Which word fits the phonetic description: sonorous, solid, consonant; unstressed vowel; voiced hard consonant; stressed vowel; sonorous. Characteristics of consonants on the basis of "hardness-softness" Sonorant hard consonant unstressed vowel
Phonetics(from the Greek phone - “sound”, phonetikos - “sound, voice”) - the sound structure of the language in all its manifestations and functions.
Language is realized, materially embodied, physically expressed in sounding speech. The speech stream is divided with the help of pauses, intonation and stress into speech units. The largest unit of sounding speech is phrase. Phrases are separated in the speech chain by pauses and are formed by intonation, that is, they have a special melodic pattern (raising or lowering the voice tone).
The phrase is divided into smaller phonetic units - phonetic words, or measures. phonetic word- this is a group of syllables, united by stress (highlighting the vowel sound of one of the syllables with a more intense or prolonged pronunciation). Sometimes several separate grammatical words can be combined with a common stress into one phonetic word: three years "yes, for nothing etc.
The phonetic word is divided into syllables. A syllable consists of one sound (vowel) or a combination of several sounds (vowel and consonants), while the vowel is the top of the syllable or, in other words, performs a syllable-forming function. It is much easier for speakers to pronounce a syllable than a single sound, so the syllable is considered the minimum pronunciation unit.
The syllable is divided into sounds. The basic unit of sounding speech (the minimum segment of sounding speech) is a separate sound, which has certain articulatory and acoustic properties. Speech sounds differ from each other by various phonetic characteristics: sounds can be voiced or deaf, long or short, etc.
In the flow of speech, various sounds are combined with each other, forming syllables, morphemes, words, while they adapt to each other, influence each other, significantly changing the phonetic characteristics of their “neighbors”. In addition, sounds can alternate with each other as part of a word or morpheme, changing the meanings of words (for example, whale and cat; dry and dryness etc.) - the rules of such alternations are determined by the sound system of the modern language and the features historical development language (see Sound alternation).
Stress and intonation are prosodic means of the language, they organize sounding speech, highlight and shape phonetic units. For example, the transfer of stress in a Russian word from one syllable to another can change lexical meaning the words (muka - flour, castle - castle) or the grammatical meaning of the word (hands - hands, pour - pour - pour). Different intonation design can also change the meaning of the whole phrase: "What day is today!"(intonation of admiration) or "What day is today?"(questioning intonation). The placement of pauses within a phrase can also drastically change the meaning of the entire statement: “It is impossible to execute - pardon” or “Execute - it is impossible to pardon”.
The phonetic word and phrase are not a meaningless set of sounds, they are associated with meaning, they have meaning. With their meaning, units of language reflect the world of concepts, that is, the idea of speakers about the surrounding reality, and their form (material shell) refers to the world of pronunciations and sounds. Sounds have no independent meaning. Nevertheless, it cannot be said that these phonetic units are just a means of the material embodiment of the language and are in no way, even indirectly, connected with the meaning. Sounds are aimed at meaning, with the help of sounds the meaning of words and morphemes changes: house - tom - com - catfish - scrap, house - smoke - dum - ladies, house - dol - dock, houses - home, etc. Such a minimal semantic unit of the sound structure of a language is called phoneme.
Sounding speech is the initial, main form of speech communication, however, a graphic representation of sounding speech is also often used in society. Thus, questions of writing are closely connected with the doctrine of sounds.
Speech sounds- minimal insignificant units of sounding speech (the shortest segments of sounding speech), which are formed by the movement of the organs of articulation and are characterized by acoustic features.
The flow of sounding speech is divided by means of prosodic design into phonetic units of various lengths. Sound is the smallest, shortest, indivisible unit of speech. Unlike other language units (morphemes, words, sentences), the sound itself has no meaning. However, morphemes and words are composed (composed) of sounds, in addition, sounds can distinguish between different words.
Sound speech is produced by the speaker and perceived by the listener. Sound is an articulatory-acoustic unity. From the point of view of the speaker, the sound is the result of the work of the organs of speech (articulatory apparatus), that is, an articulatory gesture. The complex structure of the human articulatory apparatus allows the formation of an infinite variety of sounds presented in various languages of the world. From the point of view of the listener, the sound of speech is characterized by physical parameters (acoustic) - height, strength, duration and timbre.
Articulatory and acoustic characteristics of sounds are closely interrelated. Speech sounds are produced when air is exhaled from the lungs. The jet of air in the larynx passes through the glottis formed by the vocal cords. If a vocal cords tense and hesitant - a voice is formed; when the vocal cords are relaxed, no voice is formed. In the first case, the source of sound formation is the voice, which characterizes vowel sounds, sonorous and voiced consonants.
The specific characteristics of sounds depend on the size and shape of the mouth resonator (see Fig. vowel sounds), from the place of formation of the obstacle and the way it is overcome by the air jet (see Fig. Consonants).
Vowel sounds- speech sounds, which are characterized by the following most important acoustic and articulatory features: firstly, they consist only of tone (voice), and secondly, when they are formed, there is no obstacle in the way of the air stream.
From an acoustic point of view, vowels consist of only one tone, and different ratios of tone and noise characterize consonants. Thus, if only voice is involved in the formation of sound, it is a vowel, and if noise (only noise or voice and noise) is a consonant.
So, when pronouncing vowel sounds, as a result of the vibration of tense vocal cords in the larynx, a voice, or musical tone, is formed. The resulting sound is transformed, enriched with additional tones formed in the supraglottic cavities (pharynx, nasal and oral cavity). These resonator tones give the sound a specific timbre, a special quality that distinguishes one vowel from another. Since the timbre of any sound, its quality depends on the volume and shape of the resonator (cf. the different volume and shape of resonators for musical instruments: violin, cello and double bass; domra, balalaika, guitar), the timbre of vowel sounds is formed by the position of the tongue and lips, which can change the size and shape of the oral cavity.
The tongue is the most mobile organ of articulation, it can move horizontally and vertically in the oral cavity, thus forming different vowels.
A different degree of raising the tongue to the palate provides a difference in vowels in rise: the highest position of the tongue forms high vowels ( and, s, u), middle position - mid rise vowels ( e, oh), and the lower one - low vowels ( a). The upper vowels are called closed (narrow), and the lower vowels are called open (wide), because with the lower position of the tongue, the mouth opens wider and the lower jaw drops lower. If we pronounce the vowels in succession i, e, a, we can feel the vertical movement of the tongue.
The body of the tongue can also move horizontally - move closer to the teeth or move deeply back, to the root of the tongue, forming front vowels ( i, e), average ( a) and rear ( uh oh). If we pronounce the vowels in succession and, s, u, we can notice the horizontal movement of the tongue.
Lips may also be involved in the formation of vowels. When pronouncing rounded vowels ( uh oh) the lips are somewhat rounded and stretched forward.
When articulating vowels, the air stream does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity, passes freely. The stronger, more intensely we pronounce the vowel sound, the wider we open our mouth. Vowels are mouth openers.
The functional difference between vowels and consonants lies in their role in word formation. The vowel forms the top of the syllable (there is no syllable without a vowel), and the consonant usually accompanies the vowel.
A stressed vowel is a stressed vowel (in a stressed position), pronounced without weakening the articulation, that is, without reduction. This means that the stressed vowel is longer and more intense, pronounced with more force, that is, louder and more intense than the unstressed vowel. The tension and length of articulation contribute to the fact that the individual coloring of the sound, its timbre becomes more definite and clear. Due to this, the position under stress is a strong position for vowels, that is, the position in which the vowels differ the most from each other, they cannot be confused. For example: catfish - himself, forest - foxes.
Unstressed vowel (reduced) - a vowel pronounced with a greater or lesser weakening of articulation. In the unstressed position, vowels are characterized by less force, more sluggish (less energetic) articulation, and usually more brevity. These qualities of unstressed vowels are called reduction. Vowels that are pronounced with reduction are called reduced. The position of the unstressed vowel is weak, since in this position the vowels, pronounced less intensely, usually lose their individual distinctions (in row and rise). With this pronunciation, we sometimes cease to distinguish the meanings of different words. For example: I myself [myself] caught a catfish [myself] or I saw a fox [l'isu] in the forest [l'isu].
Consonants- speech sounds, which are characterized by the following most important acoustic and articulatory features: firstly, they consist only of noise or the ratio of tone and noise, and secondly, when they are formed, an obstacle arises in the path of the air stream.
From the point of view of acoustics, consonants are characterized either by noise alone or by various ratios of tone and noise. According to the scale of sonority (sonority), consonants are divided into sonorous (more tone and less noise), voiced (tone and noise) and deaf (only noise).
From the point of view of articulation, the most important sign of consonant sounds is the presence of an obstacle in the path of the air stream. When consonants are formed, the tension is localized at the place where the barrier is formed, a strong air jet overcomes the barrier, forming noises, which constitute the acoustic characteristic of the consonant.
Since the barrier is the main articulatory characteristic of consonant sounds, the main features of consonants are associated with the place where the barrier is formed and the way it is overcome.
Consonants are different place of education barriers. The place of formation (consonant) is a place in the oral cavity where a barrier (bow) or a gap is formed in the path of exhaled air when pronouncing a particular sound. An obstruction can form in different places of the oral cavity, while one of the speech organs that form the obstruction is active, and the other is passive. So, for example, the lower lip can form a bow with another lip - this produces lip-labial sounds ( m, b), and may approach the upper teeth - labial-tooth sounds ( f, in). The tongue is the most active organ of articulation, so it is important to consider which part of the tongue - front, middle or back - works when pronouncing a sound. Depending on this, sounds are front-lingual ( t, n, l), middle-lingual ( th) and posterior lingual ( k, g, x).
The consonants differ from each other not only in the place of the formation of an obstacle in the path of the air stream, but also in the way of overcoming this obstacle. By way of education all consonants can be divided into slotted and occlusive. Fricative (or fricative) consonants are formed by bringing together the organs of articulation, as a result of which a gap is formed through which a stream of air passes with noise and friction. Depending on the configuration of the gap (the gap can be round or flat) and the place of its formation in the oral cavity, whistling ( With and h) or hissing ( sh and and) sounds.
In stop consonants, a complete stop is formed on the path of the air stream, which is overcome by the air stream. Stop consonants, in turn, differ in how exactly the barrier is overcome. When articulating explosive consonants ( t, k, p) there is a sharp opening of the organs of articulation, an “explosion”. affricates(sounds complex education – c, h) are occlusive-slit consonants, since the air stream first overcomes an obstacle, as in plosives, and then a gap is formed, as in slotted ones. When articulating nasal consonants ( m, n) the barrier in the oral cavity is not overcome, and the air passes into the nasal cavity, when pronouncing trembling sounds ( R) alternately forms and overcomes the bow of the tip of the tongue with the sky, forming a vibration.
Noise is involved in the formation of any consonant, but the ratio of voice and noise for different types of consonants is not the same. Depending on this, consonants are divided into sonorous, voiced and deaf.
In order to pronounce a consonant sound more intensively, it is necessary to increase the tension of the organs of articulation that form an obstacle, that is, consonant sounds - mouth-switches.
Consonant sonorant (sonant) - a consonant sound in the formation of which the voice predominates or occupies a significant place. Sonorant consonants, like all consonant sounds, are formed with the participation of noises, however sonorants are characterized by the predominance of musical tone over noises. This feature acoustically brings sonorous consonants closer to vowels.
