The largest sea in the Arctic. Seas of Russia. Breath of the North Pole
the lesson allows you to show the need for the Northern Sea Route for Russia, gives students general idea about the conditions of the North, allows students to cultivate respect for the work of the people, for working people who create wealth on earth and in the state.
Chudina Elena Anatolievna, 14.05.2017
1078 152
Development content
Task 1. Find a couple
The most resort area of Russia
Answer options:
M. - Central
O - North Caucasian
C - Northern
I - West Siberian
A - Volga-Vyatsky
R - Ural
U - Volga
I am Central Black Earth
Answer: ________________________
Task 2. List the seas washing the territory of Russia:
Guess the riddles, what unites them?
. ___________________
This is a beautiful, fast, graceful animal, dressed in a warm short coat, and even having branched horns on its head. He lives in the cold tundra, feeds on reindeer moss, which is also called reindeer moss, and feels quite comfortable in the Arctic region. Inhabits many islands of a huge cold reservoir. This animal has a weight of about two hundred kilograms, and the height at the withers does not exceed one and a half meters. He has very wide hooves. Thanks to them, he easily breaks the snow in winter and gets to the withered vegetation hiding under a snow coat. _____________________
This is a predatory animal. She is the most ferocious and large among birds. Feeds on rodents. It is a ruthless predator with yellow eyes and white plumage. It attacks both birds and rodents. It can also eat a cub of a larger animal - for example, a polar fox. ______________________
Task 3. The topic of our lesson is still hidden from us under the numbers. Each number is a letter, in order in the title of the topic, to open them you need to find the most smallest number. Arrange them in ascending order of numbers and read the words.
_____________________ ________________ ___________
Task 4. Fill in the table "History of the development of the Northern Sea Route"
Task 5.
Task 6. Compare the seas of the Arctic Ocean using Appendix 6 tables and atlas maps.
| sea name | Features of climate and nature | Economic activity |
| Barents | ||
| Laptev | ||
| East Siberian | ||
| Chukchi |
Homework:
* "5" - everything is correct, "4" - one mistake; "3" - two errors (points)
Development content
Arctic seas. Northern sea route, its significance.
The purpose of the lesson: to form an idea of the northern seas of Russia, to reveal the significance of the Northern Sea Route for the national economy of the country.
Lesson objectives: to show the need for the Northern Sea Route; to give students a general idea of the conditions of the North; continue to work on the development of skills to characterize natural conditions; improve the ability to work with different types of geographical maps; to instill in students respect for the labor of the people, for the people of labor who create wealth on earth and in the state.
Reference knowledge Grade 8: formation of the territory; Ice (Arctic) zone, the complexity of its development; wildlife protection; nature reserve on Wrangel Island; Northern Sea Route.
Basic knowledge: 1930 - the first icebreaker "Sibiryakov" traveled from Murmansk to Eilin, since 1960 - nuclear-powered icebreakers have been sailing along the Northern Sea Route.
Basic terms and concepts: navigation, ports of Dixon, Pevek, Tiksi, Murmansk, Vladivostok.
Equipment and materials: maps: "Natural zones of Russia", " physical map RF", contour maps.
During the classes
Org. moment
Knowledge Test: Find a Pair
The region with the most population in Russia.
The most resort area of Russia
The area is the birthplace of the Kalashnikov assault rifle
The area, which is famous for its black soil
Answer options:
M. - Central
O - North Caucasian
C - Northern
I - West Siberian
A - Volga-Vyatsky
R - Ural
U - Volga
I am Central Black Earth
Answer: 1M; 2 - O; 3 - P; 4 - I. (SEA)
Read the word, what did you get?
List the seas washing the territory of Russia:
The territory of Russia is washed by the waters of thirteen seas that belong to the basins of the Arctic Ocean (Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japan), the Atlantic Ocean (Baltic, Azov, Black), to the basin of internal flow (Caspian).
Write them down in your notebook.
Here are riddles, read them and guess:
This is the largest land predator. The length of his body reaches 2.5 meters, weight half a ton. He attacks seals, seals, walruses. Its strong teeth are familiar to polar dolphins, and the arctic fox always feeds near this mighty beast, getting leftovers from the master's table. Swims, dives, runs fast . (Polar bear).
This is a beautiful, fast, graceful animal, dressed in a warm short coat, and even having branched horns on its head. He lives in the cold tundra, feeds on reindeer moss, which is also called reindeer moss, and feels quite comfortable in the Arctic region. Inhabits many islands of a huge cold reservoir. This animal has a weight of about two hundred kilograms, and the height at the withers does not exceed one and a half meters. He has very wide hooves. Thanks to them, he easily breaks the snow in winter and gets to the withered vegetation hiding under a snow coat. ( Reindeer)
This is a predatory animal. She is the most ferocious and large among birds. Feeds on rodents. It is a ruthless predator with yellow eyes and white plumage. It attacks both birds and rodents. It can also eat a cub of a larger animal - for example, a polar fox. ( polar owl)
What unites these animals? They live in the North of Russia - in Arctic.
What do you know about Arctic.
Learning new material:
Students complete the task in their notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson.
Try to formulate the objectives of our lesson, what should we learn?
View video. What will be the topic of our lesson?
But the topic of our lesson is still hidden from us under the numbers. Each number is a letter, in order in the topic name, to open them you need to find the smallest number. Arrange them in ascending order of numbers and read the words. (Letters are cut)
What is the Northern Sea Route?
Where does it go and what connects?
What is its role?
What is the nature of the seas of the Arctic Ocean?
Russian coast-dwellers sailed the Barents and Kara Seas
sea name
Consolidation of knowledge: Name:
- The region with the most population in Russia.
- The most resort area of Russia
- The area is the birthplace of the Kalashnikov assault rifle
- The area, which is famous for its black soil
- item 45,
- make a portrait of one of the seas of the Arctic Ocean,
- Russian explorers on the map of the Arctic.
