home Social science The development of tourism in the world briefly. History of international tourism. Briefly about the history of tourism in the world and in Russia. The development of travel in ancient civilizations

The development of tourism in the world briefly. History of international tourism. Briefly about the history of tourism in the world and in Russia. The development of travel in ancient civilizations

The first part tells about the history of the development of tourism, travel and various modes of transport; the conceptual and terminological apparatus characterizing tourism is considered; reveals the economic significance of the tourism industry, its impact on the economy of the region, the country.

Particular attention is paid to the development of domestic, national, tourism. In this regard, the characteristics of the existing material and technical base of tourism in Russia and the analysis of the current state of the main segments of the tourism industry are relevant. Russian Federation: transport network, hotel and restaurant enterprises, various tourist organizations.

Tourism is a major sector of the economy. All developed countries of the world have long been interested in its development. In the global economy, tourism has taken a leading position, competing only with oil production.

The rapid development of electronic computing technology worldwide and the introduction of automation in tourism make it also a sphere of international information technologies and processes.

The role of international, regional and national tourism organizations is great, which contribute to the development of world tourism and pursue a protectionist policy within individual countries and regions.

Great influence from social point tourism also has a view on the regions: thanks to the development of tourism, hundreds of thousands of jobs are created, communication systems are developing, the culture and literacy of the local population is increasing, etc. And in a number of regions remote from industrial and cultural centers, only he alone can perform these functions.

An analysis of the current state of tourism in many countries makes it possible to understand that the development of tourism should be accompanied by efforts to promote programs of domestic, national, tourism. Within each country, domestic tourism, through the redistribution of national income, contributes to the stable position of the national economy, a deeper awareness of common interests and the development of activities that are favorable for the country's economy as a whole.

National and international tourism activities are an integral part of the necessary transformations, which are based on the full and harmonious development of the individual, the human right to respect for his dignity and individuality, respect moral values peoples.

Since tourism is one of the most labor-intensive activities and acts as a regulator of employment, an important role is played by professional education in tourism. Given such characteristics of the tourism market as dynamic volatility, the emergence of new trends and ways of doing business, it is important to teach tourism professionals to navigate the conjuncture and dynamics of the tourism market. Only an educated, properly trained specialist is able to create a competitive product and sell it in the tourist services market.

basis of many teaching aids in tourism, as a rule, is foreign experience. Undoubtedly, the positive experience of foreign countries should be taken into account in the process of studying various aspects of tourism activities. However, it is still necessary to rely on the experience of domestic tourist organizations.

This part contains a systematic presentation of the definitions and problems of tourism, which is necessary for students of tourism universities and colleges. It presents both the fundamental principles of tourism and the main components of the tourism industry. A special place is given to the consideration of the infrastructure of the tourism industry in the Russian Federation, the development of its transport network, aviation, road, rail and water transport. As components of the tourism infrastructure, the spheres of the hotel, restaurant business and entertainment industry, their place in the Russian tourist market are considered. An analysis of the prospects for Russian tourism in the framework of the business of tours and transtours is given, since in modern conditions it is in this area of tourism that there is a sharp competition. ""

Particular attention should be paid to the available statistical data that allow us to analyze the current state of the Russian tourist market.

Chapter 1. History of tourism development

Mass tourism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, as it acquired modern look mainly due to cars and jet-powered aircraft. However, people have traveled since time immemorial, mainly to avoid hunger or danger. The remains of the first humans (Homo erectus) were found in Western Europe, Africa, China and Java. This fact indicates the remarkable ability of ancient people to travel long distances without any means of transportation. The invention of money by the Phoenicians and the development of trade, which began in the 4th millennium BC. e., can be defined as the beginning of the modern era of travel. The Phoenicians also invented writing and the wheel, so they can rightly be considered the founders of the "tourist business".

§ 1. The first travelers

Inhabitants of Oceania. Among the very first were travels across Oceania. Small shuttle canoes, no more than 40 feet long, were used to travel from the South East Asia through Micronesia and the Pacific Ocean to the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and the United Islands. In 500 BC. e. Polynesians from the United Islands traveled over 2,000 miles to Hawaii. Navigation was carried out by observing the location of the sun and stars, ocean disturbances, clouds and bird flights. Resupply problem remains unsolved fresh water and food.

Inhabitants of the Mediterranean. In an ancient cradle Western civilization travel for the purposes of trade, commerce, religious, medical treatment or education has been made for a long time. AT Old Testament there are numerous references to the journeys of merchants on caravans.

In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists (Herodotus, 5th century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas, 4th century BC) went on long journeys.

Starting from 776 BC. e. Every year, thousands of sports fans and art lovers flocked to the Olympic Games not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean countries. The construction of special large houses, which could accommodate and relax athletes and spectators, also belongs to this period.

The geographical data on various countries that had accumulated by the beginning of our era were most fully described by the ancient geographers Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Ancient Rome contributed to the history of tourism: wealth, abundance and the vast territories of the empire were the paramount components necessary for tourism. The Romans built a magnificent network of roads along which they could travel over 100 miles a day on horseback to view the famous temples in the Mediterranean region, especially the pyramids and monuments of Egypt. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, for Romans from wealthy families, a trip to Greece was often associated with the need to supplement their education. Later, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertaining character: the country attracted tourists with festivals, athletic competitions and other types of entertainment and entertainment. The movement of wealthy travelers required the appropriate organization of their vacation. Especially willingly visited places with warm mineral springs.

Back in the 1st century BC e. in the Roman Empire, state inns arose, located from each other at a distance of one day's ride on a horse. They were located in cities and on the main roads along which couriers and civil servants passed from Rome, as far as Asia Minor and Gaul.

During the reign of Alexander the Great (from 334 BC), the city of Ephesus in Turkey became an important trading center and one of the main cities in ancient world, where tourists flocked to admire the acrobats, jugglers, wizards that crowded its streets.

However, the decline of the Roman Empire (I century AD) was accompanied by the decline of tourism. The flow of wealthy travelers declined, roads fell into disrepair, the country began to fill with bandits, thieves who made travel unsafe. During the following centuries and until the middle of the 15th century, the main type of travel was the pilgrimage of Europeans who traveled to the holy places of the continent.

Europeans. The largest movement of people in medieval Europe happened at the time crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and the merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the destitute. Representatives of the privileged classes made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. However, despite the different goals of campaigns and travels, they all objectively expanded the geographical knowledge of man. Detailed descriptions the rivers, seas, continents and countries they saw were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and others.

