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System of methodological knowledge based on modern education. Modern problems of science and education. Recommended list of dissertations

What is meant by a methodological approach to modern primary education? What factors determine the teacher's choice of methodological approaches? So which approach should you choose? ? ?

The methodological approach in education is a system general principles designing and organizing the educational process at a certain level. The methodological approach to primary education is a system of general principles for designing and organizing the educational process in primary school.

Factors that determine methodological approaches to primary education: 1. Socio-economic conditions 2. Features of the social development of younger students

Features of the social development of younger students 1. Mastering the new social role of the student 2. The dominant educational impact of mass media sources 3. The conflict between the nature of the assimilation of knowledge and values ​​​​in school and outside school 4. Isolation of children from adult problems

Axiological approach to primary education 1. Strengthening the value and semantic orientation of education and upbringing in primary school 2. Determining the goals of primary education based on basic values

Objectives of primary education 1. Building the foundations civic identity personality 2. Formation of psychological conditions for the development of communication, cooperation 3. Development of the value-semantic sphere of the individual on the basis of universal principles and humanism 4. Development of the ability to learn 5. Development of independence, initiative and responsibility of the individual

“There are no two relationships to the child pedagogical and human. There is one thing and one thing only – the human.” Simon Soloveitchik

Humanistic approach to primary education 1. Transferring the child to the position of the subject of the educational process 2. Ensuring the development of the personality

E. N. Shiyanov - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, full member Russian Academy social sciences, International Slavic Academy of Education. Ya. A. Comenius, rector of the North Caucasian Social Institute.

Patterns of humanization of the pedagogical process (according to E. N. Shiyanov) 1. The conditionality of personality education by the nature of the interaction of the child with adults and with the social environment. 2. Addiction creative development the child from the harmony of his general cultural and social and moral development. 3. Dependence of the child's development on the age-appropriate organization of the educational process.

Patterns of humanization of the pedagogical process (according to E. N. Shiyanov) 4. The dependence of the self-development of the individual on the degree of creative orientation of the educational process. 5. Dependence of the effectiveness of education of a person on the diversity and productivity of activities that are significant for her.

Principles for the implementation of the humanistic approach (according to E. N. Shiyanov) 1. Dialogical approach, cooperation between the teacher and children. 2. Organization of active interaction of the child with the social environment. 3. Development of children's ability to navigate in various life situations and solve life problems.

Principles for the implementation of the humanistic approach (according to E. N. Shiyanov) 4. Inclusion of children in various types of productive activities. 5. Creation of conditions for self-development of the creative individuality of the child.

Sh. A. Amonashvili: “Each child came into this world for a reason… He has his own mission in life. And our duty is to help him fulfill it.”

Principles for the implementation of the humanistic approach (according to Sh. A. Amonashvili) 1. Humane democratic orientation pedagogical interaction 2. Cooperation 3. Creation of conditions for children to show initiative, independence, creativity 4. Disclosure of individuality and uniqueness of personality

Personally-oriented approach to primary education 1. Child development is the highest value and the main criteria for the effectiveness of the educational process. 2. The transformation of training and education into personally significant processes for each child.

Patterns of the implementation of a personality-oriented approach (according to E. V. Bondarevskaya, E. N. Stepanov, V. V. Serikov, N. G. Alekseev, I. S. Yakimanskaya) Dependence of the effectiveness of education on: influence on personality development; the activities of the teacher to update and enrich the subjective experience of the child; its personal significance for the child;

Patterns of the implementation of a personality-oriented approach (according to E. V. Bondarevskaya, E. N. Stepanov, V. V. Serikov, N. G. Alekseev, I. S. Yakimanskaya) Dependence of the effectiveness of education on: the development of the child's creative abilities; success of the child in education and upbringing.

Principles of implementation of the personality-oriented approach of self-actualization; individuality; subjectivity; choice; creativity and success; trust and support.

Gender approach to primary education (T. P. Khrizman, V. D. Eremeeva) taking into account the gender of children in the educational process: 1. Differentiation of educational tasks 2. Differentiation of activities 3. Differentiation of forms, methods and means of education and upbringing.

Culturological approach to primary education (L. S. Vygotsky, N. B. Krylova, M. M. Bakhtin, V. S. Bibler, E. N. Shiyanov) Familiarization of younger schoolchildren with the leading values ​​of national and world culture; instilling in them a sense of respect for the values ​​of other cultures.

Implementation of the cultural approach in primary education 1. Providing conditions for cultural self-determination and cultural identification of the child. 2. Building an educational environment based on equal dialogue and polylogue of cultures and cultural values.

Implementation of the culturological approach in primary education 3. Providing a system of cultural functions: broadcasting cultural experience; education on cultural patterns; culture-based communication; dissemination and preservation of culture; reproduction and creation of cultural artifacts 4. Appeal to cultural values ​​in the process of forming personality traits and developing individual abilities of the student. 5. Free creative manifestation of the personal culture of each participant in the educational process and ensuring the growth of personal culture.

“Childhood is an everyday discovery of the world…. In the surrounding world, it is necessary to acquaint children with each object in its connections with others, “to open it so that a piece of life plays in front of children with all the colors of the rainbow” (V. A. Sukhomlinsky).

An integrative approach to primary education (A. Ya. Danilyuk, K. Yu. Kolesina, E. Yu. Sukharevskaya) Formation in the child of a holistic view of the world around him, man, his creative activity.

Implementation of an integrative approach in primary education 1. Combining the content of various fields of knowledge around the subject of knowledge. 2. Establishing links between the elements of the content of education within the academic discipline.

Competence-based approach to primary education (V. A. Bolotov, V. V. Serikov, A. V. Khutorskoy) Formation of a system of competencies in the educational process among younger schoolchildren.

Educational competence - a set of interrelated semantic orientations, knowledge, skills and experience of the student in relation to a certain range of objects of reality, necessary for the implementation of personally and socially significant productive activities.

key competencies- relate to the general (meta-subject) content of education; - general subject competences - refer to a certain range of subjects and educational areas; subject competencies - private in relation to the two previous levels of competence, having a specific description and the possibility of formation within the framework of academic subjects.

Value-semantic competence - worldview, value orientations of the student, mechanisms of self-determination in various situations. General cultural competence - knowledge and experience in the field of national and universal culture.

Information competence search, analysis and selection of the necessary information, its transformation, preservation and transmission; possession of modern information technologies.

Communicative competence knowledge of languages, ways of interacting with surrounding and remote people and events; teamwork skills, ability to work in a variety of social roles

Educational and cognitive competence elements of logical, methodological, general educational activities; goal-setting, planning, analysis, reflection, self-assessment; methods of solving educational and cognitive problems; functional literacy.

Social and labor competence fulfillment of the role of a citizen, observer, voter, representative, consumer, buyer, client, producer, family member;

Competence of personal self-improvement methods of physical, spiritual and intellectual self-development; emotional self-regulation and self-support; personal hygiene, self-care, sexual literacy

Competence - the student's possession of the relevant competence, including his personal attitude towards it and the subject of activity.

1

The socio-economic changes that have taken place in our country are causing a tendency to reassess many aspects of the worldview and theoretical-cognitive consideration of the problems of the formation of a person, his preparation for life in an integrating multidimensional society based on a complex balance of interests. Related to this is the search for conceptually new approaches that have intensified in recent years, defining the strategy and tactics for the entry of domestic education into the international educational space. Problems related to the restructuring of the education system, its institutional and organizational components, as well as the search for indicators and meters of its quality, academic mobility, mutual recognition of credit units, diplomas, etc. are widely discussed. Theorists note significant disagreements in the positions presented in national educational institutions. systems of developed European and former socialist countries that have taken a course towards Europeanization and position their educational policy in terms of globalization, inter- and transnationalization, and pedagogical innovation. Overcoming discrepancies is conceived along the path of “pulling up”, transforming, bringing the Russian system into line with international practice; at best, the thesis is put forward about the need for "twinning", "pairing" programs (programme articulationis). The Russian State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education of the third generation have not been put into effect, the methods of constructing their content are not the subject of interested discussions of specialists.

Analysis of current State educational standards allows us to conclude that such classical theories of selection of the content of education as encyclopedism, didactic formalism, didactic utilitarianism, exemplarism retain their significance (in the logic of the “pars pro toto” concept, a part instead of a whole, but not a model representative fragment). It seems that they do not fully meet modern requirements for the quality of qualifications obtained, as well as the dynamics of general scientific trends.

Domestic policy in the field higher education should be aimed at training a specialist who has a fundamental and at the same time flexible professional thinking, based on a willingness to constantly improve the level of social and professional competence, the ability to transform and creatively apply already acquired and self-acquired knowledge in relation to the changing requirements of the labor market. Modern system vocational training should overcome the fragmentation, fragmentation and duplication of the content presented in the current educational standards, focus on developing the ability to generate ideas and broadly transfer existing knowledge and methods of action to a new topical problem field. At the same time, a specialist focused on achieving personal and professional success must constantly determine and reflexively redefine his place in the professional continuum, which requires the presence of certain methodological and compensatory competencies, the prerequisites for the formation of which can be laid down in the design and plots of the educational program. Therefore, we propose an approach to the selection and design of the content of an educational standard in the humanities, based on the idea that:

- the “content concept” can be applied to most topics and sections of other humanitarian disciplines, developed and meaningfully supplemented in relation to their specifics, presented in the form of expanding information blocks and flows;

All scenarios, plots and phenomena should be studied in their historical and cultural context and dynamics, while the state is determined with respect to the influence of the predominant methodological vector (essential, functionalist, systemic, synergetic, or combinations thereof);

Theoretical knowledge should be acquired interactively through situational exercises and other interaction options that reflect the specifics of the concept application within a particular social and humanitarian discipline;

Having mastered the fundamental "concept of content", the student can independently build a personal educational trajectory, determining the level of mastery of subordinated subject concepts, systematize them, build a sequence of referring to previously mastered "concepts" and "scenarios".

The educational technology proposed for development is based on a set of methodological approaches presented in the theory of frames as a form of representation scientific knowledge(M. Minsky), the concepts of personal orientation of the educational process, the concepts of didactic improvement and reconstruction of educational material based on the idea of ​​transfer, the theory of interaction in the educational process.

This approach is expected to:

Substantiate and propose for use in the mass educational practice of universities that are part of the Bologna process, a conceptual approach to the formation of the content of the state educational standard, based on the principle of cross-disciplinary concentration of a repeating "core" of information and its subject expansion and concretization in the relevant sections of the humanities;

By "condensing information" and assimilation of the algorithm ("scenario") in the fundamental concept, reduce classroom time spent on studying the content of the humanities and increase the level of responsibility and independence of students in building their own educational trajectory;

To promote the formation of an enterprising specialist who adapts to the conditions of a dynamic labor market through professional thinking, characterized by consistency, flexibility, efficiency, and the ability to see a newly updated problem in a broad social, historical, ideological and methodological context.

The specific tasks to be solved by the proposed approach are the following:

1. definition of a recurring “core” (at the level of functions, properties, processes, characteristics, paradigms, etc.) in the subject content of humanitarian and social education, correlating them with the possibility of recalculation into credit units;

2. identifying topics and sections of specific courses that can be superimposed with a universal concept of content in the logic of changing general scientific methodologies, developing their interactive methodological support (including multimedia tools, case method, situational exercises, etc.);

3. definition of specific topics and sections of the educational standard of the humanities and social disciplines that are not included in the framework of the concept and require a different structuring educational information and ways of their development;

4. development of the expanding "fundamental concept" of the subject content of information blocks, presenting them in a form structured for independent development (historical-culturological, problematic, analytical, search, review, self-testing and other types and options of teaching aids and methodological support);

5. development of a system for recording student educational achievements in accordance with the idea of ​​stimulating independence in determining a personal educational trajectory and encouraging creative participation.

In the proposed approach, the student, by minimizing the duplication of content, its fundamentalization and the constant expansion of knowledge in the subject area:

A hierarchical system of paradigm ideas about cross-cultural foundations and a single methodological key of humanitarian practice is being formed,

Fundamental interrelations and dependencies are established that accompany the movement of scientific thought,

Produced individual style professional thinking, which determines the success of further activities.

Students' knowledge in the subject area is repeatedly updated at the theoretical and practical level and systematized. A specific way of thinking is developed, built on the creative and productive transfer of already existing components of competence to solving newly emerging problems of a cognitive and practical nature, a susceptibility to the indirect influence of the information and training field and methodologically significant contexts is formed. professional activity.

The proposed idea can be developed in any of its parts at any level of specification in relation to the specifics of the current educational policy, strategy and tactics. In addition, this approach, due to its universality and taking into account common general methodological trends, can form the conceptual basis for the transition to the creation of educational standards for the humanities, not limited by domestic requirements and research. It allows us to consider the national characteristics of the humanities in the context of global trends and respect the achievements of the Russian humanities as the contribution of the dominant subject of European civilization.

Bibliographic link

Fedotova O.D. METHODOLOGICAL BASES FOR CREATING INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONAL STANDARDS OF HIGHER SCHOOL: FROM CONNECTION TO UNITY // Modern Problems of Science and Education. - 2006. - No. 4.;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=469 (date of access: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"

The concept of the educational process. In the theory and practice of teaching, we often talk about the educational process, which implies two pedagogical components: study and education. In reality, education is more diverse and also includes the development of students, their interaction with the teacher, with each other and with the outside world, creative activity, conditions for organizing learning, regulatory norms, social factors, etc. Therefore, the concept of “educational process".

Educational process - pedagogically justified, consistent, continuous change in the states of subjects of education in a specially organized environment in order to achieve educational results.

Educational results are understood as external and internal products of the activity of participants in the educational process (students, teachers, administrators, parents, etc.). External educational products can be expressed in the form of essays, solved problems, creative works, products of collective labor. Internal - these are personal increments of knowledge, skills, learned methods of action, developed abilities. Educational results are aimed at the personal growth of students in order to ensure their effective life in society.

In the pedagogical literature and teaching practice, there are the concepts of "educational process", "learning process", "formation process", "development process", "pedagogical process", etc. All of them, as a rule, are associated with the concept of the educational process, or are a reflection of its separate sides.

The target component of the educational process is based on the chosen model of education and includes a variety of goals and objectives related to the subjects of education: students, teachers, parents, school, region, state, society, humanity.

The organizational component of the educational process includes a management system to achieve the set and emerging goals; in conjunction with the technological component ensures the achievement, diagnosis and evaluation of the intended results.

Methodological model of the educational process. The needs and interests of an individual student may not coincide with the interests of society, and at the same time, remain culturally consistent. Therefore, the model of the educational process at school should be formed on the basis of a combination of variable and multi-level content of education, reproductive and creative teaching methods, and various types of activities in which schoolchildren are involved.

Issues related to the orientation of education, its backbone and activity bases are considered in the methodology of education. In pedagogy, methodology is defined as “the doctrine of the principles, methods, forms and procedures for cognition and transformation of pedagogical reality”*. In a broader sense, methodology is understood as the totality of scientific methods of cognition in a particular science, or the doctrine of the scientific method in general.

* Zhuravlev V.I. The concept of "methodology" of pedagogical science // Pedagogy / Ed. P. I. Pidkasistogo. - M., 1995, p. 33.

The methodology of education is understood as a system of principles, forms, methods and means educational activities, as well as the doctrine (theory) about this system.

There is an interconnected hierarchy of methodologies: the methodology of science, the methodology of pedagogy, the methodology of didactics, the methodology of education, the methodology of the educational process, the methodology of educational activities, the methodology of the content of education, etc.

The leading component of education is the educational process, the main component of which, in turn, is educational activity.

