choice in an extreme situation", etc. But this is not entirely true, since the moral choice is still under the control of consciousness, as well as devotion to any ideas or ideals. And masculinity is not controlled by consciousness, logic and common sense.
In an old film about the joint military operations of Soviet and French pilots Normandy-Niemen, one real episode is shown. One French pilot had to take the plane to another airfield. He put a Russian mechanic without a parachute in the bomb bay. But having risen into the air, the pilot lost control as a result of some kind of accident. A critical situation has arisen when he cannot land the plane, help the mechanic too. He reports this to the ground, and he is ordered to eject. But to do so means to violate the code of a real man (“die yourself, but rescue a comrade"). But in this situation he is not only a man with thoughts and feelings, but also a combat unit that needs to be preserved in order to be used for its intended purpose in the next battle. He is strictly ordered to eject, but he cannot do anything with himself The internal code of male honor is above orders and even the desire to live Finally, the mechanic on the internal intercom implores him jump, but it explodes along with the plane.
What is the reason for such actions, if we discard all considerations of prudence and common sense? But they are not unreasonable (moreover, a person in such situations assures that he could not do otherwise). To say that the cause of these actions is irrational and existential is to raise the question of the nature of these causes. Therefore, for psychologists, borderline states are a kind of "windows" into a special dimension of human life - into that "existential space", the laws of which act on a person as inexorably (it is impossible to do otherwise), like physical laws. The external reasons for the reckless behavior of a person in a borderline state can be very different - religious fanaticism, political beliefs, patriotism,

just generally recognized "coolness", but inside the same reason operates - masculinity. It is the formed masculinity, like a tightly compressed spring (like a constantly cocked trigger), in a critical situation, instantly straightens, pushing (or rather shooting) a person, throwing him into battle against the whole world. The moment of the "shot" in principle cannot be realized and critically comprehended. A person will be burned at the stake, and he, not feeling pain, will enthusiastically shout: “Glorified is the Lord!”. Such masculinity has always been "like a bone in the throat" among the powerful of this world, accustomed to doing business with obedient loyal subjects. For centuries, many have tried to break the courageous man, to force him to change his former position. Ho, even if a mountain runs into a real knight, then he, putting his spear forward, will continue to shout loudly that there is no lady more beautiful and worthy than his beloved.
For 300 years the Holy Inquisition operated in Europe. What has the inquisitive thought of “creatively minded” inquisitors been wrestling with for centuries? How to come up with such torment, torture, such a sophisticated method of execution for a person in order to force him to abandon his former (heretical) views, change his beliefs and principles. Find a way to confuse a man in such a way as to break his masculinity. Not just to make it very painful, but to split the consciousness of a person, like a “rotten nut”. But it turned out that there is no such MjrKH, such torture that a courageous person who is convinced of his rightness could not endure. We respect Archpriest Avvakum not for his views (looks can be both stupid and insane; just as the Dulcinea of ​​the ideal knight Don Quixote can turn out to be a fat, pockmarked and stupid girl in a pose), but for his courage in defending his position.
At the end of the 20th century, it would seem that they found a way to break any person, no matter how courageous he may be. We are talking about a psychotropic weapon, with the help of which specially encoded information, freely passing through the filters of consciousness, invades the subconscious and subordinates a person to someone else's will. I do not want to believe it, because the spread of these weapons can kill the main thing in humanity, its masculinity. It seems that this weapon can not subdue, but simply kill a courageous person. Killing is always much easier.
The author believes that true masculinity, as the core of the personality, permeates not only the consciousness, but also the subconscious of a person, determining his behavior in almost any situation. I would like to tell a story that many years ago I heard from my late grandfather. Now it is not possible to verify the authenticity of individual details of this story, but the principle itself is more important. The bottom line is this - in 1942 in Ukraine, the head of one of the district offices of the Gestapo was a psychologist by education. Even before the war, he wrote in his writings about man as "an animal covered with a thin film of civilization." And since a person is essentially an animal, then such phenomena as honor, conscience, nobility, courage are all husks, empty words of morality that very quickly fly off from any person, as soon as he drives a few needles under his nails. The main thing is to be able to drive them deeper. In peacetime, he did not have the opportunity to test his views in practice, but during the war such an opportunity presented itself. For the experiment, only those prisoners were selected who had already established themselves as a "tough nut". As a rule, they turned out to be red commanders, political officers, former athletes and just ordinary communists and patriots. A man was put into a deaf leather bag with a load at his feet and thrown to the bottom of a deep and cold river. The bag was on a long rope, by which it could always be lifted to the surface. And a thin rope was wound around the man’s fist, passing through the neck of the bag to the surface. Imagine yourself sitting in this leather bag for 30 seconds, feel the hopelessness of the situation, feel the cold water pressing on your ears. These seconds pass very quickly, and there is only one crazy hope to breathe one more time, to live a little more. Here a weak person can pull the string. The bell will ring, and the bag will be quickly pulled to the surface. But our "psychologist's" attitude was not designed for this primitive animal fear. He had a thinner one; vile, as it seemed to him, scientifically substantiated and insidious calculation. After all, when the last breath of air is used up, the consciousness turns off. And when consciousness is turned off, then all attitudes developed by consciousness disappear - communist ideas, patriotism, sacred hatred of enemies, religious principles and everything else. And what remains? Only some animal instincts, and among them the most important - self-preservation. The bet was made on this short period of time, when consciousness turned off, and the body itself is still alive and can act. The dying brain sends the last signal, and the hand itself pulls the string against all the previous convictions of the person. A bag with a person in a semi-conscious state is immediately pulled to the surface.
He immediately receives a glass of schnapps for warmth and courage, he is dressed in a warm police uniform, given a carbine (to begin with without cartridges) in his hands and forced to participate in a mass execution in this uniform in front of everyone. You can also take a picture of him against the background of the gallows with the hanged and give him this photo with a dedicatory inscription from the boss himself as a keepsake. The enlightened Gestapo wanted to put this case on the conveyor - you put a political officer in a bag, and you pull out a policeman. But the experiment failed. Of the hundreds of people executed, only 2 or 3 were weak and pulled the rope. Ho and they after a while laid hands on themselves, since they could not walk on native land as a traitor. In fact, the experiment did not fail, but confirmed once again that genuine masculinity not only permeates the entire conscious structure of the personality, but also captures the area of ​​the subconscious (and maybe the area of ​​the unconscious, where masculinity is fixed at the level of archetypes). Grandfather also said that a report was compiled on the materials of the experiment and sent to headquarters. Based on this report, relevant decisions were taken. In particular, from the end of 1944, communists were no longer tortured, since an appropriate badge was put in the personal files of prisoners, indicating that this person was a convinced communist (in the context of the problem under consideration, this meant a real man) and torture was a waste of time. Therefore, such a person is only subject to immediate destruction.
From everything, one conclusion can be drawn that true masculinity is not subject to all considerations of prudence and common sense. In the situation of “being a man in the face of death”, a person must cast aside all the arguments generated by modern life and act in accordance with some ancient motivational programs. It was these ancient programs that constantly pushed

