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Lectures on pharmaceutical chemistry 5 course. Pharmaceutical chemistry. Professional activity of graduates

Information on the specialty

department organic chemistry Faculty of Chemistry and Technology trains graduates in the specialty 04.05.01 "Fundamental and Applied Chemistry", specializations "Organic Chemistry" and " pharmaceutical chemistry". The staff of the department is highly qualified teachers and researchers: 5 Doctors of Science and 12 Candidates chemical sciences.

Professional activity alumni

Graduates are preparing for the following types professional activities: research, research and production, pedagogical, design and organizational and managerial. A specialist chemist in the specialty "Fundamental and Applied Chemistry" will be ready to solve the following professional tasks: planning and setting up work, which includes the study of the composition, structure and properties of substances and chemical processes, creation and development of new promising materials and chemical technologies, solution of fundamental and applied problems in the field of chemistry and chemical technology; report preparation and scientific publications; scientific and pedagogical activity in a university, in a secondary specialized educational institution, in high school. Successful students engaged in scientific work can undergo an internship, take part in scientific conferences, olympiads and competitions of various levels, as well as submit the results of scientific work for publication in Russian and foreign scientific journals. Students have at their disposal chemical laboratories equipped with modern equipment and a computer class with the necessary literature and access to full-text electronic databases.

Specialists will:

master the skills of a chemical experiment, basic synthetic and analytical methods obtaining and research chemical substances and reactions;
present the main chemical, physical and technical aspects of chemical industrial production, taking into account raw materials and energy costs;
have the skills to work on modern educational and scientific equipment when conducting chemical experiments;
have experience in working on serial equipment used in analytical and physico-chemical studies (gas-liquid chromatography, infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy);
own the methods of registration and processing of the results of chemical experiments.
Possess the skills of planning, staging and conducting chemical experiments in the field of fine organic synthesis to obtain substances with desired useful properties

Students acquire knowledge in the field of fundamentals of inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, physical and colloidal chemistry, analytical chemistry, planning of organic synthesis, chemistry of alicyclic and framework compounds, catalysis in organic synthesis, element chemistry organic compounds, pharmaceutical chemistry, modern methods analysis and quality control of medicines, basics of medicinal chemistry, basics of technology of pharmaceuticals, basics of pharmaceutical analysis. In the course of practical classes, students gain skills in working in a modern chemical laboratory, master methods for obtaining and analyzing new compounds. Students have the skills to work on a gas-liquid chromatograph, infrared spectrophotometer, ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Students undergo in-depth study foreign language(within 3 years).

In the process of learning, students master the methods of working on the analytical equipment of the Department of Organic Chemistry:

Chromato-mass spectrometer Finnigan Trace DSQ

NMR spectrometer JEOL JNM ECX-400 (400 MHz)

HPLC/MS with high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer with ESI and DART ionization source, with diode array and fluorimetric detectors

Reveleris X2 Preparative Flash Chromatography System with UV and ELSD Detectors

Shimadzu IR Affinity-1 FT-IR Spectrometer

Waters Liquid Chromatograph with UV and Refractometric Detectors

TA Instruments DSC-Q20 Differential Scanning Calorimeter

Automatic C,H,N,S analyzer EuroVector EA-3000

Scanning spectrofluorimeter Varian Cary Eclipse

Automatic polarimeter AUTOPOL V PLUS

OptiMelt Automatic Melting Pointer

High Performance Computing Station

The training process provides for familiarization and chemical-technological practices in the laboratories of enterprises:

CJSC "All-Russian Research Institute of Organic Synthesis of NK";
JSC "Middle Volga Research Institute for Oil Refining" NK Rosneft;
CJSC "TARKETT";
Samara CHPP;
OAO Syzransky Refinery Rosneft Oil Company;
JSC "Giprovostokneft";
OJSC Aviation Bearings Plant;
OOO Novokuibyshevsky Plant of Oils and Additives, Rosneft Oil Company;
CJSC "Neftekhimiya"
LLC "Pranafarm"
OOO "Ozon"
JSC Electroshield
FSUE GNPRKTS
TsSKB-Progress
OJSC "Baltika"
PJSC SIBUR Holding, Togliatti