Sonorants are not only acoustically, but also functionally close to vowels - just like vowels, sonorants perform a syllable-forming function.
When sonorous sounds are formed, the air stream encounters an obstacle, but finds various ways to bypass this obstacle - it passes through the nasal cavity ( m, n), or bypasses the bow on the sides ( l), or the bow is repeatedly formed and interrupted ( R), which allows air to pass relatively freely through the mouth or nose. However, the presence of an obstacle in the path of the air jet creates additional noise that is superimposed on the main tone of the sound.
Sonorant consonant th similar in formation to a vowel and, however, when a consonant is formed, there is a greater narrowing in the path of the air stream, which contributes to the formation of slight noise, and the localization of muscle tension at the site of the formation of the consonant.
In Russian, sonorant consonants are sounds m, n, l, r, d. Sounds l and R- smooth and sounds m and n- nasal. Sonorant consonants do not have a voiceless pair.
Voiced consonant- a consonant sound, in the formation of which, along with noise, a voice tone participates. The oscillating vocal cords create a tone that is superimposed by the noise formed by various obstructions in the oral cavity. Voiced consonants: d, b, e, h, f, c. Voiced consonants have a voiceless pair, that is, if, when pronouncing a voiced consonant, we save the place and method of articulation, but pronounce the sound without a voice (without the work of the vocal cords), we will get a deaf sound. There are 11 pairs of consonants in Russian on the basis of voiced-deafness: 6 pairs of solid consonants d - k, e - t, h - s, b - p, c - f, g - w and 6 pairs of corresponding soft consonants.
A deaf consonant is a consonant sound that is formed without a vocal tone, that is, without the participation of the vocal cords. A jet of air on its way meets an obstacle that it overcomes with noise. Thus, the deaf ones are pronounced with more noise, that is, with a more energetic air stream than voiced ones. Voiceless consonants: k, p, t, s, w, f, x, c, h, u. Some deaf consonants have paired voiced, that is, consonants pronounced with the participation of the voice. For example: k - d, p - b and others (6 pairs of solid and 6 pairs soft consonants). However, among the deaf consonants there are sounds that do not have a paired voiced. These are the sounds x, c, h, u.
Soft consonant - a consonant sound, during the formation of which the tongue moves forward and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. This articulatory gesture is an additional articulation that accompanies the main one - the place and method of consonant formation.
Consonants in Russian form 15 pairs, contrasted in hardness / softness: b - b', c - c', g - g', e - d', h - h', k - k', l - l', m - m', n - n', p - p', p - p', s - s', t - t', f - f', x - x'. Unpaired soft sounds are h, w, y, as well as a long sound and', which can be pronounced in words yeast, reins.
In addition, a soft unpaired consonant is th[j]. Indeed, in the formation of a soft consonant, the tongue occupies a position close to that in which it occurs when pronouncing and or th. Therefore, the consonant th softness is not additional, but its main articulation.
Consonant solid- a consonant sound, during the formation of which the body of the tongue moves back, the back of the back of the tongue rises to the soft palate. This is an additional articulation - a movement that accompanies the main articulation of a consonant sound - the place and method of formation of a particular consonant sound. In Russian, 15 hard consonants have a paired soft sound (see. Consonant soft) and unpaired solid consonants: c, w, f.
alternation sounds - interchange of sounds within the same morpheme.
Alternations are found when comparing different sounds of the same morpheme (root, suffix, prefix or ending) or one word. For example, the last consonant in the word oak deafens, and we hear [dup], and when the form of the word changes, the same root sounds differently [oaks]. In this case, the alternation of voiced and deaf consonants (b / p) is presented. Or in a word water under stress we hear the sound [o], and in an unstressed position in the same root - the sound [a]: [vada]. Moreover, the stunning of consonants at the end of a word, as well as the reduction of a vowel sound in an unstressed position, always occur, without exception. This is the rule of Russian orthoepy. Such alternations of sounds depend on the position in which the sound occurs. Phonetic position is the conditions for the use of sounds in speech: at the end of a word or in the middle, before or after any sound, under stress or without stress, etc.
Alternations of sounds, which in a certain position are carried out without exception (depend on the position), are called positional alternations. Sounds, which in Russian are the result of positional alternations, are combined into one phoneme (see. Phoneme).
Alternations of sounds that do not always occur sporadically are called non-positional. For example, friend - I'm friends, hand - manual, spirit - soul - sincere. Most of these alternations arose in previous periods of the development of the language, they can be understood, given the historical changes in the sounds of the language, that is, this is an example historical alternations.
Sometimes the alternation of sounds in a morpheme can change the grammatical meaning of a word: collect - collect(the sound [and] alternates with zero). This changes the meaning of the form of the verb: gather- imperfective verb collect is a perfective verb. Such alternations are called grammatical.
Phoneme - the minimum unit of a language capable of distinguishing between words and morphemes (sound shells of words and morphemes).
Sound speech consists of a huge variety of sounds. These sounds have the finest shades of pronunciation, but we often do not notice these shades, and if we hear them, we do not pay attention, because such shades of sounds are not considered important, they do not distinguish between words and morphemes in the language (they are not meaningful). But there are other differences in sounds that speakers are aware of as extremely important, they do not mix with each other, they are clearly opposed in the language system, and they allow speakers to distinguish words from each other (sense-distinctive).
As you can see, not every sound can distinguish the meanings of words. Those sounds that are capable of performing a meaningful function in a given language are called phonemes.
For example, the sound of words house and volume differ in the first consonant sound: voiced [d] in the word house and deaf [t] in the word volume. Also words horse and horse differ in the last consonant sound: hard [n] and soft [n ']. In Russian, voiced and deaf, hard and soft consonants are different sound units that are able to distinguish the meanings of words. They are different phonemes.
It is important to note that the pronunciation of a voiced or deaf, hard or soft sound in this case does not depend on the position in which the sound is used (does not depend on the environment or stress), because in words house and volume the same contexts for the use of initial sounds.
However, often the different pronunciation of sounds depends on the position in which a given sound occurs, that is, on neighboring sounds or stress. In this case, the speaker combines, identifies different sounds in one language unit.
For example, in the flow of speech, a sonorous consonant at the end of a word may be stunned mole(although according to the rules, sonorants should not be stunned - they do not even have a deaf pair). We will pronounce sonorant [l '] loudly or deafly - it doesn’t matter, Russian speakers will combine these two sounds into one unit. The same identification of voiced and deaf will occur in the minds of speakers when pronouncing oak [p] and oak [b]. This alternation of sounds is conditioned by position (cf. Sound alternation).
Positionally alternating sounds are combined in the minds of speakers into one phoneme, which can be represented in speech by different sounds. Language warns: do not pay attention to the fact that you hear different sounds, in front of you is one language unit.
But it could be the other way around. Different phonemes in a certain position can sound the same. For example, the sound [ko "t] will correspond to two words cat with a final phoneme<т>and the code(with phoneme<д>), because in the position of the end of the word, the voiced consonant is stunned. Having heard the sound [cat], we cannot know which word is spoken. Two phonemes<e> and<t> coincided in a single sound [t]. To determine the phoneme, you need to change the form of the word: cat - code. In the position before the vowel sound, the consonants are clearly opposed in terms of deafness - voicedness. This change of sounds occurs regardless of position (sounds are in the same environment). The language warns: do not pay attention to the same sound, it hides different units that can distinguish words, that is, different phonemes.
Syllable- one vowel sound or a combination of a vowel with one or more consonant sounds, pronounced with one push of exhaled air. The syllable is the minimum pronunciation unit - with a slow, stretched pronunciation, the speech stream is divided into syllables (scanning).
There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels (one syllable cannot have several vowels). It is the vowel that is the top of the syllable or the syllable-forming (syllabic) sound, all other sounds in the syllable are non-syllabic. The top of the syllable is the peak of sonority (sonority), therefore vowels are syllabic as the most sonorous, but sometimes sonorous consonants can act as the top of the syllable (if there is no vowel nearby). For example, Kremlin or life:
Kisses in childhood considered
I happy life my…
(Lermontov)
The rhythm of the verse shows that the word life pronounced with a syllabic sonorant consonant.
Syllables can be stressed or unstressed (cf. stress).
The division of a word into syllables is carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the structure of a syllable in a given language. In Russian, most syllables end in a vowel sound (an open syllable). However, there are also closed syllables: railway carriage. If a closed syllable occurs in the middle of a word, then syllable division is governed by special rules: war-na, lamp-pa, boo-dka. The phonetic syllable does not always match the hyphenation syllable when writing. For example, you cannot carry or leave one vowel on a line, although sometimes this vowel is a phonetic syllable: pit or era.
stress- highlighting one of the syllables in sounding speech - pronouncing one of the syllables (namely the vowel sound in the syllable) with greater force or duration. In Russian, stress is forceful (increased muscle tension and pressure of the air stream) and quantitative (prolonged pronunciation).
A stressed vowel is pronounced more intensely and longer than an unstressed vowel. If the top of the syllable is a stressed vowel, then the whole syllable is called stressed, if the top of the syllable is an unstressed vowel, then the syllable is also called unstressed. In the flow of speech, there are usually several unstressed syllables per stressed syllable. Such a phonetic separation of one syllable against the background of other unstressed syllables forms a phonetic word, contributes to the rhythmic design of sounding speech.
In Russian, stress is multi-placed and mobile. If the stress can fall on any syllable in a word, then it is heterogeneous: to "miki, doro" ha, milk". If the stress in the forms of one word can move from the stem to the ending, then it is movable: but "gi - legu.
In Russian, the transfer of stress from one syllable to another can change the lexical or grammatical meaning of words (see. Phonetics).
Orthoepy- (from the Greek orthos - "direct, correct" and epos - "speech") a set, a system of pronunciation rules that correspond to the norms of literary pronunciation, ensuring the unity of the sound design of the language.
Russian orthoepy includes the rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, hard and soft consonants, consonant combinations, peculiarities of pronunciation of borrowed words, issues of correct stress in words.
Some basic rules for Russian literary pronunciation:
1) akanye, that is, the pronunciation of the sound [a] in place of the letter about in unstressed syllables: in [a] yes, with [a] ro "ka;
2) stunning voiced consonants at the end of a word, as well as before deaf consonants: snee [k], lo [t] ka, [f]tornik”
3) consonants w, w, c are always pronounced firmly, and h' and sch' always softly: [tsy] fra, [zhy] zn, [shy] on, ovo [shch '] noy.
The rules of orthoepy regulate the placement of stress in Russian words (since the stress in Russian is mobile and different), for example, the word call in the forms of the present tense, it has an accent on the ending: call, call.
Over time, the pronunciation of some words can change significantly, which leads to a change in the rules of orthoepy.
Transcription- a recording of oral speech, which is based on a strict correspondence between the sounds of the language and the special designations of these sounds. At the same time, transcription reflects the features of the pronunciation of sounds, positional changes in sounds in the speech stream. Phonetic transcription allows you to more or less accurately fix the sounding speech in writing.
