home Botany Position in relation to neighboring countries Estonia. Economic and geographical characteristics of Estonia. Economic growth after Estonia's accession to the EU

Position in relation to neighboring countries Estonia. Economic and geographical characteristics of Estonia. Economic growth after Estonia's accession to the EU

The area is 45.2 thousand km1.

The population is 1.4 million people.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

The capital is Tallinn.

The head of state is the president.

The legislature is the unicameral Sejm. It is territorially divided into 15 counties.

Economic and geographical location of Estonia

Estonia is located in the northeast of Central-Eastern Europe, it also includes the islands of the Moonsund archipelago. It borders on Russia in the east and Latvia in the south, and has a wide outlet to the Baltic Sea.

Of the mineral resources, the country has powerful deposits of oil shale, as well as phosphorites, peat, building materials.

The territory of Estonia is well developed, but the population is not numerous, its usual density is small, as for European countries. Estonians make up the vast majority of the population, surrender - Russians and representatives of other nationalities former USSR. Official language- Estonian (Finno-Ugric language group). Widespread Lutheranism, Baptism, Orthodoxy.

Economy of Estonia

The traditional Estonian culture of farmers and fishermen has experienced significant European influence. In the Middle Ages, cities began to appear here, crafts (iron products, weaving, etc.) developed, trade with other countries revived. Until that time, medieval architecture has been preserved. Old city in Tallinn has preserved typical buildings of the XV-XVII centuries. and known as the city-museum. The university city of Tartu has a long history. The city is still a significant scientific, cultural and economic center.

The country's economy specializes in the extraction and processing of slates, the electric power industry, skilled engineering (radio, electrical engineering, instrumentation), fish, dairy, meat, textile, and knitwear industries. Tallinn is the most powerful industrial center and port of the country.

Agriculture is dominated by animal husbandry, which specializes in dairy and meat and pedigree cattle breeding, bacon pig breeding. Fishing is a traditional occupation of the coastal population. This is one of the export areas of Estonia.

Estonian exports are constantly growing, especially in Western Europe, almost twice as high as exports to the CIS countries. The country exports products of mechanical engineering, fish, food, light industry, and delivers raw materials, fuel, some machines and consumer goods.

General information about the country: area of the territory, population (composition, number), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). The official language is Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Churches), others. The capital is Tallinn. Largest cities- Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division- 15 regions. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. Currency - Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

Estonia is a country located in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east, the country borders on Russia, in the south - on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

State flag of Estonia.

The national flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. The top stripe is blue, the middle stripe is black and the bottom stripe is white color. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The first blue-black-white flag was consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In the following decades, the blue-black-and-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first decree on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag. After the forcible annexation of the Republic of Estonia to Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was banned.

The Estonian national colors reappeared openly in 1987-1988, when the movement for the liberation and restoration of Estonian independence began. The tricolor was again raised over the Long German tower on February 24, 1989, and by a law passed in August 1990, it was decided to start using the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag again. The Estonian Flag Law was promulgated on April 5, 2005.

State Emblem of Estonia

The national emblem of Estonia exists in two formats: the large national emblem (pictured) and the small national emblem. The large state emblem on a golden shield depicts three blue lions marching with their eyes fixed on the viewer (passant gardant). On the sides and bottom, the shield is bordered by a wreath of two crossed oak branches of golden color, crossing at the bottom of the shield. The small coat of arms is identical, but there are no oak branches on it.

The motif of the Estonian state emblem dates back to the 13th century, when the Danish king Valdemar II granted the city of Tallinn a coat of arms with three lions, similar to the coat of arms of the Danish kingdom. The same motif was later transferred to the coat of arms of the Estland province, approved by Empress Catherine II on October 4, 1788.

The Riigikogu approved the Estonian national emblem on June 19, 1925. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former emblem was prohibited. The historical coat of arms of the Estonian state was again accepted for use on August 7, 1990. The Law on the State Emblem was promulgated on July 3, 2001.