Successful students engaged in scientific work can undergo internships, take part in scientific conferences, olympiads and competitions of various levels, as well as submit the results of scientific work for publication in Russian and foreign scientific journals. Specialists who have received training in the specialty "Fundamental and Applied Chemistry" are in demand in the laboratories of state scientific centers and private companies, in research and analytical laboratories of various industries (chemical, food, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, petrochemical and gas production), in forensic laboratories; in customs laboratories; diagnostic centers; sanitary and epidemiological stations; organizations environmental control; certification testing centers; enterprises of the chemical industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy; in educational institutions of the secondary system vocational education; departments of labor protection and industrial sanitation; meteorological stations.

Qualification "Chemist. Chemistry teacher" with a specialization in "Organic Chemistry" or "Pharmaceutical Chemistry". Enrollment by USE results: chemistry, mathematics and Russian language. Duration of study: 5 years (full-time). Possible admission to graduate school.

Year of issue: 2004

Genre: Pharmacology

Format: Djvu

Quality: Scanned pages

Description: The volume of the material presented in the textbook "Pharmaceutical Chemistry" significantly exceeds the content curriculum for pharmaceutical schools. The authors deliberately went for such an extension, taking into account the examples of some foreign and domestic textbooks, where the subject is presented with the involvement of information about the latest scientific achievements. This allows the teacher to independently select the material recommended by the program in accordance with the established traditions of the educational institution. Pay attention to high level preparation of some students, a broader presentation of the subject will help them in studying some sections.
A feature of the presentation of the material is the use of data Russian encyclopedia drugs (2003), US Pharmacopoeia (USP-24), European Pharmacopoeia (EP-2002), British Pharmacopoeia (BF-2001), scientific publications recent years and current scientific periodicals on the chemistry of drugs (drugs). The use of foreign pharmacopoeias in the preparation of the textbook is quite justified, since the domestic Pharmacopoeia has not been republished in full since 1968, and the receipt of temporary pharmacopoeial articles educational institutions associated with tangible financial costs. In addition, in Russia, as is known, work is underway to introduce GP (Good Practice - Good Practice) methods into pharmacy at all stages of the drug's "life". Good Pharmaceutical Practice has crossed the borders of the US and Europe. Therefore, the future domestic Pharmacopoeia will certainly absorb a lot of positive things that have been achieved and used in countries that are members of the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) community as members and observers.
It is quite possible that the integration of countries at all levels will facilitate the task of Russia joining the European Pharmacopoeia, as 27 states have already done. Such unity, coordination (harmonization) of the pharmacopoeia of different countries is not accidental: the medicine that we sell or purchase has ceased to belong to one country. Substances, excipients, reagents, packaging, quality control methods for all components, analysis equipment are the fruit of the work of specialists from different countries. Ultimately, drugs may end up on the market of a completely different state. Unfortunately, at present, the requirements applied in different countries for assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs are different. That is why the issue of harmonizing the Pharmacopoeia of various states, both producing drugs and using them on their territory, is so important.
Approaches unconventional for pharmaceutical chemistry have been used to characterize the biological activity of drugs in biological media. Thus, the authors applied the methods of "pH-diagrams" and "pH-potential" diagrams for acid-base and redox processes involving drugs. When describing the features of synthesis, analysis, storage conditions, therapeutic activity, fundamental laws were used, in particular, the law of mass action for equilibrium and the law of mass action for speed.
For the first time in the educational literature for assessing the pyrogenicity of injectable dosage forms, the LAL test is described, which is included in the latest pharmacopoeial editions and meets the requirements of GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice - Good Manufacturing Practice).
Unfortunately, some issues important for pharmaceutical chemistry were left out of the exposition, which is explained by the limitations of the volume of the publication.
The textbook "Pharmaceutical Chemistry" was written by a team of authors representing three interrelated areas - biology, chemistry, and pharmacy.
Glushchenko Natalia Nikolaevna - Doctor of Biological Sciences, Head. Laboratory of Problems of the Impact of Heavy Metals on Biosystems of the Institute of Energy Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Pleteneva Tatyana Vadimovna - Professor, Doctor of Chemistry, Head of the Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Russian University Friendship between nations.
Popkov Vladimir Andreevich - professor, doctor of pharmaceutical sciences, doctor pedagogical sciences, academician of the Academy of Education, head of the department general chemistry Moscow medical academy them. THEM. Sechenov.
The authors will be grateful for critical comments and suggestions for improving the content of the textbook.