The prerequisites were created for the great geographical discoveries the end of the 15th - the second half of the 17th century, the number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map was steadily declining.

Americans. In the 16th century, a huge continent North America explored by the Spaniards, who used horses for their travels.

The first American travels around the country were carried out on foot or on horseback, later small boats and canoes began to be used. As roads were built, mail-coach travel began to spread. The construction of railroads throughout the country led to an even greater popularity of travel. In 1850, the American Express Company was founded, which pioneered the use of travelers checks (1891) and various tourist services.

One of the most important events In the history of American travel are the trips made during the Second World War: more than 12 million Americans served the armed forces from 1941 to 1945.

§ 2. Geographical discoveries of Russian sailors and travelers

A significant contribution to the study of little-known regions, countries and continents was made by Russian navigators and travelers. In 1639, the shores of the Pacific Ocean were reached. Ivan Moskvitin was the first to cross Siberia and reach the Sea of Okhotsk. In 1643-1646. journey from Yakutsk to the Pacific coast was made by V. D. Poyarkov. In 1648 Semyon Dezhnev passed by sea from the mouth of the Kolyma through the strait between Asia and America at the mouth of the Anadyr River. In 1697 V. T. Atlasov discovered Kamchatka, and in 1711 the Russians visited the Kuril Islands.

In 1732, the expedition of Ivan Fedorov landed on the shores of Alaska near Cape Prince of Wales. During the journey of V. Bering (1725-1743), the Aleutian Islands, Bering Island, the northwestern shores of America were discovered, a path was laid through the strait between Asia and America, a survey was made of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka, the Kuril Islands and the northern part of Japan . Among the names of the remarkable Russian travelers of the XVIII century. - V. Prochischev, D. L. Ovtsyn, D. Ya. Laptev and Kh. P. Laptev, S. I. Chelyuskin, S. P. Krashennikov. "Russian Columbus" is called G. I. Shelikhov.

By the beginning of the XIX century. basically completed the process of discovery of inhabited continents. All the major rivers, large lakes are mapped, the main features of the reliefs of inhabited territories are established.

In the XIX and XX centuries. the subpolar spaces were mastered, land surveys of the little-studied interior regions of the Asian continent and oceanographic surveys were carried out. For Russian travelers, the beginning of the XIX century. was marked by the first around the world travel undertaken by captains N. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky (1803-1804), who opened in pacific ocean new islands. Navigators M. P. Lazarev, F. F. Bellingshausen visited Australia, Polynesia and discovered Antarctica (1821). Traveler N. N. Miklukho-Maclay studied in detail New Guinea(70s of the 19th century), Russian researchers made a huge contribution to the development of Central Asia. They penetrated here through the Tien Shan, the Pamirs and Mongolia. An outstanding place in the study of this region belongs to P. P. Semenov-Tyan-shansky and N. M. Przhevalsky.

By the beginning of the XX century. Russian travelers and navigators mastered one-sixth of the land surface occupied by Russia, explored many border geographical regions and vast expanses of Asia, all the coasts of Europe and Asia: from the Varanger Fjord to Korea, the coasts of a significant part of North America, made a number of remarkable discoveries in other areas the globe.

§ 3. First sights

Since ancient times, sights have been the main goal of tourists. Many of us have heard of the seven wonders of the world, which include:

1. Ancient Egyptian pyramids, including the Sphinx (the only miracle that has survived to this day);
2. hanging gardens Semiramis in Babylon (now Iraq);
3. Mausoleum in Halicarnassus (Turkey);
4. Statue of Zeus in Olympia (Greece);
5. Statue of Gimos, the so-called Colossus of Rhodes (the island of Rhodes, adjacent to Greece);
6. Lighthouse in Alexandria (Egypt);
7. Temple of Artemis, or Temple of Diana, in Ephesus (Turkey).

Famous world attractions also include:

Taj Mahal (India);
- The great Wall of China; city of Petra (Jordan);
- giant pictograms (Peru);
- the ruins of Mashu Pieshu (Peru);
- a complex of Buddhist temples Borobudur (Java island).

As in ancient times they traveled to see the wonders of the world, so modern tourists travel to see the wonders of nature: the Grand Canyon, Niagara Falls, national parks, oceans, lakes, as well as man-made wonders: great cities, museums, monuments.

§ 4. The first travel agencies

In 1822, Robert Smart from Bristol (Great Britain) announced himself as the first shipping agent. He began registering passengers for steamships plying the Bristol Canal, as well as for Dublin (Ireland).

In 1841, Thomas Cook organized a mass walk (570 people) from Lancaster to Longoborug by train, at a price of 1 shilling per passenger. It was the first publicly advertised sightseeing train, and Cook is the first agent for sightseeing trains. Since 1847, Cook's company began to distribute special tickets for travel and excursions not only within England, but also abroad. In 1863, Cook organized a large tourist trip to Switzerland, in 1868 - to North America. Currently, Cook's company remains one of the largest tourism organizations in the world.

Thomas Bennett, an Englishman who served as a secretary to the British consul in Oslo, Norway, was the first specialist in the organization of individual exclusive trips. While in this position, Bennett organized individual theater tours to Norway. Since 1850, he began to call himself a "trip organizer" and provided individual tourists with routes, transport, food and tourist equipment, agreed in advance on horses and hotel rooms for clients.

§ 5. First organized excursions

At the end of the 17th and the first half of the 18th century. under the influence of the ideas of the great educators, short excursions and walking tours for students are beginning to be practiced in some educational institutions in Europe. They were carried out in order to ensure visibility and objectivity in the system of education and upbringing according to the method of the famous Polish teacher Jan Amos Comenius.

The beginning of excursion activity in our country was laid in the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the Society of Natural Science Lovers was actively working, which had its own organizations in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Tiflis and other cities of Russia. In 1902-1909. the Caucasian Mining Society (Pyatigorsk) operated. In 1905, one of the first domestic excursion institutions, the Yalta excursion bureau of the Crimean-Caucasian mountain club, was created. Since 1899, the Pedagogical Society in Moscow had a commission for organizing general educational excursions for students of gymnasiums, commercial and real schools and schools, which also coordinated the activities of the Central Excursion Commission for the Moscow Educational District.

The development of excursion activities was accompanied by the opening of historical, cultural and natural history monuments, ensembles, museums, as well as various exhibitions. This was facilitated by the initiative activity of scientific societies, representatives of the democratically minded intelligentsia. In 1872 the Polytechnical Museum was opened in Moscow, in 1873 the Historical Museum was founded.