Entry into the USSR

In conditions when Latvia and Finland refused to support Estonia, England and France (which were at war with Germany) were not able to provide it, and Germany recommended accepting the Soviet proposal, the Estonian government entered into negotiations in Moscow, as a result of which on September 28 The Mutual Assistance Pact was concluded, providing for the deployment of Soviet military bases and a 25,000-strong Soviet contingent in Estonia.

In 1940, additional contingents of Soviet troops were introduced. On the territory of Estonia, military bases of the USSR were created, on which 25,000 soldiers were stationed. On June 10, combat readiness was declared at Soviet bases in Estonia. On June 14, a military and naval blockade of the Baltic states was declared. On June 14, Soviet planes shot down a plane of a Finnish airline that took off from Tallinn over the Gulf of Finland.

June, Molotov handed the Estonian ambassador an ultimatum note, in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, otherwise threatening the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.

June 1940 entered Tallinn Soviet troops; At the same time, ships of the Baltic Fleet stood up in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, gatherings, photographing under open sky; weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Bochkarev, an adviser to the Soviet embassy, named the first members of the new pro-Soviet Estonian government. Subsequent events were led by A. A. Zhdanov, authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who adhered to leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the embassy of the USSR. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.

By a decree of Päts of July 5, extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens took part in the elections, or 84.1% of total number voters. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of those who voted, voted for the candidates of the Union of Working People (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.

On July 1940 (even before the formal inclusion of Estonia into the USSR), an order was issued by People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S. K. Timoshenko No. 0141, according to which by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.

July, the first session of the Riigikogu of the new convocation adopted a decision on the establishment in the country Soviet power and the formation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. The Riigikogu addressed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a corresponding request. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts filed a petition to be relieved of his presidency, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, passed to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.

August 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.

Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)

Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)

Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)

Population: 1,257,921 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 158

Age structure:

14 years old: 15.6% (male 101,018 / female 95204)

24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)

54 years old: 41.5% (male 250,244 / female 271,450)

64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)

years and older: 18.2% (male 77,492 / female 156,275) (2014)

Number dependency:

Total dependency ratio: 51.2%

Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)

Average age:

total: 41.2 years

men: 37.6 years

women: 44.5 years (2014)

Population Growth Rate:

Place of the country in the world: 228

Fertility:

29 births / 1,000 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 187

Mortality:

69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 13

Net Migration Rate:

37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 185

Urbanization:

Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)

rate of urbanization: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)

Major urban areas - population:

TALLINN (capital) 430 944 (2014)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

14 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

24 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

54 years old: 0.92 male(s)/female

64 years old: 0.84 male(s)/female

years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)

Mothers Average age at first birth:

3 (2010)

Maternal mortality:

deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Place of the country in the world: 184

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births

Place of the country in the world: 164

men: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births

women: 5.52 deaths/1000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 74.07 years

Place of the country in the world: 118

men: 68.85 years

women: 79.61 years (2014)

Total fertility rate:

46 children born/woman (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 196

Natural resource potential

estonia population climate economy

In addition to the mainland, Estonia also has an island. She owns 1541 islands in the Baltic Sea. The largest among them are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Sometimes the sea freezes in winter. The territory of the country is predominantly low-lying plain with many lakes of glacial origin. In the northeastern part - a strip of hilly hills with the highest point of the country - Munamägi (318 m). In the northern and central parts - the Pandivere upland (up to 166 m). 2/3 of the forests are coniferous.

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental. The average January temperature is -6, July +17 °С. The annual rainfall is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.

Estonia's natural resources are more significant than in other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as slates, peat, phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sand, gravel, clay, limestone, dolomite. There are deposits mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral used as a fuel to produce shale gas as a raw material in chemical industry. Shale reserves in the north-east of the republic are one of the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.