The textbook "Pharmaceutical Chemistry" is intended for students of secondary medical schools and colleges studying in the specialty 0405 "Pharmacy". Separate sections of the textbook can be used by university students and students of advanced training faculties.

"Pharmaceutical Chemistry"

INTRODUCTION TO DRUG CHEMISTRY
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Content

Relationship of pharmaceutical chemistry with other sciences
Basic terms and concepts used in pharmaceutical chemistry
Classification of medicines

Obtaining and researching medicines. Basic provisions and documents regulating pharmaceutical analysis

Sources of obtaining medicines
The main directions of search and creation of medicinal substances
Criteria for the quality of medicines
Standardization of medicines. Control and Permit System for Quality Assurance of Medicinal Products
Methods of drug analysis
General information about methods and tests of drugs for toxicity, sterility and microbiological purity
Determination of bioequivalence and bioavailability of drugs by kinetic methods
Shelf life and stabilization of medicines
Intra-pharmacy drug control

CHEMISTRY OF DRUGS OF INORGANIC NATURE
s-element drugs

General characteristics of the group
Magnesium Drug Chemistry
Chemistry of Calcium Drugs
Chemistry of barium drugs

Medicines of p-elements

Medicines of p-elements of group VII
Medicines of p-elements of group VI
Medicines of group V
Medicines of p-elements of group IV
Medicines of p-elements of group III

Medicines of d- and f-elements

Drugs of d-elements of group I
Drugs of d-elements of group II
Drugs of d-elements of group VIII
f-element drugs

Radiopharmaceuticals
Homeopathic medicines
CHEMISTRY OF DRUGS OF ORGANIC NATURE
Medicinal products of organic nature and features of their analysis

Classification
Analysis

Acyclic drugs

Alcohols
Aldehydes
Carbohydrates
Ethers
carboxylic acids. Aminocarboxylic acids and their derivatives

Carbocyclic drugs

Aromatic amino alcohols
Phenols, quinones and their derivatives
Aromatic acids, hydroxy acids and their derivatives
Aromatic amino acids
Aromatic acetamine derivatives

Heterocyclic drugs

Antibiotics

Antibiotics with an azetidine core (p-lactamides)
Tetracycline antibiotics
Antibiotics - aminoglycosides
Aromatic antibiotics - derivatives of nitrophenylalkylamines (chloramphenicol group)
Antibiotics macrolides and azalides

Bibliography

PHARMACY (Greek φαρμακεία use of drugs) is a complex of sciences and practical knowledge, including the issues of research, procurement, research, storage, manufacture and distribution of medicinal and therapeutic and prophylactic agents. PHARMACEUTICAL PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY VV Chupak-Belousov is a complex of scientific and practical disciplines that study the problems of creation, safety, research, storage. TECHNOLOGY OF DOSAGE FORMS PHARMACOGNOSIS Wikipedia ECONOMY AND ORGANIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL BUSINESS 3