The methodological image of the educational process is concentrated in education models. Different educational models can be based on different understandings of the essence of the educational process. Depending on the conceptual meaning of education, an appropriate educational process is designed and built. For example, education can be understood as:

¨ transmission by previous generations to subsequent socially significant experience;

¨ the process of progressive personality changes;

¨ organized interaction of the student with the outside world and with himself.



Let us consider a model of education based on the philosophical premises of the domestic theory of education, which is based on the idea of ​​the student's interaction with the world around him and himself (the concept of entering the world around him).

Modern society is faced with an increasing number of unresolved problems, so it directly and indirectly encourages its institutions to look for ways to solve them through the disclosure of reserves of creative human potential. Under these conditions, an educational model is needed that is focused not so much on retransmitting the past as on constructing a progressive future, on the natural and cultural development of all spheres of human activity. Such a model implies a change in the doctrine of "education as teaching" to the doctrine of "education as creation", which determines the direction of changes in the methodology of modern education.

The philosophical basis of such a model of education is the idea of ​​a person entering the outside world through activities that ensure the creation of products that are adequate to the cognizable spheres. outside world. The development of external educational areas is accompanied by the development inner peace subject of education. The student's knowledge of the external world is accompanied by his self-knowledge, which occurs on the basis of reflection of his educational activity.

The creative self-realization of the student as the most important task of education is revealed in three interrelated goals: the creation by the student of educational products in the studied educational areas; mastering the basic content of these areas through comparison with their own results; building an individual educational trajectory in each of the educational areas based on their personal qualities.

Primary in the educational process of this type is the student's knowledge of reality. After receiving the relevant knowledge and experience, the student studies the achievements of mankind in this reality. The activity leading to the creation of educational products reveals and develops the student's abilities, the originality of which contributes to building his individual educational trajectory.

The construction of personal paths and models of education of students in a single general educational process is one of the goals of education. The main goal is to educate people who are capable of creating not only personally, but also socially significant products of activity, able to find productive solutions to multilevel problems that arise in a continuously changing world.

Student image. The primary element of the methodology and theory of learning is the image of the student. It is the image of the student in the dynamics of his development that is the target factor in building the system of his education on the basis of the corresponding didactic or pedagogical theory.

The image of a student as a model of anticipated learning outcomes is a planned result of the student's interaction with the surrounding educational environment.

Cognizing reality, the student performs the following activities: 1) knowledge (development) of objects of the surrounding world and existing knowledge about it; 2) the creation by the student of a personal product of education as the equivalent of his own educational increment; 3) self-organization of previous activities - knowledge and creation.

If we determine the minimum set of student's personal qualities that correspond to his anticipated image, then this will allow us to purposefully design educational programs, choose the best pedagogical technologies, and select the educational material that will help organize the creation of educational products by children.

When students carry out these types of educational activities, the corresponding personality traits, from which the anticipated image of the student is formed:

1) cognitive (cognitive) qualities - the ability to feel the world around us, ask questions, find the causes of phenomena, indicate one's understanding or misunderstanding of the issue, etc .;

2) creative (creative) qualities - inspiration, fantasy, mental flexibility, sensitivity to contradictions; looseness of thoughts and feelings, movements; predictability; having an opinion, etc.;

3) methodological (organizational) qualities - the ability to understand the goals of educational activities and the ability to explain them; the ability to set a goal and organize its achievement; ability to rulemaking; reflective thinking; communication skills, etc.

Cognitive qualities of the student necessary for him in the process of cognition of the surrounding reality (objects of the external world), distributed in accordance with general educational areas and training courses:

¨ physical and physiological qualities: the ability to see, hear, touch, feel the object under study with the help of smell, taste; developed working capacity, energy;

¨ intellectual qualities: curiosity, erudition, thoughtfulness, ingenuity, logic, "intelligence quotient", meaningfulness, validity, ability to analyze and synthesize, ability to find analogies, use various forms of evidence, inquisitiveness, insight, search for problems, propensity to experiment, ability ask questions, see contradictions, formulate problems and hypotheses, carry out theoretical and experimental research, know how to solve various problems, draw conclusions and generalizations;

¨ possession of cultural norms and traditions lived in one's own activity; the ability to argue their knowledge and results; the ability to self-determine in situations of choice, enthusiasm, efficiency of actions;

¨ the ability to indicate your understanding or misunderstanding on any issues that arise; the ability to understand and evaluate a different point of view, to enter into a meaningful dialogue or dispute;

¨ structural and system vision of the studied areas in their spatial and temporal hierarchy; finding connections between objects, their causes, problems associated with them; possession of a general approach to clarifying the essence of any objects and phenomena (nature, culture, politics, etc.), a multi-scientific vision;

¨ the choice of fundamental objects among the secondary ones, the search for subordinate links between them; in[i]nduction of the hierarchy, new functions and relationships of known objects; the ability to find the causes of the origin of the object, the ability to find the meaning of the object, its source; distinction between facts and non-facts about an object;

¨ the presence of a personal understanding of the meaning of each of the studied subjects; possession of basic knowledge, skills and abilities; orientation in the fundamental problems of the studied sciences, non-standard thinking;

¨ the ability to compare cultural and historical analogues with their educational products and the results of classmates, isolate their similarities and differences, redefine or refine their own educational results;

¨ the ability to find the causes of the origin of a cultural and historical object or phenomenon, the ability to determine its structure and structure, to find connections with related ideal objects, to build a system of ideal objects, to build their hierarchy based on the formulated principles and criteria; the ability to find systems of connections between a cultural and historical phenomenon and corresponding real objects;

¨ the ability to translate the acquired knowledge into spiritual and material forms, to build on their basis their subsequent activities.

Creative qualities of a student provide the conditions for creating a creative product in the general educational process:

¨ emotional-figurative qualities: inspiration, spirituality, emotional upsurge in creative situations; imagery, associativity, contemplation, imagination, fantasy, daydreaming, romanticism, a sense of novelty, unusual, sensitivity to contradictions, a tendency to creative doubt, the ability to experience internal struggle, the ability to empathize, sign-making, symbol-making;

¨ initiative, ingenuity, ingenuity, readiness to invent; originality, eccentricity, originality, originality, assertiveness;

¨ the ability to generate ideas, produce them both individually and in communication with people, text, other objects of knowledge;

¨ the possession of looseness of thoughts, feelings and movements, combined with the ability to withstand the norms of behavior that are set at school, in the family, in a different social environment;

¨ insight, the ability to see the familiar in the unfamiliar and vice versa; overcoming stereotypes, the ability to enter a different plane or space when solving a problem;

¨ the ability to conduct a dialogue with the object being studied, to choose methods of cognition that are adequate to the object; the ability to determine the structure and structure, to find the functions and relationships of an object with related objects; forecasting changes in the object, the dynamics of its growth or development; creation of new methods of cognition depending on the properties of the object;

¨ predictability, predictability, formulation of hypotheses, construction of versions, patterns, formulas, theories;

¨ possession of non-traditional heuristic procedures: intuition, insight, meditation;

¨ independence, propensity to take risks; the presence of personal results of education that differ from educational standards in depth, topics, opinions that differ from the generally accepted;

¨ experience in realizing their most creative abilities in the form of performing and defending creative works, participating in competitions, olympiads, etc.

Organizational (methodological) qualities of a student are manifested in the organization of the educational activity of the student in its two previous manifestations in cognition and creativity:

¨ the student's knowledge of his individual activity characteristics, character traits, optimal pace and forms of classes in each of the academic subjects and educational areas;

¨ awareness and ability to explain the goals of their studies in certain academic subjects, a clear understanding of how he realizes himself in them;

¨ goal setting (the ability to set goals), the presence of a worthy goal, a program to achieve it, perseverance in bringing things to the end, loyalty to the goal; purposefulness (focus on achieving the goal), sustainability in achieving goals;

¨ the ability to set a learning goal in a given field of knowledge or activity, draw up a plan to achieve it; fulfill the planned plan based on their individual characteristics and existing conditions, get and realize their result, compare it with similar results of classmates;

¨ the ability of rule-making, expressed in the ability to formulate the rules of activity, the system of its laws, to predict the results; semantic vision of the studied processes;

¨ self-organization skills: activity planning, action programming, correction of stages and methods of activity, flexibility and variability of actions, orderliness of activities, feasibility of plans; combinatorial approaches to activities, simultaneous retention in the minds of different alternatives;

¨ introspection, introspection and self-esteem; possession of the methods of reflective thinking - stopping, recalling activities, analyzing its stages, isolating the methods used, searching for contradictions, "removing" the structure of the performed activity; the ability to identify the meaning of the activity, build further plans, compare the results obtained with the goals set, adjust further activities;

¨ the ability to interact with other subjects of education and with the outside world; the ability to defend one's ideas, endure the non-recognition of others, "take a hit"; autonomy, independence, aspiration, determination, communication;

¨ the ability to organize the creativity of others (organizational and pedagogical qualities); joint knowledge and generation of ideas with other students; the ability to organize "brainstorming", to participate in it; comparison and comparison of ideas, dispute, discussion.

The listed groups of students' qualities are open for expansion and clarification. At the same time, these groups represent the minimum comprehensive set of guidelines to ensure a comprehensive educational process. So, for example, an orientation towards the development of only creative qualities will complicate the general educational movement of the student, since without a formed organizational basis, his creativity will remain spontaneous and unformed.

The student's personal qualities are used to formulate the goals of the educational process at its various stages in relation to the courses and individual topics being studied. And the formulated goals can be expressed with the help of specific tasks. For example, the goal of developing the ability to indicate their understanding or lack of understanding on any issues that arise may form the basis of such an assignment for students. elementary school: “Look carefully at the pebble lying on the desk of each of you and write down: 1) what you saw and understood in it; 2) What questions do you have?

The primacy of knowledge of reality. In scientific knowledge, the whole diversity of being is represented, as a rule, by the real world - the world of material objects, and the ideal world - the world of ideas (knowledge). The relationship between the real and the ideal world is manifested in the activity of a person who knows them. For example, a plant related to the real world and the idea of ​​a plant are two different objects for a biologist, nevertheless having a common meaning, which is known to a scientist in the course of his professional activity.

In traditional school education, as objects of knowledge (study), the "knowledge" ideal world prevails - the world of generally accepted ideas, scientific concepts, patterns, theories. The work of students with objects of the real world is insignificant in volume and content, the study of leading educational areas consists, as a rule, in the assimilation of a vast amount of knowledge. AT curricula ah, manuals, and even more so in the direct practice of traditional teaching, the world of real objects is often replaced by the study of the corresponding concepts and other finished products of knowledge obtained not by students, but by specialists, scientists or authors of educational material. This happens not because of the difficulties of the practical study of real objects or because of the lack of study time for their consideration, but because of the traditional need to maintain a common, if possible unified, structure of the content of educational material, the convenience of its transfer to students and control over assimilation. The pedagogically processed material offered to students for study acts in this case as adapted information about the knowledge of other people - specialists in various fields: scientists, writers, engineers, etc. The study by students of information about other people's knowledge practically leaves them no room to create their own knowledge about the real world.

Thus, in the traditional school education there is no building by students of a personal world of knowledge, which prevents them not only from building individual educational trajectories, but also from creative self-realization in general.

This problem can be solved by changing the methodology of teaching, namely, with the help of the initial assignment to students as educational objects of real, not ideal objects of knowledge, as well as by teaching the methods of cognition of real objects and the construction of acquired knowledge. Studying the object of the real world, the student seeks and creates knowledge about it, that is, he discovers ideal theoretical constructs - facts, concepts, patterns. Realizing the knowledge created by them and the methods of cognition used, the student fixes them in the form of a personal educational product, which then allows them to be used for subsequent knowledge of the real world. The educational activity of the student acts as a link between the ideal and real world - equal attributes of a harmonious person.

Each student, having the opportunity to obtain, discover or construct his own knowledge about a real object, inevitably manifests and develops his personal cognitive abilities. When studying the same real educational objects for all students, students construct subjective images of these objects that do not always coincide with each other and with the generally accepted system of knowledge. Different educational products of cognition of the same object testify not to their fallacy, but to different educational positions and trajectories of students. The subjectivity of cognition means that each student penetrates into the depths of his world, expands the corresponding sphere of his personal potential.

The student, learning real fundamental educational objects, receives a personal educational product, which is then compared with the products of mankind in this field of knowledge - cultural and historical analogues. Only then is the student enriched with "the knowledge of all riches", and the student's result can be included as an element in the general system of knowledge, that is, in the student's general educational product. The teacher organizes various student activities for personal cognition of reality, for comparing a personal educational product with cultural and historical analogues, a student's reflective activity, which he also performs at all stages of learning.

The primacy of the knowledge of reality by the student is ensured by: firstly, the creation by the student of his own educational product, which characterizes the level of his personal educational increment, which has an internal activity source; secondly, the individual educational trajectory of the student, consisting of his educational products, compared with the cultural and historical layer of human knowledge and included in it; thirdly, the realization of the student's personal educational potential through the identification and development of his individual abilities, which ensured the creation of a personal educational product.

Subjective learning outcomes. Each student, having the opportunity to obtain, discover or construct his own knowledge about the real object being studied, inevitably manifests and develops his personal cognitive abilities. When studying the same educational objects for all students, students construct subjective images of these objects that do not always coincide with each other and with the generally accepted system of knowledge. For example, learning the sunflower - a real educational object, one student formulates the idea of ​​a sunflower as a symbol of the Sun, another - as a source of seeds of new plants, the third - as food for people or animals. Different educational products of cognition of the same object testify not to their fallacy, but to different educational positions and trajectories of students. The subjectivity of cognition means that each student penetrates into the depths of his ideal world, expands the corresponding individual sphere of his personal potential.

Among the many educational objects, there are fundamental ones that have two facets of their manifestation for the subject of his knowledge - real and ideal. Such a fundamental educational object as a tree acts, on the one hand, as the tree itself, that is, a real object, on the other hand, as the idea of ​​a tree, the concept of it. The idea of ​​an object belongs to the ideal world of concepts, it is more universal than a real object, since it is inherent in different objects from different areas. Two real birches have a common idea of ​​a birch, a birch and a pine have a common idea of ​​a tree, a tree and an alga have a common idea of ​​a plant, natural and cultural processes have a common idea of ​​movement, etc. The process of cognition of a fundamental educational object and the results of its cognition (the internal content of education) depend on the individuality of the subject of cognition, his abilities, level of development, applied methods of cognition. This feature illustrates the diagram shown in Fig. 1.2. Cognition of the same fundamental object by different subjects С 1 , С 2 ,... С n leads to different ideas of this object revealed by them, which lie in the plane of knowledge. If a fundamental educational object belongs to the real world, then the individual educational products of its cognition P 1 , P 2 ,... P n , belong to the ideal world of knowledge. Ultimately, the study by students of the same real educational objects leads not only to obtaining different individual educational products, but also to individual educational trajectories of students.

Rice. 1.2. Model of subjective cognition of a real educational object

A feature of educational products P 1 , P 2 , ... P n is that they can be true even if they are clearly different from each other. It is unacceptable to say that P 1 is correct, and P 2 is wrong, or vice versa, since in this case it is illegal to transfer the subjective result to the objective (general) level. Error is always subjective and relative, objective errors do not exist, therefore the truth of subjective educational products P 1 , P 2 ,... can only be established within the corresponding knowledge systems, individual for each case. Only the internal logic of these systems can give an answer about the truth or falsity of their individual elements.

The foregoing does not negate the need for a critical discussion of the educational products of students and their testing "for strength". Discussion, dispute or defense by students of their educational products is the basis for the development and cultivation of personal knowledge systems of students, obtained by completing the construction of the initially received educational products to a holistic systemic form.

