The growth of the proportion of the urban population is called. Urbanization of the population. Rates of urban population development. concentration of population in big cities. Creation of urban agglomerations. Megacities as the highest link in the process of urbanization. Main drivers of urbanization
URBANIZATION
URBANIZATION
the process of urban growth - an increase in the proportion of the urban population, as well as the emergence of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities. Common features W .: 1 - rapid growth of the urban population; 2 - the concentration of the population and households in large cities (there are already more than 200 "millionaire" cities); 3 - "spreading" of cities, expansion of their territory. Modern U. is characterized by a transition from the city to urban agglomerations - territorial groupings of urban and rural settlements, and megalopolises - the largest forms of settlement, formed as a result of the coalescence of urban agglomerations. The largest urban agglomerations of the world are around Mexico City, Tokyo, Sao Paulo and New York (16-20 million people live in each of them). Urbanization accounts for 3/4 of total pollution environment. Despite the fact that cities occupy only 1% of the earth's land area, almost half of the world's population and the bulk of industries are concentrated in them. Large cities and urban agglomerations have a particularly strong impact on the environment - the plume of polluting and thermal effects can be traced at a distance of up to 50 km.
Brief geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008 .
Urbanization
a multifaceted process of increasing the role of cities, which leads to changes in the distribution of productive forces, socio-demographic structure, lifestyle and culture of the population, its settlement. In the broadest sense, urbanization is the spread of urban lifestyles. In a narrow (statistical) sense, urbanization is the outstripping growth of the urban population and the growth of cities, especially large ones (over 100 thousand inhabitants). The indicators of the share of the urban population in its total population and the share of the population of large cities in the urban population most often characterize the level of urbanization, which is called urbanization. The urban population is growing due to the natural growth of its own population, the migration of the population from rural to urban settlements, the inclusion of rural settlements within the city limits, adm. transformation of rural settlements into urban ones. According to estimates, urban population in the world in 1800 it accounted for 3%, in 1900 - 14%, in 1950 - 29%, in 2000 - almost 50%. In developed countries, this figure approaches 80-90%. In Russia, the urban population is 73%. In the 20th century the world's urban population grew very rapidly, and in the 2nd half. - at a rapid pace: in the 19th century. it grew by 190 million people, during the first 50 years of the 20th century. - by 520 million, and for the second - by almost 2.2 billion. The growth of the urban population in recent decades has many times exceeded the general growth of the world's population, especially large cities have grown rapidly (see Fig. City). At present, both in the world and in Russia, they concentrate 2
/3 of the urban population, with 40% (more than 25% in Russia) living in millionaire cities. It is in the predominant growth of large cities and emerging around them urban agglomerations and even larger forms of settlement is the essence of urbanization.
Urbanization has striking geographical features; it proceeds differently in different regions and countries. As a rule, the higher the proportion of the urban population, the lower its growth rate, and when approaching 80%, growth almost stops. In many developed countries, the urban population itself has now stabilized. But the process of urbanization does not stop: the environment in the cities themselves is changing, their functions are deepening, ties between settlements are strengthening, urban agglomerations are being formed and megalopolises, there is a process suburbanization and urbanization. In developing countries, the rate of urbanization growth is very high: a population explosion (see Fig. natural movement of the population) causes rapid growth of the urban population. In some countries, there is an unbridled growth of capitals, the formation of multimillion-dollar urban agglomerations (in 1950, out of the 30 largest agglomerations of the world, 20 were located in developed countries, in 1990 - only 9; according to forecasts, only 5 will remain in 2015) - this is a different type of urbanization (cf. false urbanization) than in developed countries.
Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .
Synonyms:
See what "URBANIZATION" is in other dictionaries:
URBANIZATION- (from lat. urbanus urban), the process of increasing the number of urban settlements, especially characteristic of the 20th century. Urbanization is a powerful environmental factor, accompanied by the transformation of the landscape, land, water resources, mass production ... ... Ecological dictionary
- (French urbanisation, from Latin urba nus urban, urbs city), historical. the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which covers social prof., demographic. the structure of the population, its way of life, culture, location ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
URBANIZATION- (French urbanization, English, urbanization, from Latin urbanus urban, urbs city), historical. the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society, which embraces changes in the location of production. forces, primarily in the resettlement of us., its socially ... Demographic encyclopedic Dictionary
- [fr. urbanization Vocabulary foreign words Russian language
URBANIZATION, urbanization, pl. no, female (from lat. urbanus urban) (sociological). The concentration of economic and cultural life in large urban centers, characteristic of the capitalist system. urbanization of the country. Dictionary Ushakova. ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Concentration Dictionary of Russian synonyms. urbanization noun, number of synonyms: 2 hyperurbanization (1) … Synonym dictionary
urbanization- and, well. urbanization f. lat. urbanus urban. 1. The concentration of economic and cultural life in large urban centers, characteristic of the capitalist social system. ALS 1. 2. Giving something to l. traits, features inherent in ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
The growth of cities, especially large ones, an increase in the proportion of urban residents, the concentration of population and economic life in major cities Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001 ... Glossary of business terms
- (from the Latin urbanus urban), the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The prerequisites for urbanization are the growth of industry in cities, the development of their cultural and political functions, and the deepening of the territorial division of labor. For urbanization ... ... Modern Encyclopedia
- (from lat. urbanus urban) the process of increasing the role of cities in the development of society. The main social content of urbanization lies in special urban relations (K. Marx), covering the socio-professional and demographic structure ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Books
- Urbanization and ecological safety of the territory of new Moscow, R. G. Mamin, G. V. Orekhov, A. A. Bayrasheva. The main methodological problems and tasks of urbanization in terms of assessing the quality of the environment within the boundaries of the territories annexed to New Moscow are considered. Water, land,…
The growth of cities removes man more and more from nature. The inhabitants of medieval cities were closer to natural nature, despite the fact that these cities were a solid mass of stone and, due to the density of buildings, there was no place for gardens and parks in them. But they were small, and fields, meadows, forests began immediately behind the fortress walls.[ ...]
The growth of cities, the rapid development of industry and transport, the chemicalization and melioration of agriculture cause intense environmental pollution.[ ...]
The growth of cities is stimulated by the development and concentration of industrial production. In the USSR, the multiplicity of industrial production in 1975 in relation to previous periods was 131 by 1913, 17 by 1940, and 2.15 by 1965.[ ...]
With the growth of cities, the development of production, the technogenic transformation of the environment has acquired a global character, being currently one of the reasons for the reduction and extinction of many species of animals, including birds. The diversity of technogenic impact on natural ecosystems leads to the formation of many specific forms of technogenic biocenoses (Motorina, 1979), which have not only a negative, but also a positive impact on the avifauna. With a significant reduction in natural wetland habitats, anthropogenic water bodies (settlement tanks, bioponds, irrigation and filtration fields, sludge collectors, cooling ponds, fire-fighting ponds, ash dumps, etc.) have a special positive effect on birds, which often act as the most important habitats for birds. (Mishchenko and Sukhanova, 1991; Spiridonov, 2002). It should be noted that technogenic reservoirs are an integral and important part of any city, many industrial enterprises, with the increase in which the number of these peculiar biotopes will grow. So, in Mordovia in 1997 there were 46 units treatment facilities, and in 1999 already 56.[ ...]
With the growth of cities, less employment of the population in production, easy accessibility of auto and air vehicles, the areas and importance in human life of recreational landscapes used by humans for recreation are increasing.[ ...]
With the growth of cities, the average travel distance and transport mobility of the population increase, the volume of freight traffic increases sharply, therefore, the number of vehicles and traffic flows significantly increase.[ ...]
With the growth of cities and the creation of new ones, the need for urban areas is constantly increasing, approximately every five years the size of residential land in cities increases by an average of 20%.[ ...]