Harsh northern region. Hundreds of kilometers of snow, ice. It is a snowy, silent desert where you rarely see a living being.
Complete with textbook material and additional material table History of the development of the Northern Sea Route.
| |
|
| By decree of Peter 1, maps of the sea coast were drawn up and a description of the northern seas was made |
|
| The Northern Sea Route was covered in one navigation by the Soviet expedition of O.Yu. Schmidt on the ship "Sibiryakov" |
We check.
Using the maps of the atlas, plot on contour map Northern Sea Route: ports through which it passes.
What difficulties do you think the sailors could experience when moving along the Northern Sea Route?
To do this, we will compare the seas of the Arctic Ocean with you using Appendix 6 Tables and atlas maps.
Practical work
Give a description of the Arctic seas of Russia, enter the data in the table.
| | Features of climate and nature | Economic activity |
| Barents | ||
| Laptev | ||
| East Siberian | ||
| Chukchi | the coldest of the seas ... East Siberian (in summer the water temperature is + 1 ° С); a sea that is not covered with ice in winter ... the deepest sea in Russia is the Bering Sea (the greatest depth is 5500 m); The shallowest sea... The largest in terms of area ... Beringovo; the cleanest - Chukotka; What is the significance of the Northern Sea Route for our country? Is it beneficial to Russia? Is it worth investing in it? Watching video… Passes through the seas of the Arctic Ocean (Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi) and partly Pacific Ocean(Beringovo). Administratively, the Northern Sea Route is limited by the western entrances to the Novaya Zemlya straits and the meridian passing to the north from Cape Zhelaniya, and to the east in the Bering Strait with a parallel of 66 ° N. sh. and meridian 168º W. e. The length of the Northern Sea Route from the Kara Gate to Providence Bay is about 5600 km. The distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok along the Northern Sea Route is over 14,000 km (over 23,000 km via the Suez Canal). The Northern Sea Route serves the ports of the Arctic and large rivers of Siberia (import of fuel, equipment, food; export of timber, natural resources). An alternative to the Northern Sea Route is transport arteries passing through the Suez or Panama Canals. If the distance traveled by ships from the port of Murmansk to the port of Yokohama (Japan) through the Suez Canal is 12,840 nautical miles, then by the Northern Sea Route it is only 5,770 nautical miles. Homework: Development content Find a couple Answer options: M. - Central O - North Caucasian C - Northern I - West Siberian A - Volga-Vyatsky R - Ural U - Volga I am Central Black Earth  2 - O 3 - P 4 - I SEAS   Lesson topic?   Russian coast-dwellers sailed the Barents and Kara Seas  the date Event 11th-13th centuries Russian coast-dwellers sailed the Barents and Kara Seas By decree of Peter 1, maps of the sea coast were drawn up and a description of the northern seas was made The Northern Sea Route was covered in one navigation by the Soviet expedition of O.Yu. Schmidt on the ship "Sibiryakov"   Describe the Arctic seas Russia, enter the data in the table. sea name Features of climate and nature Barents Economic activity Kara Laptev East Siberian Chukchi  Barents Sea Barents Sea- marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It washes the shores of Russia and Norway. southwestern part The sea does not freeze in winter due to the influence of the North Atlantic Current.  Kara Sea Kara Sea- part of the Arctic Ocean. This is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0°C. Frequent fogs and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice.  Laptev sea Laptev sea- marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. Most of the year it is covered with ice. The sea is named after the brothers Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, Russian polar explorers.  East-Siberian Sea East-Siberian Sea- marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. This is the coldest sea. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. Walrus, seal hunting, fishing.  Chukchi Sea Chukchi Sea- marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located between Chukotka and Alaska. The water temperature in summer is from 4 to 12 °C, in winter from -1.6 to -1.8 °C. From October - November to May - June the sea is covered with ice.    Thank you for your work! Until new travels! |
Washes the coast of Norway and Russia. The area is 1.4 million sq. km, the average depth is 222 m.
In the old days, this sea was called Russian, Northern, Arctic, Siversky, Moscow, but most often - Murmansk. It was named Barents in 1834 in honor of the Dutch navigator V. Barents. The southeastern part is distinguished as a separate water area - this is the Pechora Sea.
In the north and northwest the Barents Sea all year round ice-bound, the central part of the sea abounds with floating ice until April. Only the southern and southeastern parts, warmed by the warm North Cape current, do not freeze. Here is located the only non-freezing port of the Arctic - Murmansk.
The sea is of great importance for the Russian economy - industrial fishing is developed here, fishing is being carried out, a hydroelectric power station is operating, and the main Arctic sea routes lie.
- the southeastern part of the Barents Sea, bounded by the islands of Vaigach and Kolguev. Washes only the coast of Russia. This is the shallowest Arctic sea, the area is 81 thousand sq. km, the average depth is 6 m, the greatest is 210 m.
The sea is cold, from September to May it is covered with an ice crust. But lives here a large number of seals, beluga whales, cod.
The Pechora reservoir is famous for the fact that the first Arctic oil was found here on the Russian shelf. This is the Prirazlomnoye field, where oil production is already underway. Three more deposits are being developed.
The sea is named after the Pechora River - the only major river, which flows into the Barents Sea.
Washes the western coast of Greenland. The hydronym has many synonyms: Baffin Bay, Bylotsky Bay. The area of the sea is 689 thousand sq. km, the average depth is 861 m.
The sea is named after the English navigator William Baffin, who was one of the first to detailed description water areas. Although the honor of discovering the Baffin Sea belongs to another Englishman - John Davis.
In winter, the sea is covered with floating ice, only in the south there is a small strip of a reservoir free of ice.
The sea is almost completely located beyond the Arctic Circle, so arctic flora and fauna prevail here. But the proximity of the warm waters of the Atlantic affects the diversity underwater world. Numerous mollusks, crustaceans, more than 60 species of fish, pinnipeds, bowhead whales, polar bears and walruses live here. Baffin Sea - native home belugas. In the polar waters, you can also meet the ice shark, whose size reaches 5-6 meters.