GDP. Economics - general overview

Estonia, a member of the European Union and Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and is one of the higher levels income in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have led to balanced budgets and low public debt levels. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. The Estonian economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of the investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble, and reduced demand for exports as a result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth is expected to top 2% in 2014, prior to events in Ukraine. Estonia introduced the euro on January 1, 2011.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29940000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

$29490000000 (2012)

$28370000000 (2011)

GDP (at official exchange rate):

$24280000000 (2013)

GDP - real growth rate:

Place of the country in the world: 158

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$22,400 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 66

$22,000 (2012)

$21,200 (2011)

note: data in 2013 USD

Gross National Savings:

23.9% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 56

4% of GDP (2012)

9% of GDP (2011)

GDP - composition, by the end of use:

household consumption: 50.6%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed assets: 24.5%

inventory investment: 0.9%

export of goods and services: 90.4%

imports of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)

GDP - by sector of origin:

agriculture: 3.9%

industry: 30%

services: 66.2% (2013)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish

Industries: electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information Technology, telecommunications

Growth in industrial production:

Place of the country in the world: 104

Work force:

692900 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 152

Labor force - by sectors of the economy:

agriculture: 4.2%

industry: 20.2%

services: 75.6% (2010)

Unemployment rate:

10.9% (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

Population below the poverty line:

Household income or share of consumption:

lowest 10%: 2.7%

over 10%: 27.7% (2004)

revenue: $8489 million

expenses: $8615 million (2013)

Taxes and other income:

35% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 67

Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):

0.5% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 57

State debt:

6% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 156

8% of GDP (2012)

Note: The data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities, including sub-sectors of the central government, state power, local government, and social insurance funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Place of the country in the world: 120

Export: $15110000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 79

$14460000000 (2012)

Export - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products from 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)

Import: $16380000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 85

$15.6 billion (2012)

Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles

Import - partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)

Foreign exchange and gold reserves:

Place of the country in the world: 151

Debt - external:

Place of the country in the world: 76

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - at home:

Place of the country in the world: 6

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:

Place of the country in the world: 60

Participation in international organizations

Participation in international organizations: Australia Group, B.A., BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (state cooperating), EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGO), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NIB, NSG, OAS (Observer), OECD, OIF (Observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN Schengen Convention, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNTSO, UPU, WTO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Investment projects

The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns, such as Gazprom and Lukoil .

The largest Russian gas company Gazprom owns the largest shareholding Eesti Gaas , she owns 30.6%. She also owns a modern chemical plant Nitrofert in Kohtla-Järve, producing chemical fertilizers.

So far cooperation Gazprom with Estonia was the most constructive among all the Baltic States. In February 1996 Gazprom announced the start of construction of a methanol plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise in Estonia.

The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. In addition, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.

However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how the Estonian politicians react to this case.

Concern Lukoil engaged in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of petrol stations in Tallinn.

Currently, an oil terminal is being built in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil invested 31 million dollars.

Russian capital shows some interest in the Estonian financial sector as well.

However, the wide participation of Russian capital in foreign enterprises is hindered by Russian legislation. The Central Bank of Russia allows the export of Russian capital for equity participation in the capital of a foreign bank, as a rule, only if this participation provides the Russian side with control over the activities of the invested bank.

Of the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank

The Estonian economy is one of the most successful examples of the development of small economies. During the crisis, the state experienced a moderate decline compared to other former states, and then quickly recovered. Today, Estonia is considered one of the wealthy, not developing countries.

Brief history of the Estonian economy until the 20th century

For a long time, the economy of the territories where modern Estonia is located was based on trade. Important trade routes passed through Tallinn (then the city was called Revel) and Narva, connecting Russia and Western Europe. The Narva River provided communication with Novgorod, Moscow and Pskov. In addition, in the Middle Ages, Estonia was a major supplier of grain crops to northern countries. The industrialization of some industries (especially woodworking and mining) began even before the accession of Estonia to the Russian Empire.