men (even against their will) at the forefront of the evolutionary process.
Imagine that people who suffocated in a bag somehow survived. How would the experienced existential state affect their personality? Would they come out of the bag the same or would there be some kind of transformation?
Practice shows that the experience of borderline states leads to the "conversion" of the personality. The person himself begins to feel different, changed. Something opens up to him that does not allow him to lead his former way of life, he really already thinks, feels and understands in a different way. The basic reasons for the main actions of a person are the state discovered and experienced by him in existential experience, and not the usual motives determined by the environment. This means that the existential state experienced by a person (the reasons for which are usually hidden from us) itself becomes the cause of subsequent events.
It is important to emphasize that the influence of the social on biological processes in states of tension is carried out primarily through mental, in particular motivational and emotional components of activity, their specific content. Along with the examples just given, this can also be confirmed by works from the field of prevention and overcoming the negative effects of mental tension, which show the possibility of conscious regulation of certain vegetative processes, which leads to an increase in the functionality of the physiological systems of a disabled person, their compensation and, on this basis, an increase in resistance to influencing stimulation. Moreover, it can be said that under certain conditions a person can restrain the manifestations of his bodily being at their greatest tension, as if to suppress them and, to a certain extent, go beyond the limits of biological laws.
This means that the effect of a stressor is not limited to its specific action, but is also due to the psychological characteristics of a person. Thus, immediate danger to life, severe pain, which are recognized as effective stressors, may not be such in connection with the performance of a certain role or, for example, in connection with religious or ideological motives. Psychology of races
11. The school of burning believes a large number of studies indicating that. that motivational, intellectual and other psychological characteristics person, his life experience, amount of knowledge, etc. significantly correct the influence of the objective properties of the stimulus. For example, in works on the study of the mental states of skydivers, it has been repeatedly shown that the degree of fear before a jump positively correlates with a lack of faith in one's strength and lack of experience, in particular, the ability to fight against the wind during the jump.
Even more striking confirmation are the data obtained by American psychologists. The study was conducted on recruit soldiers. The situations of "crash" and forced landing of the aircraft were simulated. The subjects were in a DS-3 twin-engine military aircraft. Each of the passengers had a headphone connection with the cockpit.
Before boarding, each participant in the experiment was given a 10-minute study brochure with instructions - a list necessary action in case of a possible disaster. In addition, as required by the charter of the Air Force, each participant in the flight, under the control of the aircraft commander, put on a life belt and a parachute. At about 5,000 feet, the plane began to roll as it climbed. All the subjects saw that one of the propellers stopped rotating, and through the headphones they learned about other problems. Then they were told directly that a critical situation had developed. The subjects, as if by chance, hear through the headphones an alarming conversation between the pilot and the ground observation post, which finally leaves no doubt about the reality of the situation. Since the plane was flying near the airfield, the subjects could see trucks and ambulances arriving on the runway, i.e. that on earth they clearly expect a crash and are preparing to provide assistance. A few minutes later, the order came to prepare for splashdown in the open ocean due to the failure of the landing gear. Some time later, the plane landed safely at the airport. In general, the experimental situation was perceived as real, strong emotional experiences were observed associated with the fear of death or injury (“numb with horror”), etc. However, some of the test subjects did not notice these phenomena: some of them had extensive flying experience and were able to determine the staged nature of the danger, while others were confident in their ability to survive the "impending catastrophe", to overcome it.
This gives grounds to believe that the main role in the emergence of a threat belongs not so much to objective danger and objective opportunities to counter this danger, but to how a person perceives the situation, evaluates his capabilities, i.e. subjective factor. If a person believes in himself, in his abilities, he can handle the most difficult and extreme situations.