- one of the smallest Russian seas, located between the continent and the Kola Peninsula. The area of the sea is 90 thousand sq. km, the average depth is 67 m.
This sea has been known since ancient times. It was called Cold, Northern, Calm, White Bay, Bay of Serpents and Gandvik. Already in the 11th century, fish and furs were mined here, in the 14th century the first large settlement appeared - Kholmogory, which became the first Russian international port. Most of the sea trade routes connecting Russia and Europe ran here. The importance of the sea as a transport route declined after the founding of St. Petersburg.
The entire water area is conditionally divided into several parts, each of which has its own name: Throat (Girlo), Basin, Kandalaksha Bay, Funnel, Mezen Bay, Dvinskaya Bay, Onega Bay. Separate parts of the coast also have their own names.
Separates the Northwest Territories of Canada and Alaska. The area is 476 thousand sq. km, the average depth is 1004 m.
This marginal sea has a harsh climate. Ice here is all year round, only in August - September, part of the sea is briefly freed from ice captivity.
The sea is located far from the main sea routes, therefore it is an excellent habitat for whales and beluga whales. In addition, there are more than 70 species of phytoplankton, about 80 species of zooplankton and almost 700 species of crustaceans.
But the main wealth of the Beaufort Sea is oil deposits. The first oil platform was launched in 1986.
The sea is named after the famous British hydrographer Francis Beaufort, the one who developed the scale for measuring wind speed.
Located off the southwest coast of Greenland.
This reservoir is still little studied, since most of the time it is ice-bound, and the coast is difficult to access. The sea is rarely indicated on maps, and only a couple of lines are written about it in dictionaries and atlases. It is known that the sea was named after the polar explorer and explorer from Denmark K.F. Vandel. Although sometimes this sea is called the McKinley Sea.
The inaccessibility for development and the severity of the climate, in turn, had a very favorable effect on the environment. All species of the Arctic natural world are represented here, and the population of some is preserved in its original form.
- Russian water area located between Wrangel Island and the New Siberian Islands. The area is 944 thousand sq. km, the average depth is 66 m. The official name was proposed by Yu. ).
The sea is located in the Arctic, so it has a harsh climate and low temperatures. The sea is covered with ice all year round, in summer the ice crust disappears for a short time, but floating ice drifts for several years.
Here is the northernmost port of Russia - Pevek, which received the status of the first city beyond the Arctic Circle. And since 1932, the Northern Sea Route has been stretching across the entire sea.
Spread between Iceland, Greenland and Svalbard. Named after the largest peninsula of our planet. This is one of the largest and deepest seas in the Arctic Ocean. The area is 1.2 million sq. km, the average depth is 1444 m, the largest reaches 4846 m (according to other sources - 5527 m).
Two currents meet in the sea - the cold East Greenland and the warm Svalbard. But, despite the proximity of the Atlantic and the warm current, the Greenland Sea has a harsh climate. In winter, most of the reservoir is hidden under the ice, which makes navigation impossible.
This sea is one of the largest fishing areas in the entire oceans. Such commercial fish species as herring, cod, saithe, haddock are popular.
The Sea of Prince Gustav-Adolf and the Sea of Crown Prince Gustav
Sea of Prince Gustavus Adolf- a small reservoir located between the islands of the Canadian Arctic archipelago.
The sea is named after the Swedish prince Gustavus Adolf, who later occupied the Swedish throne and was referred to as Gustav VI. And the Norwegian polar explorer Otto Sverdrup named the sea in honor of the prince during the Norwegian Arctic expedition of 1898-1902.
In Russian cartography, this sea is often referred to as the Prince Gustav August Strait.
In the southern part of the sea is the north magnetic pole of the Earth.
The coasts of the sea are little studied, as is the water area itself. The islands are still uninhabited. And the fact that most of the year the sea is hidden under ice makes navigation very difficult. Therefore, there are no sea routes here, but nature has been preserved in its original form.
Crown Prince Gustav Sea- the northwestern part of the Prince Gustavus Adolf Sea. The climate, ecology and natural world are the same as in the neighboring sea: ice, poor flora and fauna, uninhabited coasts and cold.
When my son first looked at the map of the world that we hung in his room, he could not understand why one of the oceans is called the Arctic Ocean. I had to delve deeper into the study of the issue. In the 17th century, it was called Hyperborean in honor of the ancient Greek god of the North Wind. Only in the last century the name Arctic was fixed.
Which seas surround an ocean of icy winds
The seas located on the outskirts of the ocean and washing Siberia are all cold without exception:
- Barents;
- Kara;
- Laptev;
- East Siberian;
- Chukchi.
How does the climate of the seas change from west to east
If we consider the Arctic seas on geographical map world from west to east, it is possible to determine some features of the climate. This is due to the fact that from the western part of the sea, the Arctic, washing Siberia, come into contact with the warm waters of the Atlantic. Eastern reservoirs are adjacent to the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, following from west to east, we can see the following features of the climate:
- The Barents Sea (the extreme one on the western side), even in winter, does not freeze completely;
- the seas that are the edge of the Arctic (Kara, Laptev, East Siberian) are considered the coldest. They are covered with a layer of ice almost all year round;
- the extreme east - the Chukchi Sea, is characterized by a milder climate and freezes only in winter.
Warm breaths of the Atlantic
Cloudy stormy weather reigns over the Barents Sea all year round. The southwestern part of the sea is warmer, in summer the thermometer rises to +10⁰С.
Breath of the North Pole
The climate of the next three seas can be called super-severe.
The Kara Sea is one of the coldest Russian seas. Just a few months freed from the ice. Storms and fogs are common.
The Laptev Sea holds the record for sub-zero temperatures (down to -50⁰С in February). In July and August, it thaws to be covered with ice again.
The East Siberian Sea boasts many years of floating ice during the short summer months.