In the second half of the XIX century. Mountain travel is gaining popularity in Russia. In 1877, the country's first alpine club was organized under the Caucasian Society of Natural Science in Tiflis. Created in 1890 in Odessa, the Crimean Mountain Club opens its branches in Yalta and Sevastopol. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX century. many scientific and amateur societies began to pay attention to the development of tourism, in particular the Russian Geographical Society, the Society of Natural Science Lovers, the St. Petersburg Society of Public Universities, etc.

The spread of excursions, mountain climbing, hiking and cycling, attention to tourism and excursions of many educational institutions, organizations, scientific and professional societies, the desire of the Russian intelligentsia to use travel, movement and educational excursions to educate the people created the prerequisites for uniting lovers of tourism and excursions in specialized organizations. So, in 1895, the Russian Society of Tourists (Russian Touring Club) was created, and in 1901, the Russian Mining Society. Both societies were leading tourist organizations until 1917.

§ 6. The first accommodation establishments

The emergence of the first enterprises in the hotel industry is associated with Ancient Rome (approximately 50 BC). In the vast Roman Empire, there were many officials and merchants who often had to travel on business. To accommodate them, inns began to be built, located along the main roads in cities and villages.

With the decline of the Roman Empire (1st century AD), inns and taverns that lost their clientele went bankrupt. Only four centuries later, in the Middle Ages, with the development of trade and travel, accommodation enterprises began to revive.

The rapid development of the European economy during the Renaissance, the emergence of new crafts, the expansion of trade between countries - all this also contributed to the growing need for inns.

The British, traveling through Europe or moving to America, brought with them the experience of building and managing taverns and inns, which laid the foundation for the modern hotel industry.

Federal Agency for Education and Science of the Russian Federation

TEST

on discipline :

« History of tourism and resort planning »

on this topic: "The history of the development of tourism in Russia: the main stages"

Introduction

1. The value of tourism. The history of development

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

2.2 Main stages of tourism development in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Thomas Cook founded the world's first travel company early XIX centuries. However, it took almost 150 years for tourism to become a powerful, well-organized movement.

The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The tourism industry is one of the top three export industries, second only to the oil and automotive industries.

The development of the tourism industry represents a vast job market. Currently, every fifteenth person on the planet works in the field of hotel and tourism business.

Tourism can be seen as a factor in improving the quality of life. In this case, tourism activity is associated not only with a direct economic effect in the form of additional income, the creation of new jobs, infrastructure development, but also with the impact of tourism on the socio-psychological state of a person, improving his health and well-being.

The following periods are mainly distinguished: 1. Tourism before late XVIII centuries - the prehistory of tourism. a) tourism in antiquity; b) tourism during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; c) tourism in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2. Tourism of the early XIX - early XX centuries. – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourist services. 3. Tourism at the beginning of the 20th century. - before the Second World War - the beginning of the formation of social tourism 4. Tourism after the Second World War - modern stage- mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an intersectoral complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

1. The value of tourism. The history of development

The importance and role of tourism in our time for the development of the economy of states, the satisfaction of individual needs, the mutual enrichment of social ties between countries cannot be overestimated. The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The number of tourist trips worldwide is approaching 600 million, according to the forecasts of the World Tourism Organization (WTO) by 2010 it will reach 937 million. It should be taken into account that the entire population of the planet is 6 billion people.

Such a concept as "tourism" has ancient roots and its own history. Approaches to describing the history of tourism are ambiguous. So, J. Walker in the book "Introduction to Hospitality" identifies "five eras of tourism": the pre-industrial period (until 1840); the age of the railroads; car age; the age of jet airliners; century of cruises on sea liners. Thus, he connects the evolution of relations in the field of tourism primarily with the development of means of transport. A similar point of view regarding the history of tourism is expressed by the Polish researcher I. Jedrzejczyk, citing a taxonomy, according to which the following phases are distinguished in the tourist movement:

1. early historical phase - before 1850;

2. initial phase - from 1850 to 1914;

3. development phase - from 1914 to 1945;

4. phase of mass tourism - after 1945

In my opinion, all approaches to the history of tourism cannot be taken as an absolute truth. Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon and in different historical periods was formed under the influence of a certain group of factors. So, if in the Middle Ages spiritual factors were important components of tourism - religiosity, the desire for education, which stimulated pilgrimage, the emergence of "knowledge walkers", then other factors are currently operating, in particular, socio-economic ones (increasing welfare, the availability of free time), demographic (growth in average life expectancy, urbanization).

Thus, the history of tourism is a long multifaceted process that was impossible, on the one hand, without the formation of the basic elements of this industry, on the other hand, without the action of a certain group of socio-economic factors at each stage of historical development.

The basic elements of tourism development include: the great geographical discoveries, expeditions, which gave an idea of modern tourism resources, the evolution of accommodation facilities; the evolution of means of transport.

The socio-economic factors stimulating the development of tourism were individual at each historical stage. In ancient times, travel was the lot of the aristocracy, which made trips for medical, sports, and educational purposes. In the Middle Ages, religion was a powerful factor in stimulating travel. Pilgrimage and travel for knowledge became an important feature of this era. The great geographical discoveries, the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the industrial revolution paved the way for the development of tourism in modern times. The era of modern tourism dates back to 1841, when the legendary Thomas Cook organized a mass trip "for the purpose of walking", in which 600 people took part.

Tourism, which arose and developed as an objective social need, gradually established itself as one of the important means of educating people. Three stages can be traced in its development: the formation of prerequisites for organized group (collective) hikes and travels; approval of campaigns as a means of education; the formation and subsequent development of tourism as a socio-social phenomenon that successfully contributes to the integrated solution of educational, educational, recreational and sports tasks.

The emergence of prerequisites for organized hikes and travels is apparently associated with early periods the history of mankind, when tribes or entire clans were forced to make long transitions in search of the most optimal conditions for existence. According to historians, tribes and clans even singled out special scouts for new habitats.

In a later period of the development of society, the skills and abilities of people to make long and high-speed transitions through hard-to-reach places began to play an important military role. In the future, there is a public need for special expeditions to study the flora and fauna of remote areas of the globe, the cultural values of individual nationalities, the search for minerals, and the refinement of geographical ideas about the Earth.

Probably, what has been said served as the initial objective prerequisites for the emergence and subsequent development of organized hikes and travels that met the needs of social labor and industrial relations of people.