Every sign phonetic transcription more or less precisely denotes a certain sound. For example, the stunning of a voiced consonant is conveyed by its deaf variant: pillar[pillar], vowels in an unstressed position are transmitted by a letter that denotes a sound similar in sound to an unstressed vowel: dog[dog] or forest[lisno "th]. Depending on how accurately we want to convey the sounding speech in writing, more or less special transcription marks are used. If we want, for example, to indicate that stressed sounds in Russian are pronounced with greater reduction than the first prestressed syllable, we can use additional signs for front and back vowels: [ь] (er) and [ъ] (er): dog[dog]. Also, with a special icon (dot), we can denote the forward movement of non-front vowels under the influence of neighboring soft consonants: pulls[t'an'et]. In this example above the icon a there are two dots, because the sound [a] is between soft consonants.
Transcription marks are enclosed in square brackets. The softness of a consonant sound is indicated by a special icon - an apostrophe ['], which is placed after a soft consonant: [b '] - soft consonant b.
Sample phonetic transcription:
Why did you miss the boat?
[what"sh you missed't'ul'i lo"tku].
Phonetic analysis - analysis of the sound of a word (combination of words), namely: determining the sound composition of a word, articulatory and acoustic characteristics of individual sounds of a word, dividing the analyzed word into syllables, determining the place of stress, indicating the ratio of the sound of the word (sounds) and the spelling of the word (letters).
Phonetic analysis is carried out according to the following scheme:
1. Make phonetic word transcription, put emphasis.
2. In the transcription, put down the signs of the syllable section (hyphen or vertical line), determine the number of syllables in the word, mark the stressed syllable.
3. Write the letters of the word in a column, sounds next to it, indicating the correspondence of sounds and letters. Indicate the number of letters and sounds in the word.
4. Give each sound a phonetic characteristic: for a vowel, indicate a stressed sound or an unstressed one; for a consonant sound - a sonorous, voiced or deaf sound, hard or soft (indicating pairing).
Sample phonetic parsing:
Pit- 2 syllables, first stressed.
I- - consonant, sonorous, soft unpaired.
- [a] - vowel stressed.
m- [m] - consonant, sonorous, solid double.
a- [a] - unstressed vowel.
This word has 3 letters and 4 sounds.
To be continued
O.A. VOLOSHINA,
Moscow city
choose one answer and circle it (#1-7)
there are two unstressed vowels in the root of the word
truck
breeze
evening
read
2. there are two unstressed vowels checked by stress at the root of the word
a) a shop;
b) kilometer;
c) a gate
d) start №2 in which words the stress is placed incorrectly?
a) centimeter;
b) calls;
c) cakes;
d) got it. No. 3 in which word is the sound (b`) pronounced?
a) hole;
b) illness;
c) mushroom;
d) doves. No. 4 in which word is the sound (t`) pronounced?
a) a bear
b) see you
c) cold;
d) left. №5 indicate the errors in the phonetic characteristics of consonants:
a) (h) - deaf unpaired, soft unpaired;
b) (c) - deaf unpaired, solid paired.
c) (d) - voiced unpaired (sonor), soft unpaired;
d) (e`) - voiced paired, soft unpaired. № 6 indicate the words in which the pronunciation norms are violated:
a) a (te) lie;
b) mu (ze) th
c) aka (de) miya;
d) (h) to:
e)(w)then;
e) sku(sn)o.
Tina, glass, blackthorn, tennis
2) what word is the hard consonant [s] pronounced?
Server, seiner, series, Saint-Exupery
3) what linguistic phenomenon illustrates the words Greek-Greek?
Homonyms, paronyms, synonyms, antonyms
related to the second conjugation?
be in time, sow, endure, eat
3) indicate the extra word.
languid, indefatigable, two-volume, tiresome
4) find the borrowed word:
coffee, boxes, gate, gold
5) In which word the number of letters matches the number of sounds
late, warming, neighborhood, eight
6) in what word missing letter e?
take on an enemy, take on a friend, take on a suit,... take on sour cream
help pliz thank you and list you more oskov later)
A 1. In what word does a consonant sound sound during pronunciation?1) allow
2) mowing
3) unemployed
4) footage.
A2. In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?
1) self-interest
2) sneaked
3) understood
4) (good) news.
A3. In which sentence should HUMANITARIAN be used instead of the word HUMANITARIAN?
1) The most HUMANE professions on earth are those on which the spiritual life and physical health person.
2) A HUMANE attitude towards children means, first of all, an understanding of the spiritual efforts of the child, a respectful attitude towards these quests and unobtrusive help.
3) Cooperation in the HUMAN sphere is constantly developing and strengthening between countries.
4) HUMANE laws are possible only in a mature society.
A4. Give an example with an error in the formation of the word form.
1) four hundred lines
2) rinsing laundry
3) all directors of gymnasiums
4) more higher
A5. Indicate the grammatically correct continuation of the sentence
Climbing up to the observation deck
1) you can see the whole city.
2) offers a wonderful view of the city.
3) the city is visible at a glance.
4) covers the excitement at the sight of open spaces.
A6. Specify an offer with grammatical error(with violation of the syntactic norm).
1) Thanks to an article in the newspaper, we learned about the resumption of the tourist boat route to the Northern Islands.
2) Kem is one of the oldest cities in Russia located on the White Sea.
3) All those who wrote an “excellent” review gave a deep analysis of the work and substantiated their point of view.
4) Paustovsky's story "Squeaky Floorboards" talks about the role of Russian nature in the life and work of the great composer Tchaikovsky.
Read the text and complete tasks A7-A12.
(1)…(2) The sea mouse is actually a very pretty worm measuring a few centimeters in size. (3) A remarkable feature of this worm is that its body is covered with a kind of fringe, consisting of many hairs that shimmer with all the colors of the rainbow. (4) Here, as in opal, the play of color is determined by the diffraction of light on a complex microstructure , and if you place the hairs of a sea mouse under an electron microscope, their cellular structure, resembling a honeycomb, becomes clearly visible. (5) This structure is remarkably ordered, and the linear dimensions of the cells are commensurate with wavelengths in the visible light range. (6) ... it can be confidently stated that there is a two-dimensional photon medium in the hairs of the sea mouse: from the stream of light incident on the hair perpendicularly, only the red component is reflected, if the light falls obliquely, then the hair reflects (depending on the angle) then yellow , then green, then blue, and to the eye it appears alternately in all the colors of the rainbow.
A7. Which of the following sentences should come first in this text
1) Interestingly, the sea mouse is not the only carrier photonic crystals in the sea.
2) At the end of the 20th century, scientists discovered that the villi of their fur are not even one-dimensional, but a full-fledged two-dimensional photonic crystal.
3) Of great interest are the so-called sea mice that live at a depth of several kilometers in the abyss of the southern seas.
4) If you look at the hair of a sea mouse at a right angle, it will turn out to be bright red.
A8. Which of the following words (word combinations) should be in place of the gap in the sixth sentence?
1) Fortunately
2) Therefore
3) Because
4) Despite this.
A9. What word or combination of words is grammatical basis in one of the sentences or in one of the parts complex sentence text?
1) the sea mouse is (sentence 2)
2) the body is fringed (sentence 3)
3) shimmer (sentence 3)
4) place (proposal 4).
A10. Indicate the correct description of the fourth sentence of the text.
1) Complicated with non-union and allied subordination between parts.
2) Compound
3) Complex with a coordinating and subordinating connection between parts
4) Complicated.
A11. Indicate the correct morphological characteristic of the word COVERED (sentence 3)
1) communion
2) adverb
3) adjective
4) gerund.
A12. Indicate the word that means "quick change of spots of light, colors."
1) rainbow (sentence 3)
2) game (sentence 4)
3) range (sentence 5)
4) flow (Proposition 6).
A13. Which word has the suffix -D-?
2) dishes
3) fad
4) falsehood.
A14. In which answer option are all the numbers correctly indicated, in the place of which one letter H is written?
According to M.Yu. Lermontov, a brightly gifted (1) person in the circle of nonentities is doomed (2) to misunderstanding and loneliness, and if he behaves in accordance with (3) the "norms" of this society, then to gradual (4) self-destruction.
A15. In which row is the unstressed checked vowel of the root missing in all words?
1) Zap ... zdaly, presentation ..., st ... erysipelas.
2) K… sighing, fencing off… to be fenced off, op…lchenie.
3) Bl ... goo, pl ... vets, disposition ... burning.
4) Hot ... hot, attached ... hay, papa ... mouth.
The syllable is divided into even smaller units - sounds, which are the smallest units of sounding speech, pronounced in one articulation.
Speech sounds are created by air vibrations and the work of the speech apparatus. Therefore, they can be considered as physiological phenomena, since they arise as a result of human articulatory activity, and physical (acoustic), i.e. perceived by ear. However, one cannot limit oneself to these two aspects when characterizing speech sounds; linguistics studies sounds as special units of language that perform a social function, i.e. function of communication between people. For linguistics, it is important to find out to what extent sounds are associated with the distinction between the meaning of words and their forms, whether all sounds are equally important for language as a means of communication. Therefore, in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century. linguists began to study precisely the functional side of sounds, as a result of which a new department of linguistics appeared - phonology.
The sound composition of the Russian language
All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowels and consonants differ in acoustic and articulatory features: 1) vowels are tonal sounds, consonants are formed with the participation of noise; 2) vowels are sounds that are formed without the participation of an obstacle in the path of the air stream, all consonants are formed with the help of an obstacle (closed lips - [b], [p], a gap between the tongue and the hard palate - [x], etc. ); 3) vowels are not differentiated according to the method and place of formation; for consonants, the place and method of formation are very significant grounds for their classification; 4) when forming vowels, the organs of speech are tense evenly, when forming consonants, the organs of speech are most tense in the place where there is an obstacle; 5) the air stream when pronouncing vowels is weak, and when pronouncing consonants it is strong, since it needs to overcome the obstacle existing in its path; 6) all vowels can be syllabic, consonants (except sonorants) cannot form a syllable on their own.
In this opposition of vowels and consonants of speech sounds, an intermediate position is occupied by sonorant consonants, which are partly close to consonants (formation with the help of a barrier, differentiation according to the method and place of formation, the presence of noise), and partly to vowels (the predominance of tone, the ability to form a syllable) .
There are six vowel sounds (phonemes) in Russian: [i], [s], [y], [e], [o], [a]. Their classification is based on articulatory features: the degree of elevation of the tongue, the row, the participation of the lips.
There are 37 consonant sounds (phonemes) in modern Russian. Their formation and classification are much more complicated than vowels.
Intonation
Each phrase is articulated intonation.
Intonation- this is a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional sides and manifested in successive changes in pitch (melodics - raising or lowering the tone), speech rhythm (ratio of strong and weak, long and short syllables), speech tempo (acceleration and slowing down in the flow of speech), the strength of the sound (intensity of speech), intra-phrase pauses (which is reflected in the rhythm of the phrase) and the general timbre of the statement, which, depending on the target setting, can be “funny”, “playful”, “scared”, "gloomy", etc. Intonation performs important functions: it not only forms phrases, sentences and various syntactic constructions, but also participates in the expression of thoughts, feelings and will of people. In fact, the same segment of a sounding speech, depending on how, with what intonation, it will be pronounced, can have a different meaning: He has come. - He came! - He came? The intonation of narrative speech is characterized by an increase in tone at the beginning of a phrase and a decrease in tone at the end of a phrase, at an indent; the interrogative phrase is characterized by a sharp rise in the indent; the intonation of the exclamatory phrase is even high.