As a rule, there are less built knowledge systems than student products. As a result of discussion, generalization and classification, some educational products belonging to different students turn out to be elements of one "knowledge" system.

The subjectivity of the results obtained by students serves as a prerequisite for building their individual educational trajectories. The similarities and differences in the subjective educational products of students are natural and necessary, on the one hand, for the self-realization of the individual potential of each student, on the other hand, for the subsequent comparative analysis and collective work to identify the originality of the cognitive methods used by students and the classification of collectively obtained results.

Comparison of educational products P 1, P 2 ... prepares students for the subsequent perception of the relevant cultural and historical analogues(P kia) - generally recognized products of knowledge obtained by scientists and specialists in the study of the same fundamental objects that students studied. Note that the concept of a cultural-historical analogue is broader than the concept of a scientific analogue, since it includes, in addition to scientific, other results of knowledge - artistic, social, religious, handicraft, etc.

It is necessary to talk with students about the diversity of cultural and historical products of cognition of the same objects in the same way as about the diversity of student educational products. In science, art, religion and other spheres of human activity, there is no single knowledge and interpretation about the same real objects and related problems. In traditional curricula, “correct” knowledge is often given as truth, which, on closer examination, turns out to be nothing more than one of the versions or theories on this issue. No science can develop without contradictions and different approaches, theories and ideas about the cognizable, created and transformed reality. In parallel with the materialistic approach, an idealistic one develops, with a logical one - a figurative one, with a practical one - a theoretical one. For example, along with the biblical description of the origin of the world, there are numerous cosmological hypotheses and theories; Simultaneously with Newton's color theory, there is Goethe's color theory. It is also necessary to take into account the limits of applicability of various cultural analogues, reflecting the absoluteness and relativity of knowledge, the principles of correspondence and complementarity in science.

The very education of children is a kind of analogue, a prototype of "adult" professional activity, therefore it includes the main types of human activity and the variety of their results. Pupils, creating individual educational products of cognition of the same objects, model at the level of their development and education similar processes of “big” science or another sphere of adult activity. Such a process is a transition to the acquaintance and comparative assimilation by students of the cultural diversity of universal human products of labor, since children master “real” methods of activity, which should have not so much an educational and training role as a really effective one in their life.

The evaluation of the student's educational results is based on the identification and diagnosis of his internal increment over a certain period of time, which can be determined explicitly, for example, using psychological or other methods, or indirectly through the diagnosis of changes in the student's external educational output. In this case, each of the students is provided with the possibility of an individual educational trajectory of mastering each of the general educational areas with the indispensable comparison of their results with universal human achievements.

Educational activities. In traditional didactics, the learning process is presented as the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities of students. This is explained by the fact that these qualities are easily controlled by outwardly expressed learning attributes - tests, control work, verbal responses. However, a more adequate idea of ​​the educational process should be considered as an interpretation of it as a process of mastering various types of activities by students. Activity is a broader concept, since, in addition to knowledge, skills and abilities, it involves motivational, evaluation and other aspects of learning.

The activity approach constitutes the initial methodological setting of the theory of learning. Various aspects of this approach were developed in the studies of psychologists and educators L. S. Vygotsky, A. N. Leontiev, S. A. Rubinshtein, V. V. Davydov, V. D. Shadrikov, P. I. Pidkasistoy, G. P. Shchedrovitsky, G.I. Shchukina, T.I. Shamova, N.F. Talyzina and others. The following provisions follow from these studies:

¨ in the activity not only the abilities of the trainees are manifested, but in it they are created;

¨ when organizing a certain type of educational activity of students, the abilities and qualities of the individual corresponding to this type are formed.

The activity approach requires a certain form of organization, special content, various ways of working and their sequence, a specially trained teacher, teaching aids. At the same time, three main objects are distinguished: the activity of trainees; activities of educators; interaction between the activities of the student and the teacher.

The content and structure of activities are not unambiguously understood. In the scientific community, there are at least two approaches to the analysis of activities: psychological and methodological. The psychological approach is based on the works of the scientific school of A. N. Leontiev and those close to it. psychological schools. In psychological theory, activity is reduced to the activity of an individual, treated as its attribute, that is, it is believed that the subject performs the activity. From this point of view, education is a system of successive activities. Activity, according to A. N. Leontiev, is a unit of life mediated by mental reflection, the real function of which is that it orients the subject in the objective world*.

* Leontiev A.N. Activity. Consciousness. Personality. - M.: Politizdat, 1975. - S. 82.

Activity in this case is a motivated process of using certain means by the student to achieve his own or externally set goal. That is, the subject, process, subject, conditions, methods, results of activity are distinguished.

The activity is broken down into separate actions. The process of activity begins with setting a goal, followed by clarification of tasks, development of a plan, settings, schemes for upcoming actions, after which the student proceeds to substantive actions, uses certain means and techniques, performs the necessary procedures, compares the course and intermediate results with the goal, makes adjustments in their subsequent activities.

Within the framework of another approach - methodological (G. P. Shchedrovitsky), the origins of which are based on the ideas of Hegel and Marx, the carrier of activity is no longer a separate individual; on the contrary, activity is a substance in itself, which captures individuals and thereby reproduces itself. Such an understanding of activity on the example of language was formulated by the German philosopher and linguist W. Humboldt. It is generally accepted, he said, that a person masters the language; but perhaps it would be more correct to say: language takes possession of a person, language captures a person and makes him move according to his own laws.

Attempts to determine in this case the carrier of activity and its minimum unit lead to a problem: during the search, one always has to go beyond the activities of one person or even interconnected groups of people and mechanisms. “If you take the human social organism, then it is already incomprehensible whether the society is made up of individual people or whether it “manufactures” individual people from the very beginning as elements of its system.<...>It turns out that only one unit "exists" - the entire universe of human activity.

* Shchedrovitsky G.P. Philosophy. The science. Methodology. – M.: Shk. cult, politics. - 1997. - S. 253-254.

Carrying out a system-structural analysis of activity, G. P. Shchedrovitsky comes to a paradoxical conclusion: “a person is a cell within a developing system of activity.” And activity itself is neither a process nor a thing, but is structure. This structure consists of heterogeneous elements included in its own special law of development, implemented with the help of specific mechanisms. The patterns of activity can only be understood when we take this structure as a whole*.

* Ibid, p. 262.

Thus, differences in the interpretation of activity are associated with the concept of a person, his functions and role in relation to activity.

This contradiction becomes especially relevant if we move from general concept activities to the concept of educational activities. Education itself in this case can refer to two different and interrelated entities - an individual student and a set of people, for example, all of humanity. The problem of consideration is the relationship and the relationship between the education of an individual student and the education of all people or some of their community.

External and internal content of the activity. To resolve the above contradiction between the two interpretations of the concept of activity, let us turn to the principle of the dialectical triad and relate it to the educational process. An analysis of the educational process, in which a specific individual (student) and the world around him participates, leads to the conclusion that the content of education must be divided into two similar components: internal and external.

The content of education external to the student is characterized by the educational environment that is offered to him to ensure the conditions for the development of the personality. The internal content of a student's education is an attribute of the developing personality itself. The internal content of a student's education is never a simple reflection of the external, since it is created on the basis of the student's personal experience as a result of his activity. Mastering the external content of education should be combined with the organization of the student's activities in the formation of his internal educational content.

The external content of education is concentrated in the concept "educational area" which also has two components - reality (the subject of the study of sciences and related training courses) and knowledge about it (the results of scientific activity in the study of reality). The external educational domain thus has two interrelated components: the real world and the curricula.

Personal understanding of the educational field leads to its understanding as educational environment. As a result of interaction with the educational environment, the student acquires experience that he transforms into knowledge. The difference between the student's personal knowledge and external ones is the methods of activity he has mastered, understanding the meaning of the environment being studied, self-determination in relation to it, and the student's reflexively fixed personal increment.

In the described interaction of the student with the world, both approaches to activity considered above are integrated. The first of them (psychological) individualizes the educational process, building it on the basis of the student's personal qualities and characteristics. The second (methodological) one includes the student's individuality in the process of general cultural activity, imprinted in the form of generally significant achievements and related activity procedures.

Significant from the standpoint of the personal orientation of learning is the primacy of the psychological approach, providing the student with the opportunity to create educational products before getting acquainted with its cultural and historical counterparts. For example, a first-grader constructs his own types of tabular representation of numbers before the teacher introduces him to ready-made addition and multiplication tables. In this case, the initial neoplasms of the student, which appeared as a result of his activity in constructing numerical tables, will become the personal basis for comparative development tables of Pythagoras and other generally recognized achievements that act as educational standards.

Thus, the integrated psychological and methodological aspect of educational activity is interpreted in two ways:

1) as an activity of the student, organized by him together with the teacher and aimed at creating individual educational products;

2) as the activity of a student and teacher to establish the place and role of student educational products in the activity structure and genesis of universal human subject knowledge.

This approach - from the student's activity in mastering reality, to internal personal increments, and from them to mastering cultural and historical achievements - is the core of the educational process of a personality-oriented type.

The considered model of the educational process provides the lead, the priority of creating the student's own educational product of the student's activity over the externally given subject content. The inner potencies of the trainee and his abilities are manifested and formed before the corresponding pantries of human experience are opened before him.

The object of primary activity of the learner is directly cognizable reality. Only then is the student enriched with cultural and historical achievements related to this reality, and his own result (product) can be included as an element in the general system of knowledge, i.e. in the total educational product of the student, which is reflexively comprehended by him (Fig. 1.3 ).

Rice. 1.3. Model of educational activity of the student

The structure of educational activities. Educational activity has the following elements: the need and motives for educational activity; external and internal goals; activity programs; information base and educational environment of activity; decision-making as a result of the student's self-determination; activity products; activity-important personal qualities.

The source of the main motives for the educational activities of schoolchildren is their need for self-realization (the pentagon at the bottom of the diagram). The direction and nature of self-realization are determined by the individual characteristics of students - personal qualities related to the knowledge of the world around them, self-knowledge, communications and other educational spheres and areas. Educational activities provide students with the opportunity to create educational products in any area of ​​their interests: in nature, society, technology, etc.

The listed elements are interconnected and form the system shown in Fig. 1.4.

Rice. 1.4. Functional system of educational activities

The goals of educational activity in relation to the student are divided into external normative and internal subjective (hexagons at the bottom of the scheme on the sides). External goals are set by the teacher in various forms and types, providing, for example, the implementation of educational standards. Internal goals are those that the student has formulated independently or with the help of a teacher in relation to the educational area or object of study.

The child performs an activity, matching it with world culture; from external and internal educational goals, the norms of educational activity are formed, which are the general guidelines for its implementation and the basis for compiling curricula (the upper part of the diagram).

Educational programs in accordance with internal and external goals are divided into general for all and individual for each student. There is a dynamic connection and interaction between the two types of programs: the general program of activities involves the development and inclusion of individual programs, which, in turn, influence the adjustment of the general program. In relation to educational standards, the general education program is based on the federal, national-regional and school components of educational standards, and the individual program is based on the variable part of education, established on the basis of individual characteristics and personal choice of the student.

The external educational environment and the information basis for educational activities determine the conditions for its implementation and include: fundamental educational objects, cultural and historical analogues of knowledge about them, specially selected educational information, necessary manuals, materials, etc.

Self-determination of students and their decision-making in the process of educational activity (the center of the scheme) occurs continuously, since its key element is the educational situation. The creation and awareness of such situations encourages the student and teacher to make decisions about effective ways of their actions. The most important components of such methods are methodological actions: stopping and reflection. Stopping objective activity, that is, activity related to the educational content of the subject, is necessary in order to switch to another activity - reflexive, with the help of which the methodological basis of objective activity is revealed.

external, the materialized form of activity is the educational products of students related to the educational area or course being studied - a question, a hypothesis, an essay, a model, a craft, a drawing, a diagram, etc.; internal - methods of activity learned or mastered by him in the course of creating these products, as well as reflected knowledge about these methods and the nature of all activities, other personal neoplasms.

The result of educational activity is the educational products of students related to the studied areas: sciences, arts, technical fields, communication processes, etc. The creation of an external materialized product, thereby, satisfies the need of students for self-realization and contributes to the development of their respective personal qualities: cognitive, creative, org-activity, etc.

Thus, educational activity is characterized by the following features:

1) is carried out by the subject of activity on the basis of his personal educational potential, individual abilities, motives and goals;

2) causes subjective difficulties and problems in the activity of the subject, due to insufficient knowledge of the methods, means and other conditions necessary for its implementation;

3) leads to the creation of a new educational product for the subject, corresponding to the type of activity carried out by him.

The pace of learning. Educational activity is characterized by such interrelated concepts as the pace of learning and the educational product of the student. The pace of learning, interpreted as the speed or intensity of educational activity, is determined by the individual characteristics of the student: his motivation, developed abilities, level of preparedness, psychological, physiological and other characteristics.

The pace of learning determines one of the main components of the content of education - the educational output of the student. So, with the same time period (t 1 - t 2) set by the teacher to study the fundamental educational object (FOO), the volume of the educational product (V o p) may be greater for the student who studies at a higher pace (Fig. 1.5 ).

Rice. 1.5. Dependence of the volume of the educational product on the pace of learning

The educational products of students differ not only in volume, but also in content. This difference is due to individual abilities and the corresponding types of activities used by students in the study of the same educational object. Thus, the emotional-figurative approach to studying the concept of number in the first grade (“revitalization” of numbers, writing fairy tales about them, drawing a “geometric garden”, traveling through the “number city”) provides a qualitatively different content of the student’s educational product than his solution of logical examples and problems with numbers.

The teacher can and should offer students various types of activities for assimilation: emotional-figurative, logical and others, but, given the priority activities individually for each child, children should be allowed to choose these types when studying the same educational objects. In this case, not one common educational trajectory will be provided for all students, differing in the amount of assimilation of given standards, but individual trajectories leading students to create personal educational products that differ both in volume and content.

The externally expressed educational product of a student reflects his personal educational changes or increments. The student's educational product (EP) depends on the achieved knowledge about the studied fundamental educational object (FEO), the development of the student's individual abilities (IS), the assimilation of methods and types of activities (VD). This dependency can be expressed by the formula: OP \u003d f (FOO, IP, VD).

From this formula, the conclusion follows: even with the same knowledge about fundamental educational objects (PHE = const), the educational products of different students are different, since the types of activities they have mastered and the level of their development are different. Thus, thanks to an expanded understanding of the educational product, we come to the need to introduce the concept of an individual educational trajectory with all the ensuing consequences: individual student goal-setting, planning and pace of educational activities, the personal component of the content of education, the choice of optimal forms and methods of teaching, monitoring and evaluation systems.

Organization of the educational process. The Law of the Russian Federation "On Education" (Article 15) contains general requirements for the organization of the educational process:

1. The organization of the educational process in an educational institution is regulated by the curriculum (a breakdown of the content of the educational program by training courses, by disciplines and by years of study), the annual calendar academic schedule and class schedules developed and approved by the educational institution independently. State educational authorities ensure the development of exemplary curricula and programs of courses, disciplines.

2. Organs state power, educational authorities and local self-government bodies are not entitled to change the curriculum and curriculum of a civil educational institution after their approval, with the exception of cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. The educational institution is independent in choosing the assessment system, form, procedure and frequency of the intermediate certification of students.

4. The development of educational programs of basic general, secondary (complete) general and all types of vocational education ends with a mandatory final certification of graduates.

5. Scientific and methodological support of final attestations and objective quality control of graduate training upon completion of each level of education are provided by the state attestation service, independent of educational authorities, in accordance with state educational standards.

6. Discipline in an educational institution is supported on the basis of respect for the human dignity of students, pupils, and teachers. The use of methods of physical and mental violence against students and pupils is not allowed.

