home General biology The social sciences are at the center of their attention. Society. Social Sciences. Classification of social sciences

The social sciences are at the center of their attention. Society. Social Sciences. Classification of social sciences

Social sciencies – a form of spiritual activity of people, directions for the production of knowledge about society.

Since society is a complex and multifaceted concept, each of the social sciences considers a defining area of social life. The most general knowledge about society as a whole is called upon to provide such sciences as philosophy and sociology.

Job Sample

A1. Choose the correct answer. What science is superfluous in the list of sciences that have as their direct subject the problem of man?

1) philosophical anthropology

2) economy

3) sociology

4) social

5) psychology

Answer: 2.

Topic 7. Social and humanitarian knowledge

The question of the uniqueness of social knowledge is a subject of discussion in the history of philosophical thought.

Social and humanitarian knowledge are interpenetrating. There is no society without man. But a person cannot exist without society.

Features of humanitarian knowledge: understanding; appeal to texts letters and public speeches, diaries and policy statements, works of art and critical reviews, etc.; the impossibility of reducing knowledge to unambiguous, all recognized definitions.

Humanitarian knowledge is designed to influence a person, spiritualize, transform his moral, ideological, worldview guidelines, and contribute to the development of his human qualities.

Social and humanitarian knowledge is the result of social cognition.

social cognition – the process of acquiring and developing knowledge about a person and society.

The knowledge of society, the processes taking place in it, along with common to all cognitive activity features, as well as significant differences from the knowledge of nature.

Features of social cognition

1. The subject and object of knowledge are the same. Public life is permeated with the consciousness and will of a person, it is, in essence, subject-object, represents a subjective reality as a whole. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge).

2. The resulting social knowledge is always associated with the interests of individuals-subjects of knowledge. Social cognition directly affects the interests of people.

3. Social knowledge is always loaded with evaluation, this is valuable knowledge. Natural science is instrumental through and through, while social science is the service of truth as a value, as truth; natural science - "truths of the mind", social science - "truths of the heart".

4. The complexity of the object of knowledge - society, which has a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social patterns is difficult, and open social laws are of a probabilistic nature. Unlike natural science, predictions are impossible (or very limited) in social science.

5. Since social life is changing very quickly, in the process of social cognition we can talk about establishing only relative truths.

6. The possibility of using this method is limited. scientific knowledge like an experiment. The most common method of social research is scientific abstraction; the role of thinking is exceptionally great in social cognition.

To describe and understand social phenomena allows the correct approach to them. This means that social cognition should be based on the following principles.

– consider social reality in development;

- to study social phenomena in their diverse connections, in interdependence;

- to identify the general (historical patterns) and the special in social phenomena.

All human knowledge of society begins with the perception real facts economic, social, political, spiritual life - the basis of knowledge about society, people's activities.

Science Distinguishes the following types social facts.

For a fact to become scientific, it must be interpret(lat. interpretatio - interpretation, clarification). First of all, the fact is subsumed under some scientific concept. Further, all the essential facts that make up the event, as well as the situation (environment) in which it occurred, are studied, the diverse connections of the studied fact with other facts are traced.

Thus, the interpretation of a social fact is a complex multi-stage procedure for its interpretation, generalization, and explanation. Only an interpreted fact is a truly scientific fact. The fact presented only in the description of its features is just the raw material for scientific conclusions.

The scientific explanation of the fact is connected with its grade, which depends on the following factors:

– properties of the studied object (event, fact);

- correlation of the object under study with others, one ordinal, or ideal;

- cognitive tasks set by the researcher;

- the personal position of the researcher (or just a person);

- the interests of social group to which the researcher belongs.

Job Samples

Read the text and do the tasks C1‑C4.