The economies of Estonia and Russia have been developing jointly since the moment when the interests of the Russian Empire in the Baltic Sea collided with the interests of Sweden. The accession to the Russian Empire of the territories of modern Estonia, which formed the Revel and Livonian provinces, as well as the emergence of a new capital (St. Petersburg), reduced the commercial importance of Tallinn and Narva. had a positive impact on the country's economy agrarian reform 1849, after which it was allowed to sell and lease land to peasants. Already to late XIX century, about 50% of the peasants in the northern part of the country and 80% in the south and in the center of modern Estonia were owners or tenants of land.

In 1897, more than half of the population (65%) was employed in the agricultural sector, 14% worked in the industrial sector and the same number were engaged in trade or worked in the service sector. The Baltic Germans and Russians remained the intellectual, economic and political elite of Estonian society, although the share of Estonians in the national composition reached 90%.

The first independent steps in the economy

In the 1920s and 1930s, the Estonian economy passed its first test of being able to be regulated by internal state forces. The independence of the state made it necessary to look for new markets, to carry out reforms (and there were enough problems in the economy at that time), to decide how Natural resources. The new economic policy, initiated by the then Estonian Minister of Economics Otto Strandman, was aimed at developing an industry focused on the domestic market and Agriculture aimed at export.

The following factors contributed to the independent development of the state economy:

favorable territorial location;
the structure of production established under the Russian Empire;
developed network railways, uniting the domestic market;
financial aid from Soviet Russia in the amount of 15 million rubles in gold equivalent.

However, there were also many problems:

almost all equipment from plants and factories was taken out during the First World War;
the existing economic ties were disrupted, the country lost its sales market in the east;
The USA stopped supplying Estonia with food due to the signing of the Tartu Peace;
More than 37,000 citizens returned to Estonia in need of housing and jobs.

A brief description of the Estonian economy as part of the USSR begins with a calculation of the damage caused by military operations during the Second World War. During the German occupation in the republic, 50% of residential buildings and 45% of industrial enterprises were destroyed. The total damage is estimated at 16 billion rubles in pre-war prices.

After the end of the Second World War, Estonia was in first place in terms of investment per capita among all Soviet republics. The Estonian economy in those years was represented by:

Industrial complex. Both mining (oil shale, phosphorites and peat were mined) and manufacturing industries developed. The industries of the latter included mechanical engineering, metalworking, chemical, textile and food industries.
Energy. It was in Estonia that the first gas shale plant in the world was built, and later the world's largest hydroelectric power plants on shale. fully provided for the needs of the republic and made it possible to transfer part of the energy to the north-west of the USSR.
Agricultural sector. During the years of the USSR, Estonian agriculture specialized in dairy and meat animal husbandry and pig breeding. Fur farming, beekeeping, poultry farming developed. Industrial, fodder and grain crops were grown.
Transport system. Ever since the time Russian Empire the republic has a developed railway network. In addition, road and sea transport developed.

Restoration of independence and economic reforms

During the restoration of independence, the Estonian economy is briefly characterized by reforms. The latter can be divided into four groups: liberalization, structural and institutional reforms, the return of nationalized property to its rightful owners, and stabilization. The first stage of transformation was characterized by the transition to the regulation of pricing only for electricity, heating and public housing.

High inflation rates have become a serious problem. In 1991, the figure was 200%, and by 1992 it had risen to 1076%. Savings that were kept in rubles rapidly depreciated. As part of the new economic policy, the return of once nationalized property to the owners was also carried out. By the mid-1990s, the privatization process was almost completely completed. At the same time, Estonia became one of the first countries in the world to adopt a flat income tax system.

Jobs and the loading of Estonian transport routes were provided by trade and transit of goods from the Russian Federation. Transit transport services accounted for 14% Most of the Estonian state budget (about 60%) was formed by Russian transit.