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

The emergence of tourism in the vast territory of our country is rooted in ancient times and the Middle Ages. The history of the development of tourism in Russia can be quite correlated with the periodization of the history of world tourism, adding to this the division within certain stages into certain sub-stages, taking into account the specifics of the development of the Russian economy.

The geographical position of Russia, located at the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East, from ancient times ensured stable international relations, which were the basis for various kinds of contacts. With the adoption of Christianity, these contacts were further strengthened by representatives of the church, translators, copyists of books, etc., who came from Byzantium, and trade relations expanded. Russian merchants had their trading rows in the most different countries. Numerous pilgrims traveled to holy places.

In the years 1422-1472, Nikitin's famous travels "going beyond the three seas" took place, to find new markets. Passed Persia, India, and on the way back Somalia, the African coast. Nikitin wrote everything down, he noticed everything.

Peter I played a huge role in the development of Russian travel. Peter I sent people not only on business trips, but also for educational purposes. Peter punished: "look, see and write down." Peter traveled to Italy, England, Holland, he traveled not only for educational and recreational purposes, but also forced others to travel and be treated. Peter became the founder of balneological tourism. The first resort that Peter created was named after the god of war and iron Mars, "Marcial Waters". In the 18th century, travel became an important part of the life of secular society. The nobles traveled all over the world. In those days it was prestigious to visit Europe and the East. Travel was a means to snatch a person from his Everyday life, broaden your horizons, master the language.

Until the middle of the 19th century, travel was not an end in itself in Europe and Russia. Travel pursued trade, educational, medical, cognitive, missionary and religious purposes. At the beginning of the 19th century, excursion activities began.

Tourism and the hotel base have turned into a "service industry", which, in combination with the "entertainment industry", has become a source of large income, profit. The modern "hospitality industry" includes hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, gambling houses, casinos, health centers.

In Russia, inns, the forerunners of the first hotels, appeared in the XII-XIII centuries. In them, the messengers rested and changed horses. These inns - "pits", as they were called, were located one from the other at a distance of a horse crossing.

History of tourism development

Tourism is a large sector of the economy. All developed countries of the world have long been interested in its development. In the global economy, tourism has taken a leading position, competing only with oil production.

The rapid development throughout the world of electronic computing and the introduction of automation in tourism make it also a sphere of international information technologies and processes.

From a social point of view, tourism also has a great impact on the regions: due to the development of tourism, hundreds of thousands of jobs appear, communication systems develop, the culture and literacy of the local population increase, etc. And in a number of regions remote from industrial and cultural centers, only he one and can perform these functions.

The use of photographs on other sites and in printed publications is prohibited.

Since tourism is one of the most labor-intensive activities and acts as a regulator of employment, an important role is given to vocational education in tourism. Given such characteristics of the tourism market as dynamic volatility, the emergence of new trends and ways of doing business, it is important to teach tourism professionals to navigate the conjuncture and dynamics of the tourism market. Only an educated, properly trained specialist is able to create a competitive product and sell it in the tourist services market.

The basis of many teaching aids on tourism, as a rule, is foreign experience. Undoubtedly, the positive experience of foreign countries should be taken into account in the process of studying various aspects of tourism activities. However, it is still necessary to rely on the experience of domestic tourist organizations.

Photo active, adventure, health tours

Particular attention should be paid to the available statistical data to analyze state of the art tourist market in Russia.

History of tourism development

Mass tourism is a phenomenon of the 20th century, as it acquired a modern look mainly due to cars and jet-powered aircraft. However, people have traveled since time immemorial, mainly to avoid hunger or danger. The remains of the first humans (Homo erectus) have been found in Western Europe, Africa, China and Java. This fact indicates the remarkable ability of ancient people to travel long distances without any means of transportation. The invention of money by the Phoenicians and the development of trade, which began in the 4th millennium BC. e., can be defined as the beginning of the modern era of travel. The Phoenicians also invented writing and the wheel, so they can rightly be considered the founders of the "tourist business".

The first travelers

Inhabitants of Oceania. Among the very first were travels across Oceania. Small shuttle canoes, no more than 40 feet long, were used to travel from Southeast Asia across Micronesia and the Pacific to the Marquis Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and the United Islands. In 500 BC. e. Polynesians from the United Islands traveled over 2,000 miles to Hawaii. Navigation was carried out by observing the location of the sun and stars, ocean disturbances, clouds and bird flights. The problem of replenishing fresh water and food remains unsolved.

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Inhabitants of the Mediterranean. In the ancient cradle of Western civilization, travel for the purposes of trade, commerce, religious, medical treatment or education has been made for a long time. In the Old Testament, there are numerous references to the journeys of merchants on caravans.

In order to study new territories, ancient Greek scientists (Herodotus, 5th century BC) and researchers from other countries (Pytheas, 4th century BC) went on long journeys.

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During the reign of Alexander the Great (from 334 BC), the city of Ephesus in Turkey became an important trading center and one of the main cities in the ancient world, where tourists flocked to admire the acrobats, jugglers, magicians who crowded its streets.

Europeans. The most massive movement of people in medieval Europe took place during the Crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Following them, priests and pilgrims moved to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the destitute. Representatives of the privileged classes made trips to healing springs in the Middle Ages. However, despite the different goals of campaigns and travels, they all objectively expanded the geographical knowledge of man. Detailed descriptions of the rivers, seas, continents and countries they saw were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and others.

Prerequisites were created for the great geographical discoveries of the end of the 15th - the second half of the 17th century, the number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map was steadily declining.

Americans. In the 16th century, the vast continent of North America was explored by the Spaniards, who used horses for their travels.

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One of the most important events in the history of American travel is the travel made during World War II: more than 12 million Americans served in the armed forces from 1941 to 1945.

Geographical discoveries of Russian navigators and travelers

By the beginning of the XIX century. basically completed the process of discovery of inhabited continents. All major rivers were traversed and explored in their entirety or in most of their course, large lakes were mapped, and the main features of the reliefs of inhabited territories were established.

In the XIX and XX centuries. the subpolar spaces were mastered, land surveys of the little-studied interior regions of the Asian continent and oceanographic surveys were carried out. For Russian travelers, the beginning of the XIX century. was marked by the first round-the-world voyages undertaken by captains N. F. Kruzenshtern and Yu. F. Lisyansky (1803-1804), who discovered new islands in the Pacific Ocean. Navigators M. P. Lazarev, F. F. Bellingshausen visited Australia, Polynesia and discovered Antarctica (1821). Traveler N. N. Miklukho-Maclay studied New Guinea in detail (70s of the XIX century), Russian researchers made a huge contribution to the development of Central Asia. They penetrated here through the Tien Shan, the Pamirs and Mongolia. An outstanding place in the study of this region belongs to P. P. Semenov-Tyan-shansky and N. M. Przhevalsky.