According to the rescue services of different countries, about 80% of people in moments of danger fall into a stupor, 10% begin to panic, and only the remaining 10% quickly pull themselves together and act to escape. See how a clear understanding of the situation and self-control help a person survive in any, even the wildest conditions.

The 17-year-old girl was one of the passengers of the plane that flew over the Peruvian selva in 1971. Lightning hit the plane, and it fell apart right in the air. Only 15 of the 92 passengers managed to survive after the fall, but all but Julian were seriously injured and died before help arrived. Only she was lucky - the crowns of the trees softened the blow, and, despite the fracture of the collarbone and torn ligaments in the knee, the girl, fastened to the seat and falling with him, remained alive. Yuliana wandered through the thickets for 9 days, and she managed to reach the river, along which a group of local hunters was swimming. They fed her, gave her first aid and took her to the hospital. All the time spent in the selva, the girl was inspired by the example of her father, who was an experienced extreme sportsman and walked the path from Recife (Brazil) to Lima, the capital of Peru.

Spouses from the UK in 1973 spent 117 days in the open ocean. The couple went on a trip on their yacht, and for several months everything was fine, but a whale attacked the ship off the coast of New Zealand. The yacht received a hole and began to sink, but Maurice and Marilyn managed to escape on an inflatable raft, taking documents, canned food, a water container, knives and a few other necessary things that came to hand. The food ended very quickly, and the couple ate plankton and raw fish - they caught it on homemade pin hooks. Almost four months later, they were picked up by North Korean fishermen - by that time both husband and wife were almost completely exhausted, so salvation came at the last minute. On their raft, the Baileys covered more than 2,000 km.

An 11-year-old boy showed an amazing example of endurance and self-control in an extreme situation. The light-engine plane, in which Norman's father and his girlfriend were, the pilot, as well as Norman himself, crashed into a mountain at an altitude of 2.6 km and crashed. The father and the pilot died on the spot, the girl tried to go down the glacier and fell down. Fortunately, Ollestad Sr. was an experienced extreme sportsman and taught his son survival skills. Norman built a kind of skis found in the mountains and safely went down - it took about 9 hours. Growing up and becoming a writer, Norman Ollestad recounted this incident in Mad About the Storm, which became a bestseller.

A traveler from Israel, together with his friend Kevin, was rafting in Bolivia, they were carried to a waterfall. After the fall, both survived, but Kevin almost immediately managed to get ashore, and Yossi was carried away down the river. As a result, the 21-year-old guy found himself alone in a wild forest far from civilization. Once a jaguar attacked him, but with the help of a torch, the young man managed to drive the beast away. Yosi ate berries, bird eggs, snails. At this time, the rescue team that Kevin gathered immediately after the incident was looking for him - after 19 days, the search was successful. One of the plots of the popular Discovery Channel program "I Shouldn't Have Survived" was dedicated to this case.

A policeman from Italy in 1994 decided to take part in the "Marathon de Sables" - a six-day 250-kilometer race in the Sahara desert. Caught in a severe sandstorm, he lost his direction and eventually got lost. 39-year-old Mauro did not lose heart, but continued to move - he drank his own urine, and ate snakes and plants that he managed to find in the bed of a dry river. Once Mauro came across an abandoned Muslim shrine where bats were found - he began to catch them and drink their blood. After 5 days, it was discovered by a family of nomads. As a result, Mauro Prosperi walked 300 km in 9 days, losing 18 kg during the journey.

The Australian lost almost half his weight during forced wanderings through the deserts of the northern part of the continent. His car broke down and he walked to the nearest settlement, but did not know how far or in what direction it was. He walked day after day, eating grasshoppers, frogs and leeches. Then Ricky built himself a shelter out of branches and waited for help. Luckily for Ricky, it was rainy season, so he didn't have much trouble drinking water. As a result, it was discovered by people from one of the cattle farms located in the area. They described him as a "walking skeleton" - before his adventure, Ricky weighed just over 100 kg, and when he was sent to the hospital, where he spent six days, his body weight was 48 kg.

Two 34-year-old Frenchmen in 2007 survived seven weeks in the wilderness of Guiana, eating frogs, centipedes, turtles and tarantulas. The first three weeks, friends lost in the forest, spent on the spot, building a shelter - they hoped that they would be found, but then they realized that the dense crowns of trees would not allow them to be seen from the air. Then the guys hit the road in search of the nearest housing. At the end of the journey, when, according to their calculations, they had no more than two days to go, Guillem became very ill, and Luke went alone to fetch help as quickly as possible. Indeed, he soon went out to civilization and, together with the rescuers, returned to his partner - for both the adventure ended happily.

