It belongs to 1606 1607. The uprising led by Bolotnikov. Peasant Wars. Participants of peasant movements, reasons for the defeat

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov - a movement for the rights of peasants in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov.

Background of the uprising

At the end of the 16th century. in Russia, a new economic and socio-political system - feudalism - was finally entrenched. Feudal lords (landowners) owned not only lands, but also peasants who lived and worked on these lands. The peasants were, in fact, disenfranchised people - they could be bought, sold, exchanged and inherited. In addition, the peasant was obliged to work on the land of the feudal lord for a certain period, which did not allow ordinary people get rich by working on their land (there was simply no time for this). The oppression of the feudal lords, and with it the discontent of the peasants grew.

The result of discontent was numerous riots of peasants trying to win back civil rights and freedom. So, for example, in 1603 there was a major uprising of serfs and peasants led by Khlopko Kosolap.

After his death, rumors spread throughout the country that it was not the real king who was killed, but an impostor, which greatly weakened political influence new sovereign Vasily Shuisky. The political situation was heating up, because if it was not the real tsar who was killed, then all the clashes between the people and the boyars were considered legal.

As a result, in 1606 another uprising broke out, which was generated by the dissatisfaction of the peasants with their position and. The uprising continued until 1607.

Causes of the uprising

• the oppression of the feudal lords and the lack of rights of the peasants before the law;
• political instability, the appearance of False Dmitry 2nd;
• recession in the economy and growing hunger;
• dissatisfaction with the new government.

The composition of the participants in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

Not only peasants took part in the uprising. In the detachments, in addition to them, there were:

• serfs;
• part of the Cossacks;
• part of the nobility;
• hired troops.

Personality of Ivan Bolotnikov

Consider short biography Ivan Bolotnikov. There is no complete answer to the question of who this person was. Scholars believe that Bolotnikov was a serf of Prince Telyatevsky, who had fled from his master as a young man and was taken prisoner. From captivity he was sold to the Turks, but during one of the battles Bolotnikov was released and fled to Germany. Already abroad, he heard about the events taking place in Russia, and decided to return to take part in them. At that time, False Dmitry II, who was an impostor, claimed the throne. The people did not accept him and wanted to overthrow him.

The beginning and course of the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The insurrectionary movement originated in the south-west of the country, where the participants in previous peasant uprisings lived. It was there that Ivan Bolotnikov went, hoping to get support from opponents of the current political system.

In 1606, Bolotnikov returned to Russia and led the peasants, raising an uprising. Gathering a large army, they moved to Moscow to overthrow the king and achieve the abolition of serfdom. The first serious clash occurred in August 1606 and ended in victory for the rebels. After the first resistance, the rebels easily captured more than 70 cities.

On September 23, 1606, an army of peasants under the leadership of Bolotnikov approached the walls of Moscow, but did not attack. Bolotnikov decided that it would be wiser to raise an uprising in Moscow itself, so that the city would be easier to capture, and for this he sent saboteurs to Moscow. However, his idea failed - Shuisky gathered a strong army of nobles and defeated the rebels in November 1606. Bolotnikov was forced to retreat.

New centers of uprising broke out in Kaluga, Tula and the Volga region. Shuisky again gathered an army and sent it to Kaluga, where Bolotnikov was. The siege of the city lasted until 1607, but Shuisky failed to take Kaluga.

On May 21, 1607, Shuisky again attacked the rebels, and this time he won, almost completely defeating and exterminating the army of Bolotnikov, who as a result fled to Tula. However, Shuisky found him there too, and a new siege began. After four months, Shuisky offers the rebels a peace treaty, Bolotnikov agrees, but instead of a treaty, he is taken prisoner.

On October 19, 1607, the army of the rebellious peasants was finally defeated, and Bolotnikov laid down his arms. The uprising failed.

Reasons for the defeat of the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The reasons for the defeat of the uprising were:

• the heterogeneity of Bolotnikov's army: the participants were from different classes, with different expectations, there was no single goal;
• lack of ideology;
• betrayal of the nobility.

In addition, Bolotnikov simply underestimated Shuisky's army, which was more united and professional.