Toxicological chemistry is a science that studies methods for isolating toxic substances from various objects, as well as methods for detecting and quantifying these substances. Pharmacognosy is a science that studies medicinal plant materials and the possibility of creating new medicinal substances from it. The technology of dosage forms (pharmaceutical technology) is a field of knowledge that studies the methods of preparing medicines. The economics and organization of the pharmaceutical business is a field of knowledge that deals with solving the problems of storing medicines, as well as organizing a control and analytical service. 4

Pharmaceutical chemistry is a science that, based on general laws chemical sciences, explores methods of obtaining, structure, physical and Chemical properties medicinal substances, the relationship between their chemical structure and effect on the body, quality control methods and changes that occur during storage. "Pharmaceutical chemistry" V. G. Belikov is the science of the chemical properties and transformations of medicinal substances, methods for their development and production, qualitative and quantitative analysis. Wikipedia 5

Objects of pharmaceutical chemistry Medicinal substances (MS) - (substances) individual substances of plant, animal, microbial or synthetic origin with pharmacological activity. Substances are intended for obtaining medicines. Medicines (PM) are inorganic or organic compounds with pharmacological activity, obtained by synthesis, from plant materials, minerals, blood, blood plasma, organs, tissues of a human or animal, as well as using biological technologies. Dosage form (DF) is a state that is convenient for use, in which the desired therapeutic effect is achieved. Medicinal preparations (MP) are dosed drugs in a specific LF, ready for use. "Pharmaceutical chemistry" V. G. Belikov 6

The relationship of pharmaceutical chemistry with other chemical disciplines PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY Methods of development and methods for obtaining drugs Inorganic chemistry Quality assurance of drugs Properties of drugs Organic chemistry Physical chemistry Analytical Chemistry Biochemistry 7

Name of drug Commission for international names WHO, in order to streamline and (2 RS, 3 S, 4 S, 5 R) -5 -amino-2 - (aminomethyl) -6 unify drug names in all countries of the world, has developed - ((2 R, 3 S, 4 R, 5 S)-5 -((1 R, 2 R, 5 R, 6 R)-3, 5 international classification, based on diamino-2 -((2 R, 3 S, 4 R, 5 S)-3 - amino-6 of which is laid (aminomethyl)-4, 5-dihydroxytetrahydro-2 H certain system formation of LP terminology. The principle of this -pyran-2 -yloxy)-6 -hydroxycyclohexyloxy)-4 system INN - INN (International Nonproprietary Names - International hydroxy-2 -(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran Nonproprietary Names) is -3 -yloxy)tetrahydro-2 H-pyran -3, 4 -diol that its group affiliation is tentatively given in the name of the drug. This is achieved for IUPAC name by including in the name parts of words corresponding to the pharmacotherapeutic group to which this drug belongs. Members of WHO are required to recognize the names of substances recommended by WHO as INNs and prohibit their registration as trademarks or trade names of Neomycin. INN name 8

Classification of drugs Pharmacological classification - all drugs are divided into groups depending on their effect on systems, processes and executive organs (for example, heart, brain, intestines, etc.). In accordance with this, drugs are grouped into groups of narcotic drugs, hypnotics and sedatives, local anesthetics, analgesics, diuretics, etc. Chemical classification - drugs are grouped according to the common chemical structure and chemical properties. At the same time, in each chemical group of drugs there may be substances with different physiological activity. nine

Contemporary Issues Pharmaceutical Chemistry Creation and research of new drugs Despite the huge arsenal of drugs, the problem of finding new highly effective drugs The main directions of the search for new and modernization of existing drugs remains relevant. The role of drugs is constantly growing in modern medicine, which is due to a number of reasons: Synthesis of bioregulators and metabolites of energy and plastic metabolism A number of serious diseases are not yet cured by drugs Identification of potential drugs during the screening of new chemical products Long-term use of a number of drugs forms tolerant pathologies to combat synthesis who need new drugs with a different mechanism of action Synthesis of compounds with programmable properties (modified processes in the known series of drugs, lead to the emergence of new structures of the evolution of microorganisms resynthesis of natural phytosubstances, diseases, for the treatment of computer search for biologically active substances) which need effective drugs Some of the drugs used cause side effects, which has a stereoselective synthesis of eutomers (an enantiomer of a chiral drug, due to which pharmacological activity is necessary) and the most active conformations to create safer drugs of socially significant drugs 10