Economic growth after Estonia's accession to the EU

The Estonian economy has been developing positively since joining the EU. Significant volumes of foreign investments were attracted to the country. By 2007, Estonia ranked first among the former Soviet republics in terms of GDP per capita. At the same time, signs of "overheating" began to appear in the economy: stabilized inflation rates crept up again, the foreign trade deficit grew by 11%, and a so-called price bubble appeared in the housing market. As a result, economic growth began to slow down.

Economic downturn amid the global financial crisis

Negative trends associated with financial crisis manifested themselves in the Estonian economy as well. fell in 2008, the budget was for the first time adopted with a deficit, and GDP fell by three and a half percent. At the same time, the volume of railway transportation decreased by 43%, inflation increased to 8.3%, domestic demand decreased and imports decreased.

Research carried out working group University of Tartu showed that the Estonian economy is developing according to the Greek scenario. The country was dominated by hotel services and trade, as well as small-scale construction, rather than industry, financial intermediation, and high-performance commercial services. The crisis had a very strong impact on the Estonian economy, which led to talk about the collapse of the existing development model.

The current structure of the Estonian economy

The Estonian economy is briefly represented by the following industries:

Industry (29%). The chemical, processing, pulp and paper, fuel industries, energy, and mechanical engineering are actively developing. A significant share of GDP is construction and real estate.
Agriculture (3%). Meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding remain the main sectors of the agricultural sector. Agriculture is mainly engaged in the cultivation of fodder and industrial crops. Fishing is also developing.
Services sector (69%). Tourism, especially medical tourism, is experiencing rapid growth in Estonia. Recently, the number of offshore IT companies has grown significantly. An important component of the economy is transit through the territory of the state - this determines the role of Estonia in the world economy. For example, transit accounts for 75% of rail traffic.

Regional features of the economy

The Estonian economy today is geographically dispersed. So, in the north-eastern part of the state, the manufacturing sector is developed, three quarters of industrial goods are produced in this region. The main industrial centers of the country are Tallinn with its environs, Narva, Maardu, Kohtla-Jarve, Kunda. In southern Estonia, agriculture has become more developed, and West Side The country is characterized by a developed fishing industry, livestock breeding and tourism are also developed.

Finance, banks and the external debt of the state

The official currency of Estonia is the euro, the transition to the European currency from the Estonian kroon was finally completed by the beginning of 2011. The functions of the central bank in the country are performed and the national supervisory authority is the Bank of Estonia. The functions of the latter are to meet the needs of the population in cash, as well as to ensure the reliability and stability of the entire banking system.

About ten commercial banks operate in Estonia. At the same time, more than two thirds of financial assets are regulated by the two largest players in the financial market - the Swedish banks Swedbank and SEB. stable economic development country allows you to expand the scope of bank lending.

Estonia's public external debt remains the lowest among the countries of the European Union, amounting to 10% as of 2012. In the mid-nineties, the figure was equal to about half of GDP, and by 2010 it reached 120% of the gross domestic product. More than half of the debt is the financial obligations of credit institutions.

The structure of the state's foreign trade by industry

Estonia's main trading partners are its northern neighbors, as well as Russia and the European Union. The main foreign trade groups are mineral fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, various finished products.

Incomes of the population, employment and labor resources

The largest share of the Estonian population (67%) is made up of able-bodied citizens - modern Estonia does not suffer from a lack of labor force. The economy is secured labor resources, however, the average unemployment rate is 6%, which is in line with the global average. For one hour (when working with hourly pay), a doctor can receive a little more than nine euros, junior medical staff - five euros, nurses, nannies and orderlies - three euros. average salary before taxes reaches 1105 euros. Minimum wage equals 470 euros per month.

General information about the country: area of the territory, population (composition, number), structure of the land fund, state symbols.

The official name is the Republic of Estonia.

Territory - 45,226 sq. km.