7. Parents (legal representatives) of underage students, pupils should be provided with the opportunity to get acquainted with the course and content of the educational process, as well as with the assessments of students' progress.

Thus, the educational process in each school and for each student has its own uniqueness and originality, due to the possibility of participating in its design of subjects of different levels - from the state to a particular teacher and student.

Summary

Educational process- Pedagogically sound, consistent, continuous change in the states of learning subjects in a specially organized environment in order to achieve educational results.

The educational process has target, content, activity, organizational, technological, temporal and other characteristics, each of which is a description of the structural elements of the general educational system.

The methodology of the educational process establishes the structure, content, organization, system of specific methods and forms of educational activities. The main element of the methodology and theory of education is the image of the student in the dynamics of his development, which is the target factor in building the system of his education. The image of a student as a model of anticipated learning outcomes is made up of his personal qualities: cognitive, creative, organizational and other. Personal qualities correspond to certain types of activities in the course of which the student is educated.

There are at least two approaches to understanding activity: psychological (A.N. Leontiev) and methodological (G.P. Shchedrovitsky). In the first case, it is considered that the subject carries out activities. In the second, activity is a substance in itself, which captures individuals and is thereby reproduced. For a student-oriented and at the same time culturally appropriate educational process, the integration of the two named approaches is appropriate:

This approach ensures the lead, the priority of the creation of the student's own educational product over the externally given subject content. The student's abilities are manifested and formed before the corresponding pantries of human experience are opened before him.

Educational activities has the following elements: the need and motives of the student; external and internal goals; activity programs; information base and educational environment of activity; decision-making as a result of the student's self-determination; activity products; activity-important personal qualities.

The study of the same real educational objects leads to different educational outcomes different students, not always coinciding both with each other and with the generally accepted system of knowledge. The subjectivity of the results obtained by students serves as a prerequisite for building their individual educational trajectories.

The simultaneity of the implementation of personal models of education of students in relation to the general educational standards of various levels is the meaning of personality-oriented cultural education.

Questions and exercises

1. Formulate the feelings and sensations that you have as a result of studying this topic. List the main results you have achieved.

2. What do you understand by the educational process? What methodological issues related to it do you consider to be the main ones? What remains unclear? Formulate your questions.

3. What, in your opinion, are the connections between the student's personal qualities, his abilities, activities, individual activities and actions? Explain direct and inverse relationships between them.

4. In this paragraph, a methodological approach to the design of the educational process is formulated - from the activity of the student in the development of reality, to internal personal increments, and from them to the development of cultural and historical achievements. Suggest other possible structural bases of the educational process.

5. List the advantages and disadvantages of students' subjective knowledge of real educational objects.

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LECTURE 1

THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN EDUCATION

Pedagogy as a science is a set of knowledge that underlies the description, analysis, organization, design and forecasting of ways to improve the pedagogical process, as well as the search for effective pedagogical systems for the development and preparation of a person for life in society.

It is known that any branch of knowledge is formed as a science only if a specific subject of research is singled out.

The subject of pedagogylike science is an pedagogical process . I.e the process of teaching and educating a person as a special function of society, implemented in the conditions of certain pedagogical systems.

The main categories of pedagogy. During the formation of pedagogy as a science, three fundamental categories (basic concepts of pedagogy) -upbringing, training, education .

In modern science, education as a social phenomenon is understood as transfer of historical and cultural experience from generation to generation. In doing so, the educator:

1) transfers the experience accumulated by mankind;

2) introduces into the world of culture;

3) encourages self-education;

4) helps to understand difficult life situations and find a way out of a difficult situation.

On the other hand, the student:

1) masters the experience of human relations and the basics of culture;

2) works on himself;

3) learns ways of communication and manners of behavior.

As a result, the pupil changes his understanding of the world and attitude towards people and himself.

Education is dialectically interconnected with learning.

Education- this is an ordered interaction of a teacher with students, aimed at achieving a didactic goal, which includes the following main links of interaction:

1) the activities of the teacher:

explanation to the trainees of the goals and objectives of training;

› familiarization with new knowledge;

managing the process of awareness and acquisition of knowledge and skills;

management of the process of cognition of scientific patterns and laws, the transition from theory to practice;

organization of heuristic and research activities;

verification and evaluation of changes in the learning and development of trainees;

2) activities of trainees:

own activities to create a positive motivation for learning;

perception of new knowledge, skills, analysis, synthesis, comparison and systematization of patterns and laws;

understanding of causal relationships; acquisition of skills and abilities, their motivation;

practical activities for independent decision emerging problems; self-control and self-assessment of achievements.

1) the value of a developing person and society;

2) the process of teaching and educating a person;

3) the result of the process of education and upbringing;

4) system.

In an educational institution, the content of education is the content of the activities of the subjects of the educational process (teacher and student), it is specified in the curriculum of the educational institution. The content of each discipline of the curriculum is specified in educational programs, each educational program is meaningfully reflected in textbooks and teaching aids.

The functioning of any educational system is subject to a particular goal. educational goals - these are consciously defined expected results that a given society, country, state seeks to achieve with the help of the existing education system as a whole at the present time and in the near future. These goals are socially dependent on various conditions: on the nature of society, on the state educational policy, on the level of development of culture and the entire system of education and upbringing in the country, on the system of core values.

The goals of the educational system are a specific description of the human development program by means of education, a description of the knowledge system, those norms of activity and relations that the student must master after graduation. Learning objectives of a particular academic discipline clarify and define the goals of education of a modern person as such and the goals of a particular educational institution, taking into account the specifics of the discipline, the volume of hours of the training course, age and other individual characteristics of students. As a rule, goals show the general strategic guidelines and directions for the activities of teachers and students.

It is important to clarify the similarities and differences in the use of the concepts of value and purpose - these two categories are often mentioned together. Purpose (from the Greek "telos" - result, completion) - a conscious anticipation of the result of activity. In its most general form, the goal can be defined (following Aristotle) ​​as "that for which". High significance - value - some object in the eyes of a given person can induce him to strive for possession of it, i.e. set such a goal. Thus, value as an experienced relation and goal as an anticipated result of activity can be confined to the same objects, but are located on different planes of consideration.

A person feels his values ​​rather than realizes his goals. In the process of development, it develops values, norms and ideals, which determine (together with the totality of the circumstances of the external environment) its path.

With all the variety of values ​​in the educational sphere, they can be divided into two main groups:

· the value of maintaining the status quo

· the value of its transformation.

Declared values ​​are revealed in existing education models:

1. Model of education as a state-departmental organization. In this case, the education system is considered by state authorities as an independent direction in a number of other sectors of the national economy. It is built on a departmental principle with a strict centralized definition of the goals, content of education, the range of educational institutions and academic disciplines within a particular type of educational system. At the same time, educational institutions are unambiguously subordinated and controlled by administrative or special bodies.

2. Model of developing education(V.V. Davydov, V.V. Rubtsov and others). This model assumes the organization of education as a special infrastructure through a wide cooperation of educational systems of different ranks, types and levels. Such a construction makes it possible to provide and satisfy the needs of various segments of the country's population in educational services; quickly solve educational problems and provide an expansion of the range of educational services. Education also receives real opportunity be in demand by other areas - directly, without additional approvals from the state authorities.

3. The traditional model of education(J. Magjot, L. Cro, J. Capel, D. Ravich, C. Finn, etc.) is a model of systematic academic education as a way to transfer universal elements of culture to the younger generation, the role of which is mainly to reproduce the culture of the past. Traditionalists see the main role of education in preserving and passing on to the younger generation the elements of the cultural heritage of human civilization. First of all, this implies a variety of knowledge, skills, ideals and values ​​that contribute to both the individual development of a person and the preservation of social order. In accordance with the concept of traditionalism, the educational system should primarily solve the problem of forming basic knowledge, skills and abilities (within the framework of the established cultural and educational tradition), allowing the individual to move on to independent assimilation of knowledge, values ​​and skills of a higher rank compared to those mastered.

4. Rationalistic model of education(P. Bloom, R. Gagne, B. Skinner, etc.) suggests such an organization that, first of all, ensures the assimilation of knowledge, skills, and practical adaptation of the younger generation to the existing society. Within the framework of this model, only such cultural values ​​are transmitted and assimilated, which allow a young person to painlessly fit into existing social structures. At the same time, any educational program can be translated into the “behavioral” aspect of knowledge, skills and abilities that the student should master.

In the ideology of the modern rationalistic model of education, the central place is occupied by behaviorist (from the English. behavior- behavior) concept of social engineering. Rationalists proceed from the relatively passive role of students, who, having acquired certain knowledge, skills and abilities, thus acquire an adaptive "behavioral repertoire" necessary for an adequate life arrangement in accordance with social norms, requirements and expectations of society. In the rationalistic model, there is no place for such phenomena as creativity, independence, responsibility, individuality, naturalness, etc. Behavioral goals introduce the spirit of narrow utilitarianism into the educational process and impose on the teacher an inflexible and mechanical mode of action. In this case, the ideal is to strictly follow the prescribed pattern, and the teacher's activity turns into coaching students (for example, to take tests).

5. Phenomenological model of education(A. Maslow, A. Combs, K. Rogers, etc.) implies the personal nature of learning, taking into account the individual psychological characteristics of students, a careful and respectful attitude to their interests and needs. Its representatives reject the view of the school as an "educational assembly line". They consider education as humanistic in the sense that it most fully and adequately corresponds to the true nature of a person, helps him discover what is already inherent in him by nature, and not “cast” into a certain form invented by someone in advance, a priori. Teachers of this orientation create conditions for self-knowledge and support for the unique development of each student in accordance with their inherited nature, provide as much freedom of choice and conditions as possible for the child to realize his natural potentials and self-realization. Supporters of this direction defend the right of the individual to the autonomy of development and education.

6. Non-institutional model of education(P. Goodman, I. Illich, J. Goodlad, F. Klein, J. Holt, L. Bernard and others) is focused on organizing education outside social institutions, in particular schools and universities. This is education in the "nature", with the help of the Internet, in the conditions of "open schools", distance learning, etc.

Modern education is developing in different directions and is characterized by such properties, as: humanization, humanitarization, differentiation, diversification, standardization, multivariance, multilevelness, fundamentalization, informatization, individualization, continuity.

humanization education is the orientation of the educational system and the entire educational process towards the development and establishment of relations of mutual respect for students and teachers, based on respect for the rights of each person; to preserve and strengthen their health, feelings dignity and development of personal potential. It is this kind of education that guarantees students the right to choose an individual path of development.

Humanitarianism - this is an orientation towards mastering the content of education, regardless of its level and type, which makes it possible to readily solve the main social problems for the benefit and in the name of a person; communicate freely with people of different nationalities and peoples, of any professions and specialties; good to know native language, history and culture; be fluent in foreign languages; be economically and legally literate.

Differentiation - is orientation educational institutions on the achievements of pupils or students in taking into account, satisfying and developing the interests, inclinations and abilities of all participants in the educational process. Differentiation can be put into practice in many ways, for example, by grouping students according to their performance; division of academic disciplines into compulsory and optional; the division of educational institutions into elite, mass and intended for students with delays or deviations in development; drawing up individual plans and educational routes for individual students or students in accordance with interests and professional orientation, etc.

Diversification is a wide variety educational institutions, educational programs and governing bodies.

Standardization - this is the orientation of the educational system towards the implementation, first of all, of the state educational standard - a set of compulsory academic disciplines in a clearly defined amount of hours.

Multivariance means creating conditions for choice in the educational system and giving each subject a chance to succeed, encouraging pupils or students to make an independent choice and making a responsible decision, ensuring the development of alternative and independent thinking. In practice, multivariance manifests itself through the ability to choose the pace of learning, achieve different levels of education, choose the type of educational institution, as well as the differentiation of learning conditions depending on the individual characteristics of students or students (in a class, group, individually, using a computer, etc.) and etc.

Multilevel- this is the organization of a multi-stage educational process that provides the opportunity to achieve at each stage of education the level of education that corresponds to the capabilities and interests of a person. Each level is a period that has its own goals, terms of study and its own characteristics. The moment of completion of training at each stage is the qualitative completion of education. For example, a multi-level system of higher education is focused on three levels: the first level - general higher education (2 years), the second level - basic higher education - bachelor's degree (2 years general education+ 2 years), the third level - complete higher education - master's degree (4 years of bachelor's degree + 2 years of master's degree).

Fundamentalization - strengthening the relationship between the theoretical and practical preparation of a young person for modern life. Particular importance is attached here to the deep and systematic development of scientific and theoretical knowledge in all disciplines of the curriculum of the educational system.

Informatization education is associated with the widespread and increasingly widespread use of computers and information technologies in the process of human learning. Informatization of education has become most widespread all over the world in the last decade. - due to the availability for the education system and the relative ease of use of various types of modern video, audio equipment and computers.

Individualization - it is the consideration and development of the individual characteristics of pupils and students in all forms of interaction with them in the process of education and upbringing.

Continuity does not mean education received once and for all, for life, but the process of continuous education-self-education of a person throughout his life in connection with the rapidly changing living conditions in modern society.

Principles formation of the content of education:

1. Conformity principle the content of education to the requirements of the development of society, science, culture and personality. It involves the inclusion in the content of general education of the traditionally necessary knowledge, skills and abilities, as well as those that reflect the current level of development of society, scientific knowledge, cultural life and opportunities for personal growth.

2. The principle of a single content and procedural side of learning involves taking into account the characteristics of a particular educational process.

3. The principle of structural unity The content of education at different levels presupposes the consistency of the following components of education: theoretical representation, academic subject, educational material, pedagogical activity, personality of the student.

4. The principle of humanization the content of general education is associated with the creation of conditions for the active creative and practical development of universal culture by students. Humanitarian education is aimed at the formation of a humanitarian culture of the individual, which characterizes its inner wealth, the level of development of spiritual needs and abilities and the level of intensity of their manifestation in social practical activities. Humanitarian culture is the harmony of the culture of knowledge, the culture of feelings, communication and creative action.

5. Fundamentalization principle education implies awareness of the essence of cognitive and practical transformative activity by students. At the same time, training is not only a way of obtaining knowledge, skills and abilities, but also a means of arming students with methods of obtaining new knowledge, self-acquisition of skills and abilities.

6. Conformity principle the main components of the content of general education in the structure of the basic culture of the individual is a consequence of the implementation of the principles of humanization and fundamentalization of the content of general education.

Main elements of education as a specific educational institution is:

1) goals of education;

3) means and methods of obtaining education;

4) forms of organization of the educational process;

5) the real educational process as a unity of education, upbringing and human development;

6) subjects and objects of the educational process;

7) educational environment;

8) the result of education, i.e. the level of education of a person in a given educational institution.

Sections of Pedagogy are "Didactics" and "Education".

Didactics - This a branch of pedagogy aimed at studying and revealing the theoretical foundations of the organization of the learning process (patterns, principles, teaching methods), as well as searching for and developing new principles, strategies, methods, technologies and learning systems.

Didactics has its own thing study : these are the laws and principles of education, its goals, the scientific foundations of the content of education, methods and means of education. Allocate general and private (subject teaching methods) didactics. Thus, teaching methods were formed for individual academic disciplines (methods of teaching mathematics, physics, a foreign language).

Learning, teaching, learning, learning activities - main categories of didactics.

Education - it is a way of organizing the educational process. It is the most reliable way to obtain systematic education. The basis of any kind or type of education is the system of "teaching - learning".

teaching- is an activity for:

Transfer of information;

Organization of educational and cognitive activity of students;

Assistance in case of difficulty in the learning process;

Stimulation of interest, independence and creativity of students;

Evaluation of educational achievements of students.