It is difficult to convey intonation differences in writing. Apart from the dot, colon, dash, comma, brackets, exclamation mark, question mark, and ellipsis, we have no means of conveying the character of intonation in writing. And even with the help of these signs, it is far from always possible to reflect the intonation pattern of a phrase. For example:
Who does not know that he was the first to express this idea? - there is a question mark at the end of the sentence, but the phrase has an affirmative, not an interrogative meaning.
Intonation also performs another important function - with its help, a sentence is divided into semantic-syntactic units - syntagmas.
Variety of sounds and their difference
There are many sounds in every language. Moreover, in different languages their number is different, as well as the ratio between vowels and consonants.
Each sound has its own acoustic features, characteristics to which modern phonologists are paying more and more attention, since they believe that the acoustic classification is a true linguistic classification, concerned with finding out what a sound is, while the articulatory classification of sounds (the most common) is aimed at understanding how sound is produced.
Sounds differ from one another in pitch, longitude, strength and timbre. Therefore, any two sounds that have different indicators of pitch, strength and timbre are different from an acoustic point of view. In addition, there are differences between sounds, explained by subjective and objective moments. 1. Individual differences between sounds are associated with the peculiarities of the pronunciation of individual people. Each person pronounces sounds to some extent in his own way. For linguistics, only such differences between sounds are important that make changes in the meanings of words. If two people (for example, a student and a professor) uttered the word student, then we notice that this word was uttered by them differently, but at the same time we assert that they uttered the same word. But if the same person utters two words, for example, a garden and a court, then we will find out without the slightest difficulty that these are different words, since they have two different sounds [a, y], which distinguish their sound appearance and indicate differences in meaning.
Thus, individual differences in the pronunciation of the same sound are not linguistically important. Conversely, different sounds are linguistically important as units of a language system, regardless of the different pronunciation of them by individual people.
2.
When we say the word city[gort], in the stressed syllable, in place of the sound [o], a very obscure sound sounds, as it happens reduction(from the Latin reducere - to return, bring back) - weakening of sound under the influence of those phonetic conditions in which the sound turned out to be(unstressed position). Here the sound [o] not only loses part of its sonority, but also loses its quality - it turns into a sound [b]. In the same word, the final sound [d] is deafened, pronounced as [t] - this is a characteristic law of the modern Russian language (voiced consonants in the position of the end of the word are deafened). get stunned or speak out loud consonants can also be in the middle of a word under the influence of the subsequent deaf or voiced consonant: oak - oak [dupka], ask - request [proz" ba]. These phenomena indicate that under certain phonetic conditions (voiced before the deaf, deaf before the voiced, voiced at the end of a word, a vowel in an unstressed position, etc.) it is possible that one sound influences another and their changes or other sound processes.Such differences between sounds are usually called phonetically determined. They also do not have a linguistically significant meaning, since the word and its meaning do not change.
3.
In words WHO and university after the consonant [v], we pronounce different sounds. These sounds in these words serve distinguishers their meaning. The difference in sounds is not positionally determined, since both act in the same position (stressed - strong for vowels), there is also no influence of neighboring sounds here. Differences between sounds, not due to either individual features pronunciations, neither by the position of the sound, nor by the influence of one sound on another, are called functional. Functional differences between sounds are of linguistic importance.
Consequently, two sounds, the difference between which is not due to the position or influence of neighboring sounds, but is associated with a change in the meaning of the word, are functionally different.
onetic transcription
To record sounding speech, a special system of signs is used - phonetic transcription. Phonetic transcription is based on the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a sound and its graphic symbol.
The transcribed sound (word, sentence, text) is usually enclosed in square brackets: [we] we. Sounding speech is recorded without capital letters and punctuation marks, but with pauses.
In words consisting of more than one syllable, the place of stress should be indicated: [z'imá] winter. If two words (for example, a preposition and a noun) are characterized by a single stress and are pronounced together, then they are connected by a league: [v_dom].
In Russian phonetic transcription, letters of the Russian alphabet are mainly used. Recording of consonants is carried out using all the corresponding letters, except for u and y. Special superscript or subscript icons can be placed next to the letter. They indicate some features of the sound:
[n '] - soft consonant ([n '] yobo palate);
[n:] - long consonant (bath); may be denoted by an accent or [n:].
The letter u in most cases corresponds to the sound that is conveyed by the sign [w ':]: y [w ':] élie, [w ':] etina. A voiced parallel to [w ':] will be the sound [zh ':], speaking, for example, in the word dró [zh ':] and yeast (other pronunciation is also allowed - dró [zh:] and).
The Latin letter [j] in transcription denotes the consonant “yot”, which sounds in the words block apple, water reservoir, sparrows [b'ji´] sparrows, language language, sará [j] barn, má [j] ka shirt, chá [ j] nickname teapot, etc. Please note that the consonant "yot" is not always transmitted in writing with the letter y.
Recording of vowel sounds is carried out using various kinds of signs.
Stressed vowels are transcribed using six characters: [i] - [p'ir] fir, [s] - [ardor] ardor, [y] - [beam] ray, [e] - [l'es] forest, [o ] - [house] house, [a] - [garden] garden.
Unstressed vowels undergo various changes depending on the place in relation to stress, on the neighborhood of hard or soft consonants, on the type of syllable. To record unstressed vowels, the symbols [y], [i], [s], [a], [b], [b] are used.
Unstressed [y] occurs in any syllable. In its quality, it is similar to the corresponding stressed vowel: m[u]zykálny, r[u]ká, water[u], [u]dar.
Unstressed vowels [and], [s], [a] are pronounced in the syllable that immediately precedes the stressed syllable (such a syllable is called the first pre-stressed one): [r'i] dov rows, mod [s] lér fashion designer, d [a] ská board . The same vowels, with the exception of [s], also appear at the absolute beginning of the word: [and] excursionist excursionist, [a] to search.
Unstressed [and], [s], [a] are similar in quality to the corresponding percussive sounds, but not identical to them. So, unstressed [and] turns out to be a vowel, middle between [and] and [e], but closer to [and]: [l'i] sá fox - cf .: [l'i´] fox himself. The pronunciation of the other vowels is also different. The use of the symbols [i], [s], [a] to denote unstressed sounds is associated with a certain degree of conventionality.
So, the unstressed vowels listed above are typical for the positions of the 1st pre-stressed syllable and the absolute beginning of the word. In other cases, the sounds [b] and [b] are pronounced.
The sign [ъ] (“ep”) conveys a very short sound, in its quality it is average between [s] and [a]. The vowel [ъ] is one of the most frequent sounds in Russian speech. It is pronounced, for example, in the 2nd pre-stressed and in stressed syllables after solid ones: p [b] rohod steamboat, in [b] water carrier, back [b] l set, city [b] city.
In similar positions, after soft consonants, a sound is recorded that resembles [and], but is shorter. This vowel is conveyed by the sign [b] (“er”): [m'b] ditch world, [m'b] catchy chalky, za [m'b] r froze, za [l'l] zhi deposits.
Organs of speech. Formation of vowels and consonants
Sounds are made during exhalation. The flow of exhaled air is necessary condition sound formation.The jet of air leaving the trachea must pass through the larynx, which contains the vocal cords. If the ligaments are tense and close together, then the exhaled air will cause them to oscillate, resulting in a voice, that is, a musical sound, a tone. Tone is required when pronouncing vowels and voiced consonants.
The pronunciation of consonants is necessarily associated with overcoming the obstacle created in the oral cavity on the path of the air stream. This obstacle arises as a result of the convergence of the organs of speech to the boundaries of the gap ([f], [c], [h], [w]) or a complete closure ([p], [m], [d], [k]).
Various organs may turn out to be close or closed: the lower lip with upper lip([p], [m]) or upper teeth ([f], [c]), certain parts of the tongue with a hard and soft palate ([h], [d], [w], [k]). The organs involved in the creation of the barrier are divided into passive and active. The former remain motionless, the latter make certain movements.
The air jet overcomes the gap or bow, resulting in a specific noise. The latter is an obligatory component of the consonant sound. In the voiced, the noise is combined with the tone; in the deaf, it turns out to be the only component of the sound.
When pronouncing vowels, the vocal cords vibrate, and a free, unhindered passage through oral cavity. Therefore, the vowel sound is characterized by the presence of tone and the complete absence of noise. The specific sound of each vowel (what distinguishes [i] from [s], etc.) depends on the position of the tongue and lips.
The movements of the pronunciation organs during the formation of sounds are called articulation, and the characteristics of sounds corresponding to them are called articulation characteristics.
sweet sounds
Stressed vowels: classification features
The classification of vowel sounds is based on signs that describe the work of the organs of speech: 1) the movement of the tongue forward - backward (row);
2) the movement of the tongue up - down (rise);
3) the position of the lips (labialization).
On the basis of the number of vowels are divided into three main groups. When articulating front vowels ([i], [e]), the tongue is concentrated in the front of the oral cavity. When articulating back vowels ([y], [o]) - in the back. Middle vowels ([ы], [а]) occupy an intermediate position.
The lift sign describes the position of the tongue as it moves up or down. High vowels ([i], [s], [y]) are characterized by a high position of the tongue in the oral cavity. The articulation of the low vowel ([a]) is associated with the low position of the tongue. Vowels of the middle rise ([e], [o]) are given a place between the named extreme groups.
The vowels [y] and [o] are labialized (or rounded), because when they are pronounced, the lips are pulled forward and rounded. The remaining vowels are pronounced with a neutral lip style and are non-labialized: [i], [s], [e], [a].
The table of stressed vowels is as follows:
climb:
upper and´ ы´ ý (labial)
middle e´ ó (labial)
lower a
Unstressed vowels: classification features
In unstressed syllables, sounds other than those under stress are pronounced. They turn out to be shorter and articulated with less muscular tension of the organs of speech. This change in the sound of vowels is called reduction. So, all unstressed vowels in Russian are reduced.
Unstressed vowels differ from stressed vowels both quantitatively and qualitatively. On the one hand, unstressed vowels are always shorter than stressed vowels (cf.: s[a]dy´ gardens´ - s[á]dik sadik, p[i]lá pilá - n[i´]lit púlit). This feature of the sound of vowels in an unstressed position is called quantitative reduction.
On the other hand, not only the duration changes, but also the very quality of the vowels. In this regard, they speak of a qualitative reduction of vowels in an unstressed position. Paired with [b] argument gardener - with [á] dik unstressed garden [b] is not just shorter - it differs from stressed [á].
Any unstressed vowel experiences quantitative and at the same time quality reduction. When pronouncing unstressed tongue does not reach extreme points promotion and tends to take a more neutral stance.
The most "convenient" in this regard is the sound [b]. This is a vowel of the middle row, middle rise, non-labialized: with [b] an airplane flies, b [b] a furrow.
The articulation of all unstressed vowels shifts towards the “central” [b]. When pronouncing unstressed [s], [u], [y], [a], the force of change is not very significant: cf. r [s] bak fisherman - r [s'] ba fish, [s'i] net blue - [s' and'] niy, r [y] ká ruk - r [ý] ki ruki, l [ a] skát caress - l[á] skovy affectionate .. Unstressed [s], [i], [y], [a] can be left in the same cells of the table as the drums, slightly shifting them to the center.
Unstressed [b] ([s’b] neva blue) should take an intermediate position between unstressed [and] and “central” [b].
The sound "er" is characterized as a front-mid vowel, upper-mid rise, non-labialized.