The Chukchi Sea in August warms up to +14⁰С, as the Pacific Ocean supplies it with warm waters.
Agree, today it is quite difficult to meet an adult who could not list the Arctic seas of Russia. With this task, perhaps, even the average student could easily cope. It seems that there is nothing complicated in this. However, let's remember. So, the seas of the Arctic shelf are the Barents, Kara, White, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. Total six. What are their features? What do they have in common? And what are the main differences?
This article will not only give an answer to all these questions, but will also try to prove to the reader that the Arctic seas deserve no less attention than the more familiar to us, especially in the summer, the Black or Azov. They're unusual for us in terms of temperature balance, but that doesn't really make them any less interesting.
Section 1. Arctic seas washing Russia. general information
In an attempt to reveal this topic, let's try to list the main features of these parts of the globe.
First of all, it should be noted that the Arctic seas of Russia are covered with a dense layer of ice for most of the year. From west to east they are getting colder. For example, if the influence of the Atlantic is still slightly felt in the Barents Sea, then further to the east the thickness of the ice increases significantly.
The Arctic seas are getting warmer due to the currents of the Pacific Ocean. This can be especially seen in that part of Chukotka, which directly adjoins the Bering Strait.
We also note that the so-called Arctic seas, in turn, have the maximum impact on the climate of Siberian regions. And, oddly enough, but most of all, such an impact is felt precisely in the summer. This is because in winter they are covered with ice, like land, and there are no differences in temperature and humidity. But in summer, cold masses of water contrast strongly with warm land.
Fishing for various marine animals has long been associated with all the Arctic seas of Russia, which at one time led to the extermination of many species and was eventually banned. However, these places, despite the severity of the climate, constantly attract a huge number of tourists from different parts of the globe. One of the most popular routes is a visit to the North Pole. Many people, against all odds, strive to climb this "crown" of the Earth on an icebreaker. Other favorite objects of the Arctic seas are rookeries of fur seals and walruses, "bird markets", places chosen by polar bears.
Section 2. Mysterious White Sea
The main difference between this area of the oceans and all other seas of the Arctic is that it is located south of the Arctic Circle, and only a small northern part of the water area goes beyond its limits. Thus, it turns out that the White Sea has natural boundaries on almost all sides. Only from the Barents it is separated by a thin and very conditional line.
Beloe is considered a relatively small inland sea of Russia. It occupies an area of only 90 thousand square meters. km. The average depth of the local waters is 67 m, and the maximum is 350 m. Particularly deep water areas of the White Sea are the Basin and the Kandalaksha Bay. In the northern part, the shallowest water zones are located - no deeper than 50 m. It should be noted that the bottom here is uneven.
Surprisingly, within the waters of the White Sea reigns, so to speak, a mixed climate that has features of the sea and at the same time continental.
Section 3. Amazing Barents Sea
Those who want to follow how the nature of the Arctic seas is changing are advised to go to the Barents Sea, which occupies the most western position.
Geographically, it communicates with the Norwegian warm sea, as well as the cold waters of the Arctic basin. The total area of the Barents Sea is about 1,405,000 sq. km, the average depth here is about 200 m.
Marine, the warmest among the other shelf seas of the Arctic Ocean. 3/4 of the surface of the Barents Sea is annually covered with ice, but it is never completely, even in winter. All this is due to the inflows of warm Atlantic waters.
The bottom relief is heterogeneous, it has underwater hills, troughs and numerous depressions. All this largely affects the hydrological characteristics of the water body. For example, this sea is characterized by good water mixing and excellent aeration.
Section 4. Why not go to the coast
The Kara Sea is located off the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, northeast Europe, as well as the coast of Western Siberia. Its western border is in contact with the Barents Sea, the eastern - with the Laptev Sea.
This part of the oceans is located entirely above the Arctic Circle. The area of the Kara Sea reaches approximately 883 thousand km², the average depth is 111 m, and the maximum reaches 600 m in some places.
The shores in the eastern part of Novaya Zemlya are indented by fjords, and on the mainland coast there are large bays and bays where the great Siberian rivers flow, namely: the Yenisei, Taz, Ob and Pyasina.
There are many islands in the Kara Sea, especially off the coast of Taimyr.
The maximum salinity (33-34%) is observed near its surface in the northern part. In spring, the melting of ice can slightly freshen the bays near the mouths of the rivers (up to 5%).
It should be noted that almost all the Arctic seas of Siberia are under a noticeable influence of river runoff. For example, in Karsky this percentage reaches 40%. In general, it is known that the rivers carry here 1290 km³ of fresh water annually, and 80% of this amount comes from June to October.
By the way, another important feature is that from October to May the Kara Sea freezes completely. That is why the local people even called him "ice bag".
Section 5. Laptev Sea
Do you know which of the Arctic seas is the deepest? Laptev, of course! AT geographically it is located directly near the coast of Eastern Siberia. Previously, it was even called Siberian.
Immediately, we note that this sea is completely located beyond the Arctic Circle. In the north, a cold and almost completely covered eternal ice The Arctic Ocean, in the west several straits connect the Laptev Sea with the Kara Sea, in the east beyond the straits the East Siberian begins, in the south there is a heavily indented coast of the Eurasian continent.
Its total area is 664 thousand km², the average depth is 540 m, the shallowest is considered southern part(up to 50 sq. m), and an area of great depths was found near the edge of the shelf, for example, in the Sadko trench maximum distance in depth reaches an almost unthinkable figure of 3385 m.
The eastern part of the sea is quite seismic, a little to the west earthquakes up to 6 points sometimes occur.
As a rule, most of the year the Laptev Sea is covered with ice. Iceberg giants are abundantly formed from glaciers here.
The salinity of the water is average - 34%, however, near the mouth of the river. Lena, it drops down to 1%, because the full-flowing river brings here fresh water. In addition to the Lena, other major arteries flowing into the Laptev Sea are Yana, Olenyok, Anabar and Khatanga.