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First sights

Since ancient times, sights have been the main goal of tourists. Many of us have heard of the seven wonders of the world, which include:

1. Ancient Egyptian pyramids, including the Sphinx (the only miracle that has survived to this day);

2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon in Babylon (now Iraq);

3. Mausoleum in Halicarnassus (Turkey);

4. Statue of Zeus in Olympia (Greece);

5. Statue of Gimos, the so-called Colossus of Rhodes (the island of Rhodes, adjacent to Greece);

7. Temple of Artemis, or Temple of Diana, in Ephesus (Turkey).

Famous world attractions also include:

Taj Mahal (India);

The great Wall of China; city of Petra (Jordan);

Giant pictograms (Peru);

Ruins of Mashu Pieshu (Peru);

Complex of Buddhist temples Borobudur (Java island).

The first travel agencies

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The spread of excursions, mountain climbing, hiking and cycling, the attention to tourism and excursions of many educational institutions, organizations, scientific and professional societies, the desire of the Russian intelligentsia to use travel, movement and educational excursions to educate the people created the prerequisites for uniting lovers of tourism and excursions in specialized organizations. So, in 1895, a Russian society tourists (Russian Touring Club), and in 1901 - the Russian Mining Society. Both societies were leading tourist organizations until 1917.

The first accommodation establishments

The rapid development of the European economy during the Renaissance, the emergence of new crafts, the expansion of trade between countries - all this also contributed to the growing need for inns.

The British, traveling through Europe or moving to America, brought with them the experience of building and managing taverns and inns, which laid the foundation for the modern hotel industry.

History of transport development

Transport companies and organizations are one of the five main driving forces of the modern international tourism market.

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The main types of transport in tourism at present are: aviation, buses and cars, sea and river ships, railway trains.

The earliest modes of transport were: teams, boats and wheeled carts.

Bus transport. Postal carriages, invented in Hungary in the 15th century, were the forerunners of buses. The first buses were invented in England in 1830. They were designed to carry small groups of passengers, were driven by a steam engine and were called omnibuses. This word is rooted in Latin language where it meant "transport for all".

In 1885, an eight-seater bus with a single-cylinder engine with a capacity of 6 horsepower was built in Germany. By 1915, the bus had become an affordable public transport in many cities around the world. In the United States, the first bus of a classical design was built in 1922. In the postwar years, the bus industry began to develop rapidly and turned into a powerful independent industry. For buses, diesel and gasoline engines with a capacity of 200 horsepower or more began to be used. Buses were made of large capacity - up to 50 people. In England, the design of the double-decker bus was invented. By 1980, more than 3 million buses were in operation in the world. Giant bus companies appeared. Thus, the company "Greyhound" (USA) owned more than 12 thousand of the same type of comfortable passenger and tourist buses.

Water transport. The beginning of sea tourism can be attributed to the middle of the 19th century. The first reports of specially organized voyages of sea passenger ships for the purpose of recreation date back to 1835, when regular pleasure voyages between the northern islands of Britain and Iceland were announced in England. In 1837 the shipowning company "R&O" was founded.

aggravated at the beginning of the 20th century. competition forced shipowners to constantly improve the living conditions on the ship, cabin decoration and the entire passenger service system on the voyage, which quickly turned ships into highly comfortable floating hotels. In 1907, the transatlantic liners "Sirius", "Lusitania", "Mauritania" with a displacement of 30 thousand tons and a speed of 26 knots per hour were launched; in 1912 - "Titanic", 52 thousand tons; in 1914 - "Emperor" and "Vaterland", 50 thousand tons each, which crossed the ocean in almost a week. The Queen Mary began to make regular flights, the displacement of which was 80 thousand tons, and the speed was 30 knots per hour.

The history of Soviet maritime tourism begins in 1957, when the All-Union joint-stock company"Intourist" began to carry out sea trips from Odessa to Leningrad, around Europe on the leased passenger ships "Victory" and "Georgia", and on the "Peter the Great" - along the Black Sea for tourists from the socialist countries. In 1960, the first cruise with Soviet tourists was organized on the "Admiral Nakhimov" along the Crimean-Caucasian coast; in 1962 - on the ship "Grigory Ordzhonikidze" along the Far East coast for 20 days. In the same period, sea tourism began to develop in the Baltic.

Railway transport. The advent of railroads revolutionized travel. The extensive railroad networks of North America and Europe made railroad stations the hubs of nearby areas. The horse (as the most common means of transportation until 1830) could not be compared with the "iron horse" in speed and cost of transportation. The success of the railroads was immediate and spread far and wide.

The pioneer and largest company in the world, which has more than a century of history and is professionally engaged in railway tourism to this day, is the International Company of Wagons-Lit, founded by the Pullman brothers in 1872 in the USA.

In 1884, the "International Company of Wagon Lit and Grand Express of Europe" was founded for communication between the capitals European countries. FROM late XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century. this company built and put into operation almost all cool named routes, a significant part of which still exists today: "Orient Express" (1883), "Trans-siberien" (1898), "Train Bleu" (1922) .), "Golden Arrow" (1926). It was a "golden age" for Wagon-Lit. Train routes connected Paris with Istanbul, Moscow with Vladivostok, etc. In 1918, Russia nationalized more than 160 class cars that belonged to the company.

After the Second World War the company was reorganized and became known as "International Company of Wagon Lit & Tourism". She again restored her routes and began to create her own tourism industry associated with tourist railway routes - she took up the construction of hotels, restaurants, and the creation of travel agencies.

Russia has the largest railway system in the world, which is over a century and a half old. In 1913, the total operating length of Russian railways was 71.7 thousand km and ranked second in the world after the United States in terms of length. The first significant St. Petersburg-Moscow railway was put into operation in 1851, before it, in 1837, the St. Petersburg-Pavlovsk railway (27 km) was opened. In 1864, the Moscow railway opened - Nizhny Novgorod. Main railways were built in the central and southern regions of the European part of Russia. At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The Trans-Siberian Railway was laid (from Chelyabinsk to Vladivostok).

However, by the middle of the XX century. the intensity of rail transportation in the world is sharply reduced due to the increase in the number of cars and the development of air travel.