The reduction can be stronger or less strong. Among the listed unstressed vowels, the sounds [b] and [b] stand out for their brevity. The rest of the vowels are more pronounced.
The vowel table, supplemented by unstressed sounds, gets next view:
row: front middle rear
climb:
upper i´ s´ y (labial.) y
and y
b
average
e´ b ó (labial)
lower a
á
Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions (positional distribution of vowels)
Features of the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions depend on a number of conditions:1) places in relation to the stressed syllable,
2) positions at the absolute beginning of a word,
3) hardness / softness of the preceding consonant.
The place in relation to the stressed syllable determines the degree of reduction of vowels. In phonetics, it is customary to name syllables not by their order in the word, but by the place occupied relative to the stressed syllable. All unstressed syllables are divided into pre-stressed and stressed. The numbering of pre-stressed syllables is carried out in the direction from the stressed syllable, that is, from right to left.
In the first pre-stressed syllable, four vowels are possible - unstressed [u], [i], [s], [a]: n [u] waiting need, [ch'i] s s'clock, w[s] lka silk, n [a]chnoy night.
In the remaining unstressed syllables (second, third pre-stressed and stressed), strongly reduced vowels [b], [b], as well as the sound [y] are pronounced. In the second pre-stressed syllable: d [b] movy smoke and brownie, [m's] meat grinder, [ch'u] do-work miraculous.
In stressed syllables: swamp [b] m swamp and swamps, gentle [b] d gentle and tender, blue [n'b] m blue and blue, pó [l's] m field, horse by horse.
In stressed syllables, at the absolute end of the word, along with the sounds [b], [b] and [y], the vowel [s] is fixed, only a very short one: note [s] note, note [b] note, no [t'b] note , note[y] note.
The position at the absolute beginning of a word after a pause also affects the features of vowel reduction. In this position, the sounds [y], [and], [a] are pronounced, regardless of their distance from the stressed syllable: [u] take away, [and] exporter exporter, [a] say stipulate.
Features of the distribution of unstressed vowels in a word can be presented in the form of a table.
In stressed syllable: drums [ý], [i´], [s´], [e´], [ó], [á]In the 1st prestressed syllable, at the absolute beginning of a word: unstressed [y], [and], [s], [a]
In the 2nd, 3rd pre-stressed syllable,in stressed syllables: unstressed [b], [b], [y] + [s](in the abs. end of the word)
The hardness / softness of the preceding consonant is an important factor in determining the possibility of the appearance of certain vowels:
1) after hard can act[y], [s], [a], [b]: [lu] meadow meadow, [ly] net to go bald, [la] réts casket, [l] horses' horses;
2) after soft are pronounced[y], [and], [b]: [l'u] to be afraid to admire, [ch'i] to turn black, [l'l] doryub ice ax;
3) pre-shock[a] and [b] after soft ones are impossible: [r'i] dy' rows, [n'i] ti' five, [r'b] second private, [n'b] five-year-old tablet;
4) [b] after soft appears only in reflexive -sya, in endings and formative suffixes. Such pronunciation is possible, but not mandatory, and is associated with the task of conveying grammatical information about case, number, etc.:
received i´l [s'b] turned out - at the babý [s'b] at the grandmother;
drop [l'b] drop - drop [l'b] drop;
bear [d'b] m bears - bear [d'b] m bear;
landing in y´sa [d'b] - in y´sa [d'b] land.
All the features of vowel pronunciation analyzed above relate to the phonetics of commonly used significant words. Unions, prepositions, particles, interjections, rare borrowings may not obey the described patterns. They allow, for example, the following pronunciation of non-high vowels: slept, n[o] not for long, b[o]á, andánt[e].kt
It is easy to see that the expression of the thought contained in this phrase requires an obligatory pause after the word weapon. The presence of a pause creates two speech measures in a phrase. Thus, a speech tact is a part of a phrase, limited by pauses and characterized by an intonation of incompleteness. Pauses between speech measures are shorter than between phrases.
The speech tact, as well as the phrase, is directly related to the expression of content in the language. Depending on where one speech measure ends and the next begins, the whole meaning of the phrase sometimes changes: How he was struck // by the words of his brother. — How struck by his words // brother. The arbitrariness of dividing a phrase into speech beats can lead to the complete destruction of thought.
As a rule, the phrase consists of several speech measures: In the hour of trials // bow to the fatherland // in Russian // at the feet (D. Kedrin). The measure can coincide with a single word. But usually several words are combined in a speech tact.
onetic vowel alternations. Designation of unstressed vowels in writing
A vowel belonging to a certain morpheme can be stressed in some words, unstressed in others. So, unstressed [and] in the word [d’o] cheap cheap corresponds to the stressed labialized [ó], which sounds in the same root in the word [d’o] cheap cheap.Sounds belonging to the same morpheme (root, prefix, suffix, ending) and replacing each other in different phonetic positions form a phonetic alternation. In the example above, the phonetic alternation [ó] // [and] is fixed.
In Russian, the following are possible alternation of percussion and unstressed sounds:
1. [ý] // [y] z[ý] would, z[u]bnoy: teeth, dental.
2. [i´] // [and] // [b] [p’i´] shet, [p’i] sat, [n’b] sani´na: writes, writes, scribbling.
3. [y´] // [s] // [b] w[y´] re, w[s] rok, w[b] rok: wider, wide, wide.
4. [and´] // [s´] // [and] // [s] [and´] games, with [s´] grand, [and] play, with [s] play: games, played, play, play.
5. [e´] // [s] // [b] sh [e] st, sh [s] stá, sh [b] stovoy: pole, pole, pole.
6. [e´] // [and] // [b] [p’e´] shiy, [p’i] shkóm, [p’b] shekhod: on foot, on foot, pedestrian.
7. [ó] // [a] // [ъ] d[ó] mik, d[a] home, d[b] mov: house, home, brownie.
8. [ó] // [and] // [b] [p'ó] strobe, [p'i] str and´t, [n'b] strotá: colorful, variegated, variegated.
9. [ó] // [s] // [b] sh[ó] lka, sh[s] lká, sh [b] lkov i´ty: silk, silk, silky.
10. [á] // [a] // [b] tr[á] vka, tr[a] vá, tr[b] wiry: grass, grass, herbal.
11. [á] // [and] // [b] [n’á]th, [n’i] so, [n’b] wheelbarrow: fifth, nickel, piglet.
Please note that the quality of unstressed sound is not indicated on the letter. The fact that a vowel is unstressed is a signal orthograms. In the roots of the words on foot, dazzle, nickel, pronounced with unstressed [and], the letter is not written. When choosing the correct letter in these examples, you need to focus on the stressed version of the pronunciation of the root: [p'e´] shy, [p'ó] stro, [p'á] ty.
Such a check underlies the leading principle of Russian spelling - morphematic (more precisely, phonemic). The morpheme receives such a graphical representation, in which. positionally alternating sounds are written with one letter in accordance with the strong variant (the vowel is checked by stress, the consonant is placed before the vowel).
The spelling of unstressed vowels that are not checked by stress falls under another spelling principle - the traditional one. In dictionary words with [a] báka, p ['i] chál, r ['i] b i´na, it is customary to write the letters o, e, i, in examples like mind [' and] rlá / mind [' and] rála - letters e and i. The last two examples are related to the operation of the rules, which in all reference books are given under the heading "Alternating vowels in the root." It should be borne in mind that in this case we are not talking about any phonetic alternations.
It is extremely rare for unstressed vowels to be written in accordance with the phonetic principle of orthography. The prefix ras-/raz-/ros-/ros- has four graphic variants, correlated with the peculiarities of its pronunciation in different words, and not with the test situation: r[a] confuse unravel, r[a] destroy destroy, r[ó] write down painting in the presence of r[ó] rally rally (it is the last option that would be a test one, because it has a vowel is under stress, and the consonant is before the vowel).
vowel sounds
Consonant sounds: classification features.
When classifying consonants, it is customary to take into account a number of features:
1) the ratio of noise and tone (noisiness / sonority),
2) participation or non-participation of the voice (sonority / deafness),
3) hardness / softness,
4) place of formation,
5) the way of education.
Particularly stipulated are the properties of pairing in deafness / sonority and pairing in hardness / softness.
Noisy and sonorous, deaf and voiced consonants
Noisy and sonorous consonants differ in the ratio of noise and tone.
Sonorants in Russian include nine sounds: [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [l], [l’], [p], [p’], [j]. As with all consonants, a barrier is created during the articulation of sonorants in the oral cavity. However, the force of friction of the air jet against the contiguous / closed organs of speech is minimal: the air jet finds a relatively free exit to the outside and no noise is generated. Air rushes either through the nose ([m], [m '], [n], [n ']), or into the passage between the lateral edges of the tongue and cheeks ([l], [l ']). The absence of noise can be associated with the instantaneous nature of the barrier ([p], [p']) or with the rather wide nature of the gap itself ([j]). In any case, noise is not created and the main source of sound is the tone (voice) created by the vibration of the vocal cords.
In the formation of noisy consonants ([b], [c], [g], [e], [g], [h], etc.), on the contrary, noise plays the main role. It occurs as a result of overcoming an obstacle with an air stream. The tonal component of the sound is non-basic and may either be completely absent (for deaf consonants) or supplement the main one (for voiced consonants).
Voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation / non-participation of tone (voice) in the formation of a consonant sound.
Tone (voice) is characteristic of the pronunciation of voiced, their articulation implies the obligatory work of the vocal cords. Voiced, therefore, are all sonorants: [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [l], [l '], [p], [p '], [j]. Among the noisy consonants, the voiced sounds include the following sounds: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [ f:'], [h], [h'].
[b] - [n] [b '] - [n '] [s] - [s] [s '] - [s ']
[c] - [f] [c '] - [f '] [g] - [w] [w: '] - [w: ']
[d] - [t] [d '] - [t '] [g] - [k] [g '] - [k ']
The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or deaf pairs. The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. All sonorants are referred to voiced unpaired, sounds [c], [h '], [x], [x '] are deaf unpaired.
onetic alternations of consonants according to deafness / voicedness. Designation of deafness / voiced consonants in writing
The deafness / voicedness of consonants remains an independent, independent sign in the following provisions:1) before vowels: [su]d court - [zu]d itching, [ta]m there - [da]m ladies;
2) in front of sonorants: [layer] th layer - [evil] oh evil, [tl '] I aphid - [dl '] I for;
3) before [in], [in ']: [verify '] check check - [beast '] beast beast.
In these positions, both voiceless and voiced consonants are found, and these sounds are used to distinguish between words (morphemes). The listed positions are called strong in deafness / sonority.
In other cases, the appearance of a dull / voiced sound is predetermined by its position in the word or the proximity of a particular sound. Such deafness / sonority turns out to be dependent, “forced”. Positions in which this happens are considered weak on the basis of the specified attribute.
The Russian language has a law according to which voiced noisy ones are deafened at the end of a word, cf. In the given examples, the phonetic alternation of consonants according to deafness / voicedness is fixed: [b] // [p] and [h '] // [s '].
In addition, positional changes relate to situations where the voiceless and voiced consonants are close. In this case, the subsequent sound affects the previous one. Voiced consonants in front of the deaf are necessarily likened to them in deafness, as a result, a sequence of deaf sounds arises, cf. ready [in ']it is preparing - ready [f't'] do not cook (i.e. [in '] // [f '] in front of the deaf).