The purpose of teaching is the organization of the effective teaching of each student in the process of transferring information, monitoring and evaluating its assimilation, as well as interaction with students and organizing both joint and independent activities.

Doctrine- is an activity that includes:

Mastering, consolidating and applying knowledge, skills and abilities;

Self-stimulation to search, solve educational problems, self-assessment of educational achievements;

Awareness personal meaning and social significance cultural values ​​and human experience, processes and phenomena of the surrounding reality.

The purpose of the exercise is the knowledge, collection and processing of information about the world. Learning outcomes are expressed in knowledge, skills, attitudes, and general development of the student.

Learning activities includes:

Mastering knowledge systems and operating them;

Mastering systems of generalized and more specific actions, methods (methods) of educational work, ways of transferring and finding them - skills and abilities;

The development of the motives of teaching, the formation of the motivation and meaning of the latter;

Mastering the ways of managing their educational activities and their mental processes (will, emotions, etc.).

Didactics also uses such concepts as: learning and learning.

Learnability - this is the internal readiness acquired by the student (under the influence of training and education) for various psychological restructurings and transformations in accordance with new programs and goals of further education - a general ability to assimilate knowledge. The most important indicator of learning is the amount of dosed assistance that a student needs to achieve a given result.

learning- this is a stock of learned concepts and methods of activity; those. a system of knowledge, skills and abilities that corresponds to the norm (the expected result specified in the educational standard).

Patterns of learning. Allocate external and internal learning patterns.

To external patterns relate:

Social conditionality of the goals, content and methods of teaching;

The upbringing and developing nature of the latter;

Learning is always carried out in communication and is based on a verbal-activity approach;

The dependence of learning outcomes on the characteristics of the student's interaction with the outside world.

To internal patterns learning process include:

The dependence of its development on the method of resolving the main contradiction between cognitive or practical tasks and the current level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students necessary for their solution, mental development;

Relationship between teacher-student interaction and learning outcomes;

The subordination of the effectiveness of training to the methods of managing the process of the latter and the activity of the student himself;

Task structure, i.e. with the successful solution of one educational task and the formulation of the next, the student moves from ignorance to knowledge, from knowledge to skill, from skill to skill.

Here are some examples private (specific) regularities:

Didactic (content-procedural) regularities:

1. The productivity of assimilation of a given amount of knowledge, skills (within certain limits) is inversely proportional to the difficulty and complexity of the material being studied, the skills being formed.

2. Learning outcomes (within certain limits) are directly proportional to the significance for the student of the content to be learned.

3. Learning outcomes are in straight proportional dependence from the skill (qualification, professionalism) of the teacher, etc.

Gnoseological regularities:

1. The productivity of mastering knowledge, skills, skills (KUN) within certain limits is directly proportional to the volume practical application ZUN.

2. Learning outcomes depend on the ability to include the studied subject (phenomenon) in those connections, the carrier of which is the studied quality of the object, etc.

Psychological patterns:

1. The productivity of learning (within certain limits) is directly proportional to the interest of students in educational and cognitive activity (UCA).

2. The productivity of training depends on the level, strength, intensity and characteristics of the trainees' thinking.

3. The productivity of learning (within certain limits) depends on the level of memory development of students.

4. Ceteris paribus, the efficiency of distributed memorization of material is higher than the efficiency of concentrated memorization (I. Cain, R. Willey).

5. The strength of memorization of the studied material depends on the way this material is reproduced (E. R. Hilgard).

6. Learning by “doing is 6-7 times more productive than learning by “listening” (I.P. Podlasy), etc.

Cybernetic patterns:

1. The quality of education is directly proportional to the quality of management of the educational process.

2. The effectiveness of management is directly dependent on the quantity and quality of control information, the states and capabilities of students who perceive and process control actions, etc.

Sociological patterns:

1. The productivity of learning depends on the volume and intensity of cognitive contacts.

2. The effectiveness of learning increases in terms of cognitive tension caused by the competition.

3. The effectiveness of teaching depends on the quality (level, style) of communication between the teacher and students, etc.

Organizational patterns:

1. The effectiveness of training depends on its organization, clarity and regularity of implementation.

2. The productivity of learning depends on the level of organization of pedagogical work.

3. Learning outcomes (within certain limits) are directly proportional to the level of students' skills in the scientific organization of educational work (SUT), as well as the attitude of students to UPD, etc.

The system of didactic principles and their content. The concept of "principle" comes from the Latin "principium" - the beginning, the basis. In origin, the principles of teaching ( didactic principles ) are a theoretical generalization of pedagogical practice, arise from the experience of practical activity and, therefore, are of an objective nature. However, in the form of their existence, the principles are subjective, since are reflected in the mind of the teacher with varying degrees of completeness and accuracy.Ignorance of the principles, unwillingness to follow their requirements, their incorrect understanding do not cancel their existence, but make the entire learning process unscientific, contradictory and ineffective. Therefore, observance of the principles of teaching is an element of the pedagogical culture of the teacher, the most important condition for the effectiveness of his professional activity.

Learning principlesthese are the most general guidelines that express the requirements for the content, organization, technology and methodology of teaching cadets and students.

In modern didactics high school the following set of principles of training is distinguished:

social conditionality and scientific character in education;

practical orientation;

goal-oriented, systematic and consistent;

· learning at a high level of difficulty;

visibility;

Consciousness, activity and independence of students;

the strength of mastering knowledge, skills and abilities;

a differentiated and individual approach to learning;

unity of education and upbringing.

Consider the content characteristics of each of these didactic principles.

The principle of social conditioning and scientific character in education determines the need for the teacher to comply with the requirements of the state, reflected in the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education and the qualification requirements for the training of specific specialists in this higher educational institution, when preparing future specialists.

The implementation of this principle in practice is ensured by compliance with the requirements:

· when organizing training, to implement a scientifically based approach to the selection of the content of educational material;

· in the course of classes, to consider all phenomena in development and interconnections, to see the patterns and contradictions of the educational process, ways to improve it;

· present the educational material from the standpoint of the latest achievements of science and technology.

The principle of practical orientation in training focuses the teacher on the preparation of future specialists in the university to fulfill their professional duties for their intended purpose. It determines the content of training and the conditions for professional training of students, gives training a practical orientation, ensures its connection with state of the art development of science and technology, military affairs.

The principle of practical orientation contains the following requirements :

· to use the possibilities of the educational process to the maximum for modeling certain aspects of the future professional activity of specialists;

· flexibly combine theoretical and practical methods and forms of training, choosing the most effective in each specific case;

Help them master the theory and practice of scientifically organized activities;

· learn to apply productive and economical methods of work;

Analyze, program and predict their activities.

The principle of purposefulness, consistency and consistency in training determines the direction and logic of the organization of the educational process.

This principle involves the implementation by the teacher of a number of interrelated pedagogical requirements:

· in the learning process, be guided by all planning documents (curricula, programs, class schedules, etc.), strictly observe the logic of the educational process, closely link previously studied material with new material;

highlight the main thing in the studied material, formulate and reveal the general goal and intent of each topic, section, course as a whole;

· to guide and develop the logical thinking of students, to accustom them to independence, to show them the prospects of their educational and cognitive activity;

· to achieve the assimilation by students of the system of knowledge on each topic, section and course as a whole, using the variety of available forms and methods for assessing, monitoring and correcting their educational and cognitive activities;

· systematically supervise the independent work of students, know their successes and shortcomings, increase the sense of responsibility for the results of their studies.

The principle of learning at a high level of difficulty determines such an organization and technology of education at a university, in which students consciously and actively acquire knowledge, skills and abilities, form professional positions, psychological qualities, taking into account their own real abilities. The teacher, subject to this principle, is required to follow the following pedagogical rules:

ensure the selection, grouping and presentation of educational material, taking into account the intellectual capabilities of each student, to constantly take care of compliance with the rules of accessibility in education;

· to cultivate a conscious attitude of students to overcoming real learning difficulties, to encourage them and provide individual assistance, conduct additional classes with those who are lagging behind in their studies.

The principle of consciousness, activity and independence of students determines the position and attitude of the students themselves to participate in the learning process.

Consciousness in learning- this is the understanding by students of the essence of the problems being studied, the conviction in the correctness and practical value of the knowledge and skills acquired, a positive attitude towards learning. Consciousness gives the learning process an educative character and to a large extent contributes to the formation of high psychological and significant professional qualities of a person in students.

Student activity in training - their intensive mental (intellectual) and physical activity to master knowledge, skills and abilities.

Autonomy in learning- active promotion of students to the heights of professional excellence, focusing on their own efforts in the educational process, needs and goals, motives and will.

This principle requires the teacher to comply with the following pedagogical rules:

· to achieve students' awareness of the importance of their future professional activities; to bring to them the goals and objectives of each lesson;

to form a positive attitude of students to the educational process, to arouse interest in the material being studied;

Support the activity and creative undertakings of students, stimulate their cognitive activity, develop motivation;

put students in situations that require them to discover and explain discrepancies between observed or given facts and existing knowledge;

ensure students understand the meaning of each word, sentence, concept, revealing them, rely on the knowledge and experience of students;

· to equip students with methods and techniques of independent work to acquire new knowledge, skills and abilities, to promote their independent use in solving educational and practical professional problems.

The principle of strength of mastering knowledge, skills and abilities. To solve educational and cognitive problems, students objectively need a holistic complex of interrelated knowledge, skills and abilities that have sufficient strength for their use in professional activities. The stronger they are, the faster and more thoroughly students master new educational material, their future specialty.

This principle requires the teacher to comply with the following pedagogical requirements:

· provide slow, but error-free actions during the initial acquaintance with the material and operations, with mastered skills of actions, gradually reducing the time for their implementation while maintaining a high quality of development;

Do not start learning new things without first forming positive motives and incentives among cadets and listeners;

· monitor the logic of the presentation of educational material, because the strength of knowledge, logically interconnected, always exceeds the strength of assimilation of disparate, poorly connected knowledge;

· to form the installation of students for long-term memorization of educational material, based on all types of memory and methods of memorization; stimulate the work of students, teach them the rules and techniques of self-education;

Encourage students to consciously perform actions, encourage conscientiousness, initiative, independence.

The principle of a differentiated and individual approach to learning determines the organization of group activities in the classroom in various subjects and disciplines in close combination with an individual approach to learning for each student.

This principle implies the implementation by the teacher of the following pedagogical requirements:

systematically study students, identify their characteristics and capabilities;

constantly show attention to each of them, regardless of academic performance and behavior;

take into account the intellectual and physical abilities of students and organize the educational process in strict accordance with them;

· to develop the individual abilities of each student in the interests of the formation and consolidation of student teams, creating a positive socio-psychological climate in the study group.

The principle of unity of education and upbringing determines the obligation to implement a holistic pedagogical process. Indeed, in the process of learning, students form views, feelings, values, personality traits, character traits, and behavioral habits. All this can happen both unintentionally and due to the special organization of the educational process. The unity of training and education in the course of training sessions should be achieved through the efforts of all its participants: both teachers and students.

Teaching methods: essence, functions and classification. The word "method" in Greek means "research, method, way to achieve the goal." The etymology of this word also affects its interpretation as a scientific category. So, for example, in the philosophical encyclopedic dictionary, the method in the most general sense is understood as “a way to achieve a certain goal, a set of techniques or operations for the practical or theoretical development of reality”.

In modern pedagogy, there are three main groups of methods:

· teaching methods,

methods of upbringing,

methods of pedagogical research.

I. P. Podlasy believes that the method of teaching is, first of all, “the ordered activity of the teacher and students, aimed at achieving a given goal. At the same time, the methods of teaching activity of the teacher (teaching) and the methods of learning activity of students (teaching) are closely interconnected.

I. F. Kharlamov proposes to understand teaching methods as “methods of the teaching work of the teacher and the organization of the management of the cognitive activity of students in solving various didactic tasks aimed at mastering the material being studied.”

Structurally, the method acts as an ordered set of techniques, and reception is considered as an element, a link, an elementary act of the pedagogical process. Individual approaches may be part of various methods. For example, recording basic concepts is used both when explaining new material by a teacher, and when independent work students. In pedagogical practice, methodological techniques are used to activate the attention of students when they perceive new material or repeat what they have learned, stimulate cognitive activity. Method and technique may be interchanged. For example, if a teacher communicates new knowledge by the method of explanation, during which he demonstrates visual aids, then this demonstration acts as a technique. If a visual aid is an object of study and cadets and students receive basic knowledge on the basis of its consideration, then verbal explanations act as a technique, and demonstration as a teaching method.

In the educational process of the university teaching methods perform the following functions:

1) training (implement learning objectives in practice);

2) developing (set the pace and level of development of cadets and students);

3) educative (influence the results of education);

4) encouraging (act as a means of inducing learning);

5) control and correction (diagnostics and management of the learning process of cadets and students).

One of the most discussed problems of modern didactics is the presentation of existing teaching methods from a systematic standpoint. At present, there is no single point of view on this issue. Due to the fact that different authors use different features when dividing teaching methods into groups and subgroups, there are a number of classifications. Let us dwell on those that are most often found in the domestic pedagogical literature.

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Chapter 1. Formation of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education: state, problems, development prospects (logic-system analysis).

§ 1. Prerequisites for continuous education as a result of the development of educational systems (sociocultural analysis).

§ 2. Formation of the organizational structure of the continuous education system.

§ 3. Continuous education in the conditions of the modern socio-cultural paradigm.

Chapter Conclusions

Chapter 2. Theoretical and methodological substantiation and development of the concept of continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

§ 1. Socio-pedagogical foundations of the concept of continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education.

§ 2. Development of educational programs of continuous education.

§ 3. Design and technological type of organizational culture of activity as a condition for the implementation of the concept of continuity of the educational process.

Conclusions on chapter 2.

Chapter 3 Methodological foundations continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

§ 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation of forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs).

§ 2. Structural and functional essence of the forms of continuity of the educational process.

§ 3. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for ensuring the forms of continuity of the educational process.

Conclusions on chapter 3.

Chapter 4. Implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process in pedagogical practice.

§one. Modular algorithms for the implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs).

§2. Experimental verification of the form of continuity of the educational process in the context of the integration of educational structures.

Conclusions on chapter 4.

Recommended list of dissertations

  • The system of additional professional tourism and local history education of a teacher based on a cluster approach 2012, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Smirnov, Dmitry Vitalievich

  • Continuity in Professional Pedagogical Education: Modern Interpretation and Scientific and Practical Support 2005, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Esaulova, Marina Borisovna

  • Preparation of teachers for the speech and linguistic development of preschool children in the system of continuing professional education 2011, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Makarova, Valentina Nikolaevna

  • Continuity of professional and personal development of future teachers of preschool education 2004, candidate of pedagogical sciences Klimentyeva, Zinaida Alexandrovna

  • Management of the development of the continuous educational environment of the school 2005, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Fastovsky, Igor Anatolyevich

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education"

The relevance of research. The development of the system of domestic education, aimed at its adaptation to modern society, the world experience of educational systems, the educational needs of the individual, the state, society, production, determines its essential changes. In the context of the UNESCO ideology (Geneva, 2004), modern education simultaneously includes upbringing, training, and the formation of a person’s life position, which leads to the consideration of both the ways of mastering educational programs and the types of educational programs determined by the strategy of social development, as a process that is not limited by any in time, nor form of education. According to UNESCO program developers, one of the principles of systematic continuing education is the principle of recognizing the value of knowledge gained in spontaneous education, their consolidation, integration with knowledge acquired in educational institutions of institutional education. As a result, the educational process is characterized by a new conceptual development strategy, determined by global trends in education and, as a result, by the legal framework of the new organization (the concept of modernization of Russian education until 2012; the Program for the development of the Russian national innovation system until 2020; the Federal Target Program "Scientific and Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel of Innovative Russia" for the period 2009-2013; Joint Statement of the states "European Higher Education Area" - the Bologna Declaration, signed on June 19, 1999; Order of the Ministry of Education and Science No. 2274 dated May 20, 2004 " On the implementation of the experiment on the use of credit units in the educational process" within the framework of the Law "On Educational Loans" as a form of State support in the system of higher education; Federal State Educational Standard of General Education of the second generation and other legislative and regulatory documents in the field of education). This led to the use of key concepts in our study: lifelong education, continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education, integrated educational programs, structural-level and socially institutionalized components of the education system, pedagogical system, organizational culture of activity, vectors of continuity of educational programs, etc.