Population - 1 million 286 thousand people. National composition: Estonians (68.7%), Russians (24.8%), Ukrainians (1.7%), Belarusians (1.0%), Finns (0.6%) (as of December 31, 2011). The official language is Estonian. For about a third of the country's population, the native language is Russian. Religion - Lutherans, Orthodox (Russian Orthodox and Estonian Orthodox Churches), others. The capital is Tallinn. The largest cities are Tallinn (415 thousand), Tartu (115 thousand), Narva (76 thousand), Pärnu, Kothla-Jarve (55 thousand). Administrative division - 15 regions. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president. Currency - Estonian kroon.

Geographical position

State flag of Estonia.

The national flag of Estonia is also the national flag. It is a rectangle consisting of three equal horizontal colored stripes. The top stripe is blue, the middle stripe is black and the bottom stripe is white. The ratio of the width of the flag to its length is 7:11, the standard size of the flag is 105 by 165 centimeters.

The first blue-black-white flag was consecrated and blessed as the flag of the Estonian Student Society in Otepää on June 4, 1884. In the following decades, the blue-black-and-white flag became the Estonian national flag. The first decree on the Estonian national flag was adopted by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Estonia on November 21, 1918. In June 1922, the Riigikogu officially approved the blue-black-and-white flag as the state flag. After the forced annexation of the Republic of Estonia to the Soviet Union in 1940, the use of the former flag was prohibited.

State Emblem of Estonia

Entry into the USSR

On June 16, Molotov handed the Estonian ambassador an ultimatum note, in which he demanded the immediate entry into Estonia of an additional contingent of Soviet troops numbering 90,000 people and the removal of the government, otherwise threatening the occupation of Estonia. Päts accepted the ultimatum.

On June 17, 1940, Soviet troops entered Tallinn; At the same time, ships of the Baltic Fleet stood up in the roadstead and an amphibious assault was landed. The Soviet military authorities banned public gatherings, gatherings, outdoor photography; weapons were confiscated from the population within 24 hours. On June 18, Bochkarev, an adviser to the Soviet embassy, named the first members of the new pro-Soviet Estonian government. Subsequent events were led by A. A. Zhdanov, authorized by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks for Estonia, who arrived in Tallinn on June 19. On June 21, he dictated to Päts the composition of the new cabinet, headed by the poet Johannes Vares (Barbarus), who adhered to leftist views and soon joined the Communist Party. In fact, the leadership of the country was carried out by the embassy of the USSR. The NKVD arrived from Leningrad to Tallinn. Arrests and deportations of citizens of the Republic of Estonia began, including those actively opposed to the Soviet regime. Following this, Zhdanov ordered elections to the Riigikogu to be held within nine days.

By a decree of Päts of July 5, extraordinary elections to the Riigikogu were scheduled for July 14, 1940. According to official data, 591,030 citizens, or 84.1% of the total number of voters, took part in the elections. 548,631 people, or 92.8% of those who voted, voted for the candidates of the Union of Working People (candidates of other parties were not registered). According to some Russian and Estonian historians, the elections were held in violation of existing laws, including the constitution, and the results were falsified.

On July 11, 1940 (even before the formal incorporation of Estonia into the USSR), an order was issued by People's Commissar of Defense Marshal S. K. Timoshenko No. 0141, according to which, by July 31, 1940, the territory of Estonia was to be included in the Leningrad Military District.

On July 21, the first session of the Riigikogu of the new convocation adopted a decision on the establishment of Soviet power in the country and the formation of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22, a declaration was adopted on the entry of Estonia into the USSR. The Riigikogu addressed the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with a corresponding request. On the same day, President Konstantin Päts filed a petition to be relieved of his presidency, which was granted. The powers of the President, in accordance with the Constitution, passed to the Prime Minister. On July 30, Päts was deported to Bashkiria.

On August 6, 1940, the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a resolution on the admission of the Estonian SSR to the USSR.