Deaf consonants facing voiced noisy ones (except [c], [c ']) change to voiced ones, there is an assimilation by voicedness, cf. [t '] // [d '] before the voiced one), ask [s '] and´t to ask - ask for [s'b] a request (i.e. [s '] // [s '] before the voiced) .
Articulatory assimilation of sounds of the same nature, that is, two consonants (or two vowels), is called assimilation (from Latin assimilatio ‘similarity’). Thus, assimilation by deafness and assimilation by voicedness was described above.
The designation of deafness / voiced consonants in writing is associated with the use of the corresponding letters: t or d, p or b, etc. However, only independent, independent deafness / sonority is indicated on the letter. Sound signs that turn out to be “forced”, positionally conditioned, are not indicated in the letter. Thus, phonetically alternating sounds are written with one letter, the morphematic principle of spelling operates: the letter b is written in the word du [p] oak, as in the test du [b] a oak.
An exception will be the spelling of some borrowed words (transcription [p]tion transcription if available transcription [b ’] to transcribe) and prefixes on s / s (and [s] use use if available and [s] learn to study). The graphic appearance of such examples falls under the phonetic principle of orthography. True, in the case of prefixes, it does not work to the end, combined with the traditional one: ra[w:] move = ra[w] move stir up.
The traditional principle of spelling is subject to the choice of a letter in dictionary words such as v[g] hall station, and [z] best asbestos. Their spelling does not depend on verification (it is impossible), nor on pronunciation.
hard and soft consonants
Hard and soft consonants differ in the position of the tongue.When pronouncing soft consonants ([b '], [c '], [d '], [h '], etc.), the entire body of the tongue moves forward, and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate. This movement of the tongue is called palatalization. Palatalization is considered an additional articulation: it is superimposed on the main one associated with the formation of an obstruction.
When pronouncing solid consonants ([b], [c], [d], [h], etc.), the tongue does not move forward and its middle part does not rise.
Consonants form 15 pairs of sounds opposed in hardness / softness. All of them are either hard pairs or soft pairs:
[b] - [b '] [n] - [n '] [m] - [m ']
[in] - [in '] [f] - [f '] [n] - [n ']
[g] - [g '] [k] - [k '] [p] - [p ']
[d] - [d '] [t] - [t '] [l] - [l ']
[s] - [s '] [s] - [s '] [x] - [x ']
The hard unpaired ones include the consonants [c], [w], [g], and the soft unpaired ones include the consonants [h '], [w: '], [g: '] and [j].
The consonants [w] and [w: ’], [g] and [g: ’] do not form pairs, as they differ in two features at once: hardness / softness and brevity / longitude.
It should be noted that the sound [zh: '] is rare. It is possible only in a limited circle of words: I drive, reins, yeast, splashes, later and some others. At the same time, [zh: '] is increasingly being replaced by [zh:].
A very special position among soft consonants is occupied by the sound [j]. In the rest of the soft consonants, the raising of the middle part of the back of the tongue to the hard palate is, as noted above, an additional articulation. The consonant [j] has the indicated articulation as the main one, because there are no other barriers when pronouncing [j]. Therefore, the sound [j] is in principle not capable of having a solid pair.
onetic alternations of consonants in hardness/softness. Designation of hardness / softness of consonants in writing. Letters b and b
The hardness / softness of consonants as an independent feature, and not arising due to positional changes, is fixed in the following strong positions:1) before vowels, including [e]: [lu] to bow - [l'u] to hatch, [but] with nose - [n'o] s carried, past [t e´] pastel - pos [t 'e´]l bed;
Paired soft consonants before [e] are pronounced in native Russian words, paired hard ones - in borrowed ones. However, many of these borrowings are no longer perceived as rare: antenna, cafe, sausage, stress, mashed potatoes, prosthesis, etc. As a result, both hard and soft pronunciation of the consonant before [e] became possible in commonly used words.
2) at the end of the word: ko [n] kon - ko [n '] horse, zha [r] heat - zha [r '] heat;
3) for sounds [l], [l ’], regardless of their position: in [l] ná wave - in [l ’] ná free;
4) for consonants [c], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [n '], [ p], [p'] (for front-lingual)
- in the position before [k], [k '], [g], [g '], [x], [x '] (before back-lingual): gó [r] ka hill - gó [r '] ko bitterly, bá [n] ka banka - bá [n '] ka banka;
- in a position before [b], [b '], [p], [n '], [m], [m '] (before the lips): and [z] bá hut - re [z '] bá carving;
In other cases, the hardness or softness of the consonant will not be independent, but caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
Similarity in hardness is observed, for example, in the case of a combination of soft [n '] with hard [s], cf. cue (i.e. [n'] // [n] before solid). A pair of June [n’] June - June’s [n’s] cue June does not follow this pattern. But this exception is the only one.
Assimilation by softness is carried out inconsistently in relation to different groups of consonants and is not respected by all speakers. Only the replacement [n] with [n '] before [h '] and [w: '] knows no deviations, cf: drum [n] drum - drum [n "h '] ik drum, gó [n] ok races - gó[n' w:']ik racer (i.e. [n] // [n'] before soft).
In accordance with the old norms, it was necessary to say: l ´ [m’k ’] and straps, [v’b ’] to drive in; [d’v ’] er the door; [with'j] eat eat; [s’t’] ená wall. In modern pronunciation, there is no mandatory softening of the first sound in these cases. So, the word la´ [mk ’] and straps (similarly trya´ [pk ’] and rags, lá [fk ’] and benches) is pronounced only with a solid, other sound combinations allow pronunciation variability.
The designation on the letter applies only to cases of independent, and not positionally determined, hardness / softness of paired consonants. At the literal level, the soft sound quality [n '] in the words drum and racer is not graphically fixed.
Unlike deafness / sonority, independent softness of paired consonants is conveyed not by the letter corresponding to the consonant sound, but by the letter following it - by the letters i, e, u, i: face, ice, hatch, clang;
AT modern language the letter e ceased to denote the softness of the preceding consonant. The combination of letters ... those ... cannot be read if you do not see what word it belongs to - dough or test.
2) at the end of the word with a soft sign: horse, fire, dust;
3) in the middle of a word, before a consonant letter, a soft sign: darkness, very, bathhouse.
The independent hardness of paired consonants is transmitted by such means:
Letters s, o, y, a, e: bast, boat, bow, weasel, karate;
At the end of the word by the absence soft sign: horse_, heat_, dust_l;
In the middle of a word before a consonant there is no soft sign:
t_ min, s_ looks, bank_ ka.
The hardness / softness of unpaired consonants does not require a separate designation. The spelling i / s, ё / o, yu / y, ya / a after the letters w, w, h, u, c, corresponding to unpaired ones, is dictated by tradition: life, number, chicken, burn, burn, joke, brochure, cup. The same applies to the use / disuse of the letter soft sign in a number of grammatical forms: rye, married _, silence, baby_, thing, comrade_, can, brick_.
Please note that the name of the letters b and b turns out to be insidious. The letter "hard sign" never denotes hardness, its use is associated with a separating function, i.e. indicating the presence of [j] before the next vowel sound: st will eat, and [d'ju] tant adjutant.
The functions of the letter "soft sign" are wider. Firstly, it can also be used in the separating function, but not after prefixes: [vjý]ga blizzard, bu[l'jó]n broth. In this case, the letter b does not indicate the softness of the consonant. Secondly, a soft sign can traditionally be written in a number of grammatical forms after letters corresponding to unpaired consonants (see above). Again, the letter ь does not convey the softness of sounds in this use. And finally, in a number of situations, the letter ь denotes the softness of consonants in writing. This function extends to examples with independent softness of paired consonants at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant (see above).
place and method of forming consonants
The place of formation of a consonant sound is a sign showing where in the oral cavity the air stream meets an obstacle. This characteristic is given with the obligatory indication of the active (moving) and passive (fixed) organs. So, consonants, the articulation of which is associated with the movement of the lower lip, are labial-labial ([p], [p '], [b], [b '], [m], [m ']) and labial-dental ([ f], [f'], [v], [v']). Consonants formed with the active participation of the language are divided into front-lingual dental ([s], [s'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [ c], [l], [l '], [n], [n ']), anterior lingual anterior palatals ([w], [w '], [g], [g '], [h '], [r ], [p ']), medial lingual palatals ([j]), posterior lingual palatals ([k '], [g '], [x ']) and posterior lingual posterior palatals ([k], [g], [x]) . All listed groups of sounds are reflected in the table of consonants (see below).
Considering the table (Appendix to the publication), be sure to pronounce the sounds given in it. The work of your own organs of speech will help you understand why each sound is placed in a particular cell.
The method of forming a consonant is a characteristic that simultaneously indicates the type of barrier in the oral cavity and the way to overcome it.
There are two main ways to form an obstruction - either the complete closure of the speech organs, or their convergence to the distance of the gap. Thus, stop and fricative consonants are distinguished.
When articulating slotted air, a stream of exhaled air exits in the middle of the oral cavity, producing friction on the contiguous organs of speech: h'], [w], [w¯'], [g], [g¯'], [j], [x], [x'].
The pronunciation of stop consonants includes the moment of complete closure of the organs of speech, when the exit of the air stream to the outside is blocked. The method of overcoming the bond may be different, depending on what further division into classes is carried out.
Stopping plosives involve removing the barrier with a strong and short push of air, which quickly comes out: [p], [p '], [b], [b '], [t], [t '], [d], [d' ], [k], [k'], [g], [g'].
In stop affricates, the organs of speech that are tightly adjacent to each other do not sharply open, but only slightly open, forming a gap for air to escape: [ts], [h '].
Closing nasals do not require breaking the bow at all. Thanks to the lowered palatine curtain, the air does not rush to the place of the shutter, but freely exits through the nasal cavity: [m], [m '], [n], [n '].
When the occlusive lateral [l] and [l ’] are formed, the air also does not come into contact with the barrier, bypassing it along its own trajectory - between the lowered side of the tongue and the cheeks.
In some teaching aids, nasal and lateral sounds are described as stop-passing.
Stop trembling are characterized by periodic closing and opening of the organs of speech, that is, their vibration: [p], [p '].
Sometimes trembling is considered not as a variety of stops, but as a separate, third type of consonants along with stops and fricatives.
Phonetic alternations of consonants in place and method of formation. Phonetic alternations of consonants with zero sound
The place and method of formation of consonants can only change as a result of the influence of sounds on each other.Before anterior palatine noisy teeth are replaced by anterior palatals. There is a positional similarity at the place of formation: [with] a game with a game - [sh sh] slaughter with a fur coat (i.e. [s] // [sh] in front of the anterior palatine), [with] a game with a game - [sh: 'h' ]championship with a championship (i.e. [s] // [w:'] before the anterior palate).
Explosive consonants before fricatives and affricates alternate with affricates, i.e. with closer articulatory sounds. Assimilation is carried out according to the method of formation: o [t] play to win back - o [cs] to fall asleep (i.e. [t] // [c] in front of the slot).
In many cases, several signs of consonants undergo a positional change at once. So, in the above example with the championship, the assimilation touched not only the sign of the place of formation, but also the sign of softness. And in the case of [d] playing under the game - according to [h' w: '] some under the cheek ([d] // [h '] in front of the deaf, soft, prepalatine, slit [w: ']) there was an assimilation for all four signs - deafness, softness, place and method of formation.