Section 6. East Siberian - the shallowest Arctic sea
This part of the surface of the globe belongs to the category of the so-called marginal continental. Geographically, it is located near the coast of Eastern Siberia. The boundaries of these waters are generally conditional lines, and only in some parts it is really limited by land. The western territory of the East Siberian Sea runs along about. Kotelny and then runs along the Laptev Sea. The northern cordon completely coincides with the edge of the continental shelf. In the east, it is outlined by Fr. Wrangel and two capes - Blossom and Yakan.
The waters of the East Siberian Sea communicate well with the Arctic Ocean. The sea area is 913 thousand square meters. km, but the maximum depth reaches 915 m.
There are few islands in the East Siberian. The coastline has strong bends, in some places the land protrudes directly into the sea. The continents in the Arctic seas, as a rule, are represented by plains. True, in some areas there is still a slight slope.
Note that this sea is under the influence of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and that is why its climate is considered polar maritime, with a strong continental influence.
A relatively small amount of continental waters enter here. The largest rivers flowing into this sea are the Kolyma and the Indigirka.
Section 7. What do you know about the Chukchi Sea?
Between about. Wrangel and the American Cape Barrow is the Chukchi Sea with an area of 582 thousand square meters. km. Probably, anyone who is interested in culture and traditions understands that it got its name thanks to the name of the people who inhabit its shores.
In general, the Chukchi Sea is characterized by a cold climate, intense ice conditions created due to the influence of the Canadian ice cycle.
The Chukchi Sea connects with the Pacific Ocean through a width of 86 km and a depth of up to 36 m, but about 30 thousand cubic meters penetrate into the Arctic through it. km of relatively warm water. In August, its upper layers near the strait can warm up to +14 °С. In the summer, unlike the cold season, the Pacific waters move the ice edge away from the coast.
Section 8. Nature and man: the seas are becoming noticeably cleaner
AT modern world We are used to avoiding the topic of ecology whenever possible. Why? The thing is that somehow it has already become a habit to scold industrial enterprises, unscrupulous vacationers and dishonest officials from the local administration. In general, we somehow already know at the subconscious level that everything is bad, and it will be even worse ahead.
But recently, scientists from the Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, after returning from the Murmansk-Dudinka voyage, brought with them 200 liters sea water for analysis for Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 - radionuclides that are indicators anthropogenic impact. The results of painstaking work are encouraging: the northern seas are becoming cleaner, nature is still coping with the previously received and accumulated damage.
Radioactive elements, unfortunately, are still detected, but in smaller quantities than in the 90s.
Studying the geography of Russia
by natural areas
The course offers new, or firmly forgotten old, approaches to the study of the traditional Russian geography course. It was in natural zones that the geography of the USSR was taught in
4th grade in the pre-war and first post-war years. At the same time, it was told not only about nature, but also about the population and economy of the country. Such an approach will make it possible to put already known and newly studied theoretical concepts on a factual basis, to link nature with the economy. In the content part of the course, a simple style of presentation is deliberately used so that this material can be used in any class according to the level of preparedness.
The study of geography by natural areas provides for the consideration of population and production in close connection with natural conditions and resources. By zones, the influence of a person on environment, the opportunity to improve natural conditions and compensate for the damage caused to nature.
ACADEMIC PLAN
| newspaper number | Educational material |
|---|---|
| 17 | Lecture 1 Zones and belts as the basis for the zoning of Russia |
| 18 | Lecture 2 Far North |
| 19 | Lecture 3 Taiga Control work No. 1 (Deadline - November 15, 2005) |
| 20 | Lecture 4 mixed forests |
| 21 | Lecture 5 Steppes and deserts Control work No. 2 (Deadline - until December 15, 2005) |
| 22 | Lecture 6 Subtropics and mountains |
| 23 | Lecture 7 European Russia and its frame |
| 24 | Lecture 8 Asian Russia |
| Final work(Deadline - until February 28, 2006) The final work is a seminar on the topic: "Relationship of farm location with natural conditions on the example of one of the zones." | |
Far North
Northern seas and arctic deserts
The region of the Earth surrounding the North Pole is called Arctic, from Greek Arktos- the constellation Ursa, which in these places is at its zenith, that is, directly above your head.
In the Arctic (and in the Antarctic too) there is a polar night in winter, the sun does not rise around the clock. In summer, on the contrary - a polar day, the sun does not set; it stands low above the horizon and moves in a circle: at noon it is visible in the south, at midnight in the north.
In the north, Russia goes to the seas of the Arctic Ocean. There are six of these seas, schoolchildren must memorize them and know which islands they are separated by (Fig. 1).
The Barents Sea is the westernmost. In the north it reaches the islands of Svalbard and Franz Josef Land, in the east - to the islands of Novaya Zemlya. The Barents Sea is named after the Dutch navigator of the 16th century. Willem Barents, who made three voyages in the Arctic Ocean, died and was buried on Novaya Zemlya. This sea is the warmest of the Arctic seas, because the warm Norwegian current comes here from the Atlantic Ocean.
Is the flow of water at 10°C warm or cold? This question can only be answered by knowing the temperature surrounding water. If the current carries water that is warmer than the surrounding water, it is warm; if it is colder, then it is cold.
The water temperature in the Norwegian current is on average about 4 °, only the northern and eastern parts of the Barents Sea freeze, where the Norwegian current does not reach.
It is not uncommon to hear and read that the current entering the Barents Sea is called the Gulf Stream. This is not true. The Gulf Stream exits the Caribbean Sea through the Straits of Florida into the Atlantic Ocean and runs northeast along the coast of America. Turning east at the Newfoundland Bank, it already receives a different name - the North Atlantic Current, one of whose branches, the Norwegian Current, enters the Barents Sea.
There are a lot of fish in the Barents Sea, large fishing fleets from Russia, Norway and other countries operate there.