A tourist from France survived after falling from a height of about 20 meters, and then spent 11 days in the mountains in northeastern Spain. A 62-year-old woman fell behind the group and got lost. She tried to climb down, but fell into a hollow. She could not get out of there, so she had to spend almost two weeks in the wilderness waiting for help - she ate leaves and drank rainwater. On the 11th day, rescuers spotted Teresa's red T-shirt from a helicopter and rescued her.

A 29-year-old ship's chef from Nigeria spent almost three days under water on a sunken ship. The tug got into a storm 30 kilometers from the coast, was badly damaged and quickly sank - at that time Okene was in the hold. He felt his way around the compartments and found the so-called air bag - a "pocket" that was not filled with water. Harrison was wearing only shorts and was chest-deep in water - he was cold, but he could breathe, and that was the main thing. Harrison Okene prayed every second - the day before, his wife sent him the text of one of the psalms in SMS, which he repeated to himself. There was not much oxygen in the air bag, but it was enough until the rescuers arrived, who could not get to the ship immediately because of the storm. The remaining 11 crew members died - Harrison Okene was the only survivor.

A 72-year-old Arizona woman survived 9 days in the wild. An elderly woman went to visit her grandchildren on March 31, 2016 in a hybrid car, but it ran out of charge when she drove through completely deserted places. Her phone did not catch the network, and she decided to climb higher to call the rescue service, but in the end she got lost. A dog and a cat traveled with Ann - on April 3, the police, who were already searching, found a car and a cat sitting in it. On April 9, a dog was found and the inscription Help (help), lined with stones. Beneath one of them was a note from Ann, dated April 3rd. On the same day, rescuers found first a makeshift shelter, and a little later - Ann herself.

Boris Tikhonovich Chuvin

Man in an emergency

Reviewers:

VC. Reshetnyak - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Scientific and Educational Medical Center under the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation, M.L. Kukushkin - doctor of medical sciences, professor, head. Pain Pathophysiology Laboratory, Research Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; V.M. Tatarnikov – Candidate of Medical Sciences, Colonel of the Medical Service, Lecturer in Disaster Medicine

Consultants:

B.N. Pavlov - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head. Laboratory of Hyperbaric Problems of the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences; G.I. Samarin - candidate of medical sciences, head. Laboratory for the Development and Implementation of Biomedical Programs of the Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM

At the basis of all the catastrophes of the current civilization lies the low moral and scientific culture of the society, which neglects the ancient moral codes of conscience, honor, shame and kindness.

V. Yagodinsky

Earth, as a planet in the solar system, has existed for about 5 billion years. Life, as a phenomenon, originating on Earth almost 4 billion years ago, has gone through a complex and long path of evolution. But long is in our, human understanding. On a cosmic scale, 4 billion years is a short span, a "moment", compared to eternity...

And yet this "instant" was enough to go from the first cell to the thinking matter, capable of creating a civilization.

The phenomenon of life on a cosmic scale is hardly limited to our planet, although no traces of extraterrestrial life have been found in space and on Earth to this day. Nevertheless, an analysis of the evolution of living systems on our planet shows that the forms of life manifestations in the Universe can be very diverse, unique for each particular galaxy or star-planetary system, and at the same time, in some respects, similar in such properties as the desire for organization , self-regulation, reproduction, evolution and expansion.

Moreover, the emergence and development of thinking life forms cannot be the result of a random enumeration of possible combinations. cell structures capable of processing, accumulating and transmitting information.

It is very likely that in the Universe there exists and from time to time a certain “Program of Life” is unfolding, into which the emergence and evolution of thinking matter is built, Mind.

In any case, today there are a fairly large number of hypotheses based on data from paleontology, cosmology, astrophysics, evolutionary biology and confirming the above.

An inquisitive reader can be addressed in this matter to such outstanding researchers as V.I. Vernadsky, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, E. Schrödinger, I.S. Shklovsky, W. Friedman, R. Penrose, V.V. Nalimov, who made a significant contribution to the formation of a scientific worldview about the origin of the Universe, Life and Mind.

While this book does not purport to be an exhaustive scientific literature on the issue of the emergence and evolution of life, I would like to note the following: in almost all the works of the above authors, not only the uniqueness of existing life forms is noted, but also an amazing combination of stability of protective and adaptive mechanisms with fragility, exposure to the effects of those environmental factors that inevitably accompany development technocratically oriented civilization.

Stability, stability, on the one hand, and plasticity, the dynamics of the mechanisms that ensure the homeostasis of a living system, on the other hand, it is precisely in this unity of two seemingly opposite processes that the riddle (or clue!) of the amazing ability of living systems to evolve, diversity lies. forms and expansion.

Of course, the adaptive-protective mechanisms of complex multicellular organisms are much more diverse and "sophisticated" than those of the simplest, unicellular creatures. These mechanisms must take into account and coordinate in time and space the work of hundreds, or even billions of cells, manifesting themselves as a single whole - the body.

But at the same time, the life or death of the whole organism may depend on an adequate reaction or, on the contrary, on the failure of a single cell in this organism.