Automobile transport. Early 20th century associated with the emergence and development of a fundamentally new type of transport - road transport. Thus, in 1904 there were only 8,465 cars in England, and in 1914 their number reached 132,315. Cars entered the US tourist scene when, in 1908, Henry Ford introduced his famous Model "T". This relatively cheap car revolutionized travel in the country, created a demand for good roads. In 1920, the road network became accessible, leading to the dominance of running cars in the tourist industry. Today, the car is used in 84% of all international trips. Autotourists were the reason for the appearance of the first tourist sites (1920s), which later turned into motels.

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Aviation transport. Man has dreamed of flying since ancient times. One of the evidence for this is the legend of Daedalus and his son Icarus, who rose into the sky on wings of feathers fastened with wax.

The failure of attempts to get off the ground with the help of artificial wings did not stop the man. He tried to fly by jumping from a height. But each experiment ended in injury or death of the tester.

An unknown inventor undertook a flight on wings made of mica and leather (documentary evidence of this dates back to 1695), but, of course, he could not take off.

A scientific approach to solving the problems of flight became possible with the formation in the XVIII century. factory production, with the intensive development of science and technology. The developments of the great Russian scientist M. V. Lomonosov in the field of the air environment subsequently formed the basis of aerodynamics.

The creation of an aircraft lighter than air announced the opening of the era of aeronautics. The simplicity of the design of balloons contributed to the beginning practical work in this region. The first balloon flight was made in Moscow in 1805.

In 1852, the first flight took place on a steam-powered balloon built by the Frenchman A. Giffard.

At the beginning of the XIX century. English scientist and inventor D. Cayley built and tested a model of a glider, which until the beginning of the 20th century. remained the only type of aircraft heavier than air.

In Russia, the possibility of flying on a glider was first substantiated by N. A. Arendt in the 70-80s of the XIX century.

The development of the idea of an aircraft heavier than air with a fixed wing, the development of technology, caused by the formation of capitalism in Russia, contributed to the emergence of aircraft projects. Artillery officer N. A. Teleshov was the first in Russia and one of the first in the world to propose the use of a jet engine on an airplane (1867). In practice, the project was impossible, but it was of interest as a prototype of modern multi-seat passenger aircraft.

Models of the first fixed-wing aircraft were designed by the Russian inventor D. F. Mozhaisky. In 1882, the world's first aircraft took to the air.

In 1910, an aircraft designed by engineer A.S. Kudashev flew. Soon aircraft designed by Ya.M. Gakkel, I.I. Sikorsky and others.

Despite the significant success of Russian scientists, aviators, the tsarist government did not pay due attention to the development of its own air fleet. Russian pilots flew planes bought abroad.

Scheduled air travel first appeared in Germany. It was the route "Berlin - Leipzig - Weimar", and the carrier later became known as "Lufthansa".

Creation civil aviation Russia began after October revolution. In 1921, a decree "On air movements in the airspace over the territory of the RSFSR and its territorial waters" was signed. The first transport flights and international aviation communications began to develop.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs around the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom are waiting for you! And at the end of the route, the gentle waves of the Black Sea.

Through the mountains to the sea with a light backpack. Route 30 passes through the famous Fisht - this is one of the most grandiose and significant natural monuments in Russia, the highest mountains closest to Moscow. Tourists lightly pass all the landscape and climatic zones countries from the foothills to the subtropics, overnight stays in shelters.

Ancient Egypt was the center of world civilization. Nature itself contributed to navigation along the full-flowing Nile, which flows through the whole country from south to north. The Egyptians made a map of the part of the Nile they mastered, tracing its course for more than 2,000 km. Thanks to this, the Egyptians reached Nubia, located to the south of the country, and contacted the Mediterranean countries lying to the north and northeast (the islands of the Aegean Sea and the island of Crete).

From the central part of the country, the caravan route began, led to the Red Sea, and from there to the country of Punt. The ancient Egyptians called Punt (more precisely Puin) a country in East Africa, located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden. It is currently believed that this is the territory of modern Somalia and Yemen. The main export items from Punt were slaves, gold, ebony, ivory and aromatic resins from myrrh trees. On this caravan route, there were equipped places for rest and replenishment of food supplies.

Egyptian papyri testify that voyages to the country of Punt were made from the 4th millennium BC. during the reign of Pharaoh Assa, when the Egyptian commander Urudu made an aggressive campaign in these lands and brought dwarf slaves to Egypt (meaning the pygmies living there). Another Egyptian traveler Kirkuf reached not only the territory of Punt, but also went further, as evidenced by the inscriptions found in the vicinity of Aswan. The first historically proven Egyptian voyage to the country of Punt took place in the 26th century BC. under pharaoh Sahure.

But the most famous and almost completely preserved description of the journey is the journey of Sinuhet (in another transcription - Sinuhit), which took place approximately in 2000 - 1960. BC. These were the years of the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat I. Sinuhet undertook a journey to the country of Kedem, i.e. to the East. This story was written by an unknown author. The Egyptians loved to read it and copied it from papyrus to papyrus. Four pages of this papyrus are stored in Moscow in the Museum fine arts them. A.S. Pushkin. In 1915, Academician B.A. Turaev made the first scientific translation of the legend about the wanderings of Sinukhet from the ancient Egyptian language. FROM full version translation of this text can be found in the book "Ancient East", St. Petersburg, LLP "Respeks", 1998. With. 288 - 317.

River shipbuilding developed among the Egyptians very early. The frequent floods to which the country was subjected contributed to its development. On the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs there are images telling about the manufacture of boats from papyrus. On the monuments and walls of ancient temples, large river boats with gear, cabins and other attributes of a real ship are depicted.

Under the pharaohs of the XI dynasty, more than two thousand years BC, expeditions were repeatedly made to southern countries. The pharaohs of the XII Dynasty sent expeditions up the Nile. For example, Pharaoh Usertezen III ordered to place a boundary stone pillar in the upper reaches of the Nile with the inscription: "No one should cross this line either on foot or by water, heading north ...".

Information has been preserved that in 2750 BC. Egyptian Hannu led an expedition to the Red Sea coast for precious stones, ivory and aromatic resins. First voyage to mediterranean sea was carried out under Pharaoh Snefru in the XXVII century. BC. It is known from sources that the expedition was sent to the Phoenician city of Byblos. A century later, under Pharaoh Sahure, a flotilla was sent from the Nile Delta to Palestine and Syria, which brought wine, olive oil and Lebanese bears from these countries.