Ethnic groups: Estonian 68.7%, Russian 24.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, Belarusian 1%, Finn 0.6%, other 1.6%, unspecified 1.6% (2011)

Languages: Estonian (official) 68.5%, Russian 29.6%, Ukrainian 0.6%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.1% (2011)

Religions: Lutheran 9.9%, Orthodox 16.2%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 2.2%, other 0.9%, none 54.1%, unspecified 16.7 % (2011)

Population: 1,257,921 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 158

Age structure:

0-14 years old: 15.6% (male 101018 / female 95204)

15-24 years old: 11.2% (men 72,318 / women 68,373)

25-54 years old: 41.5% (male 250 244 / female 271450)

55-64 years old: 18.6% (men 71,518 / women 94,029)

65 years and older: 18.2% (male 77,492 / female 156,275) (2014)

Number dependency:

Total dependency ratio: 51.2%

Youth dependency ratio: 23.9%

Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3%

potential support ratio: 3.7 (2013)

Average age:

total: 41.2 years

men: 37.6 years

women: 44.5 years (2014)

Population Growth Rate:

0.68% (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 228

Fertility:

10.29 births / 1,000 (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 187

Mortality:

13.69 deaths/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 13

Net Migration Rate:

3.37 Migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 185

Urbanization:

Urban population: 69.5% of total population (2011)

rate of urbanization: 0.02% rate of change (2010-15)

Major urban areas - population:

TALLINN (capital) 430 944 (2014)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female

0-14 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years old: 1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years old: 0.92 male(s)/female

55-64 years old: 0.84 male(s)/female

65 years and older: 0.49 male(s)/female

Total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2014)

Mothers Average age at first birth:

26.3 (2010)

Maternal mortality:

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Place of the country in the world: 184

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.7 deaths/1000 live births

Place of the country in the world: 164

men: 7.81 deaths/1000 live births

women: 5.52 deaths/1000 live births (2014 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

Total population: 74.07 years

Place of the country in the world: 118

men: 68.85 years

women: 79.61 years (2014)

Total fertility rate:

1.46 children born/woman (2014)

Place of the country in the world: 196

Natural resource potential

estonia population climate economy

The climate is transitional from maritime to continental. The average January temperature is -6, July +17 °С. The annual rainfall is about 650 mm. Mineral resources: oil shale, peat, phosphorites.

Estonia's natural resources are more significant than in other Baltic countries. It has such minerals as slates, peat, phosphorites. There are raw materials for the building materials industry - sand, gravel, clay, limestone, dolomite. There are deposits of mineral waters and therapeutic mud. Oil shale is a very valuable mineral used as a fuel to produce shale gas, as a raw material in the chemical industry. Shale reserves in the north-east of the republic are one of the largest in the world, amounting to 15 billion tons.

GDP. Economics - general overview

Estonia, a member of the European Union and Eurozone since 2004, has a modern market economy and one of the highest income levels in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Successive Estonian governments have pursued a free market, pro-business economic program and wavered slightly in their commitment to market reforms. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have led to balanced budgets and low public debt levels. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications and strong trade links with Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany. The Estonian economy fell into recession in mid-2008, as a result of the investment and consumption slump following the bursting of the property bubble, and reduced demand for exports as a result of economic slowdown in the rest of Europe, but the economy has recovered strongly in the last five years. Growth is expected to top 2% in 2014, prior to events in Ukraine. Estonia introduced the euro on January 1, 2011.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$29940000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

$29490000000 (2012)

$28370000000 (2011)

GDP (at official exchange rate):

$24280000000 (2013)

GDP - real growth rate:

Place of the country in the world: 158

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$22,400 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 66

$22,000 (2012)

$21,200 (2011)

note: data in 2013 USD

Gross National Savings:

23.9% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 56

26.4% of GDP (2012)

26.9% of GDP (2011)