“The specificity of the cognition of social phenomena, the specificity of social science is determined by many factors. And, perhaps, the main among them is society itself (man) as an object of knowledge. Strictly speaking, this is not an object (in the natural-scientific sense of the word). The fact is that social life is permeated through and through with the consciousness and will of a person, it is, in essence, subject-object, representing, on the whole, subjective reality. It turns out that the subject here cognizes the subject (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge). Natural-scientific methods, however, cannot be done. Natural science embraces and can master the world only in an objective way (as an object-thing). It really deals with situations where the object and the subject are, as it were, different sides barricades and therefore so distinguishable. Natural science turns the subject into an object. But what does it mean to turn a subject (a person, after all, in the final analysis) into an object? This means killing the most important thing in him - his soul, making him some kind of lifeless scheme, a lifeless structure.<…>The subject cannot become an object without ceasing to be itself. The subject can only be known in a subjective way - through understanding (and not an abstract general explanation), feeling, survival, empathy, as if from the inside (and not detachedly, from the outside, as in the case of an object).<…>

Specific in social science is not only the object (subject-object), but also the subject. Everywhere, in any science, passions boil, without passions, emotions and feelings there is not and cannot be a human search for truth. But in social science their intensity is perhaps the highest ”(Grechko P.K. Social science: for applicants to universities. Part I. Society. History. Civilization. M., 1997. P. 80–81.).

C1. Based on the text, indicate the main factor that determines the specifics of the knowledge of social phenomena. What, according to the author, are the features of this factor?

Answer: The main factor that determines the specifics of the cognition of social phenomena is its object - society itself. Features of the object of knowledge are associated with the uniqueness of society, which is permeated with the consciousness and will of a person, which makes it a subjective reality: the subject cognizes the subject, i.e., cognition turns out to be self-knowledge.

Answer: According to the author, the difference between social science and natural science lies in the difference between the objects of knowledge, its methods. So, in social science, the object and subject of cognition coincide, but in natural science they are either divorced or differ significantly, natural science is a monological form of knowledge: the intellect contemplates a thing and speaks about it, social science is a dialogic form of knowledge: the subject as such cannot be perceived and studied as a thing, for as a subject it cannot, while remaining a subject, become mute; in social science, cognition is carried out, as it were, from within, in natural science - from the outside, detached, with the help of abstract general explanations.

C3. Why does the author believe that in social science the intensity of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest? Give your explanation and give, based on the knowledge of the social science course and the facts of social life, three examples of the “emotionality” of the knowledge of social phenomena.

Answer: The author believes that in social science the intensity of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest, since there is always a personal relationship of the subject to the object, a vital interest in what is known. As examples of the "emotionality" of the knowledge of social phenomena can be given: supporters of the republic, studying the forms of the state, will seek confirmation of the advantages of the republican system over the monarchical one; monarchists will pay special attention to proving the shortcomings of the republican form of government and the merits of the monarchical; The world-historical process has been considered in our country for a long time from the point of view of the class approach, etc.

C4. The specificity of social cognition, as the author notes, is characterized by a number of features, two of which are disclosed in the text. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, indicate any three features of social cognition that are not reflected in the fragment.

Answer: As examples of the features of social cognition, the following can be given: the object of cognition, which is society, is complex in its structure and is in constant development, which makes it difficult to establish social patterns, and open social laws are of a probabilistic nature; in social cognition, the possibility of using such a method is limited scientific research as an experiment; in social cognition, the role of thinking, its principles and methods is exceptionally great (for example, scientific abstraction); since social life changes rather quickly, then in the process of social cognition one can speak of the establishment of only relative truths, etc.

What does social science study?

The object of study of social science is society. Society is a very complex system that obeys various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies any one side of the development of society: the economy, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science - a generalizing name for the sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science - phenomenon of objective reality, which is studied by science.

The subject of science - A person, a group of persons, cognizing an object.

The sciences are divided into three groups.

Science:

Exact sciences	Natural Sciences	Public (humanitarian)
Mathematics, computer science, logic and others	Chemistry, physics, biology, astronomy and others	Philosophies, economics, sociology and others

Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).

The main difference between the social sciences and the humanities:

	Social Sciences	Humanitarian sciences
The main object of study	Society

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past according to material sources.

Economy- the science of the economic activity of society.

Story- the science of the past of mankind.

Culturology- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology- the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right - a set of laws and rules of conduct in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life, culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of the development of society.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics - the science of beauty.

Sciences study societies narrow and broad sense.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. The historical stage in the development of mankind (feudal society, slave-owning society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Association of people for any purpose (club of animal lovers, society of soldiers

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Ways of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broadest sense - part of the material world, isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes the ways of interaction between people and the forms of their unification.