The results of Ivan Bolotnikov's speech

Although the uprising was defeated, the peasants still managed to delay the final consolidation of serfdom and gain certain freedoms.

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was the first peasant uprising in the history of Russia.

Broad social movement in support of Tsar Dmitry Ivanovich (False Dmitry), peasant war early XVII century had many signs civil war that broke out in Russia. This is clearly evidenced by the social composition of the participants in the uprising: peasants, serfs, service people (nobles), Cossacks, individual boyars, princes Shakhovsky, Telyatevsky, Mossalsky - almost all social strata of Russian society.

The course of the uprising can be divided into the following stages:

Stage 1 - August - December 1606- victory near Kromy, the capture of Tula, Kaluga, Yelets, Kashira. March on Moscow and its siege. December 2, 1607 defeat in the battle of Kolomensk. Retreat to Kaluga, and then to Tula.

2nd stage - January - May 1607- the siege of Kaluga by government troops and the retreat of Bolotnikov to Tula.

Stage 3 - June - October 1607- The siege and capture of Tula by the troops of Vasily Shuisky. The capture of Bolotnikov and his execution in Kargopol.

Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, military servant of Prince Telyatevsky, fled to the Don, was captured Crimean Tatars and sold into slavery as an oarsman on a Turkish galley. After the defeat of the Turkish fleet by the Venetians, he fled. Through Venice and Germany he arrived in the city of Putivl. In Putivl, he received a letter, on which there was a large state seal, from the opponent of Vasily Shuisky, the voivode of Putivl, Prince Shakhovsky, appointing him False Dmitry as the chief voivode. (Shakhovsky, according to a number of data, stole state seal during the uprising against False Dmitry I), (according to other sources, Bolotnikov received a letter in Sandomierz, during a meeting with Pavel Molchanov, who appointed him chief governor, presented him with a fur coat, a saber and 60 ducats).

Having settled down in the Komaritskaya volost, Bolotnikov went to the town of Kromy and took it. After victories over government troops near Yelets, Kaluga, Tula and Serpukhov, Bolotnikov's detachments, which many of Shuisky's opponents began to join, went to Moscow. Bolotnikov was joined by noble detachments led by Prokopy Lyapunov, Istoma Pashkov and G. Sumbulov. With Bolotnikov there were Cossack detachments, detachments of peasants and residents of the settlement. Princes Shakhovsky and Telyatevsky obeyed the tsar's governor. Hatred for Vasily Shuisky overpowered corporate ethics. Up to 70 cities went over to the side of the governor Tsarevich Dmitry. Events in Russia more and more acquired the features of a civil war.

Bolotnikov's detachments failed to take Moscow outright. Having settled down in the village of Kolomenskoye, Bolotnikov in October 1606 began the siege of Moscow. Negotiations with representatives of the residents of the capital ended in vain. Muscovites refused to believe that Bolotnikov was the governor of Tsarevich Dmitry, and demanded that he provide proof that Tsarevich Dmitry was alive. Despite the fact that the Muscovites participated in the uprising on May 17, 1606, when the prince was killed, they also remembered that the face of the impostor, who hung on the square for three days, was covered with a mask. People always want to believe in miracles. The most significant proof of the miracle of another rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry could be the participation of the Tsarevich in the negotiations.

Bolotnikov demanded to find Tsarevich Dmitry, who was found by the Cossack ataman Zarutsky in Mogilev in the person of a wandering teacher.

In turn, Vasily Shuisky managed to negotiate with the leaders of the noble detachments. The contradictions between the boyar government and the nobles were great, but the leaders of the noble detachments understood that they were completely out of the way with the rebellious peasants.

As a result of the transition of noble detachments, led by Prokopy Lyapunov, to the side of the government, Bolotnikov in December 1606 was defeated in a battle near the village Êîòëû , and retreated to Kaluga.

With the help of the rebel army of "Tsarevich Peter" (a runaway serf Ilya Gorchakov (Ileika Muromets), who pretended to be the son of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich), approached from the Terek, Bolotnikov defeated the tsar's troops near Kaluga.