In this context of the changes taking place today in education, the rethinking of the goals of domestic education, the functioning and development of its subsystems, changes in traditional ideas about their social essence, taking into account the increasing importance of non-formal education, self-education, increasing the functional significance of socially institutionalized structures of society, which have an educational potential that expands educational sphere: museums, libraries, scientific and educational, research and leisure centers, laboratories, structures of additional education and public substructures that are a component of the education system. The consequence of this are structural and content changes in the organization of education subsystems, which give characteristic features to the formation of the sphere of lifelong education: research and creative schools (macroschools), school research laboratories, integrated university and production departments, research centers, scientific and industrial innovative educational centers, integrative infrastructure services of leisure centers, cultural and educational exhibition centers acting as integrated resource centers of regional and municipal significance, etc. This trend contributes to the solution of a new task of pedagogical science - to make the education process open and accessible to all age groups. In general terms, these changes involve bringing educational programs in line with the development of domestic education, consistent with world trends, along the educational lines of general, professional, additional education; organizational forms and organizational and structural components of the educational process.

As the most important social institution of society, the education system, which is a complex system, is characterized by processes of both controlled development and self-development and self-organization. At the present stage, this finds its expression, firstly, in the transition from discrete-step forms of education to an integral system of continuous education that meets the needs of a person at any age in various educational routes. Secondly, in the purposeful management of the process of development of the education system at the state level, which reinforces the need for conceptual, methodological, regulatory and legal support for basic, professional, additional education, as well as self-education, consistent with the development of non-institutional (alternative) forms characteristic of all subsystems education. As a result, the problem of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education becomes particularly relevant (as a manifestation of the systematic and consistent implementation of the process of coherence of multilevel educational programs and as a condition for structuring the system of lifelong education). As a result, the theoretical representation of continuity, manifested in the forms of communication between discrete states of the educational process (educational programs) in subsystems, and its development involves the creation of a form of communication across all organizational and structural components of the lifelong education system and along all its educational lines, which are characterized by active integration processes.

The idea of ​​continuity in pedagogical science is presented in classical works in different aspects: the idea of ​​self-education and the principles of systematicity and consistency, the gradual development of various knowledge, when “the next is always based on the previous, and the previous is strengthened by the next” in the works of Y.A. Comenius. In the developing historical context of pedagogical knowledge, the interpretation of continuity in the works of foreign scientists was consistent with the content of education and the learning process (representatives of French materialism K.A. Helvetius, D. Diderot, J.A. Condorcet); in the ideas of the Swiss teacher I.G. Pestalozzi, it is interpreted as a continuous and gradual movement towards knowledge; ideas of the German humanist teacher A. Diesterweg - as a connection between the previous material and the subsequent one, with a certain independence of students.

In domestic pedagogy, the further development of the theoretical concept of continuity is consistent with its interpretation as: the ideas of the external and internal sides of the pedagogical process, which implements the leading function - personality development in the works of P.F. Kapterev; ideas of additional education in the works of V.P. Vakhterov; anthropological essence of the learning process - in the works of KD Ushinsky; self-education and the principle of conformity to nature based on the moral and humanistic paradigm in the works of N.I. Pirogov, L.N. Tolstoy and others; pedagogy preschool childhood in the works of K.N. Venttsel, E.I. Tiheeva, I.A. Sikorsky, V.M. Bekhterev, M.Kh. Svenitskaya and others.

In the context of general scientific theories of the learning process, the problem of succession later received a deep theoretical study in the works of Yu.K. Babansky, V.S. Lednev, I.Ya. Lerner, M.N. Skatkin and others; disclosure of the essence of continuity as a principle of didactics - in the works of V.G. Anshtein, Sh.I. Ganelina, M.S. Godnik, M.A. Danilov, S.E.

A.A. Lyublinskaya and others.

The continuity of the educational process, reflecting its qualitative changes, logic, stages of development and direction, nonlinearity, multidimensionality of interpretation from the standpoint of a systematic approach to the study of continuity in education (G.D. Kirillova, T.M. Kurilenko, Yu.A. Kustov, P. A.Mikhailov, V.E.Tamarin and others) was defined as: didactic principle (B.P.Esipov, M.A.Danilov, N.A.Sorokin and others); general didactic regularity (P.N. Oleinik, D.Sh. Sidtikova and others); general didactic principle (A.N. Andriyachik, A.G. Moroz, V.A. Cherkasov, etc.); as a connection with other principles (such as scientific character, strength of knowledge, consistency); as a methodological principle (A.A. Kyveryalg,

V.N. Revtovich, Ya.E. Umborg, D.S. Yagofarova and others); pedagogical principle (A.P. Belyaeva, S.M. Godnik, etc.); from the standpoint of the characteristics of the structural components of continuity, which are: patterns, principles, essence, factor, method, function, process, condition, means (S.M. Godnik); from the position of continuity in the content, forms, methods and means of education (Y.V. Batarshev, Yu.A. Kustov and others). Attempts have also been made to classify the grounds for succession; so in relation to the classification of interdisciplinary connections based on a temporal criterion (preliminary, accompanying and subsequent promising connections - N.M. Verzilin, V.M. Korsunskaya, V.N. Maksimova, G.F. Fedorets and others); classifications based on academic subjects (V.N. Fedorova and others); classification of continuity, the basis of which is its integrativity: didactic principle, didactic condition, general didactic regularity, interdisciplinary connection, means and factor for increasing the effectiveness of training, pedagogical regularity, integral property, condition for development and education (A.P. Smantser). The latter made it possible to present the interpretation of continuity in the context of a multi-level characteristic of the system of continuous education, defined by the following levels of continuity: the first level - continuity as a methodological pattern of human development in the system of continuous education; the second level is continuity as a general pedagogical principle, on the basis of which an integral pedagogical process functions in the system of continuous education; the third level - continuity as a didactic principle, which, together with other didactic principles, provides a holistic perception of the disciplines of education; the fourth level is continuity as a particular methodological principle of teaching (A.P. Smantser).

From the standpoint of a general scientific approach to the idea of ​​lifelong education, continuity is considered in the works of A.P. Belyaeva, B.S. Gershunsky,

A.T. Glazunov, V.I. Zagvyazinsky, A.M. Novikov, I.P. Smirnov, and others; structures of the content of continuous education - A.A. Kuznetsova,

B.S. Ledneva and others; continuity of multilevel educational programs - M.P. Gorchakova-Sibirskaya, L.G. Semushina and others; continuous professional education - S.Ya. Batysheva, E.Ya. Butko, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, G.M. Romantseva and others; diversification in the system of continuous education - T.Yu. Lomakina and others; comparative analysis of the current state of higher education systems, its place and role in common system continuous education - A.N. Galagan, L.P. Ryabova, V.M. Filippova and others; normative provision of vocational education - P.F. Anisimova, A.N. Leibovich, M.V. Nikitina, O.N. Oleinikova, etc.); vocational education of adults in the system of the Service for Employment of the Population and Designing a Professional Career - Yu.L. Derazhnya, E.F. Zeer, M.V. Klarina, O.N. scientific organization of the university educational process and the problems of subjective interaction - A.V. Korzhueva, V.A. Popkova and others; multilevel vocational education and pedagogical learning technologies - M.P. Gorchakova-Sibirskaya, V.A. Kalney, V.I. Kochetkova and others; higher professional education

V.K. Elmanova, A.Ya. Saveliev, T.V. Sorokina-Ispolatova and others; didactic basis of functional literacy - V.A. Ermolenko,

S.A. Tangyan and others; creative system of continuing professional education - M.M. Zinovkina, N.G. Khokhlova and others.

Methodological aspects of lifelong education are developed in the context of: the conceptual ideas of philosophy (B.S. Gershunsky, V.A. Razumny, Ya.S. .M.Novikov, V.M.Polonsky and others); integration processes in education (V.A. Myasnikov, I.A. Tagunova, O.A. Khomeriki and others); general theory of systems development (P.S. Anokhin, L.A. Mikshina and others); theories of the development of pedagogical systems (A.P. Belyaeva, V.P. Bespalko, V.S. Lazareva, V.P. Simonov, etc.); the theory of general patterns of functioning and development of educational systems (T.M. Davydenko, T.I. Shamova, G.N. Shibanova, P.G. Shchedrovitsky and others); theoretical and didactic foundations of the pedagogical process (Yu.B.Aliev, Yu.K.Babansky, I.Ya.Lerner, I.I.Logvinov, I.M.Osmolovskaya and others); continuity and innovation in the development of the main directions of domestic pedagogical science (M.V. Boguslavsky, S.F. Egorov, T.B. Ignatieva, I.Z. Skovorodkina, etc.); the main directions of foreign research in education (B.L. Vulfson, Z.A. Malysova, A.K. Savina, etc.); theories of education (L.V. Aliyeva, L.E. Nikitina, N.L. Selivanova, S.V. Tetersky and others); personality psychology (A.G. Asmolov, L.S. Vygotsky, S.L. Rubinshtein, "D.I. Feldshtein", etc.); organizational ~ culture of activity (A.M. Novikov, V.A. Nikitin, A.A. Pelipenko and others); principles of building a continuous educational process (T.V. Abramova,

Yu.N. Kulyutkin, G.V. Mukhametzyanova, A.V. Nazarov, E.A. Solodova, G.S. Sukhobskaya, T.Yu. Tsibizova and others).

Modern philosophical knowledge is consistent with the understanding of continuity as a vector basis for the stability of being and the functioning of education, as the perception by each subsequent stage or link of everything important and necessary from the previous one, and not preparation for the previous one; in the context of tradition and innovation, continuity acts as a process of preserving and transferring pedagogical knowledge and experience characteristic of a certain historical period, while tradition is a form of implementation of this process.

Acting as a backbone element of the social infrastructure, and, consequently, developing on the basis of integrity, variability, structure, a strategy of interaction with other systems of society, the conceptual basis for the formation and development of the system of lifelong education is consistent with the renewal of all subsystems of education, new forms of their structural and content relationship, change essence of pedagogical activity. The structural organization of the lifelong education system as a multicomponent system, including a variety of state, non-state, public, socially institutionalized structures of education, is determined by multi-level and multi-stage educational programs based on the integration integrity of the components that make up the education system. As a result, educational programs and educational technologies are aimed at removing contradictions between educational goals on the part of a polysubject consumer and achieving the necessary accessibility to educational needs, which gives the education system the property of integrity and completeness of its functioning in society.

The concept of continuity, considered in pedagogical theory, is multifaceted; in our study, continuity is understood as a connection between various stages or stages of development, the essence of which is the preservation of certain elements of the whole as a system; continuity as such a ratio of the previous and subsequent stages in the process of changing an object, which is based on the preservation of certain parts, properties, characteristics of the object.

Current state educational programs from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age (orientation, types of educational programs; their relevance, goals and objectives; means of their development and implementation - forms of educational activities, methods and means of education) comes into conflict with consumers of education , which are a person, society, the state, production and the education system itself. This is due to the fact that educational programs are largely characterized by: autonomy; an insufficient degree of expression of a personality-oriented motivational basis, which manifests itself in unstable motivation for self-realization and self-disclosure of the personality in the educational process; insufficient motivation for creative activity; the absence of a wide variability of educational programs (educational routes), due to human needs in the demanded forms, methods and means of their development. Therefore, in order to “connect” the needs of the individual, society, state, various social groups, as well as the system of continuous education itself, it is necessary to develop new knowledge about the essence of continuity as a process and result of a consistent and systemic interconnection (“docking”) of educational programs. At the same time, continuity as a process implies the interconnection of educational programs, taking into account their subordination in the system of continuous education, which is ensured by a characteristic feature - a “vector” orientation in the subsystems of education. The consequence of this is the motivational-value trajectory of a person in mastering and acquiring socio-cultural experience, general and vocational education, and adaptation to changing socio-economic conditions. Continuity as a result represents a variety of forms of interaction of new types of educational programs with standard ones implemented in institutional and socio-institutionalized structures of education along all educational lines and organizational and structural components of the lifelong education system, ensuring the need and sufficiency of variable educational trajectories of a person that are not limited in time nor in the form of education. In relation to the result, the continuity of the educational process correlates with the age factor that changes the purposefulness of a person's educational strategies as a special form of his activity throughout his life.

Among the primary tasks of creating the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education is the pattern of manifestation of the form of connection of educational programs. This is consistent with the development of a methodological basis for the continuity of the educational process from the position of conceptualizing the idea of ​​developing the interaction of state, public, basic, formal, non-formal, additional educational structures. At present, the presented structures of education are scattered and disconnected; as a result, the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) is consistent with the creation of forms of communication that ensure the need and sufficiency of interaction between the components of the system of continuous education: structural-level (integration of levels and levels of education "vertically" and "horizontally") and socially institutionalized (integration public structures and social subsystems of society with educational potential, with educational structures).

Thus, the analysis of the regulatory framework of domestic education, theoretical studies of the problem of continuity, as well as the current state of pedagogical practice in education, allows us to conclude that the problem of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education is underdeveloped. The following contradictions persist and escalate between:

General level the development of the categorical apparatus of the theory of lifelong education and the theoretical ambiguity of the interpretation of the content of a number of concepts such as: "lifelong education", "system of lifelong education", "educational process", "continuity in lifelong education", "continuity vectors of the educational process";

The educational needs of the individual, the state, society and the education system itself as a social institution designed to ensure the development of educational programs in various forms, terms, structural and content integrity of the educational processes of the education subsystems, and the absence of variable and complementary forms of organization of the educational process in it, taking into account educational structures institutional and non-institutional education;

The expansion and deepening of the problems of the continuity of the educational process, the increasing importance of the relationship between institutional and non-institutional forms of education, the trend towards the integration of the educational process and the insufficient development of the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education (logic, stages, forms of communication, patterns of interaction of educational processes within the framework of this integration along educational lines and its structural and organizational forms).

Taking into account the foregoing and the indicated contradictions, the research problem is formulated: the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process as a process and result of the manifestation of the sequence and systematic interconnection of educational programs of lifelong education.

Object of study: the educational process in the system of continuous education.

Subject of study: the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

The purpose of the study: to determine the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process.

As a hypothesis of the study, the proposition was put forward that the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education will be effectively ensured if:

Lifelong education will be considered as a system built taking into account national-state and world experience and representing the unity of the structural-organizational and procedural content relationship of all links, levels and stages of institutional and non-institutional education, ensuring the implementation of the idea of ​​lifelong education of a person;

The continuity of the educational process is presented as a process and result of the manifestation of the systematic and consistent development of educational programs and provides the conditions for structuring the system of lifelong learning and lifelong education of the individual in the forms of institutional and non-institutional education based on the continuity of the "vectors" of educational trajectories;

The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process provide forms of continuity of educational programs in a variety of educational-cognitive, educational-research, socio-cultural mechanisms of communication of the educational process in the subsystems of education that create conditions for the development of the motivational-required sphere of the individual and the restructuring of the hierarchy of its motives in the choice of educational trajectories throughout life ;

Methodological support for the continuity of the educational process is an invariant of a scientifically based system of interrelated structural and content elements of educational activities (including goals, forms, methods, means) carried out in the educational process of institutional and non-institutional education.