GDP - composition, by the end of use:

household consumption: 50.6%

government consumption: 19%

investment in fixed assets: 24.5%

inventory investment: 0.9%

export of goods and services: 90.4%

imports of goods and services: -90.3% (2013)

GDP - by sector of origin:

agriculture: 3.9%

industry: 30%

services: 66.2% (2013)

Agriculture - products: grain, potatoes, vegetables; farm animals and dairy products; fish

Industries: electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications

Growth in industrial production:

Place of the country in the world: 104

Work force:

692900 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 152

Labor force - by sectors of the economy:

agriculture: 4.2%

industry: 20.2%

services: 75.6% (2010)

Unemployment rate:

10.9% (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 114

10.2% (2012)

Population below the poverty line:

Household income or share of consumption:

lowest 10%: 2.7%

over 10%: 27.7% (2004)

revenue: $8489 million

expenses: $8615 million (2013)

Taxes and other income:

35% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 67

Budget surplus (+) or loss (-):

0.5% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 57

State debt:

6% of GDP (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 156

5.8% of GDP (2012)

Note: The data covers total government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by (or owned by) government entities, including sub-sectors of central government, state government, local government, and social insurance funds

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Place of the country in the world: 120

Export: $15110000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 79

$14460000000 (2012)

Export - goods: machinery and electrical equipment 21%, wood and products from 9%, metals 9%, furniture 7%, vehicles and spare parts 5%, food and beverages 4%, textiles 4%, plastics 3%

Export partners: Sweden 16.8%, Finland 15.3%, Russia 12.7%, Latvia 9.2%, Lithuania 5.7%, Germany 4.8% (2012)

Import: $16380000000 (2013)

Place of the country in the world: 85

$15.6 billion (2012)

Import - goods: machinery and electrical equipment, mineral fuels, chemical products, foodstuffs, plastics, textiles

Import - partners: Finland 15.1%, Germany 10.7%, Sweden 10.7%, Latvia 10%, Lithuania 9%, Poland 6.6%, China 4.4%, Russia 4.1% (2012)

Foreign exchange and gold reserves:

Place of the country in the world: 151

Debt - external:

Place of the country in the world: 76

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - at home:

Place of the country in the world: 6

Foreign Direct Investment Fund - Abroad:

Place of the country in the world: 60

Participation in international organizations

Investment projects

The largest investors are Russian oil and gas concerns such as Gazprom and Lukoil.

The largest Russian gas company "Gazprom" also owns the largest stake in "Eesti Gaas", it owns 30.6%. It also owns a modern chemical plant "Nitrofert" in Kohtla-Järve, which produces chemical fertilizers.

So far, Gazprom's cooperation with Estonia has been the most constructive among all the Baltic states. In February 1996, Gazprom announced the construction of a methanol plant, which could become the most modern and expensive industrial enterprise in Estonia.

The plant would have to produce 1000 tons of methanol per day, 2/3 of which would be exported. In addition, it would be the largest foreign investment in Estonia.

However, the project is experiencing problems obtaining a loan. Much depends on how the Estonian politicians react to this case.

Concern "Lukoil" is engaged in the supply of petroleum products. He owns a network of petrol stations in Tallinn.

An oil terminal is currently under construction in the port of Muuga, in which Lukoil has invested $31 million.

Russian capital shows some interest in the Estonian financial sector as well.

Of the existing Russian banks in Estonia, we can mention the Baltic Bank and MAPO-Bank.

Position in relation to neighboring countries Estonia. Economic and geographical characteristics of Estonia. Economic growth after Estonia's accession to the EU

Economic and geographical location of Estonia

Economy of Estonia

Brief history of the Estonian economy until the 20th century

The first independent steps in the economy

Restoration of independence and economic reforms

Economic growth after Estonia's accession to the EU

Economic downturn amid the global financial crisis

The current structure of the Estonian economy

Regional features of the economy

Finance, banks and the external debt of the state

The structure of the state's foreign trade by industry

Incomes of the population, employment and labor resources

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