In this stalemate, Vasily Shuisky made a number of concessions to the nobles. He borrowed money from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (18 thousand rubles), began to pay salaries to military people and fodder money to bankrupt nobles and family members who had accumulated in Moscow. Wanting to win the support of the nobility, the boyar tsar in March 1607 adopted "Code of Peasants" and introduced a 15-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants. Having gathered and personally led the army, Vasily Shuisky went on the offensive.

In May 1607 near Kashira Bolotnikov's detachments were defeated. Bolotnikov retreated to Tula and took refuge behind the city walls. The siege of Tula lasted four months. Appearance in the summer of 1607 in Poland new impostor forced the king to hurry

Vasily Shuisky ordered to block the river upu, which, spilling over, flooded part of the city. Famine began in Tula. There was nowhere to wait for help for the rebels.

October 10, 1607 Ivan. Bolotnikov surrendered, believing the tsar's promise to save his life. However, the situation in Russia, in the opinion of the king, did not imply mercy. The Rokosh (uprising) of a part of the Polish magnates against King Sigismund III Vasa gave Vasily Shuisky a chance to pacify the country without fear of the intervention of the Commonwealth.

Vasily Shuisky brutally cracked down on the rebels. About 6 thousand participants in the uprising were executed. Bolotnikov was taken to Kargopol, where he was blinded and drowned in an ice hole. His supporter “Tsarevich Peter” was also hanged (an impostor who declared himself the son of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, although according to a number of data, the son was older than his father).

The triumph of victory was overshadowed by the troops of False Dmitry II entering the territory of Russia. Trouble in Russian state continued. In the face of the new impostor in Russia, the center of power was determined, around which all the opponents of the boyar tsar Vasily Shuisky rallied. At the same time, the foreign policy situation became more complicated. Thanks to the intervention of the Jesuits, who reconciled the Polish nobility with the king, Sigismund III Vasa managed to overcome the political crisis in Poland. The Pope did not stop trying to plant Catholicism in Russia with the help of Poland.

False Dmitry II (1607-1610)

In July 1607, in the city of Starodub, Pavel Molchanov, with the support of Polish detachments (Hetmans Lisovsky, Ruzhitsky and Sapieha) and Cossacks led by I. Zarutsky, declared himself "Tsarevich Dmitry", who miraculously escaped during the uprising in Moscow.

Part of Bolotnikov's detachments went over to the side of the new impostor. At the end of the summer of 1607, his detachments went to the aid of Bolotnikov, but did not have time. Bolotnikov capitulated in Tula.

In the summer of 1608, after an unsuccessful campaign against Moscow, False Dmitry II settled in Tushino (17 km from Moscow), where Polish troops and Marina Mnishek arrived, recognizing him (for a good reward) as her husband, Tsarevich Dmitry.

A kind of dual power was established in the country. Tushino in 1608-1609 became the second capital of Russia, where all those dissatisfied with Vasily Shuisky began to arrive. There was formed its own Boyar Duma. The captured Rostov Metropolitan Filaret was declared patriarch. The so-called Tushino flights began, when the boyars and service people, having received awards from the impostor in Tushino, returned to Vasily Shuisky for regular awards. Treachery, duplicity, hypocrisy became common among the nobility. In pursuit of increasing the number of their supporters, neither False Dmitry II nor Vasily Shuisky spared no expense. (later the first Romanovs would approve all these awards, not wanting to split again Russian society)

"Tushinsky thief", as they began to call False Dmitry II, they managed to bring the North-West and North of the country under their control. At first, the number of the Tushino army reached up to 100 thousand people, but robberies and violence by detachments of Poles and Cossacks rushing around the country in search of prey began to lead to opposition from the people. Militias began to be created everywhere, which drove the Poles out of Kostroma and Galich, and did not allow them to capture Yaroslavl. The center of resistance was the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, which withstood a 16-month siege by the Tushino detachments.

In this situation, the government of Vasily Shuisky went to the signing in Vyborg in February 1609 treaty with Sweden, according to which it renounced its claims to the Baltic coast, gave the city to Karel in response to military aid against False Dmitry II. Detachments of Swedish mercenaries entered the territory of Russia.