The formulated problem, goal, object, subject and hypothesis of the study allow us to set the following research objectives:

1. Clarify the essence of the concepts "system of lifelong education", "continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education", "educational programs of lifelong education";

2. To reveal the content of the concepts "methodological foundations of continuity", "vectors of continuity of the educational process", "forms of continuity of the educational process", "branching of the vectors of the educational process (educational programs)";

3. To reveal the continuity of the educational process through a set of implemented educational programs in institutional, non-institutional, state, public structures of education;

4. Determine the conditions and requirements for the implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system "preschool - general - vocational - additional education" in the context of an organizational culture of a project-technological type;

5. Determine the conditions for the integration of various types of educational programs in the system of continuous education.

Methodological basis of the study. Provisions on the interdependence and integrity of phenomena and processes in education (B.S. Gershunsky, V.A. Myasnikov, N.D. Nikandrov, Ya.S. Turbovskaya and others) at the level of general scientific approaches: systemic (I.V. Blauberg , P.G. Shchedrovitsky and others); activity (B.G. Ananiev, L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev and others); axiological (M.V. Boguslavsky, Z.I. Ravkin, I.A. Kolesnikova and others); synergetic (V.I. Arshinov, V.G. Budanov, G. Malinetsky, N.M. Chernavskaya and others); culturological (I.E. Vidt, A.S. Zapesotsky, B.G. Kornetov, N.B. Krylova, etc.); competence (V.A. Ermolenko, I.A. Zimnyaya and others); general and normative methodology of education (V.V. Kraevsky, A.M. Novikov, V.M. Polonsky and others).

The study was based on the following ideas, concepts and theories: lifelong education, enshrined in international documents (UNESCO, Concepts and Programs for the Development of Education in the Russian Federation, the Bologna Declaration of 2003, etc.), as well as domestic research on the problems of lifelong education (S.Ya. Batyshev, A.P. Belyaeva, E.Ya. Butko, V.A. Ermolenko, P.F. Kubrushko, T.Yu. Lomakina, G.V. I.D. Chechel and others); foreign studies of educational systems (A.K. Savina, O.I. Salimova, I.A. Tagunova, etc.); general theory of development of systems and their structure (A.P. Belyaeva, V.P. Bespalko, V.S. Lazarev ^ "A.M. Novikov, - D.A. Novikov, I.P. Podlasy, V.P. Simonov, V.A. Slastenin and others); theoretical positions of the structural-functional analysis of the system

V.S. Lazarev, L.A. Mikshina and others)> the concept of design and technological type of organizational culture of activity (A.V. Erasov, A.A. Pelipenko, B.Yu. Shcherbakov and others); on the general theory and methodology of pedagogy (V.G. Genitsinsky, M.N. Skatkin and others), the cultural paradigm of education (B.M. Bim-Bad, A.S. Zapesotsky, V.M. Rozin, V.A. .Nikitin and others); traditions and innovations, continuity of education (M.V. Boguslavsky, Z.I. Vasilyeva, A.Ya. Danilyuk, S.F. Egorov, T.B. Ignatieva, I.Z. Skovorodkina, Z.I. Ravkin, I .S.Turbovskaya and others); methodology of pedagogical knowledge, structure, content of methodological approaches and means in pedagogical and historical-pedagogical research

E.V. Bondarevskaya, N.V. Bordovskaya, V.I. Zagvyazinsky, E.I. Kazakova, S.A. Pisareva, V.M. Rozin, V.V. Serikov, V.A. Slastenin, E. N. Shiyanov, E.G. Yudin, V.A. Yadov and others); development of educational systems (L.V. Aliyeva, L.E. Nikitina, N.L. Selivanova and others) continuity in education (T.V. Abramova, V.N. Akhrenov, N.P. Murzina, L.O. .Filatova and others); professional development of a teacher (S.G. Vershlovsky, N.V. Kuzmina, A.K. Markova, V.A. Slastenin, T.A. Chistyakova, etc.); the leading role of pedagogical support for the formation of a teacher, reflected in the concept of professional development of the individual (E.M. Borisova, E.A. Klimov,

A.N. Leontiev, V.I. Slobodchikov and others), as well as the ideas of pedagogical mentoring as an element of a system of continuous teacher education(O.A. Abdulina, S.Ya. Batyshev, S.G. Vershlovsky,

V.I. Zagvyazinsky, V.A. Kan-Kalik, I.V. Kruglova, V.A. Slastenin and others).

Research methods: theoretical: analysis and synthesis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical literature; modeling the educational process as a system; generalization, systematization, pedagogical experiment on the introduction of the concept of the continuity of the educational process from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age; empirical: questioning, pedagogical experiment; statistical: quantitative and qualitative processing of experimental data.

The experimental base of the study were:

Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman (experimental site at the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Education); academy postgraduate education(Moscow); International Center for Learning Systems of the UNESCO Chair-Network / UCES (Moscow); Municipal educational system of the city of Korolev, Moscow region (preschool educational institution Evrika, State Educational Establishment Center for Aesthetic Education of Children, State Educational Institution SOTTT No. 5-experimental sites of URAO ITIP; State Educational Institution BSOSH No. 6); Vocational School No. 4 (Krasnogorsk, Moscow Region); GOU Lyceum No. 1581 (Moscow); Education Center No. 1840 (Moscow); Institute of Culturology State University Humanities (Moscow).

The main provisions for defense:

1. The continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education is understood as the process and result of the consistent and systemic subordination of all structural levels and stages of education, correlated with the systematic and consistent development of educational programs by a person implemented in institutional and non-institutional, basic, additional, state, public structures of education .

2. Methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process, reflecting the conceptual idea of ​​creating the continuity of educational processes (educational programs) that are consistent with institutional and non-institutional forms of education, their interconnection and unity in order to achieve "docking" (correspondence) of educational programs in terms of their goals and content; forms, methods, means and giving the continuity of the educational process a new quality.

3. Forms of continuity of the educational process (forms: public education system, psychological support system, scientific education, leisure education, scientific and educational programs, an integrated model of additional education for leisure and self-education of adults, integration of scientific and educational complexes, informatization of the educational environment of universities, information - analytical support of the educational process, socially unprotected and especially gifted, combined education).

4. A set of organizational and pedagogical conditions and regulatory requirements for the implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

The main stages of the study: the study was carried out for ten years and was conventionally divided into three stages.

At the preparatory stage (1999-2001), the analysis of the pedagogical theory and practice of continuity in education was carried out and approaches were identified to determine its essence; the level of development of the problem was revealed; the result of the stage was the formulation of the research problem, the construction of a system of hypothetical provisions and the definition of the logic of the study.

At the main stage (2001-2007), based on the analysis of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical literature on the problems of the theory and methodology of continuity in education, a search, systematization, analysis and synthesis of the conceptual provisions of continuity was carried out; the interpretation of the concept in the context of the idea of ​​lifelong education was identified; the possibilities of conducting experimental work, the accumulation of empirical material on the formation of the continuity of the educational process from the standpoint of organizational, structural and meaningful interaction of institutional and non-institutional education were analyzed; the analysis of the source base of the study on the methodology of continuing education, works on philosophy, history of pedagogy, psychology was carried out in order to form the conceptual and factual basis of the study, which made it possible to identify the logic, content and specifics of the development of methodological support for continuity in all educational lines: general, professional, polytechnic education (key competencies); on the organizational and structural components of the education system, as a result of which the key positions of the study and its conceptual and terminological apparatus have been developed; ascertaining and forming experiments were carried out, which made it possible to substantiate the formation of a system of continuous education.

At the final stage (2007-2009), the formative experiment continued, systematization, interpretation of the results of theoretical research and experimental work, their design were carried out; the methodological tools of the study were worked out; the development of methodological recommendations for the implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process for all educational lines and organizational and structural components of the system of continuous education was carried out.

Scientific novelty of the research:

1. The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process have been developed as a conceptual idea for creating a system of forms of continuity of educational programs that are adequate: the type of connections, relations with the environment, the hierarchy of the structure, the specific properties of the elements and-----generally systems, the nature of controllability; the conditions for educational activities of the design-technological type as a system-forming basis of the educational process, providing forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third age" at all levels and stages of continuous education, are identified and argued.

2. The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process ensure the variability of institutional, non-institutional forms of education, their relationship based on the continuity of the main and additional types and types of educational programs in all educational areas (preschool, general, vocational, polytechnic education (key competencies)) and organizational and structural components of the system of continuous education (general, vocational, additional education, self-education).

3. A set of principles for the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education is substantiated: humanization, problematic, systematic, predictive, purposeful interaction of forms of institutional and non-institutional education, etc.

4. The continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system of continuous education is scientifically substantiated and its integrative essence is revealed; the logic, set of conditions and requirements for its implementation in all educational lines and organizational and structural components of the lifelong education system are determined.

5. The vectors of continuity of the educational process are determined from the standpoint of the principle of complementarity, implemented in a multicomponent system of lifelong education, including a variety of state, non-state, public, socially institutionalized structures of lifelong education.

6. Identified and substantiated the need for standardization of the forms of continuity of the educational process in the conditions of its "transition" in the subsystems of lifelong education.

7. The value of the continuity of the educational process is determined in the context of the strengthening of the social influences of public institutions on the differentiation of processes in education.

Theoretical significance of the study:

1. Theoretical concepts are clarified that update the general and normative methodology on: “methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process”, “vectors of the continuity of the educational process”, “branching of the vectors of the educational process (educational programs)”, which reflects a new conceptual idea of ​​the system of methodological knowledge about the development of continuity educational process in the system of continuous education.

2. The concept of the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system of continuous education has been deepened, which enriches the methodology of education and the general foundations of pedagogy.

3. Expanded scientific ideas about organizational and pedagogical forms of ensuring the process of continuity and continuity of education, which leads to a new understanding of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

4. A methodological characteristic of continuous education is presented, enriching modern didactic knowledge about the development of the continuity of the educational process in the context of institutional and non-institutional education, the content essence of the forms of continuity of educational processes (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age based on the integration of educational programs.

5. The conceptual ideas of the theory and methodology of lifelong education available in pedagogy have been clarified and expanded - ideas about the logic, content, continuity of the organizational culture of activity, consistent with the design and technological type, as the leading form of organization of human activity at the present stage.

6. Theoretical ideas about the stages and mechanisms of formation and development of pedagogical systems of the design-technological type are generalized into a general theory of the development of pedagogical knowledge.

7. The principles for the formation of the continuity of the pedagogical system of the project-technological type from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age have been established, which contributes to understanding the new essence of pedagogical activity and further reflection of the social functions of lifelong education.

The practical significance of the study.

Methodological recommendations have been developed and scientifically substantiated for the implementation of the forms of continuity of educational processes (educational programs) in the system: preschool education - general secondary (complete) - higher - postgraduate education - education of persons of the "third" age (organizational structures of education: kindergarten - school - university ; school-university-educational structures of additional education - self-education - structures of leisure education). In the course of the study, scientific and methodological, educational and methodological documentation was developed, which can be used in the practice of the educational process of preschool, general secondary (complete) education, additional, higher education, self-education.

The reliability and validity of the results and conclusions of the study is ensured by: the methodological validity of the study, the adequacy of the chosen methods for the tasks set; a holistic approach to solving the problem; analysis of a wide range of sources; the duration of experimental work and statistical analysis of the obtained practical results.

Approbation of the results. The results of the study were heard and discussed at the Bureau of the Department of Basic Vocational Education of the Russian Academy of Education (2002); at international, Russian, interregional, scientific and practical conferences, including participation in the organization and holding by the applicant in Moscow and the Moscow region (1999-2009), as well as in the cities: St. Petersburg, Kazan, Voronezh, Tyumen, Kurgan and others; at scientific symposiums and conferences: the international Chair-Network of UNESCO-UIC within the framework of the UNESCO international project on technical and vocational education, as well as in the practice of the activities of the International Center for Training Systems of UIEC (Moscow, 2002-2006); meetings of the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the EurAsEC (St. Petersburg, 2004-2005), the International Forum "Issues of teaching and the status of the Russian language in the member states of the EurAsEC" (St. Petersburg, 2005); seminars of the National Training Foundation, held jointly with the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Institute of Theory and History of Pedagogy of the Russian Academy of Education during 2005-2006. (according to the project of the Russian Humanitarian Foundation Contract No. E11R / G4-s / 72/05) on the topics “Priority measures to ensure the sustainable functioning of the NGO system under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Khimki, Moscow Region, 2005), “Preparation of primary vocational education institutions for transition to normative per capita budget financing” (Voronezh, 2005), “Priority measures to ensure the sustainable functioning of the system of primary vocational education under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation” (Kazan, 2006); at the International Forum of the State University for the Humanities

Institute of Culturology (Moscow, 2006-2009); at scientific conferences of the Moscow Psychological and Pedagogical University (Moscow, 2007-2009); in the practice of the educational process of the Academy of Postgraduate Pedagogical Education (Moscow, 1997-2009); in the Project "Development of a system of continuous pedagogical education in an average city" (Kurgan, 2006); in the Municipal educational project of the city target program "Main directions for the development of the education system in the conditions of a science city" (the program was approved by the decision of the City Council of Deputies No. 2009), at the International Symposia "Unique Phenomena and Universal Values ​​of Culture. Human Problems in the Culture of a Post-Industrial Society" (Moscow, Institute of Culturology of the State University for the Humanities, 2006-2008).

The implementation of the research results was carried out at experimental sites (Moscow; Korolev, Moscow Region): within the framework of the Russian scientific and social program of the Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman for youth and schoolchildren "Step into the Future, Moscow" (2007-2009) . The approaches developed and implemented in the experimental work were reported at scientific and practical conferences, round tables, scientific and methodological seminars; a seminar dedicated to the 160th anniversary of N.E. Zhukovsky, held within the framework of the X and XI scientific conferences of young researchers "Step into the Future, Moscow" (2007-2009), etc.; scientific and methodological seminars: "Engineer is a creative profession" (2007-2009), etc.; XVII All-Russian scientific conference of schoolchildren and students "Cosmonautics and rocket technology-2009"; “XXX Academic readings on cosmonautics dedicated to the memory of academician S.P. Korolev and other outstanding domestic scientists-pioneers of space exploration” (2009), etc.

The main ideas and results of the dissertation research are reflected in two monographs, the Concept "Development of Pedagogical Education in the Average City", three methodological manuals, additional education programs, guidelines for the certification of educators, articles in leading journals of the Russian Federation.

Dissertation structure.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the research topic, defines the object, subject, goal, hypothesis, tasks and research methods, reveals the main stages of the research, outlines the scientific novelty and notes the author's personal contribution, the theoretical and practical significance of the work performed, presents the provisions submitted for defense, characterizes the area of ​​approbation and implementation of the results obtained during the study.

In the first chapter "The formation of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education: state, problems, development prospects (logical and system analysis)" from the standpoint of a cultural approach and based on a systematic analysis of sociocultural dynamics, lifelong education is presented as an objective pattern of the stability of being and the need for perception by each subsequent the historical stage of everything necessary from the previous one, as a process of preserving and transferring pedagogical knowledge and experience characteristic of a particular historical period.