On the shores of the narrow but deep Kola Bay, which juts out into the northern coast of the Kola Peninsula, stands the city of Murmansk. This important seaport is open all year round, the water almost never freezes there; only in the most severe winters in the bay do icebreakers have to be used. On the Kola Bay is the city of Severomorsk - the main base Northern Fleet Russia.
The large group of Spitsbergen islands belongs to Norway, but there are mines there where Russia mines hard coal. Russians probably sailed to Svalbard as early as the 14th century; traces of their winterings are found there. Franz Josef Land is also a large group of islands, these are the northernmost islands of Russia; on the small island of Rudolf is Cape Fligely, the northernmost point of our country. The islands were discovered in 1873 by an Austro-Hungarian expedition and named after the Emperor of Austria-Hungary. But the existence of the islands was predicted earlier by the Russian naval officer Nikolai Gustavovich Schilling and the prominent explorer-geographer Pyotr Alekseevich Kropotkin. Novaya Zemlya is two large islands, North and South. All these islands are mountainous, a significant part of them is occupied by glaciers.
Those parts of the islands that are not covered with ice are mainly occupied by the Arctic desert. In winter, everything is covered with snow, in summer - bare rocks, moss, lichen, and occasionally flowering plants can be found. There are few animals: on the sea coast there are walruses, seals, there are polar bears. But in the summer there can be a huge number of birds. Gulls, terns, skuas, eiders, loons and many other bird species nest on the coastal rocks. Such nests on the rocks are called bird colonies.
Do the students have a clear idea of what such a large number of birds can eat? After all, there is almost no vegetation on the rocks.
The White Sea, like the Barents Sea, has been known to Russians for a long time, the Russian inhabitants of the surrounding lands are called Pomors. The White Sea does not have a clear border with the Barents Sea, they are conditionally divided in a straight line from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to the northwestern tip of the Kanin Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos. The outer part of the White Sea is called the Funnel, the inner part, fenced off by the Kola Peninsula, is called the Basin, and they are connected by a relatively narrow strait - the Throat of the White Sea. The large river Mezen flows into the Funnel, and the Northern Dvina flows into the Basin. Although the White Sea is located south of the Barents Sea, it freezes over. But even here there is an important seaport - Arkhangelsk, located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina. A lot of fish are caught in the White Sea. On the islands in the White Sea there is a historical monument - the Solovetsky Monastery.
The image of the Solovetsky Monastery can be seen on reverse side 500 ruble banknote. On its front side there is a sea station and a monument to Peter I in Arkhangelsk (Fig. 2).
The climate of the Arctic seas of Russia with the advancement to the east becomes more and more severe, because the distance from the warm northern part of the Atlantic Ocean becomes more and more. Only the Chukchi Sea is somewhat warmer than the East Siberian Sea: the influence of the Pacific Ocean is felt here. From the Kara Sea to the Chukchi Sea, sea animals are fished, but not much. There are few fish, and it is difficult to catch them there, the ice is very disturbing.
Kara Sea more than others, it is separated from the main part of the ocean by islands, so the difference in climate even with the eastern, freezing part of the Barents Sea is very large, the Kara Sea is much colder. The main navigable strait (between the Barents and Kara Seas) is the Kara Gates, its width is 45 km; Matochkin Shar (between the Northern and Southern islands of Novaya Zemlya), with a length of almost 100 km, has a width in places less than a kilometer, most of the year it is clogged with ice and therefore not navigable.
The large rivers Ob and Yenisei flow into the gulfs of the Kara Sea, which go far into the land - the Ob and Yenisei bays.
In the Russian North, sea bays are called lips. The names of the lips are usually based on the rivers flowing into them.
The Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, separating the Kara and Laptev seas, was discovered less than a hundred years ago. It is separated from the mainland by the Boris Vilkitsky Strait. Severnaya Zemlya has large glaciers.
Among the explorers of the northern seas of the Vilkitskys there were two - Andrey Ippolitovich and Boris Andreevich (1885-1961). Therefore, in the name of the strait, not only the surname, but also the name is always mentioned.
The Laptev Sea is named after Russian navigators of the 18th century, cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofievich Laptev, who explored the shores of this sea. The Lena River flows into the Laptev Sea, forming the largest delta in Russia. The rivers Khatanga, Olenyok and Yana flow into this sea.
The New Siberian Islands lie between the Laptev and East Siberian Seas. Although they are to the east Severnaya Zemlya, were discovered a hundred years earlier. The New Siberian Islands are separated from the mainland by the Dmitry Laptev Strait.
The East Siberian Sea is the coldest of the Russian Arctic seas. The rivers Indigirka and Kolyma flow into it.
Wrangel Island lies between the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. The island is named after the Russian navigator of the 19th century. Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who explored the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas; he suggested the existence of the island according to many data known to him. On Wrangel Island there is a nature reserve where polar bears are especially protected.
The Chukchi Sea is the easternmost of the Arctic seas of Russia, it also washes the shores of the US state of Alaska. Through the Bering Strait, it communicates with the Pacific Ocean.
The way by sea from the western outskirts of Russia to the Far East is very long: you have to go around all of Asia from the south. The Northern Sea Route is much shorter - along the northern seas (see Fig. 1), but the conditions for navigation there are much more difficult: even in summer the seas are not free of ice. In the 20-30s of the twentieth century. and then after the Great Patriotic War much has been done to turn the Northern Sea Route into a normally operating highway. Since the 1960s, nuclear icebreakers have been used. In addition to the mentioned Murmansk and Arkhangelsk, small towns and settlements of Igarka, Dudinka, Dikson, Tiksi, Pevek, Provideniya became ports on the Northern Sea Route.
The last of the mentioned ports is located on the coast of Providence Bay, named in mid-nineteenth in. by the British in gratitude to providence for a safe winter. But when applied to the village and the port, the word "bay" disappeared, and the name remained in a somewhat unusual form of the genitive case.
However, now the Northern Sea Route is used only for the summer delivery of food, fuel and other cargo to the cities and towns of the North. An important task is to revive the Northern Sea Route.