Modern problems of pharmaceutical chemistry Development of methods for pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical analysis Promising areas of search in this area Only The solution of this important problem is possible on the basis of fundamental theoretical studies of the physical and chemical properties of drugs Work to improve the accuracy of analysis, its specificity, sensitivity and with the widespread use of modern chemical and physical and chemical methods. rapidity, as well as automation of individual stages or the entire analysis. The use of these methods should cover the entire process from the creation of new drugs to quality control and increase the cost-effectiveness of analysis methods. Reducing the labor intensity of the final production product. It is also necessary to develop new and improved regulatory documentation for drugs and drug products. It is promising to develop quality and provide for the analysis of drug groups, reflecting the requirements for their unified standardization methods. united by kinship of chemical structure based on the use of physicochemical methods 11

Raw material base of pharmaceutical chemistry Vegetable raw materials (leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, bark, plant roots) and products of their processing (fatty and essential oils, juices, gums, resins); Animal raw materials (organs, tissues, glands of slaughtered cattle); Fossil organic raw materials (petroleum and products of its distillation, products of distillation hard coal; products of basic and fine organic synthesis); Inorganic minerals (mineral rocks and products of their processing chemical industry and metallurgy) 12

History of Pharmaceutical Chemistry The emergence of pharmacy is lost in the depths of the primitive era. Primitive was completely dependent on outside world. In search of relief from illness and suffering, he used various remedies from his environment, the first of which appeared during the gathering period and were of plant origin: belladonna, poppy, tobacco, wormwood, henbane. With the development of agriculture, the domestication of animals and the transition to cattle breeding, new plants with healing properties were discovered: hellebore, centaury and many others. The manufacture of tools and household items from native metals, the development of pottery led to the manufacture of dishes that made it possible to prepare medicinal potions. During this period, medicines were introduced into the practice of healing. mineral origin who learned to extract from rocks, oil, coal. thirteen

History of Pharmaceutical Chemistry With the advent of writing, the first medical texts containing descriptions of medicines, methods of their preparation and use. Currently, more than 10 ancient Egyptian papyri are known, in one way or another devoted to medicine. The most famous of these is the Ebers Papyrus ("The Book of the Preparation of Medicines for All Parts of the Body"). This is the largest of the papyri and dates back to 1550 BC. e. and contains about 900 recipes for the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, eyes, ears, teeth, joints. fourteen

History of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Theophrastus - The Father of Botany Theophrastus (c. 300 BC), one of the greatest early Greek philosophers and naturalists, is often referred to as the "father of botany". His observations and writings regarding the medicinal qualities and characteristics of herbs are extremely accurate, even in the light of modern knowledge. In his hands he holds a branch of belladonna. fifteen

The History of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Dioscorides In the evolution of all successful and enduring systems of knowledge, there comes a point when a great deal of observation and intense research transcends the level of trade or profession and acquires the status of science. Dioscorides (1st century AD) strongly influenced this transition in pharmacy. He carefully described the rules for the collection of medicines, their storage and use. In the Renaissance, scholars again turn to his texts. sixteen

History of Pharmaceutical Chemistry During the Middle Ages in Western civilization remnants of knowledge about pharmacy and medicine were preserved in monasteries. The monks collected herbs in the vicinity of the monasteries and transferred them to their own herbal gardens. They were engaged in the preparation of medicines for the sick and wounded. Many manuscripts have been preserved in reprinting or translation in monastic libraries. Such gardens can still be found in monasteries in many countries. 17