In the examples le [g] ok is light - light [x'k '] y light, soft´[g] ok is soft - me´[h'k'] y soft, where [g] alternates with [x'], and not with [k'] before [k'], there is a dissimilarity (dissimilation) of sounds according to the method of formation. At the same time, dissimilation (dissimilation) on this basis is combined with likeness (assimilation) in deafness and softness.
In addition to the phenomena described above, in Russian speech, phonetic alternation of consonants with zero sound can be recorded.
Usually [t] / [t '] and [d] / [d '] are not pronounced between dental, between [p] and [h '], between [p] and [c], it also does not sound [l] before [ nc]. So, the loss of a consonant is presented in the following combinations:
Stl: happy [th’]e happiness - happy happy, i.e. [t'] // ;
Stn: place [t] about places - local local, i.e. [t] // ;
Zdn: uéz[d]a uyezd - uézny uézdny, i.e. [d] //;
Zdts: uz [d]á bridle - under the bridles´ under the bridles, i.e. [d] //; gollán [d'] Dutch Dutch - Dutch Dutch, i.e. [d'] // ;
Rdts: ser[d’]echko heart - heart heart, i.e. [d'] // ;
Rdch: ser [d ’] echko heart - serchishko heart, i.e. [d'] // ;
Lnts: só [l] little sun little sun - sun sun, i.e. [l] // .
Akin to the specified phenomenon and the loss of [j]. It occurs when an iota is preceded by a vowel, and then followed by [and] or [b]: mo mine - [mai´] mine, i.e. [j] // .
Please note that not a single phonetic phenomenon associated with the likening of consonants in place / method of formation or with the fact of their replacement by zero sound is indicated in the letter. According to the morphematic (phonological) principle of Russian orthography, positionally alternating sounds are written with one letter in accordance with the check. Example [w] with a fur coat is written as with a fur coat, because have [with] play with play. The unpronounceable consonant in happy happy is graphically restored on the basis of the test happy [th’]e happiness, etc.
Syllable
A syllable may consist of one or more sounds. In each syllable, only one syllabic sound is distinguished, constituting the core, the top of the syllable. Other sounds adjoin it - non-syllable.The types of syllables are characterized by initial and final sounds. According to the initial sound, syllables can be:
1) covered - starting with a non-syllable sound: [ru-ká] hand,
2) naked - starting with a syllabic sound: [á-ist] stork.
According to the final sound, syllables are divided into:
1) closed - ending in a non-syllable: [bal-kon] balcony;
2) open - ending in a syllabic sound: [vá-z] vase.
In modern linguistics, there are several definitions of a syllable. The definition of a syllable as a set of sounds of different degrees of sonority (sonority) is widespread - from less sonorous to more sonorous. The syllabic sound is considered the most sonorous, it represents the top of the syllable. With this understanding, the syllable is built according to the law of ascending sonority.
This law predetermines the following features of syllable division.
1. Non-finite syllables strive for openness. Most open syllables: [na-ý-k] science, [a-pa-zdá-l] late.
2. Closed syllables in a word can appear only in three cases:
1) at the end of the word: [pla-tók] kerchief, [rash:’ót] calculation;
2) at the junction of sonorous and noisy in a non-initial syllable. Sonorant departs to the previous syllable, noisy - to the next: [zam-sh] suede, [bal-kon] balcony;
3) at the junction of [j] and any consonant. The sound [j] goes to the previous syllable, the consonant goes to the next one: [vaj-ná] war, [máj-kъ] T-shirt.
When learning to divide words into syllables, one should remember that the rules do not fully correspond to linguistic facts and still remain arbitrary, significant primarily within the framework of a specific theory.
In conclusion, we note that phonetic syllables often do not coincide with the morphemic structure of the word and the rules of hyphenation in writing.
Compare:
Phonetic syllables Morphemic articulation Word hyphenation
[ma-jór] major may-or
[sa-glá-sn] co-voice-n-a co-voice-on / sog-la-sleep
Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.
Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.
A list of all letters is just an alphabet
Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:
Russian alphabet:
In total, the Russian alphabet uses:
- 21 letters for consonants;
- 10 letters - vowels;
- and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.
You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].
What is phonetic parsing?
We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure phrase, united by a common verbal stress.
Phonetic transcription
For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:
- black -> [h"orny"]
- apple -> [yablaka]
- anchor -> [yakar"]
- tree -> [yolka]
- sun -> [sontse]
The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).
- the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
- a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
- shock [´] - with an accent;
- in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
- the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
- for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.
Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.
How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?
Spend letter analysis The following chart will help you:
- Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
- Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
- Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
- Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
- In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
- Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
- Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
- Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
- for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
- At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.
This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.
An example of phonetic parsing of a word
Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. AT this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.
Sound characteristic of letters:
i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.
Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound literal parsing.
Phonetics and sounds in Russian
What are the sounds?
All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.
How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?
The correct answer is 42.
Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?
All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:
- [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
- or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.
And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.
Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language
Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.
The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.
How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?
Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.
Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels
The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in a weak position.
- The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
- A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.
In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.
Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels
The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].
An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [cocoa "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.
Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words
It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):
- I'm at home [ya to "ma].
- New houses [but "vye da ma"].
AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:
- mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
- he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
- witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].
Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.
The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:
- primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
- at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
- in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
- under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.
Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:
- vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
- open syllable at the very beginning;
- repeated vowels.
Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].
(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)
- forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
- e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];
Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."
- kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
- model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
- swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
- kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].
The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:
- cup;
- goddess;
- with songs;
- turn.
Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds
Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.
During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:
◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:
- At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
- - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
- at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
- - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
- in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
- - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
- after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
- after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]
As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.
◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:
- at the very beginning of a word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
- immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
- after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].
Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.
Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].
Important:
The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.
Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound
According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:
- sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
- yo - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
- The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
- i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
- Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]
Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language
There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.
How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?
In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.
Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?
In our language, consonants are:
- hard - soft
and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
- [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
- [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
- [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
- [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
- [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
- [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
- [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
- [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
- Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
- sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
- [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
- The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.
A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.
You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.
- Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
- If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
- When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.
Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.
Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.
Hint: For association remember the phrases: "Oh, we did not forget a friend." - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.
Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian
The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.
Positional stun/voicing
In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:
- at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
- before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
- making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].
In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.
When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].
According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].
Soft consonants in Russian
In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.
- Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
- the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
- [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
- the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
- the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
- often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
- in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;
Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.
Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing
To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.
- Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].
The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].
- Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
- The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
- The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
- At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
- With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].
Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation
- mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
- zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
- ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
- shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
- stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
- zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
- ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
- van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
- tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
- dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
- szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
- zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
- ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
- zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
- th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
- thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
- ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
- ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
- !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.
Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language
During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.
In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:
- "T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
- “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
- ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
- "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
- zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
- nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
- rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
- "L" - in combinations:
- sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
- "B" - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].
Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.
- Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
- Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.
If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959
References:
- Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
- Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
- Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
- Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
- Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999
Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.
§ 52. The phonetic system of the Russian language does not allow combinations of hard consonants with unstressed front vowels ([i], [ue], [b]): these vowels can only be found after soft consonants.
In Russian, combinations of solid consonants (except back-lingual ones) with all non-front vowels ([ы], [у], [ㆄ] and [ъ]) are possible. Hard back-lingual words can be combined in native Russian words only with vowels [u], [ㆄ], [b]. As for combinations of back-lingual s [s], they are possible in borrowed proper and common nouns and in toponyms, as well as in formations from them. The combination [ky] is possible, for example, in [ky]zyl, [ky]shtymsky; [gee] - in Ole [gee] h (patronymic). The combination [hy] is not fixed. Before the vowel [ye], only hissing and [ts] are possible. The remaining hard consonants are combined with unstressed [e] in borrowed proper and common nouns, for example [te] in [te]ism, [de] in [de] ntim, [se] in [se] nsorny, [ze] in [ze ] oh, [re] in [re] lane, [pe] in [pe] ru (name of the country), [be] in [be] be (little child), as well as in compound words with the first component of two, three, four, for example two [he] element.
§ 53. The following combinations “solid consonant + unstressed vowel” are presented in Russian: [you]: (c) [you] lu, [dy]: [dy] mok, [sy]: [sy] nok, [zy] : ko[zy], [tsy]: [tsy] rkach, [shy]: [shy] to forge (simple), [zhy]: [zhy] rock, [ny]: [ny] rock, [ry]: [ry] sak, [ly]: [ly] zhny, [py]: [blaze] to lament, [would]: [was] loy, [f]: [snort] growl, [you]: [express] express, [we]: braid [we], [tu]: [tu] sew, [du]: [du] sha, [su]: [dry] sew, [zu]: [zu] shave, [tsu]: [ tsu] kat, [shu]: [shu] rumble, [zhu]: [zhu] growl, [ku]: [ku] yes, [gu]: [gu] ba, [hu]: [hu] la, [ well]: [well] wait, [ru]: [ru] yes, [lu]: [lu] ha, [pu]: [pu] rga, [bu]: [bu] tone, [fu]: [fu ] rage, [wu]: [wu] lkan, [mu]: [mu] ka; [tㆄ]: [tㆄ]bun, [dㆄ]: [dㆄ]horns, [sㆄ]: [sㆄ]doc, [sㆄ]: v[zㆄ]ymy, [tsㆄ]: [ts ㆄ] ri, [w ㆄ (ye)]: [w ㆄ (ye)] gi, [w ㆄ (ye)]: [w ㆄ (ye)] ra, [k ㆄ]: [k ㆄ] for , [gㆄ]: [gㆄ]ra, [xㆄ]: [xㆄ]nzha, [nㆄ]: [nㆄ]sos, [rㆄ]: [rㆄ]dit, [lㆄ]: [l ㆄ] for, [n ㆄ]: [n ㆄ] sti, [b ㆄ]: [b ㆄ] lny, [f ㆄ]: [f ㆄ] zan, [v ㆄ]: [v ㆄ] zyt, [mㆄ]: [mㆄ] roses; [shye]: [shye] stop, [zhye]: [zhye] stocky, [tsye]: (on) [tsye] pi; [tb]: [tb] mahawk, [db]: [dj] to rove, [sb]: [sb] argument, [zb]: [zb] safe, [cb]: [cb] to catch, [shb]: [ w] dry, [zh]: [zh] dry, [k]: [k] valer, [g]: [g] native, [x]: [x] meleon, [n]: [n] owl, [ rb]: [rb] erase, [l]: [l] zaret, [nb]: [nb] left, [b]: [b] left, [fb]: [f] brikant, [v]: [v ] delivery, [m]: [m] loco.
§ 54. The combinations "hard consonant + unstressed vowel" in their relation to the morphemic structure of word forms are presented as follows.