The ships were sometimes even placed in the burial chambers of the pharaohs. For example, a copy of a ship was found in the pyramid of Cheops, reproducing all the details in detail on a scale of 1: 100.

The fame of the fabulously rich country of Punt lived for centuries. Almost a thousand years after the journey of Sinuhet in 1493 BC, at the behest of Queen Hatshepsut, who lived in Thebes (now Luxor), a sea expedition consisting of five large thirty-oared ships set off for Punt. Travelers overcame 2,000 km along the Red Sea. This trip is considered to be one of the first trips with reconnaissance purposes.

The history of this journey is interesting. Queen Hatshepsut decided to plant on the terrace of the temple of Deir el-Bahri, built in honor of the god Amun in the west of Thebes, a tropical tree that emits an aromatic resin - myrrh. Such trees never grew in Egypt. Then the oracle of the god Amon ordered to gather an expedition to the country of Punt and bring aromatic trees from there.

Travelers bought 31 aromatic trees and returned safely to their homeland. In honor of this, bas-reliefs depicting fragments of the expedition were made on the walls of the Deir el-Bahri temple. Unfortunately, the trees could not take root in the dry climate of Egypt, which was not suitable for them, but the drawings on the walls of the temple have survived to this day. And although they are almost 3,500 years old, they amaze tourists with their liveliness and realism.

During the time of Hatshepsut, huge transport ships were also being built to transport 750-ton blocks to the holy city of Luxor.

Navigation has intensified contacts between countries. The necessary wood (for example, pine, cedar) was delivered from Syria and Lebanon. From the harbors of the Red Sea, ships were sent to the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, India, and there was also an intermediary trade with China. There was an active trade with the states East Africa, from where the pharaohs were brought gold, ivory, stone and faience products.

There was a very vague idea about the regions of equatorial Africa in ancient Egypt, because the Egyptians did not make long journeys to the south. Their trade routes ended near modern Khartoum, the capital of Sudan.

Travels and discoveries were made by all peoples of the world. Such centers of human civilization as China are no exception in this regard.

Civilization Ancient China originated in the middle of the II millennium BC. e. in the Juane river basin. By the end of the II millennium BC. The Chinese settled in East Asia, reaching the banks of the Amur in the north and the southern tip of the Indochinese Peninsula. In ancient China, spatial ideas about the surrounding world were also not limited to the borders of their country. Chinese travelers were well aware of the geography of China. The ancient Chinese sailed not only on their rivers, but also went out on their ships to the Pacific Ocean.

Already in the period of the Shan-Yin dynasty (XVII - XII centuries BC), the Chinese state had overseas colonies. You can learn about this from the Shan Odes, in one of the parts of the Book of Songs. In the XI century BC. during the ascension to the throne of one of the emperors of the Zhou dynasty, a ship was presented to him as a gift.

That sea voyages were integral part life of Ancient China, is evidenced by the fact that the ruler of the kingdom of Qi in the VI century BC. for six months sailed on a ship on the sea for research purposes. The Chinese philosopher Confucius spent over 13 years as an itinerant teacher.

In addition to merchant and pleasure ships, powerful warships also existed in ancient China. The chronicler reports a major naval battle between the kingdoms of Wu and Qi in 485 BC It is known that in these kingdoms there were special shipyards where military, civil ships, as well as ships for government officials and ambassadors were built.

To intensify trade in ancient China from the 7th century. BC. detailed geographical overviews were created, which can be considered as a prototype of a guidebook. They described not only natural conditions, but also economy, transport, etc.

During the Zhangguo era in China, pilgrimage was born and scientific tourism. The priests went to the Bohaiwan Bay (Yellow Sea) to the islands of Penglai and Yingzhou, where the elders lived, who owned the secret of immortality.

Another example of the deep knowledge of the Chinese in geography is the construction of the Great Chinese wall. Its construction, which began in the 4th c. BC, proves the excellent knowledge of the Chinese in the field physical geography. The wall ran clearly along the border separating the steppe regions, where the nomads lived, from the agricultural ones.

The intensity of travel in ancient China increased in the III century. BC. during the Han Dynasty. Two factors contributed to this: a) the presence of well-developed means of communication in the country, b) the liberalization of political life.

The most famous traveler of ancient China was Sima Qian. Three great journeys of Sima Qian are known, which were made in the period 125 - 120 BC

The first is to the southwest and northwest of China. Along the lower reaches of the Yellow River, Sima Qian passed through the valleys of the Huaihe and Yangtze rivers to Taihu Lake. Further, south of the Yangtze and through Zhejiang, he arrived in the last possession of China in the south, the province of Hunan. The way back passed along the Xiangjiang River, Dong-ting Lake, the lower reaches of the Yangtze and further north.

The second is the newly conquered areas in the southwest by China. Through Sichu-an and Yunnan province, Sima Qian reached the border of China with Burma.

The third is to the northwest along the Great Wall of China to the province of Gansu.

Sima Qian not only traveled, but also described his travels in detail. He is called "the father of Chinese historiography", in European literature "Chinese Herodotus". His "Historical Notes" were a kind of standard for subsequent historians. Sy-ma Qian describes in most detail the northern neighbors of China - the Huns, who in the 3rd century. BC. formed a tribal alliance. His writings also provide geographical information about China's southwestern neighbors, such as Korea.

The works of Sima Qian have been partially translated and published in European languages. The translation into Russian was made by N.Ya.Bichurin. It is contained in the "Collection of information about the peoples who lived in Central Asia in ancient times" (M., 1950). travel egypt china seafaring

One of the first Chinese travelers was Zhang Qian, who lived around the 2nd century BC. BC. and held a diplomatic post at the imperial court. He often traveled abroad on business. His travels are detailed by Sima Qian.

Zhang Qian was entrusted with concluding a military alliance between China and the nomadic Yuezhen tribe against the Huns. On this mission, Zhang Qian was captured by the Huns, where he spent 10 years. After he managed to escape from captivity, he went to the west, overcame the Central Tien Shan and went to Lake Issyk-Kul. There he learned that the Yuezhen had migrated to the Ferghana Valley. But even in the valley he did not find this tribe, since it migrated beyond the borders of Bactria, located along the middle course of the Amu Darya. Having gone there, Zhang Qian discovered this tribe, but he could not fulfill his mission, because by that time the tribe had conquered vast territories and was no longer able to wage new wars. Zhang Qian's way back ran through the Pamirs, the southern tip of Takla-Makan, Lake Lop Nor. On the border with China, he is again captured by the Huns. Only two years later he managed to escape from captivity and return to his homeland.