Before the appearance of man, the process of formation and development of the biosphere on our planet took place in accordance with the initially set fundamental laws and constants of the Universe. The role of random factors of cosmic or terrestrial origin, such as encounters with fireballs, comets and other large cosmic bodies, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, changes in the radiation background, etc., undoubtedly contributed to the appearance or disappearance of certain species in the world of plants and animals. But in general, and this is evidenced by paleontological data, the evolution of life on Earth “fitted” into certain time and geophysical frames.

The animal and plant world of the planet Earth for the entire time of its existence (before man!) Only adapted to changing environmental conditions.

With the advent of Homo Sapiens, the situation began to change radically. Man, using more and more advanced tools, has become actively change the very environment of its existence.

In his irrepressible desire to master the energy, the speed of movement, to expand the sphere of comfort of being and to satisfy the ever-increasing demands for life, man has already approached the line beyond which the real danger of not only self-destruction as a species is clearly visible, but also the destruction of the very cradle of life - the planet. Earth.

The environmental situation today is such that the efforts of individual, technically the most developed and, at first glance, the most prosperous countries (in social terms) are insufficient even to stop the global destruction of the biosphere, not to mention its restoration. The human mind has penetrated the secrets of the structure of matter, deciphered the DNA code, is close to the complete decoding of the human genome, it has created a truly powerful apparatus for cognition and control of the flows of matter, energy and information - science and technology, but it turned out to be powerless in the face of ambitions and its own indefatigable human demands. And even such planetary organizations as the UN, WHO, UNESCO, GRINPIS, etc. turned out to be powerless to change anything in the inexorably impending catastrophe. It is enough to read the annually published bulletins of the UN Environmental Commission to make sure that all of the above is true. At the same time, every critically thinking person is well aware that the true state of affairs is much worse than it follows from official, albeit very competent sources.

And in this regard, the most alarming situation is developing in Russia, where over the past two decades much more has been destroyed than built. The same can be said about the CIS countries that were previously part of the USSR.

The excess of mortality over the birth rate, the “rejuvenation” of such serious diseases as oncological, cardiovascular diseases, diseases associated with a profound impairment of immunity, etc. - this is not a complete list of "diseases of civilization."

Stresses associated primarily with the social uncertainty of a society thrown into the "epoch of wild capitalism" lead to a rapid increase in diseases in the mental sphere. Drug addiction, alcoholism flourished, not to mention the frank rampant banditry, organized crime and other ulcers of the "transitional period". And what's next?.. What awaits us tomorrow, our children and grandchildren? Country and, finally, on a global scale - all of humanity?

Can anything be opposed to the impending Apocalypse?

Serious analysis reveals that it turns out... you can still. And not only is it possible, but really necessary! But this will become possible only when not individual professionals and specialists in the field of sociology, economics, politics, ecology will have clear and honestly reasoned ideas about the causes of the developing crisis, but every person, regardless of age, social class, religion, education or the absence of such.

Extreme situations break into our lives not only in such unforeseen catastrophes as the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the tragedy with the Kursk submarine, or the awakening of a volcano in Kamchatka. These situations, alas, are already deeply planned. The scale of international terrorism and its frightening regularity suggests that humanity is deeply hurt. The tragedy of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, the war in Chechnya - all these are links in one chain. And every person living today is not immune from what may happen to him tomorrow...

Human behavior in different extreme situations can be different:

People experience fear, a sense of danger and confusion,

Experiencing feelings of impasse, experiencing discomfort

They behave recklessly, apathetically, do not look for a way out of the current situation,

Others, on the contrary, are in a hurry to make a rash decision.

In an extreme situation, it is necessary to concentrate, calm down, begin to analyze, evaluate and, if possible, control the situation. Under these conditions, it is necessary to communicate constructively and positively with others, use relaxation techniques, and have an idea of ​​survival and safety.

In extreme conditions, a person must focus on studying the situation, on the specific situation in which he is. You need to know that danger can come from anywhere, so it is difficult to predict. With an unexpected turn of events, the main thing is not to get confused, to adequately perceive the event. Practice shows that in emergency situations, a person temporarily experiences a state of confusion, when he does not perceive what he sees and hears, and the perception of his surroundings decreases.

However, a person quickly masters and begins to perceive what is happening adequately. Later comes a state of fatigue and overwork. In these states, the level of anxiety should not be allowed to become unbearable, because. it leads to breakdowns aggressive behavior against others and even against himself. A constant state of tension is dangerous for human health, because. quickly depletes his psycho-physiological capabilities and leads to errors in behavior.

An experienced person who has experienced or worked previously in crisis conditions feels better protected and experiences less stress. However, this phenomenon can be not only positive, but also carries negative consequences, because constant threat provokes nervous tension of the body.

It is very important to correctly navigate the real and imaginary threats and learn how to overcome fear.

In extreme conditions, a person develops a complex of reactions that mobilizes the entire psychophysiological potential. It is he who helps to gain support, master oneself and cope with the situation, and sometimes do what seems beyond human strength. Help always inspires trust and respect for a person. This might come in handy. One of the main tasks is to avoid injury. But if, nevertheless, such a nuisance happened to you, do not panic and do not rush to say goodbye to life.