1. In the position of the beginning of the root, all combinations of this type are presented: (c) [you] lu, [breathe] breathe, [son] son, [zy˙] ryane (obsolete), [tsy] rkach, [shy] karny, [zhy] loy, [us] rock, [ry] wok, [ly] zhnya, [blaze] roar, [be] loy, [snort] growl, [vy˙] tyo, [my˙] tyo, [tu] sew, [suffocate] sew, [su] coffin, [tooth] shave, [tsu] kat, [shu] joke, [murmur] growl, [ku] ma, [gu] ba, [hu] la, [well] wait, [ru]baha, [lu]na, [let]sk, [bu]maga, [fu]razhka, [woo]lkan, [mu]ka, [t ㆄ] tank, [d ㆄ] ry, [ sㆄ]dy, [zㆄ]rya, [tsㆄ]ri, [shㆄ(ye)]ry, [zhㆄ(ye)]ra, [kㆄ]for, [gㆄ]ret, [xㆄ ]lva, [nㆄ]ha, [rㆄ]dit, [lㆄ]mother, [pㆄ]ry, [bㆄ]bry, [fㆄ]kir, [vㆄ]zit, [mㆄ]rit , [tsye] kidney, [shye] stop, [zhye] on, [t] bakerka, [d] row, [s] argument, [z] lot, [ts] remonia, [sh] row, [zh] ltizna , [k] tera, [g] native, [x] rovod, [n] roving, [r] kot, [l] battle, [n] rovy, [b] were, [f] brikant, [v] transportation , [m] slate.
The following combinations are presented at the beginning of the root in a limited number of cases: [you]: in the forms of noun. rear (in [you] lu, [you] ly), in [you] lava, [you] nok (from tyn), [you] rsa (special) (a mixture of sand and sawdust), in verbs with a component to poke ( for [you] roll) and in position before a soft consonant ([sta˙] chinka, [staple]); [dy] in noun forms. smoke (in [dy] mu, [dy] we), in [dy] mok, [dy] movoy, [dy] - mohod, [dy] ra, [breathe] spit, [breath] hanie, [dy] shlovoy , [dy] would (on the hind legs); [zy] in [zy] bun, [zy] booming, in verbs with a component to call (to [call] to call) and in a position before a soft consonant - obsolete. [zy˙]ryans; [us] into [we] dive, [we] rock, [dive] dive, [dive] tyo; [ly] in [ly] coder (reg.), [ly] wobbly, [ly] headless, [ly] sun and [ly] dry (both - zool.), [ly] thief (simple) (shirking) , [ly] zhnya and in a position before a soft consonant - in [ly˙] nyat (simple) (shirk), [ly˙] sena (region (coot)), [ly˙] network; [py] in [py] jyan (fish), [py] lat, [py] rush (simple), [py] rat, [try] piss, [py] x- hoot, [py] hut, and also in the form of a noun. ardor: (c) [py] lu, in [py] zhovy, [py] inquisitive and in position before a soft consonant ([py˙] pour, [py˙] left, [py˙] ryat (simple), [ wheatgrass]; [fu] in [fu] rkun (colloquial), [fu] growl; [you] in words with morphs high, high, high ([high] high, [high] honeycomb, [high] tire , for [vy]sat, [you] sokogorny, as well as in [vy]drenok and in a position in front of a soft consonant - in [vy˙] tyo and in infrequent forms plural noun udder ([vy˙]mena ).
2. Combinations are presented in the middle of the root: [you]: la[you]shi, [dy˙]: ka[dy˙]ki, [ly]: ko[ly]hat, [by˙]: ko[by˙] persons, [vy˙]: ko[vy˙] lyat, [we]: ka[we] shi; [tu]: ra [tu] sha, [zu]: by [zu] ment, [zhu]: ko[zhu] ha, [ku]: kara[ku] l, [lu˙]: by [lu˙] read, [pu]: pa[pu]asy; [t ㆄ]: ba [t ㆄ] lion, [s ㆄ]: to [s ㆄ] to breathe, [s ㆄ]: ra [s ㆄ] rush, [ts ㆄ]: ka [ts ㆄ] wake, [sh ㆄ]: whether [wㆄ]i, [zhㆄ]: y[zhㆄ]sat, [kㆄ]: lo[kㆄ]tki, [gㆄ]: o[gㆄ]genus, [xㆄ] : ho [x ㆄ] thi, [n ㆄ]: ka [n ㆄ] rail, [r ㆄ]: ka [r ㆄ] stranded, [l ㆄ]: ka [l ㆄ] chi, [n ㆄ]: lo [n ㆄ] thief, [b ㆄ]: la [b ㆄ] rant, [f ㆄ]: pro [f ㆄ] nation, [v ㆄ]: go [v ㆄ] rit, [m ㆄ]: ro [m ㆄ]nist; [tsye]: bu[tsye] fal [joking. and iron. about a bad horse; zool. corydalis kabucephalus (butterfly)], [shye]: according to [shye] Khonsky (from topon.); [db]: ka[d] chny, [sb]: by [s] x, [k]: e [k] nomic, [g]: more [g] tyri, [n]: ki [n] var, [pb]: pa[pb] l-lealism, [lb]: pa[l] talization (special), [pb]: mono[pb] lyse, [b]: a [b] nonment, [b]: ka- [v]lerian, [m]: command [m] coding.
3. At the junction of the prefix and the root, combinations are presented: [you]: o [you] to play, [dy]: to [dy] to play, [sy]: [to] play, [zy]: ra[zy] to play, [ b]: about [to] play, [cloud]: about [cloud] to whine, [du˙]: to [breath] to chit, [su˙]: [tou˙] mark, [to ˙]: ra[z˙]chit, [bu˙]: o[b˙]chit, [bㆄ]: su[bㆄ]Lpi special), [zㆄ]: ra[zㆄ] fight (simple). The presence of these combinations in this position is limited by the composition of prefixes ending in consonants and roots beginning with vowels.
4. At the junction of the suffix ets (ts) and inflection, combinations [tsy], [tsy] are fixed, for example [tsy] in the lodger [tsy], [tsy] in the lodging [tsy].
5. At the junction of the root and the suffix, combinations are presented: [you]: ka[ty] shek, [dy]: ola [dy] shek, [ny]: wedge [ny] shek, [ry]: navel [ry] shek, [ly]: ko[ly] shek, [would]: sparrow [be] shek, [you]: rev [you] w, [we]: take [we] sh, [tu]: te [tu] shka, [du]: ola [du] shka, [zu]: pa [zu] shka, [ku]: qua [ku] shka, [nu]: voro [nu] shka, [ru]: squa [ru] shka, [lu]: mi [lu] shka, [pu]: tsy [pu] shka, [bu]: ba [bu] shka, [woo]: solo [woo] shka, [mu]: ma [mu] shka, [t ㆄ]: shield [t ㆄ] howl, [d ㆄ]: ez [d ㆄ] howl, [s ㆄ]: golo [s ㆄ] howl, [h ㆄ]: gro [h ㆄ] howl, [k ㆄ]: ro[kㆄ]howl, [gㆄ]: be[gㆄ]howl, [xㆄ]: tse[xㆄ]howl, [nㆄ]: wolf[nㆄ]howl, [pㆄ] : yes [rㆄ]howl, [lㆄ]: wa[lㆄ]howl, [pㆄ]: ti[pㆄ]howl, [bㆄ]: ger[bㆄ]howl, [vㆄ]: right [in ㆄ] howl, [m ㆄ]: gro [m ㆄ] howl, [tsye]: kol [tsye] howl, [shye]: du [shye] howl, [zhye]: bo [zhye] property, [t ]: ke [t] out, [d]: co [d] out, [s]: ri [s] out, [z]: ba [z] out, [k]: ma [k] out, [g ]: man [g] out, [x]: city [x] out, [n]: flat [n] out, [rb]: tooth [rb] out, [l]: and [l] out, [b ]: edge [b] out, [in]: and [in] out, [m]: za [m] out.
6. At the junction of the root and inflection, combinations are fixed: [you]: la[ty], [dy]: ro[dy], [sy]: ko[sy], [zy]: ko[zy], [shy]: but [shy], [zhy]: leather [shy], [ny]: kop[ny], [ry]: po[ry], [ly]: go[ly], [py]: cereal [py], [would]: labor [would], [f]: counts [f], [we]: tricks [we], [tu]: ro [tu], [du]: water [du], [su]: thief [su], [zu]: po[zu], [shu]: no[shu], [zhu]: skin[zhu], [ku]: ro[ku], [gu]: ro[gu], [ hu]: epo[hu], [nu]: uro[nu], [ru]: go[ru], [lu]: po[lu], [pu]: la[pu], [bu]: pro[ boo], [fu]: ar [fu], [woo]: horseshoe [woo], [mu]: yes [mu], [t]: ro [t] (spelling company), [d]: ro [ db], [sb]: drill [sb], [zb]: ro [zb], [qb]: yai [qb], [shb]: ka [shb], [gb]: ko [bj], [kb ]: ro [k], [x]: zasu [x], [n]: edge [n], [r]: pa [r], [l]: along [l], [p]: circle [n] ], [b]: ry [b], [fb]: scale [f], [v]: short [v], [m]: ra [m].
In this position, combinations of solid consonants with an unstressed vowel [ㆄ] are not presented, since the latter in a position after a consonant is possible only in the first pre-stressed syllable, and inflections in Russian are either stressed or stressed.
7. At the junction of components in compound and compound words: [zhy˙]: ko[zhy˙]mit, [tu˙]: poly[tu˙]cheba, [dㆄ]: sa[dㆄ]water, [tㆄ ]: young [t ㆄ] fighter, whether [t ㆄ] unity, [s ㆄ]: bo [s ㆄ] leg, [s ㆄ]: ko [s ㆄ] doy (bird), mu [s ㆄ] combination, [k ㆄ]: ru [k ㆄ] washer, [g ㆄ]: lo- [g ㆄ] ped, [x ㆄ]: air [x ㆄ] swimmer, [n ㆄ]: od [n ㆄ] love , [r ㆄ]: pa [r ㆄ] woz, [l ㆄ]: those [l ㆄ] greyka, [p ㆄ]: lu [p ㆄ] - eye, [b ㆄ]: lo [b ㆄ] greika, [fㆄ]: pro[fㆄ]ktiv, [vㆄ]: holo[vㆄ]wash, [mㆄ]: sa[mㆄ]var, [shye]: ka[shhye]var, [t]: le [t] writing, [d]: ro [d] boss, [g]: book- [g] seller, [n]: vi [n] merchant, [r]: old- [r] regime, [l ]: ang[l] Saxon, [b]: ra[b] - owner, [v]: per[v] initial, [m]: sa[m] murder.
8. Combinations [you], [dㆄ], [sㆄ], [zㆄ], [nㆄ], [pㆄ], [vㆄ], [db], [sb], [ зъ], [нъ], [пъ] (combinations [dㆄ], [sㆄ], [sㆄ], [nㆄ], [nㆄ], [vㆄ], [db], [zъ], [нъ], [пъ] are also used as prepositions: [dㆄ]ㆃ at home, [withㆄ]ㆃ me, [hㆄ]ㆃ me, [nㆄ]ㆃ me, [pㆄ]ㆃ garden, [in ㆄ]ㆃ to me, [d]ㆃ in winter, [z]ㆃ in winter, [n]ㆃ to you, [p]ㆃ to you, for example: [you] play, [d ㆄ] drive, [s ㆄ] bend, [h ㆄ] bend, [n ㆄ] bend, [p ㆄ] drive, [v ㆄ] drive, [d] drive, [s] jump, [z] jump, [n] jump, [n] drive The combinations [tㆄ], [dㆄ], [pㆄ], [bㆄ], [hㆄ], [t], [d], [p], [b], [z] are part of the prefixes : o [t ㆄ] bend, [d ㆄ] bend, [r ㆄ] torn, o [b ㆄ] warm, ra [h ㆄ] - warm, o [t] warm up, warm up, [d ㆄ] warm, [ rzz] to warm up, to [b] warm up.