Russian-Swedish detachments led by the tsar's nephews M.V. Skopin-Shuisky began successful military operations against the Tushins. The siege was lifted from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Having defeated the Tushians near Tver, the detachments of Skopin-Shuisky entered Moscow. The talented commander began to prepare for a campaign to Smolensk in order to lift the Polish siege. However, in April 1610, Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky died under mysterious circumstances. (The wife of Dmitry's brother Vasily Shuisky, who claimed to inherit the throne after the death of the childless tsar, is accused of poisoning him).

The appearance of Swedish detachments on the territory of Russia was used by King Sigismund III to declare war on Russia. In September 1609 of the year Polish troops invaded Russian territory and began a 21-month siege of Smolensk. The defense of Smolensk was led by voivode Mikhail Shein.

Sigismund III demanded that the commanders of the Polish detachments leave Tushino and come to him near Smolensk. Some of the Polish commanders carried out the order of the king. Without the support of the Poles, the Tushino camp began to fall apart. In December 1609 False Dmitry II flees to Kaluga, disguised as a peasant.

After the defeat of the tsarist troops, led by Vasily Shuisky's brother Dmitry, near Klushino (Mozhaisk) hetman Zholkevsky, the detachments of False Dmitry became the only military force in the country. False Dmitry went to Moscow and settled down in the village of Kolomenskoye. However, he failed to become the head of the popular resistance. On December 11, 1610, while hunting near Kaluga, he was killed by the head of the personal guard, Prince P. Urusov.

Marina Mnishek, who recognized him as her husband, soon gave birth to a son, nicknamed by the people as a crow. (later the boy, one of the contenders for the Russian throne, will be executed)

Seven Boyars (1610-1612)

Having defeated the tsarist troops near Klushino, hetman Zolkiewski led his troops to Moscow. On July 17, 1610, Vasily Shuisky was forcibly tonsured a monk.(Later, Vasily and Dmitry Shuisky will be transferred to Poland, where they will live for several more years, being bullied by the Polish authorities). The Seven Boyars came to power, headed by F.I. Mstislavsky. The composition of the Seven Boyars included: I.M.Vorotynsky, A.V.Trubetskoy, A.V.Golitsyn, B.M.Lykov, I.N.Romanov, F.I.Sheremetev. The change of power did not lead to stabilization of the situation in Russia. If the power of Vasily Shuisky extended only to Moscow, the power of the "seven boyars" did not go beyond the Kremlin.

In August 1610, the boyar government signed an agreement with Hetman Zholkiewski to invite Prince Vladislav, son of Sigismund III Vaz, to the Russian throne. On August 27, 1610, the boyars and part of the inhabitants of Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav on the Maiden's Field, the other part went to Kaluga to False Dmitry II. Patriarch Hermogenes resolutely and sharply spoke out against this direct betrayal of national interests.

In Moscow, an uprising was brewing and the boyars, in order to prevent this, in September 1610 Poles were allowed into the Kremlin. In fact, the capital was in the hands of the enemy. The country faced the threat of loss of independence.

At the insistence of Hetman Zholkiewski, the Seven Boyars agreed to send an embassy to Sigismund III, who at that time was besieging Smolensk

In October 1610, an embassy headed by Patriarch Filaret of Tushino (Fyodor Romanov, father of Mikhail Romanov) arrived at the king. Sigismund III demanded the surrender of Smolensk. He announced his claims to the Russian throne. He resolutely rejected the basic condition that the Tsar of Russia must accept Orthodoxy. Russia will be included in the Commonwealth, - King Sigismund III arrogantly declared. Negotiations dragged on. Mikhail Shein, with the last of his strength, continued to resist and did not surrender Smolensk. Patriarch Hermogenes refused to send a message to Smolensk, demanding to surrender the city to the Poles.

In March 1611, the ambassadors were taken into custody and sent to Poland. (Patriarch Filaret will remain in Polish captivity until 1619.) In June 1611, after a 21-month siege, Smolensk fell (only 200 defenders survived in June). (Russian-Polish war ended in 1618 with the Deulino truce)

In 1611 the situation became even more complicated. Sweden intervened in the war. In 1611, the Swedes, with the help of traitorous boyars, captured Novgorod, and demanded that the Swedish Crown Prince Carl Philip be recognized as Russian Tsar. In England, a plan was developed to capture the Russian North. In Pskov, a certain Sidorka declared himself Tsar Dmitry (False Dmitry III).