This table lists the Arctic seas of Russia from west to east. The White Sea is not mentioned, since it is not included in the general chain of seas, it departs south from the Barents Sea. Students will be able to make such a table themselves using a map (just show them the form - it is rather complicated for the inexperienced), then you can require them to know its contents by heart.
Table
Arctic seas of RussiaThe Arctic seas have long been studied by domestic researchers. The beginning of this study was laid by the Pomors, who studied the White and Barents Seas, the islands of Svalbard (they called this archipelago Gru "mant), Novaya Zemlya. Somewhat later they learned the Kara Sea. In early XVII in. at the mouth of the Taz River, a trading city of Mangazeya arose that existed for about 50 years. An interesting exposition dedicated to Mangazeya is in local history museum in Salekhard.
An important role in the exploration of the Arctic was played by the Great Northern (2nd Kamchatka) Expedition, organized on the initiative of Peter I, but working after his death.
Then there was a period of intensive research in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Of the Russian researchers of this time, the most famous are Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, Fedor Petrovich Litke, Eduard Vasilyevich Toll; Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov was the initiator of the creation and one of the designers of the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak", on which he carried out work in the Arctic seas.
Intensive development and study of the Arctic began in the 1930s. Many polar stations have been opened on the shores of the Arctic seas - on the mainland and on the islands. A lot of information about the nature of the Arctic Ocean was given by the drift of the icebreaker Sedov in 1937-1940. Drifting polar stations worked on the ice floes - "North Pole" ( papanintsy- four people led by Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin) in 1937-1938. and in the post-war years "North Pole-2" (SP-2) and subsequent, up to SP-31.
In the 90s, most of the work in the Arctic was interrupted. Many polar stations on land were closed, drifting stations were not organized. last years some stations have been revived, the drifting station SP-32 has successfully completed its work (although it had to be evacuated ahead of schedule), now SP-33 is operating.
Ask students a question: why do we need polar stations?
Perhaps it should be preceded by the question: what do meteorologists do?
The main occupation of meteorologists is not to predict the weather, as is often believed, but to observe it. Before a weather forecast is made, data from hundreds of weather stations will be processed.
Tundra
Tundra stretches along the entire northern coast of Russia.
Have the students trace the southern border of the tundra. In the west of Russia, the zone stretches in a narrow strip along the coast, just beyond the Arctic Circle. To the east, the border goes somewhat to the south and to Far East reaches a latitude of 60°. Which Big City Russia is located at latitude 60°? Is it in the tundra or on its border? No, the largest city in Russia (and in the world) at this latitude is St. Petersburg, it is located in the forest zone.
The southern border of the tundra in North America, as in Eurasia, shifts from west to east in the same direction, to the south, up to a latitude of 50°. Probably even the students, bad those who know the map, will feel that the tundra at the latitude of Belgorod is something unusual.
What explains the shift in the fact that the southern border of the tundra on each of the continents in the east passes at lower latitudes? Look at the map of sea currents. What current runs along the eastern coast of Russia? Is it warm or cold? And along the east coast of North America?
In the tundra zone there are two extreme points Russia. The northernmost continental point not only in Russia, but also in Asia and Eurasia is Cape Chelyuskin. The cape is named after Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin, navigator of the Great Northern Expedition, who in the middle of the 18th century. explored the northern shores of Russia. The easternmost cape on the mainland of Russia, Asia and Eurasia is Cape Dezhnev. It is named after the navigator who in 1648 rounded this cape and proved that there is a strait between Asia and America. Dezhnev was also called Semyon Ivanovich.
Please note: the name of the first of these capes is usually given in the nominative case - Cape Chelyuskin, the second in the genitive - Cape Dezhnev.
The tundra occupies large peninsulas in northern Russia - Kanin, Yamal, Taimyr (the largest peninsula in Russia) and Chukotka.
Have the students compare the topography of these four peninsulas. Everyone will pay attention to the flatness of Yamal, the mountainousness of Taimyr and Chukotka. It may not be noticed that there are heights over 200 m in the north of the Kanin Peninsula, note this; it will be possible to recall the Kanin Kamen ridge as the end of the Timan ridge when studying the taiga zone.
On the Kola Peninsula, tundra occupies only the northern coast.
Are there polar days and polar nights in the tundra? Are there white nights? Students will be able to get an answer to the question by tracing on the map how the Arctic Circle and the 60 ° parallel pass, south of which there are no white nights.
Schoolchildren could learn about permafrost in the 6th grade, but in textbooks (and even then not in all) it is first encountered only in the 7th grade. It should be told in more detail.
It is difficult to dig the earth in winter, it becomes hard as a stone, because it always contains at least a little water, which freezes in winter. In the tundra, the earth freezes to a great depth, but in the summer it has time to thaw quite a bit. In winter this thawed layer freezes again, in summer it thaws again, but the underlying frozen layer remains. This is permafrost.
Previously used the term eternal Frost, and it is still found in the literature.
Permafrost creates significant difficulties for construction. What are these difficulties?
Frozen ground is exceptionally hard, but only as long as it is frozen. Permafrost thawing is dangerous, it can cause subsidence of the soil; Considerable effort and resources have to be expended to protect the permafrost from thawing. Houses are built on piles driven into the frozen ground, leaving a space between the house and the ground so that the heat coming from the house does not cause the permafrost to thaw.
There are many swamps and lakes in the tundra: the permafrost layer is a reliable aquiclude.
The tundra is located quite far in the north, so the climate is cold there. The southern border of the tundra passes approximately along the July isotherm of 10 ° C, that is, it coincides with the southern border of the cold zone. But the tundra is still warmer than the Arctic deserts.
There are a lot of mosses and lichens in the tundra; many herbaceous plants. There are no real trees; there are bushes in low places. There are many plants whose stem is woody, it is not so easy to break, but thin, about like a pencil or a little thicker, and the plant itself is knee-deep, or even lower, the leaves are small - the size of a fingernail. This is a dwarf birch and a polar willow. They grow very slowly and do not grow large. Such a thin trunk can be 50-60 years old. In autumn, the leaves, like those of real trees, turn yellow and fall off.