While traveling, Zhang Qian constantly kept notes. He described Bukhara, the valley of the Ili River, the steppes of Kyrgyzstan, the territory of modern Kazakhstan, located north of the Syr Darya. Zhang Qian's journey was of great economic importance. Chinese merchants rushed west along the route he had traveled. They penetrated not only Central Asia and to India, but also to the countries of Asia Minor and Palestine

Like other peoples, the ancient Chinese had geographical maps, which they compiled with great care. The oldest surviving maps date back to the Han Dynasty (168 BC). In the 70s. 20th century two maps made on silk were found. One of them is purely geographical, and the other is military. Scientific cartography begins with the encyclopedist Zhang Heng in the 2nd century BC. AD He was the first to create a geographical grid. And in the III century. AD In China, official standards for the production of maps had already been approved and there was a special bureau for the production of cartographic surveys. Card prints were made from wooden clichés.

The Chinese knew well the property of the magnetic needle. A ladle was cut from a piece of magnetite (natural magnetic iron ore), which was placed on a smooth stone surface. The handle of this bucket pointed south. This device was called "Sinan". In China, they also used a plumb line - a "shadow indicator" to determine the time of day. Moreover, the ancient Chinese had a geographical literature. The most famous books include "The Book of Rivers", "The Book of Seas and Mountains", "The Book of Chinese Geography".

The significance of China in the socio-cultural space of that time was enormous. In the chronicle of 166 BC. contains information about the visit of Chinese merchants to the Roman Empire and their meeting with Emperor Marcus Aurelius Anthony. Chinese merchants paved the way through Central Asia, the Middle East, Palestine to Ancient Rome, which gave rise to the "Great silk road". But China's closest trading partners were the peoples who inhabited the Indian subcontinent.

In the history of the development of world tourism, it is customary to distinguish four stages: before the beginning of the 19th century, the 19th century. - World War I, the period between the two world wars, after World War II (modern stage).

The first stage - before the start XIX century

The first stage is defined as the prehistory of tourism. The origins of tourism go back to the nomadic times of primitive people. The need for constant searches for food forced primitive people to memorize their routes, to navigate the terrain well. Movement was done on foot for a long time. Subsequently, animals began to be used as means of transportation: horses, camels, donkeys. Despite the fact that the first territorial movements were due to the need for the survival of peoples in harsh natural conditions, they formed travel skills, created the prerequisites for geographical discoveries, for travel with educational purposes.

If in primitive society a person had only some geographical ideas about territories, then during the period of slavery there was already a certain systematization of geographical discoveries. By the end of the XVIII century. thanks to the expeditions of travelers, most of the earth's surface, seas and oceans were discovered and explored, and the most important sea routes were laid.

For the 18th century characterized by the emergence of completely new travel goals - entertainment and outdoor recreation. From the second half of the XVIII century. France becomes the center of education. Foreigners and provincial Frenchmen of various classes constantly came to Paris in order to get an education. In the XVIII - early XIX century. among the young people of European countries, "grant tours" to major cities of Europe with an educational purpose and to acquire a certain prestige have become widespread.

The greatest number of travels in the XVIII century. done by the inhabitants of England. The main directions of European tourist flows were connected with Italy and Switzerland. The tourist resources that attracted travelers to these countries were different: in Italy - monuments of antiquity and the Middle Ages, in Switzerland - fabulous nature. These resources formed a certain target specialization of tourist flows at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th centuries.

So, at the first stage of the history of world tourism, the main motives for travel were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. Until the middle of the XIX century. travel was not an end in itself, but a necessary condition and means to achieve the goal itself, and also distinguished by primitive means of transportation.

Second phase XIX in. - World War I

The second stage in the history of tourism is characterized by revolutionary changes in the development of transport. The invention of the steamboat by Fulton (1807), the steam locomotive by Stephenson (1814), the automobile with an internal combustion engine (1769) by Daimler and Benz, and the aircraft by the Wright brothers (1903), the improvement of postal communications and road transport communications made it possible reduce the cost and speed up travel, make it more comfortable and safer. In this regard, the first enterprises specialized in serving temporary visitors arose. In place of the modest "guest rooms" in the houses of the clergy, monasteries and religious missions came the first hotels. The first travel agencies appear, whose tasks included organizing tourist trips and selling them to the consumer. The first trip, which became the prototype for future package tours, was organized in 1841 by Thomas Cook for members of the Temperance Society. The package included a 20-mile rail ride, tea, biscuits, and a brass band. The trip cost one shilling and involved 570 people. In 1851, T. Cook organized a trip for 165 thousand people to London for the first International Industrial Exhibition, then to France for the World Exhibition (1855). Noting the commercial prospects of mass tourism, he laid the foundation for the modern tourism industry. In the second half of the XIX century. Tourist bureaus have been established in many countries around the world.

The third stage is the period between the two world wars

The First World War, the economic depression of the 30s, the emergence and spread of fascism had a negative impact on the development of tourism. The Second World War and the subsequent activities of countries to eliminate its consequences suspended the development of tourism for almost 10 years. At the same time, it was in the period between these wars that mass tourism was born, the heyday of which falls on the post-war decades.

It was at this time that the governments of European states paid serious attention to the development of international tourism, as evidenced by the fact that in 1925 the first International Congress of Official Associations for the Promotion of Tourism (ICAOAT) was held in The Hague.

Fourth stage - after World War II (modern stage)

After the Second World War, tourism becomes really massive. . From a luxury item, it becomes a need for the majority of the population of highly developed countries. 50s–60s ― a period of intensive creation of tourism infrastructure and the beginning of a systematic collection of data on tourism on a global scale. In the 50s. and until the mid-1970s, there was an extensive growth of both inbound and outbound tourism. The tourism industry is being formed with its institutions, product, production cycle, methods of organization and management. This stage is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of travelers, an increase in the number of tourist enterprises and their production volumes, mass construction of accommodation facilities, tourist infrastructure facilities.

The development of machinery and production technologies in industrialized countries contributed to the improvement of the well-being of the population, an increase in vacation time, which, in turn, had a positive effect on the development of tourism. The characteristic trends of tourism in the 80–90s. there has been an increase in demand for tourism services among people of average and below average income. This further differentiated the tourist market, led to the diversity of the tourist product, designed for people with different material wealth and different interests.