Realize that the worst is behind you. You are alive and must survive. Keep in mind that, according to statistics, a greater number of those who die from wounds are people who panicked. They die from fear, from shock, and not from the consequences of injury. Predicting the development of the situation in disaster zones is a dubious occupation. Anything can happen. Do not embark on adventures associated with penetration into the lesion. Don't play with death.

During accidents, catastrophes, natural disasters and other emergencies, massive injuries to people can occur suddenly and simultaneously. A huge number of the wounded and affected will need first aid. There are simply not enough professionals - nurses and doctors for each victim, and they may not always arrive in the disaster area quickly, as the situation requires. That is why immediate assistance can only be provided by those who are next to the victim in the order of mutual assistance, or by the victim himself, if he is able, in the order of self-help.

Explosions during terrorist attacks, fires, earthquakes, floods, landslides, traffic accidents - they all lead, as a rule, to numerous victims. The role of timely and skillfully provided medical care is undeniable. Its main and main principle is the prevention and mitigation of dangerous consequences. First aid is provided at the site of injury, and its type is determined by the nature of the damage, the condition of the victim and the specific situation in the emergency zone.

The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations

The problem of the state, behavior and activities of people in extreme situations with a vital threat in recent years has been a serious concern for scientists and practitioners around the world. However, until now, the main attention of researchers has been directed mainly to studying the consequences of such situations - medical, psychological, economic, socio-political, etc. Probably, it should be recognized that, despite the significant amount of sufficiently substantiated data on the impact of various extreme factors and features of the organization of rescue and anti-terrorist operations, a number of aspects of the problem, in particular, the dynamics of the state and behavior of victims and hostages, so far belong to the least studied. At the same time, it is the specifics of the reactions of the victims, as well as their dynamics over time, that largely determine the strategy and tactics of anti-terrorist operations, rescue, medical, and medical-psychological measures, both immediately during an emergency and in the future.

The results of a study of people exposed to extreme factors during military, anti-terrorist operations and disasters

In the abstract, we will consider the generalized results of studying the state, mental and behavioral reactions, as well as the activities of people exposed to extreme factors. These data were obtained by M.M. Reshetnikov in the process of research carried out during and after military operations accompanied by significant losses in Afghanistan (1986), an earthquake in Armenia (1988), a catastrophe of two passenger trains as a result of a gas explosion near Ufa (1989), rescue of the crew of the Komsomolets submarine ( 1989), as well as surveys of servicemen and rescuers who are undergoing rehabilitation after anti-terrorist operations and an analytical study of materials from other similar situations.

Due to the specifics of the conditions and taking into account ethical principles, the examination involved mainly victims, military personnel and rescuers who either did not need emergency medical care, or belonged to the category of victims with mild and moderate severity of injuries. Because of this, most of the data obtained were characterized by a certain fragmentation, and integral representations were formed by comparing disparate observations.

The data obtained made it possible to distinguish in the dynamics of the state of the victims (without severe grasses) 6 successive stages:

1. "Vital reactions" - lasting from a few seconds to 5 - 15 minutes, when behavior is almost completely subordinated to the imperative of preserving one's own life, with a characteristic narrowing of consciousness, a reduction in moral norms and restrictions, disturbances in the perception of time intervals and the strength of external and internal stimuli (including phenomena of psychogenic hypo- and analgesia even in injuries accompanied by bone fractures, wounds and burns of the 1st or 2nd degree up to 40% of the body surface). During this period, the implementation of predominantly instinctive forms of behavior is characteristic, subsequently turning into a short-term (nevertheless, with very wide variability) state of stupor. The duration and severity of vital reactions largely depend on the suddenness of the impact of the extreme factor. For example, during sudden powerful tremors, as during an earthquake in Armenia, or a train wreck near Ufa at night, when most passengers were asleep, there were cases when, realizing the instinct of self-preservation, people jumped out of the windows of staggering houses or burning cars, onto some seconds "forgetting" about their loved ones. But, if at the same time they did not receive significant damage, after a few seconds social regulation was restored, and they again rushed into collapsing buildings or flaming wagons. If it was not possible to save loved ones, this determined the course of all subsequent stages, the specifics of the state and the prognosis of psychopathology for a very long period. Subsequent attempts at rational dissuasion that instinctive forms of behavior cannot be resisted or counteracted turned out to be ineffective. Appealing to the latest tragic events, it should be recognized that, in part, a similar situation was observed after the sudden explosion of a mine and the start of a mass execution of hostages.

2. "The stage of acute psycho-emotional shock with the phenomena of overmobilization." This stage, as a rule, developed after a short-term state of stupor, lasted from 3 to 5 hours and was characterized by general mental stress, extreme mobilization of psychophysiological reserves, aggravation of perception and an increase in the speed of thought processes, manifestations of reckless courage (especially when saving loved ones) with a simultaneous decrease in critical assessment of the situation, but maintaining the ability to expedient activities. The emotional state during this period was dominated by a feeling of despair, accompanied by sensations of dizziness and headache, as well as palpitations, dry mouth, thirst and shortness of breath. Behavior during this period is subordinated almost exclusively to the imperative of saving loved ones with the subsequent implementation of ideas about morality, professional and official duty. Despite the presence of rational components, it is during this period that panic reactions and the infection of others are most likely, which can significantly complicate rescue operations. Up to 30% of the surveyed, with a subjective assessment of the deterioration of the condition, simultaneously noted an increase in physical strength and working capacity by 1.5–2 or more times. The end of this stage can be either prolonged, with the gradual appearance of a feeling of exhaustion, or come on suddenly, instantly, when people who have just been actively acting are in a state close to stupor or fainting, regardless of the situation.