Russia's position seemed hopeless. There was no government. The capital was in the hands of enemies. Polish detachments gradually captured new lands and cities of Russia. Detachments of Poles and Cossacks committed atrocities in the occupied territories. The Swedes captured the northwestern territories of Russia and Novgorod. In the south, relations with the Crimean Khanate became more complicated.

The loss of statehood led to apathy and a state of hopelessness for a significant number of Russian boyars and nobility, who lost their political orientation and a sense of national pride. However, the Russian people were not going to surrender to the enemy. Patriarch Hermogen made a call to fight against the invaders, for which he was captured by the Poles and put under arrest. In Russia, the deployment of the national liberation movement against the interventionists began.

The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov is a movement for the rights of peasants in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century, led by Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov.

Background of the uprising

By the end of the 16th century, a new state system was finally formed and consolidated in Russia. economic system- feudalism. The feudal lords (landowners) completely owned the peasants, could sell them and transfer them to each other, which led to a gradual inevitable increase in the oppression of the feudal lords over the peasantry. Of course, the peasants did not like this situation, and they began to resent and gradually start small skirmishes with the feudal lords in defense of their own rights. So, in 1603 there was a rather large uprising of peasants and serfs under the command of Khlopko Kosolap.

In addition, after the death of False Dmitry 1, rumors spread that it was not the real king who was killed, but someone else. These rumors greatly weakened the political influence of Vasily Shuisky, who became king. The accusations that it was not the real tsar who had been killed gave "legitimacy" to any uprisings and skirmishes with the new tsar and the boyars. The situation became more and more difficult.

The uprising of the peasants led by Ivan Bolotnikov took place in 1606-1607 and became one of the main stages in the struggle of the peasantry against the boyars and serfdom.

Causes of the uprising

• The oppression of the feudal lords, the strengthening of serfdom;
• Political instability in the country;
• Growing hunger;
• Dissatisfaction with the activities of the boyars and the sovereign.

The composition of the participants in the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

• Peasants;
• Serfs;
• Cossacks from Tver, Zaporozhye and from the Volga;
• Part of the nobility;
• Mercenary troops.

Brief biography of Ivan Bolotnikov

The identity of the leader of the uprising, Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, is shrouded in secrets. To date, there is no single theory about the early years of Bolotnikov's life, however, historians are of the opinion that Bolotnikov was a serf of Prince Telyatevsky. As a young man, he fled from his master, was captured, after which he was sold to the Turks. During the battle, he was released and fled to Germany, from where he heard about the events taking place in Russia. Bolotnikov decided to take an active part in them and returned to his homeland.

The beginning of the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov

The uprising originated in the South-West of the country, where the participants of the previous major uprising under the leadership of Khlopok, as well as opponents of Boris Godunov's reforms and serfdom, lived. Gradually, Tatars, Chuvashs, Maris and Mordovians began to join the rebellious Russian peasantry.

The uprising began in 1606 when Bolotnikov returned to Russia and led the disgruntled peasants. Having gathered an army, they began a military campaign against Moscow in order to remove the current sovereign from the throne and achieve the abolition of serfdom. The first clash with the sovereign's army took place in August near Kromy. The rebels were victorious and moved towards Orel.

On September 23, 1606, a battle took place near Kaluga, which Bolotnikov won. This made it possible for the rebels to freely move on to the capital. On the way to the capital, Bolotnikov and his associates managed to capture more than 70 cities.

In October 1606, the troops approached Moscow. Bolotnikov decided to raise an uprising in the city itself, for which he sent agitators. However, it was not possible to capture Moscow, Prince Shuisky gathered his army and defeated the rebels in November 1606. At the same time, a series of betrayals took place in the camp of Bolotnikov, which greatly weakened the army.

After the defeat, new centers of revolt broke out in Kaluga and Tula and the Volga region. Shuisky sent his troops to Kaluga, where Bolotnikov fled his troops and began the siege of the city, which lasted until May 1607, but ended in nothing.