Society (as well as a person) can be studied from different positions, and therefore a number of scientific disciplines. Society is an object of study for philosophy, history, anthropology, ethnology, sociology, political science, cultural studies, jurisprudence and economics, which, from the positions of their characteristic general scientific and special methods engaged in the study of certain of its aspects that form the subject of study of these scientific disciplines.

Philosophy. Philosophy studies society from the point of view of its essence: structure, ideological foundations, the ratio of spiritual and material factors in it. Since it is society that generates, develops and transmits meanings, the philosophy that explores meanings pays central attention to society and its problems. Any philosophical research necessarily touches on the topic of society, since human thought always unfolds in a social context that predetermines its structure.

The philosophical approach to society depends on the positions taken by this or that philosopher: in accordance with these positions, the definition of society, its typology, and methods of studying it change.

Philosophy provides the deepest knowledge about society, connected with the comprehension of its nature, patterns, foundations. These content aspects of society as phenomena are called « philosophical aspects social science".

Story. History examines the progressive development of societies, giving a description of the phases of their development, structure, structure, features and characteristics. Various schools historical knowledge focus on different aspects of history. The focus of the classical historical school is religion, culture, worldview, the social and political structure of society, a description of the periods of its development and the most important events and actors public history.

Anthropology. Anthropology - literally, "the science of man" - as a rule, explores archaic societies in which it seeks to find the key to understanding more advanced cultures.

The anthropological method of studying society consists in a thorough study of myths, legends, rituals, everyday behavior, habits, gestures and even prejudices of its members, as well as the most ancient social institutions.

In a broad sense, "anthropology" can be called any field of study that takes the person as such as the main object of study.

Ethnology. Closely adjacent to anthropology is ethnology, which examines the structure, history and development of ethnic groups. Here, the main object of study is not only "primitive societies", but also other social forms created by ethnic groups on different stages development.
Ethnology describes value systems, origins, phases of historical formation, linguistic identity, economic structure and systems of religious and mythological beliefs of ethnic groups.

Sociology. Sociology is a discipline whose main object is society itself, studied as a holistic phenomenon.
Society in sociology is considered to be the instance where the type of rationality, the idea of a person, and the worldview are formed.

In a broad sense, sociology seeks to study society as an independent object and merges in many ways with philosophy.

Political science. Political science studies society in its political dimension, exploring the development and change of power systems and institutions of society, the transformation political system states, change of political ideologies.

Culturology. Cultural studies considers society as a cultural phenomenon. In this perspective, social content manifests itself through the culture generated and developed by society. Society in cultural studies is the subject of culture and at the same time the field in which cultural creativity unfolds and in which cultural phenomena are interpreted. Culture, understood in a broad sense, embraces the totality of social values that create a collective portrait of the identity of each particular society.

Jurisprudence. Jurisprudence primarily considers social relations in legal aspect, which they acquire, being fixed in legislative acts. Legal systems and institutions reflect prevailing trends community development, combine the worldview, political, historical, cultural and value orientations of society. The study of legal norms and laws, as a rule, enshrined in documentary regulations, helps to better understand the structures of societies. It is legal documents that are often preserved from ancient societies, which led to the creation of a common practice historical reconstruction social systems and institutions on the basis of preserved legal and legislative acts.

Economy. Economics studies the economic structure of various societies, explores the influence economic activity on social institutions, structures and relationships.

social science generalizes the approaches of all social disciplines. The discipline "Social Science" contains elements of all the above scientific disciplines that help to understand and correctly interpret the main social meanings, processes and institutions. Philosophy, history, political science, cultural studies, jurisprudence, economics, and ethnology participate in Social Science as a discipline. All of them consider society from different points of view, and the totality

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Books

Social and natural sciences in the historical relationship of their methods, . Social and natural sciences in the historical relationship of their methods, essays on the history and methodology of the social sciences. Scientific notes of the Imperial Moscow University. Department…

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The social sciences are at the center of their attention. Society. Social Sciences. Classification of social sciences

Topic 7. Social and humanitarian knowledge

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