3. "Stage of psychophysiological demobilization" - its duration is up to three days. In the absolute majority of cases, the onset of this stage was associated with an understanding of the scale of the tragedy (“stress of awareness”) and contacts with the seriously injured and the bodies of the dead, as well as the arrival of rescue and medical teams. The most characteristic for this period were a sharp deterioration in well-being and psycho-emotional state with a predominance of a feeling of confusion (up to a state of a kind of prostration), individual panic reactions (often irrational, but realized without any energy potential), a decrease in the moral normative behavior, refusal from any activity and motivation for it. At the same time, pronounced depressive tendencies, disturbances in the function of attention and memory were observed (as a rule, the examined people cannot remember at all what they were doing at that time, but, naturally, these gaps are then “filled in”). Of the complaints during this period, the leading ones were nausea, "heaviness" in the head, discomfort from the gastrointestinal tract, lack of appetite, severe weakness, slowing and difficulty in breathing, tremor of the extremities.

4. The subsequent dynamics of the state and well-being of the victims is largely determined by the specifics of the impact of extreme factors, the injuries received and the moral and psychological situation after the tragic events. Following the “psychophysiological demobilization” (with a relatively high individual variability of terms), the development of the 4th stage, the “resolution stage” (from 3 to 12 days), was observed with sufficient constancy. During this period, according to the subjective assessment, the mood and well-being gradually stabilized. However, according to the results of objective data and included observation, the absolute majority of the examined patients retained a reduced emotional background, limited contacts with others, hypomimia (masque of the face), a decrease in the intonational coloring of speech, slowness of movements, sleep and appetite disturbances, as well as various psychosomatic reactions (mainly from the side of cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and hormonal sphere). By the end of this period, most of the victims had a desire to “speak out”, which was implemented selectively, directed mainly at persons who were not eyewitnesses of the tragic events, and was accompanied by some agitation. This phenomenon, which is part of the system of natural psychological defense mechanisms (“rejection of memories through their verbalization”), in a number of cases brought significant relief to the victims. At the same time, dreams that were absent in previous periods were restored, including those of disturbing and nightmarish content, which in various ways transformed the impressions of tragic events.

Against the background of subjective signs of some improvement in the condition, a further decrease in psychophysiological reserves (by the type of hyperactivation) was objectively noted, the phenomena of overwork progressively increased, and indicators of physical and mental performance significantly decreased.

5. The “recovery stage” of the psychophysiological state (5th) began mainly from the end of the second week after exposure to the extreme factor and was initially most clearly manifested in behavioral responses: interpersonal communication became more active, began to normalize emotional coloring speech and facial reactions, for the first time jokes appeared that evoked an emotional response from others, dreams were restored in most of the examined. In the state of the physiological sphere, no positive dynamics were revealed at this stage either. Clinical forms of psychopathology, with the exception of transient and situational reactions, were not observed in the "acute" period (up to two weeks) after exposure to extreme factors. The main forms of transient psychopathology (according to the leading feature) in victims, as a rule, are: astheno-depressive states - 56%; psychogenic stupor - 23%; general psychomotor agitation - 11%; pronounced negativism with autism phenomena — 4%; delusional-hallucinatory reactions (mainly during the sleepy period) - 3%; inadequacy, euphoria - 3%.

6. At a later date (in a month), 12% - 22% of the victims had persistent sleep disturbances, unmotivated fears, recurring nightmares, obsessions, delusional-hallucinatory states, and some others, and signs of astheno-neurotic reactions in combination with psychosomatic disorders activities of the gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular and endocrine systems were determined in 75% of the victims ("stage of delayed reactions"). At the same time, internal and external conflictogenicity was growing, requiring special approaches.

Appealing to the events in Beslan, it should be recognized that the severity and dynamics of the condition of the victims can be significantly different. When a person loses his parents, the world becomes empty, but, nevertheless, no matter how bitter it is, this corresponds to ordinary ideas and the natural course of events. When children die, all the colors of the world fade, for many years and decades, and sometimes forever.

A few words about the modification of society. The increase in basic anxiety and the deterioration of the psycho-physiological state of people, even those who are thousands of kilometers away from the tragedy, is a well-known fact, which is based on the inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion of the subject in any observation. It would be worth emphasizing - it is "observation" (or "visual series", the broadcast of which, it seems, should be "dosed" against the background of full meaningful coverage of events). The inevitable psycho-emotional inclusion forms the phenomenon of "participation" and subsequent identifications. The main form of identification in the cultural community is identification with victims and victims, which suggests the need for broad social therapy. However, in some cases, defensive-unconscious "identification with the aggressor" is possible (especially in young people), which can lead to an increase in delinquency and crime.

After such tragic situations, as a rule, the unity of the nation increases and at the same time people feel the need for some striking changes so that everything in life becomes more honest, nobler, sincere, better than it was before, which imposes special obligations on representatives of all state bodies.