History of pharmaceutical chemistry Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 980 - 1037 The most prominent representative of the philosophers of the Arabian period. He made a significant contribution to pharmacy and medicine. The pharmaceutical teachings of Avicenna were accepted as an authority in the West until the 17th century. The treatise "Canon of Medicine" is an encyclopedic work in which the prescriptions of ancient physicians are comprehended and revised in accordance with the achievements of Arabic medicine. In the "Canon" Ibn Sina suggested that diseases can be caused by some tiny creatures. He was the first to draw attention to the contagious nature of smallpox, to distinguish between cholera and plague, to describe leprosy, separating it from other diseases, and to study a number of other diseases. Ibn Sina also removes attention from the description of medicinal raw materials, medicines, methods of their manufacture and use. eighteen

History of pharmaceutical chemistry The period of iatrochemistry (XVI-XVII centuries) The founder of iatrochemistry is the German physician and alchemist Philip Aureol Theophrastus Bombast von Hohenheim (1493-1541), who went down in history under the pseudonym Paracelsus, shared the ancient Greek doctrine of the four elements. Paracelsus' medicine was based on the mercury-sulphur theory. He taught that living organisms consist of the same mercury, sulfur, salts and a number of other substances that form all other bodies of nature; when a person is healthy, these substances are in balance with each other; disease means the predominance or, conversely, the lack of one of them. To restore balance, Paracelsus used in medical practice many medications mineral origin - compounds of arsenic, antimony, lead, mercury, etc. - in addition to traditional herbal preparations. Paracelsus argued that the task of alchemy is the manufacture of medicines: “Chemistry is one of the pillars on which medical science must rely. The task of chemistry is not at all to make gold and silver, but to prepare medicines. nineteen

History of pharmaceutical chemistry The period of the birth of the first chemical theories (XVII-XIX centuries) c. n. 17th century – phlogiston theory (I. Becher, G. Stahl) c. n. 18th century - refutation of the theory of phlogiston. Oxygen theory (M. V. Lomonosov, A. Lavoisier) 1804 - German pharmacologist Friedrich Serturner isolated the first alkaloid (Morphine) from opium in 1818-1820. – Pelletier and Caventon isolate strychnine, brucine, develop methods for separating quinine and cinchonine isolated from cinchona bark XIX – American and European Pharmaceutical Associations are formed 20

History of pharmaceutical chemistry One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical compounds, specially created to combat pathogens was a French pharmacist, Ernest Forunio (1872 -1949 In his early work, he proposes the use of bismuth and arsenic compounds for the treatment of syphilis. His research "paved the way" for sulfonylamide compounds and chemicals with antihistamine properties. In 1894 Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of antibodies against diphtheria.Pharmaceutical scientists in Europe and the United States immediately began to put the new discovery into production.The serum became available in 1895 (!), and the lives of thousands of children were saved.Vaccination of horses with diphtheria was the first one of many steps in the development of antidotes, a field that culminated with the development of a polio vaccine in 1955. 21

History of pharmaceutical chemistry Modern period The second quarter of the 20th century marked the heyday of the era of antibiotics. Penicillin is the first antibiotic that was isolated in 1928 by Alexander Fleming from a strain of the fungus Penicillium notatum. In 1940-1941, H. W. Flory (bacteriologist), E. Cheyne (biochemist) and N. W. Heatley (biochemist) worked on the isolation and industrial production of penicillin, and also used it for the first time to treat bacterial infections. In 1945, Fleming, Florey and Cheyne were awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effects in various infectious diseases". Using the latest technical achievements each of the branches of science, pharmaceutical chemistry develops and manufactures the newest and best medicines. Today, pharmaceutical production uses methods and highly qualified personnel from every branch of science to do this. 22

Literature "Pharmaceutical Chemistry", ed. V. G. Belikova “Pharmaceutical chemistry. Course of lectures, ed. V. V. Chupak-Belousova “Fundamentals of Medicinal Chemistry” V. G. Granik “Synthesis of Basic Medicines” R. S. Vartanyan “ Medical chemistry» V. D. Orlov, V. V. Lipson, V. V. Ivanov “Medications” M. D. Mashkovsky https: //vk. com/nspu_pc 23

- this is a science based on the general laws of chemical sciences, studying issues related to medicinal substances: their composition and structure, production and chemical nature, the influence of individual structural features of their molecules on the nature of the action on the body, chemical and physical properties medicinal substances, as well as methods for controlling their quality, storing medicines.