On May 21, 1607, Shuisky again organizes a performance against Bolotnikov, which ends with the victory of government troops and the almost complete defeat of Bolotnikov.

The rebels take refuge in Tula, which is immediately besieged by Shuisky's army. The siege lasted 4 months, after which Shuisky offered the rebels a peace treaty. The exhausted troops of Bolotnikov agree, but Shuisky does not fulfill his promises and takes all the leaders of the uprising prisoner.

Reasons for the defeat of Bolotnikov

• Lack of unity in the ranks of his troops. The uprising involved people from different walks of life and they all pursued their own goals;
• Lack of a single ideology;
• The betrayal of a part of the army. The nobility pretty soon went over to the side of Shuisky;
• Underestimation of the strength of the enemy. Bolotnikov often forced events, not giving the army the opportunity to accumulate strength.

The results of Ivan Bolotnikov's speech

Despite the defeat, the rebels managed to ensure that the government finally began to take into account the needs of the lower strata of the population and paid attention to the needs of the peasants. The uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov was the first peasant uprising in the history of Russia.

When and where did it happen

1606-1607

Komaritskaya volost (Ukraine), southern Russia

Causes

The deterioration of the situation of the people, the strengthening of dependence (reserved years, the search for fugitive peasants, etc.)

The famine of 1601-1693, which led to a mass exodus of peasants to the south of the country.

Political instability in the country: Troubles, the appearance of False Dmitry II.

People's dissatisfaction with the new government.

Goals

The destruction of the emerging feudal relations, the elimination of feudal dependence, the fight against the boyars, feudal lords, all merchants.

The political slogan is the proclamation of "Tsar Dmitry" by the tsar, faith in the good tsar.

driving forces

Cossacks

Enslaved Peasants

serfs

Posad people

Streltsy border towns in the south

Nobles and boyars - opponents of Vasily Shuisky

National composition participants was heterogeneous. Along with the Russians, representatives of the nationalities of the Volga region spoke: Mari, Chuvash, Tatars, Mordovians.

leader of the uprising - Ivan Bolotnikov distinguished by personal courage and bravery. It was a military servant of Prince Telyatevsky, so he knew the basics of military affairs well. The fate of Bolotnikov was difficult: he fled from the prince, was caught by the Tatars, sold into slavery in Turkey, where he was assigned to serve on a galley, participated in the military naval battles Turkey. In one of the military battles in which Turkey lost, Bolotnikov fled through Germany and Poland to Russia.

In the summer of 1606, having returned to his homeland, he led a popular uprising, proclaiming himself governor of the legitimate Tsar Dmitry.

Stages of the uprising

August-December 1606

The stage is characterized by a number of serious victories of the rebels, but at the same time, a defeat near Moscow and a retreat to Kaluga.

January-May 1607

During this period, government troops besieged Kaluga. The rebels are forced to retreat to Tula

June - October 1607

Shuisky's troops laid siege to Tula. The defeat of the rebels, the capture of Bolotnikov and Ileyka Muromets, posing as "Tsarevich Dmitry".

The course of the uprising

An uprising began in the southwest of Russia, where the participants in the Khlopok uprising found refuge.

The center of the uprising was Putivl, whose governor helped Bolotnikov organize the army.

Dates	Events
Summer 1606	The beginning of the uprising. Victory near Kromy (Komaritskaya volost), capture of Tula, Kaluga, Yelets, Kashira, defeat near Moscow, return to Kaluga.
July 1606	Hike from Putivl through the Komaritskaya volost to Moscow.
August 1606	A major victory for the rebels over the troops of Shuisky near Kromy, the road to Orel was opened. Victory at Yelets.
	Bolotnikov's victory over Shuisky's troops near Kaluga. The road to Moscow is open. More and more participants joined the rebels.
Autumn 1606	Accession of noble squads: Ryazan - with Grigory Sumburov and Procopius Lyapunov, Tula and Venevsky - with Istom Pashkov at the head. However, the goals of the nobles were different - the seizure of power.
October 1606	The siege of Moscow, which lasted about two months.
October - December 1606	Expansion of the territory of the uprising: Seversk, Polish and Ukrainian cities in the southwest, then + Ryazan and cities in the south of Moscow, then + cities near the borders with Lithuania. In total, by the end of the uprising, more than 70 cities were covered.
June-October 1607	The siege of Shuisky Tula by the troops, Bolotnikov and the impostor "Tsarevich Peter" - Ileyka Muromets - were captured The uprising is over in Tula.