Trees do not grow in the tundra because it is cold there. Let schoolchildren remember this, we will meet other natural areas where there are no trees. Shrubs grow mainly in depressions, because it is warmer there, there are no such strong winds, in winter the snow is swept away by the wind into depressions, and a thick layer of snow prevents plants from freezing.
In winter, the tundra is covered with snow; in some places, the snow cover lasts for seven to eight months.
In summer, there are many flowers in the tundra, it is very beautiful. Many berries: lingonberries, cranberries. Cloudberry is especially good - a small herbaceous plant with patterned leaves and berries resembling raspberries in shape.
Lingonberry is an evergreen plant. In winter, you can dig a bush with completely green leaves from under the snow. Mushrooms grow large, often taller than dwarf birches and polar willows. A very valuable plant is deer lichen, or reindeer moss (sometimes it is incorrectly called "deer moss"). It serves as the main food for the most important animal of the tundra - the reindeer. There are few wild reindeer left now, but the herds of domesticated reindeer are quite numerous.
In winter, there are few wild animals in the tundra, many try to go somewhere warmer; the birds are flying away. But in the summer there are a lot of birds (great white owls, white partridges stand out among them), among mammals - arctic foxes, lemmings, also called lemmings (their number is sometimes simply huge), wolves are found.
The indigenous population of the tundra is rare, the poor nature of this natural area cannot provide more people with the means of subsistence. None of autonomous regions Russia, located in the tundra (Nenets, Yamal-Nenets, Dolgano-Nenets, Chukotka), the titular people not only do not make up the majority, but their numbers do not even exceed 20%. The main traditional occupation of the indigenous inhabitants of the tundra is reindeer herding, which requires a nomadic lifestyle from people. When the reindeer have eaten all the reindeer moss in some area, the reindeer herders rent their temporary dwellings - chu "we - and leave with the herds for many kilometers, and where the reindeer grazed, the vegetation is restored, after a few years you can return there.
But Russian peasants graze cows, but live in permanent houses, they do not roam anywhere. Why do reindeer herders wander? The students should clearly understand that meadows and fields used as pastures for cows provide much more food, they recover faster, and there is no need to roam.
The deer serves as a vehicle, it can be loaded, you can ride on it, you can harness it to long sleds. Deer meat is very tasty and nutritious. Plagues are covered with deer skins, clothes are sewn from them, and reindeer veins are often used as threads.
Other traditional occupations of local residents are hunting (in particular, fishing for sea animals) and fishing.
The development of the tundra by Russians is mainly associated with the exploration and extraction of minerals.
On the Kola Peninsula there are low, flat-topped Khibiny mountains, but their slopes are rather steep, so these are real mountains. They are located south of the tundra zone, surrounded by taiga, but their peaks are treeless and represent mountain tundra. In the Khibiny, the mineral apatite is mined - it contains phosphorus needed by plants, fertilizers are made from it. Apatite occurs together with nepheline, which contains aluminum and can serve as aluminum ore. The city of Kirovsk was built near the deposits of apatite and nepheline. Apatite began to be mined around 1930, while nepheline at first went to waste, only from the mid-1950s it began to be used.
To the east of the mouth of the Yenisei, copper-nickel ores occur. Since the 1930s, they have been mined and processed here, and the city of Norilsk has been built. Now the Norilsk Combine produces the bulk of nickel in Russia, as well as copper.
Nickel is also mined on the Kola Peninsula (the city of Monchegorsk).
In the north-east of European Russia, coal. The city of Vorkuta was built there.
Oil and gas are produced on the Yamal Peninsula. The peninsula is composed of loose rocks containing a very large amount of ice, so in any place where the natural vegetation is disturbed, the soil thaws in summer, mud spills form, and the terrain becomes impassable.
There are oil and gas fields in the northeast of European Russia. Some of them are located in the coastal part of the bottom of the Barents Sea.
Farms have been set up near cities and towns, supplying the population of cities and workers of industrial enterprises with vegetables, meat, and poultry. But these farms cannot be large: vegetables have to be grown mainly in greenhouses, livestock can be grazed only in summer, in winter they must be kept in stalls. Therefore, a significant part of the products are imported in the summer from warmer regions - this is the summer delivery that we mentioned when talking about the Northern Sea Route.
One of the most difficult economic problems in the North of Russia is transport. Railways approach Murmansk and Vorkuta; Now gas pipelines from Yamal to European Russia and a railway to Yamal are being built, while all measures are being taken to disturb the permafrost as little as possible. A short railroad connects Norilsk with the lower reaches of the Yenisei. Further east in the tundra railways no. With highways things will go very badly. River transport operates only in summer. With many places, communication is possible only by the most expensive mode of transport - aviation.
QUESTIONS and TASKS
1. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans have a warming effect on the Arctic Ocean. Which ocean has the greatest influence and why?
2. Compare the length of routes from the ports of European Russia to Vladivostok along the Northern Sea Route and bypassing Asia from the south (via the Suez Canal). Take measurements on a globe: distortions on maps can be very large. Lay the first of these routes from Murmansk as close to the coast as possible. (Why do you need to do it this way? After all shortest way will pass much farther from the coast, you can verify this by pulling the thread on the globe from Murmansk to the Bering Strait.) Which port is better to choose as the starting point of the southern route? For measurements, use a measuring compass, the step of the compass can be taken 5 mm. If the error is not more than 10%, the measurement accuracy will be considered quite satisfactory. If the scale you are using does not indicate the scale (this happens), determine it, remembering that the length of the equator is 40 thousand km.
3. Usually maps and globes are made in scales that are convenient to work with: one five-millionth, one twenty-millionth, etc. When determining the scale of the globe by the length of the equator, the result may turn out to be non-circular. What is it connected with?