Translation into English - " pharmaceutical chemistry«.

Pharmaceutical chemistry plays a leading role along with related pharmaceutical sciences (, toxicological chemistry,). For a more thorough study of the topic, carefully read the above articles!

What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Pharmchemistry)?

On the other hand, it can be said that it is a specialized science based on the knowledge of related chemical (organic, inorganic, analytical, physical and colloidal chemistry), as well as biomedical (, biological chemistry, physiology) disciplines.

Knowledge of biological disciplines reveals the understanding of the complex physiological processes occurring in the body, based on chemical and physical reactions, which makes it possible to more rationally use medicinal substances, observe their action in the body and, on the basis of this, change the structure of the molecules of the created medicinal substances in the right direction in order to obtain desired pharmacological effect.

Of great importance in pharmaceutical chemistry are methods for studying the content of medicinal substances in the preparation, their purity and other factors underlying the quality indicators. Drug analysis (pharmaceutical analysis) aims to identify and quantify the main components in a drug.

Pharmaceutical analysis, depending on the pharmacological action of the drug (appointment, dosage, route of administration), involves the determination of impurities, concomitants and excipients in dosage forms.

It is important that medicines are evaluated in a comprehensive manner for all indicators. Therefore, based on the results of the pharmacological analysis of drugs, a conclusion is issued on the possibility of using them in medical practice.

The study of the structure of a drug molecule, in addition, the development of methods for synthesis and analysis is impossible without knowledge of organic and analytical chemistry. Pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs represent extremely important and mandatory information that provides rational and effective application drugs, allow to expand knowledge regarding the specificity of their action.

Compatibility of medicinal substances in the prescription, expiration dates, manufacturing methods, storage and dispensing conditions of drugs connects pharmaceutical chemistry with drug technology, economics and organization of pharmacy. But only a competent specialist with knowledge of pharmaceutical chemistry (pharmacist-analyst) solves these issues.

Modern pharmaceutical chemistry (pharma chemistry).

On the present stage Pharmaceutical chemistry is closely related to both physics and mathematics, when with the help of these sciences physical and chemical methods of drug analysis and calculations in pharmaceutical analysis are carried out, therefore, in conjunction with many sciences, it is of great importance both in pharmacy and in medicine in general.

Thanks to the achievements of modern pharmaceutical chemistry, medicines have been created that provide our healthcare with effective and safe methods of treating many diseases. However, along with this, there are areas in medicine where there is still a lot of work to be done to create new highly effective drugs, these are: oncological, cardiovascular and viral diseases.

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Video from classes in pharmaceutical chemistry online:

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY(Greek pharmakeia medicine; chemistry) - a science that studies the methods of obtaining medicinal substances, their physical, chemical properties and storage conditions, as well as methods for studying the qualitative and quantitative composition of medicines.

The development of pharmaceutical chemistry is closely related to biomedical (anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology) and chemical (general and inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry) sciences. Pharmaceutical chemistry is at the same time the base for the main specialized pharmaceutical sciences: technology of dosage forms, toxicological chemistry and pharmacognosy (see).

Pharmaceutical chemistry originated in the bowels of the so-called. iatrochemistry (see). The end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century was marked by the discovery of new chemical compounds and elements, for example, organic acids, glycerin, chlorine [Scheele (C.W. Scliee-1e)], chromium, beryllium [Vauquelin (L.N. Vauquelin)]. iodine [Courtois (V. Courtois)]. On the development of pharmaceutical chemistry in the 18th century. big influence provided the work of M. V. Lomonosov on the role of chemistry in medicine and the works of his successors - T. E. Levin, V. M. Severgin and others on the creation of methods for obtaining and developing physicochemical methods for the study of medicinal substances.