Results

The uprising was brutally suppressed.

The captive Bolotnikov was sent to Kargopol, where they were blinded and drowned.

The uprising shook the emerging feudal relations and delayed the consolidation of serfdom for 40 years!

Elemental nature

Lack of a clear program

The popular uprising of 1606-1607 led by I.I. Bolotnikov.

The performance was distinguished by a wide public coverage, representatives of both peasant and noble circles, as well as the Cossacks, participated in the uprising. The rebels managed to besiege Moscow in the fall of 1606, but after the transition of the noble part of the army to the side of Shuisky, they were driven back from Moscow and, after a series of defeats, were finally defeated in October 1607 after a 4-month siege of Tula.

Prerequisites

After the overthrow of False Dmitry I and the accession of Vasily Shuisky, part of the population refused to recognize him as the legitimate ruler. Rumors began to spread in the country that "Tsarevich Dmitry" managed to survive, and therefore he is the rightful ruler. In addition, social contradictions persisted, which aggravated during the reign of Godunov. The most significant discontent manifested itself in the southern regions. The Tula, Ryazan and Seversk nobility refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, in addition, the Volga, Terek and Seversk Cossacks rebelled, and the peasantry was also restless. At the beginning, the performances were scattered, but later most of the rebels united under the command of Ivan Bolotnikov, the governor of False Dmitry in Putivl.

The course of the uprising

In the summer, several scattered groups began an uprising against the king. In the summer of 1606, Bolotnikov was defeated by the governor Nagy near Kromy. However, taking advantage of the inaction of the tsarist troops, Bolotnikov managed to reorganize the army and in September 1606 again advanced to Kromy. He managed to defeat the army of Prince Yuri Trubetskoy, who fled to Kaluga. Here, with the help of the troops sent by Shuisky, they managed to stop Bolotnikov, but the inhabitants of the city went over to the side of the rebels, after which Trubetskoy with the army retreated to Moscow.

In October 1606, Bolotnikov, united with the noble detachments of Prokopy Lyapunov and Istoma Pashkov, laid siege to Moscow. The siege lasted a month and a half, but soon strife broke out among the rebels and the detachments of Lyapunov and Pashkov went over to the side of Shuisky. In early December, the tsarist army defeated the rebels under the walls of Moscow, after which Bolotnikov retreated to Kaluga. Shuisky's troops unsuccessfully besieged the city for several months, when in the spring of 1607 reinforcements from the south and from Tula approached the rebels. The tsarist troops were defeated and retreated to Serpukhov, while Bolotnikov moved from Kaluga to Tula.

In June, Bolotnikov again moved to Moscow, but was defeated by the tsarist army in a battle on the Eight River. The remnants of the rebel troops retreated to Tula, which was soon besieged by Shuisky's army. A famine began in the besieged city, but it lasted until October 1607. Then the tsarist troops blocked the Upa River with a dam, due to which the city was partially flooded. On October 10, the exhausted garrison of Tula surrendered to Shuisky, who promised to save the life of the rebels. Tsar Shuisky, however, did not keep his promise. Bolotnikov was captured and sent to Kargopol, where in 1608 he was first blinded and then drowned.

Results

Despite the defeat of the Bolotnikov uprising, Shuisky's position on the throne did not become much stronger. In the autumn of 1607, the troops of False Dmitry II invaded Russia. Many of the surviving "Bolotnikovites" joined the new impostor.

In artistic culture:

Vladimirov V.N. Rebels. M., 1928.

Dobrinsky Gabriel. Serf Ivashka Bolotnikov. M., 1932.

Kamensky Vasily. Three poems: Stepan Razin. Emelyan Pugachev. Ivan Bolotnikov. M., 1935.

Saveliev A.G. Son of a Peasant. M., 1967.

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