The formation of a system of continuous education is substantiated from the standpoint of the principles of integrity, structure, ensuring the completeness of the functioning of institutional and non-institutional structures of education, the openness of their interaction with the social systems of society. The organization of the lifelong education system is characterized, including non-state, private, public, socially institutionalized structures of education. The growing importance of the social function of education, characteristic of entering the period of the post-industrial stage of development of society, is determined, which is consistent with the formation of the system of continuous education as a particularly important element of the modern infrastructure of society. The conditionality of updating the subsystems of education from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age, which is manifested in new mechanisms of their interaction, and as a result, changes in the essence of the modern educational process, is substantiated. The leading trend of the new organization of the education system is analyzed - integration along educational lines - general, professional, additional education, corresponding to the conceptualization of ideas: the transition to a post-industrial society, the formation of new educational needs of a person, the continuity and succession of educational processes (educational programs) as a distinctive feature of modern education.

The development of the educational process is represented by the conceptual idea of ​​a "vector" organization in the subsystems of education, consistent with the many directions ("branchings") of educational programs that ensure the availability of a choice of educational trajectories.

The formation of the continuity of the educational process, taking into account the strategic solution of existing problems and the context of domestic and world development of education, is presented from the position of changing the system of activities of participants in the educational process. The conceptual orientation of the idea of ​​the continuity of the educational process is consistent with the elimination of its existing discreteness in “level transitions” (in the subsystems of education), acting as a mechanism for transferring the initial level of continuity to its next level. The creation of the integrity of the educational process within the framework of the organizational culture of activity, which corresponds to the leading way of organizing human activity at the present stage, is substantiated.

The second chapter "Theoretical and methodological substantiation and development of the concept of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education" presents the results related to: the development of conceptual provisions on a new understanding of the continuity of the educational process, which determine the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education in the context of a new educational paradigm , and due to this new filling the essence of concepts: values, goals, motives, etc.

In the context of the theory of continuous education, the socio-pedagogical function of the regular formation of a multicomponent system of continuous education is revealed, as a result of which the concepts are clarified: “socially institutionalized structures of education”, non-state structures of education”; "informal", "spontaneous education", "self-education". Based on the conceptualization of the ideas of continuous education, the essence of the concepts is revealed: "educational programs of the public education system", "educational programs of additional education for leisure and self-education of adults and persons of the "third" age", "educational programs of psychological support", "scientific and educational programs", "scientific and social programs"; “combined education programs”, “scientific education programs”, “integrated educational programs of scientific and educational complexes”, “educational programs for information support of professional, additional, scientific education”, “educational programs for the gifted”; "educational programs for socially unprotected segments of the population", "educational programs for informatization of the environment of higher educational institutions". The strategy of interrelation of these types of educational programs with the main method of creating forms of continuity of the educational process, carried out in the context of the integration of educational structures from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age, is substantiated.

The third chapter "Methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education" substantiates the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education, characterized by: the conceptual idea of ​​the transition to a new educational paradigm of lifelong education and the strategy of establishing a new model of domestic education, due to the transition to a post-industrial society; organizational culture of activity of design and technological type; forms of continuity of the educational process during its “transition” in subsystems, as a way of connecting the main and new types of educational programs that ensure the integrity of the continuity and continuity of education; principles that form the continuity of the educational process and give it integrative properties; vector orientation of educational programs in the system of continuous education.

It is substantiated that the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process, aimed at the implementation of educational programs in the system of their succession in all organizational and structural components of the system of continuous education, including a variety of state, non-state, public, socially institutionalized structures of education, determine new requirements for teacher education.

The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process are substantiated by the wide diversification of the content, forms of general, professional, additional education. The methodological foundations are substantively presented by: 1. goal (formation of a vector sphere of continuity of the educational process), 2. functions (methodological, social, adaptation), 3. structural components of the forms of continuity (a pedagogical system of a design-technological type, organizational culture of activity, methodology of pedagogical activity) , 4. criteria for the development of the continuity of the educational process (the activity orientation of the sphere of "level transitions" of the educational process, the vector orientation of educational programs, compliance with the legal framework of education, the value orientation of a person, the effectiveness of educational routes).

It has been determined that the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process, aimed at ensuring the necessary and sufficient organization of educational activities in the educational process of continuous education, provide a scientifically based organization of the variability of education, giving adaptability properties to educational programs to a variety of consumers, the possibility and accessibility of a person's choice of individual educational trajectories.

In the fourth chapter "Implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process in pedagogical practice" the results of the practical implementation of the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age are analyzed; the experience of implementing the forms of continuity of the educational process in the context of the integration of educational structures of the education subsystems is disclosed; the essence of integration is revealed while maintaining sufficient and necessary differentiation of the vectors of continuity of educational programs in the education system: "preschool education - general - professional - self-education" in various organizational structures of institutional and non-institutional education.

The components of the implementation of the concept of continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education are characterized, which made it possible to develop forms of the continuity of the educational process, the implementation of which are new types of educational programs and their relationship with the main educational programs of general, professional, additional education, polytechnic education. The results of the experiment in the system "preschool education-general-professional-postgraduate education" are presented. The organizational and pedagogical conditions for the continuity of the organizational culture of the design-technological type of activity, which is the main form of organizing activities in the educational process from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age, are determined.

In conclusion, the achievement of the tasks set at the beginning of the study is analyzed, the main conclusions are formulated, and the prospects for further development of the problem of "end-to-end" continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the transition to the stage of post-industrial education are outlined.

Dissertation structure. The dissertation work consists of introduction, four chapters, conclusion, bibliography, applications. The volume of work was 417 pages of text, illustrated with tables and diagrams. The bibliography includes 415 works. ---"

Similar theses in the specialty "General Pedagogy, History of Pedagogy and Education", 13.00.01 VAK code

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Dissertation conclusion on the topic "General pedagogy, history of pedagogy and education", Oreshkina, Anna Konstantinovna

Conclusions on chapter 4.

The form of continuity of the educational process of scientific and educational programs is implemented from the standpoint of interdisciplinary integration of the content of basic education with university education, which is reflected in the increasing importance of the continuity of educational activities of the design and technological type. The priority of introducing a form of continuity of the educational process in the school-university system was the strengthening of the practical component in the integration of the content of the scientific and educational program, which made it possible to carry out cognition based on scientific research methods, giving educational activities a personality-oriented, socially and socially significant character.

We have found that the forms and methods of teaching are characterized by their individualization, the shift in emphasis to self-learning, self-education, additional education, independent activity within the framework of an organizational culture of a design-technological type.

The form of continuity of the educational process of scientific and educational programs is ensured by the integrity of communication on the legal basis of standardization of forms.

The study showed that the form of scientific and educational programs is characterized by the following properties: 1. supra-situational, as a need constantly formed in the educational process to “exit” into the sphere of an independent way of obtaining knowledge, carried out in the logic of scientific search, theoretical and experimental verification, reflection and correction of the result; 2. motivation of the individual to organize their own activities, as the ability to organize it into a system of ways to acquire information, the ability to operate, select, structure, generalize; 3. the ability to creatively process information from the standpoint of the design target, focused on solving specific problems of educational activity based on a creative independent approach to solving cognitive problems; 4. stability of motivation for self-education and independent activity, manifested in the ability to test the results of activities in educational practice and new educational situations of the educational process.

The results of the developed, organized and implemented form of continuity of scientific and educational programs from the perspective of assessing effectiveness are consistent with the integrity of the integration of all components of the lifelong education system and are determined in accordance with the criteria proposed by UNESCO, such as efficiency, relevance, rationality, etc. . In relation to the experimental work carried out, the following criteria serve as an assessment of effectiveness: the availability of mastering educational programs of basic, additional, self-education, which has found expression in the vectors of educational programs; the safety of the contingent of students; qualitative composition of the selection of university applicants; meeting the personality-oriented educational needs of youth and schoolchildren; increasing subjective interaction with cooperation of different ages (school-university); scientific result of activity as a value-significant aspect of research and experimental design activities.

Experimental work on the introduction of a form of continuity with the school-university system contributed to: awareness of the need to change the stereotypes of educational activities, recognition of the relevance of the reflection of educational activities, self-realization in the development of scientific and educational programs. The system of continuity forms proposed by us is invariant (universal) - in each subsystem of continuous education, the forms of continuity can be specified and modified depending on the structural and content integration.

The introduction into practice of the form of scientific and educational programs at the present stage is complicated by the insufficient degree of development of the legal, regulatory and legislative framework for lifelong education, the training of teaching staff for the lifelong education system, as well as the insufficient degree of acceptance by a person of a personally significant idea of ​​lifelong education.

The study showed that the development of methodological foundations for the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education is a task of national importance, since the formation and development of continuity, the practical implementation of the introduction of scientific, theoretical and methodological achievements in the theory and methodology of lifelong education, as well as the ability to apply new conceptual ideas succession depends on the development of a competitive system of domestic education, to which we will devote our further aspects of the study

Conclusion

Summing up the general results of the study, it can be noted that the relevance of the study is determined by the modern needs of the individual, society and the state in the formation of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education by integrating educational processes (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age in all institutional and non-institutional forms that provide a continuous educational trajectory for the development of the individual.

The results of the study can be summarized and presented as the following results:

The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process have been developed as a conceptual idea for creating a system of forms of continuity of educational programs that are adequate: the type of connections, relations with the environment, the hierarchy of the structure, the specific properties of the elements and the system as a whole, the nature of controllability; the conditions for educational activities of the design-technological type as a system-forming basis of the educational process, providing forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third age" at all levels and stages of continuous education, are identified and argued. 1. The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process have been determined, ensuring the variability of institutional, non-institutional forms of education, their relationship based on the continuity of the main and additional types and types of educational programs in all educational areas (preschool, general, vocational, polytechnic education (key competencies) and organizational and structural components of the system of continuous education (general, vocational, additional education, self-education).

2. A set of principles for the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education is substantiated: humanization, problematic, systematic, predictive, purposeful interaction of forms of institutional and non-institutional education, etc.

3. The continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system of continuous education is scientifically substantiated and its integrative essence is revealed; the logic, set of conditions and requirements for its implementation in all educational lines and organizational and structural components of the lifelong education system are determined.

4. The vectors of continuity of the educational process are determined from the standpoint of the principle of complementarity, implemented in a multicomponent system of lifelong education, including a variety of state, non-state, public, socially institutionalized structures of lifelong education.

5. Identified and substantiated the need for regulatory support and standardization of the forms of continuity of the educational process in the context of its "transition" in the subsystems of lifelong education.

6. The value of the continuity of the educational process is determined in the context of the strengthening of social influences of public institutions on the differentiation of processes in education.

7. Theoretical concepts are clarified that update the general and normative methodology on: “methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process”, “vectors of the continuity of the educational process”, “branching of the vectors of the educational process of educational programs)”, which reflects a new conceptual idea of ​​the system of methodological knowledge about the development of the continuity of the educational process in the system of continuous education.

8. The idea of ​​the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system of continuous education has been deepened, which enriches the methodology of education and the general foundations of pedagogy.

9. Scientific ideas about the organizational and pedagogical forms of ensuring the process of continuity and continuity of education have been expanded, which leads to a new understanding of the continuity of the educational process in the system of lifelong education.

10. A methodological characteristic of continuous education is presented, enriching modern didactic knowledge about the development of the continuity of the educational process in the conditions of institutional and non-institutional education, the content essence of the forms of continuity of educational processes (educational programs) from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age based on the integration of educational programs.

11. The conceptual ideas of the theory and methodology of lifelong education available in pedagogy have been clarified and expanded - ideas about the logic, content, continuity of the organizational culture of activity, consistent with the design and technological type, as the leading form of organization of human activity at the present stage.

12. Theoretical ideas about the stages and mechanisms of formation and development of pedagogical systems of design-technological type are generalized into a general theory of the development of pedagogical knowledge.

13. The principles for the formation of the continuity of the pedagogical system of the project-technological type from preschool education to the education of adults and persons of the "third" age have been established, which contributes to understanding the new essence of pedagogical activity and further reflection of the social functions of lifelong education.

14. Methodological recommendations are presented and tested for the implementation of the forms of continuity of educational processes (educational programs) in the system: preschool education - general secondary (complete) - higher - postgraduate education - education of persons of the "third" age (organizational structures of education: kindergarten - school - university; school-university-educational structures of additional education - self-education - structures of leisure education).

15. In the course of the study, scientific and methodological, educational and methodological documentation was developed that can be used in the practice of the educational process of preschool, general secondary (full) education, additional, higher education, self-education.

The generalized results of the study allow us to draw the following conclusions:

1. A study of the history, theory and practice of the development of the continuity of the educational process has shown that continuity as a socio-pedagogical category is influenced by traditions and innovations in the development of pedagogical thought, which determine the systemic formation of continuity, characterized by uneven dynamics of innovative transformations in educational systems and an insufficient level of development of continuity on the basis of the regulatory and legislative framework for the system of continuous education.

2. Determining the characteristic theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in the system of lifelong education gives us reason to conclude that the formation of continuity is determined by the conceptual basis of the ideas of lifelong and post-industrial education and is based on pedagogical principles, program documents and concepts in the field of general , professional, additional education, self-education, which required the development of a new conceptual approach to the formation of the continuity of the educational process (educational programs).

3. The methodological foundations of continuity are aimed at the need to standardize the scientific and methodological guidance for the development of the forms of continuity of the educational process in all educational lines: general, professional, polytechnic education (key competencies), creating the integrity of the educational space in which uniform pedagogical principles of training, education and development are implemented .

4. The methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process are understood as: the conceptual idea of ​​the formation of continuity by creating a system of forms of continuity, organizational culture of activity, consistent with the modern type of culture, pedagogical system of design and technological type, principles of continuity of the educational process, conditions and requirements for their implementation.

5. The following concepts have been introduced into scientific circulation: “vectors of continuity of the educational process”, which are understood as educational strategies of educational programs; "branching of educational programs", which is understood as the differentiation of directions, ensuring the development of educational programs in its integrity and continuity in the system of continuous education; “forms of continuity of the educational process”, which are understood as specially created ways of linking educational programs in the subsystems of education, creating the unity of the principles of the transition of continuity and the organization of the educational process in the subsystems.

6. The developed methodological foundations for the continuity of the educational process (educational programs) are characterized by advantages that provide: actualization of the process of forming the organizational structure of the continuous education system as a multicomponent system with its inherent structural-level and socially institutionalized components; formation of sustainable motivation for continuous education and self-education; the trend of the integrity of the continuity of the educational process (educational programs), taking into account the organizational and content restructuring of all subsystems of the continuous; continuity not only between different levels and stages of education, but also the creation of personality-oriented vectors of popular educational trajectories, which means the interpenetration of structures of institutional and non-institutional education that implement various training and education programs that are currently fragmented and disconnected.

7. The methodological foundations of continuity ensure the integrity of the continuity of educational programs that are conceptually substantiated by the organizational principles of their construction (individualization of the educational process in the system of continuous education; modular structure of the curriculum; activity approach to education) and the organization of the educational process, which is built in accordance with the goals and principles of the vector implementation of multicomponent educational programs.

8. Difficulties in the implementation of the methodological foundations of the continuity of the educational process are consistent with the insufficient degree of development of the regulatory and legislative framework for lifelong education, the training of teaching staff for the lifelong education system, the lack of acceptance by a person of a personally significant idea of ​​lifelong education.

Promising areas of research are to clarify the flexible mechanism for the holistic implementation of the forms of continuity of the educational process (educational programs) in accordance with the existing and necessary (and sufficient) regulatory and legislative basis for the development of the lifelong education system; in implementation comparative analysis development of national education systems in the context of the continuity of various types and types of educational programs; development of a model for training specialists for the system of continuous education; development of a variable model of a graduate of the system of continuous education; standardization of the forms of succession in the system of lifelong education.

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387. Section 1. Implemented educational programs of additional education

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