The development of pharmaceutical chemistry in the 19th century is associated with the study of natural sources of medicinal substances and the isolation of alkaloids from medicinal plants (see) for example, morphine, quinine, strychnine and other substances. This period includes the creation of guidelines for the chemical study of drugs (A. A. Iovsky, A. IT. Dislike) and the first edition (pharmacopoeia (see) in Russian (1866j. Further advances in pharmaceutical chemistry are due to the development of materialistic views in the field of theory structure and synthesis of organic compounds (A. M. Butlerov, A. A. Voskresensky, N. N. Zinin, D. I. Mendeleev).

The term "pharmaceutical chemistry" appeared in the middle of the 19th century. Abroad, pharmaceutical chemistry emerged as an independent direction on the verge of the 19th and 20th centuries. In our country, pharmaceutical chemistry became an independent discipline after the Great October War. socialist revolution, when the chemical-pharmaceutical industry (see) and the research base in the form of specialized research institutes and departments of pharmaceutical chemistry at pharmaceutical institutes began to be created. At the same time, the main directions of pharmaceutical chemistry were formed, which led to the creation of new drugs, for example, sulfonamides (O. Yu. Magidson, I. Ya. Rostovsky, M. V. Rubtsov), alkaloids (A. P. Orekhov, G. P. Menshikov, V. M. Rodionov, N. A. Preobrazhensky, A. S. Sadykov, S. Yu. Yunusov), steroid hormones (I. V. Torgov, H. N. Suvorov), antibiotics (3. V Ermolyeva, G. F. Gause, M. G. Brazhnikova, M. M. Shemyakin, A. S. Khokhlov).

Scientific achievements in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry in our country have made it possible to meet the needs of health care in essential medicines.

The main areas of pharmaceutical chemistry are: a targeted search for new drugs, the development and improvement of methods for assessing the quality of drugs in order to ensure their effectiveness, safety and shelf life.

Pharmaceutical chemistry considers the following range of problems: establishing relationships and regularities between the structure of medicinal substances and their physicochemical and pharmacological properties; search for new ways to obtain physiologically active substances by directed changes in their structure (fine organic synthesis, chemical and biological modification) or by obtaining substances of a previously unknown structure; development of principles and requirements that determine the quality of medicinal substances, the choice of methods for assessing the quality of medicinal products for their control in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR and other regulatory and technical documentation.

The problems of pharmaceutical chemistry in the USSR are dealt with by research institutes of the system of the Ministry of Medical Industry (see Scientific Research Institutes, table), as well as the Institute of Pharmacology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, a number of institutes of republican academies of sciences (for example, the Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR, the Institute of Fine Organic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, etc.). Research on problems of pharmaceutical chemistry is also carried out by the corresponding departments of medical and pharmaceutical institutes, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Pharmacy M3 of the USSR.

how academic discipline pharmaceutical chemistry is taught in the respective departments of pharmaceutical institutes or pharmaceutical faculties medical institutes as well as in pharmaceutical schools.

Involving pharmacists in scientific work in pharmaceutical chemistry is carried out within the framework of the All-Union, republican and regional (regional) scientific societies of pharmacists. Periodical publications in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry are the journal "Pharmacy" and "Chimiko-Pharmaceutical Journal".

Bibliography: Melentyeva G. A. Pharmaceutical chemistry, t. 1-2, M., 1976; Natradze A. G. Essay on the development of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry of the USSR, M., 1977; E b e 1 S. Synthetische Arzneimittel, Weinheim - N. Y., 197-9; Pfeifer S. Biotransfor.mat.ion von Arzneimitteln, Bd 1-4, B., 1975-1981; Textbook of organic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry, ed. by Ch. O. Wison a. o., Toronto, 1977.