During the fire, saving the belongings acquired over a lifetime, a wizened, slender old woman dragged a huge chest from the second floor of the burning house. After the fire, two young guys with difficulty managed to put it back in its original place. One polar explorer, while repairing an aircraft, saw a polar bear behind him, gently pushing him with his paw, as if inviting him to turn around. In the next second, a man was standing (!) On the wing of the plane. Didn't climb on it, didn't pull up, no. Stood.

WHAT the body will not do when it comes to life and death. Fear and self-preservation are great stimulants. They can make our spine withstand a load of 10 tons, the respiratory rate will increase 4 times, instead of 35 capillaries per centimeter in a calm state, 3 thousand will earn in an extreme one. What about our brain? It functions only at 5 - 7% of its capabilities. What do the other 95% do and in general why does a person need such a physical and mental reserve and why not use it all the time?

No, experts say, you can't. This reserve is a guarantee of our survival, the biological protection of the body, which is very carefully guarded and can be used once or twice in a lifetime in order to save us from death in an extreme situation, or may even turn out to be unclaimed. After all, extreme situations are also different. On the one hand, we all now live in an extreme situation - stress, uncertainty, nervous strain. British scientists have recently applied to the Association of Independent Science at Moscow State University. In their opinion, the experience of survival in our country is unique. A person does not constantly pull tons of cargo on himself, does not overheat at a 100-degree temperature. But no Western citizen could live long under conditions like ours without harming his health. Are we wasting our stock? Of course. But this happens somehow imperceptibly, but if we take a situation where everything changes suddenly, unexpectedly, instantly. The threat to life is colossal, death is inevitable, and now ...

MIRACLES OF SILENTNESS

A WOMAN lifts a car with her child under it. An elderly man jumps over a two-meter fence, although he was not an athlete even in his younger years. There is a known case when in flight under the pedal in the cockpit a nail fell out of nowhere, the control jammed. Saving himself and the car, the pilot pressed the pedal so hard that he cut off the bolt. Where do forces come from? And unprecedented speed in movements? Many are capable of incredible things at such moments and manage to do such a gigantic amount of work in a few moments, which is simply unrealistic to perform or repeat under normal conditions. True, people who found themselves in such situations, when everything can be decided by a moment, testified that time, as it were, stretched out, slowed down, allowing a person to save a life. For example, in a man who worked on a drilling flock, the mitten slightly touched the drill, it began to be tightened, and with it, of course, his hand. A partner who was nearby at that moment later said that the worker tried to press the button with his shoulder to stop the machine, but missed. The drill continued to "slowly" rotate and twist his arm. Then the partner again slowly raised his hand and pressed the button. "Immediately the noise and roar of the shop broke in (and he somehow left imperceptibly) ... All this took 1 / 8-1 / 9 seconds, and subjectively lasted 25-30 seconds."

According to experts, one should not assume that people stimulated by a sense of fear showed miracles of quickness and repeatedly increased the speed of their movements. There are several versions of why this happens. For example, this: if there is a biofield around every person, then why not assume that in a moment of mortal danger, we, without realizing it, are able to use its energy reserve. What if the instantaneous release of this energy will lead to a change in the environment, space, even time, as in the case of a machine tool?

It is likely that the organism reacts to such situations with instantaneous behavior. So why can't this energy also change the environment?

THE SUBCONSCIOUSNESS WILL SAVE

IF this theory is adhered to, it is likely that, having once used up its reserve, the body needs to restore it. Even at the beginning of the century, psychiatrist G. Shumkov believed that this would take at least a day, and a meeting with danger at that time was death. Doesn't this explain why we suddenly don't want to do something or go somewhere? Maybe this is how we subconsciously try to avoid danger. There is, for example, evidence of the paradoxical behavior of the military, impeccable professionals and fearless people, suddenly, without explanation, at some point felt a categorical impossibility to fulfill their professional duty. The regimental commander saw action many times and was considered a brave officer. Once having received an order: “Tomorrow come forward and take such and such a position,” the colonel came to the brigade infirmary and said: “I want to lie down, I can’t go to the position.” The temperature is normal internal organs without changes. Night slept well. The next day ... calmly went to the position. The question is, what was he ill with?.. And was it a manifestation of cowardice or the result of a sober subconscious assessment of his capabilities?

Ordinary people resort to their emergency reserve quite rarely. And if this person is healthy, the body will cope with unusual loads, but if some kind of pathology is dormant in you, they can provoke a disease. Any extreme exposure is stress, and stress tends to leave its mark. It is very difficult to determine exactly what the body is capable of in stressful situations with the help of experiments. Whatever burdens a person endures, it is likely that in mortal danger, new opportunities will appear in him. In addition, each person inherits from his parents certain inclinations, the range of which can be quite large and vary by 10-20 times.

Nevertheless, it is pleasant to realize that somewhere in the depths of you lurk unprecedented forces, that you have a colossal memory and unlimited possibilities, which in an incredibly difficult, tense situation of mortal danger will save your life. But if in order to find out what the reserve of these possibilities is, one must get into just such a situation, let it be better to be inviolable ...