With the growth of cities in the era of capitalism, garbage began to be first buried in the courtyard, then periodically taken out of the cesspools. By the beginning of the 19th century, special brick cesspools were built in large cities to collect garbage and sewage. Wastewater and, accordingly, the problem of their removal and purification did not exist at all. In 1810, sanitary engineering was enriched by the invention of the water closet. Initially, it was used on a very limited scale, but then it began to be increasingly used in the most comfortable houses of European capitals. In the middle of the 19th century, a decree was issued in London on the mandatory installation of water closets in all houses (Dunbar, 1910). At the same time, it was assumed that the effluents from them would drain into underground cellars, the contents of which would continue to be periodically cleaned and taken to landfills. No one imagined what actually happened. After putting this into effect, the cesspool ordinances quickly filled with faecal water, which began to flow out of them, spreading a disgusting stench around them. I had to urgently lay pipes through which fecal effluents flowed into the Thames. From that moment on, the problem of pollution of water bodies with sewage was born.[ ...]
As the city and its population grow in urban ecosystems, the number of waste-eating species increases: necrophages, coprophages, saprophages.[ ...]
Along with the growth of the world population, urbanization was the dominant trend in the development of mankind in the 20th century. In the 50s, the population of cities was 600 million people, in the late 80s - more than 2 billion people (43-45% of the world's population). Mass urbanization is a phenomenon of the 20th century: before 1900, only about 14% of the population lived in cities. At the same time, three demographic processes play a significant role: migration from rural areas to the city, natural growth of the urban population and the transformation of rural areas into cities. If these demographic trends continue, the number of city dwellers will double in 20-30 years. At the same time, to a large extent, the growth of cities (Fig. 2.1) is typical for third world countries (three out of five cities with a population of about 15 million people are located in developing countries).[ ...]
In the 19th century, due to the growth of cities and the pollution of rivers from the discharge of sewage into them, irrigation fields began to be arranged again in the industrial centers of Europe.[ ...]
Rapid urbanization and the growth of cities over the past 50 years have changed the face of the Earth more than any other human activity in history. Cities are characterized by a high population density (up to 20-30 people per 1 km compared to rural areas - 0.5-1). Even in developing countries, cities are growing much faster than the total population. The land area occupied by cities varies according to various estimates from 1 to 5%, this relatively small value, affecting its vast environments at the inlet and outlet, changes the nature of waterways, forests, fields, the World Ocean, and the atmosphere. Moreover, the influence can be both direct and indirect. The heat, dust and other air pollutants generated as a result of the functioning of cities significantly change the climate of cities in comparison with the climate of the surrounding area. In the city, as a rule, it is warmer, there is increased cloudiness, less sunlight than in the adjacent countryside. The construction of cities is a leading factor in soil erosion.[ ...]
Rapid urbanization and the growth of cities in the past half century have changed the face of the Earth, perhaps more than any other human activity in history. Two maps (Figure 2.22) show the extent of urbanization and urban influence in the United States. On map A (p. 92), areas with a population density of 50 or more people per square mile are shaded at different frequencies. Rice. 2.22, B is a photographic map composed of negatives received at night from a satellite; dark areas - cities, suburbs and densely populated rural areas illuminated electric light. In essence, this map shows the density of energy distribution (electricity use). Zones with energy densities approaching urban levels now stretch in a continuous band from Boston to Washington, from Pittsburgh to Cleveland and Detroit, along the western and southern shores Lake Michigan, the east coast of Florida and sections of the California coast.[ ...]
Thus, the rapid growth of cities and the rapid development of the construction industry further alienated man from nature. This process has gained such powerful momentum that it is unlikely to be stopped.[ ...]
With modern urban growth rates, the ratio of solving these problems is basically about 1:100:1000, and the first task is solved for 5 or more years in advance, the third - daily.[ ...]
In the conditions of constant growth of cities and industrial centers, when a person is surrounded by glass, reinforced concrete and synthetic materials for many hours, the role of living plants in the interior is especially important. Plants create the illusion of contact with nature; beauty of forms, a pleasant smell and a calm green color have a beneficial effect on the central nervous system helping to cope with a bad mood or a stressful condition. But the most important are the sanitary and hygienic functions of plants. It has been proven that plants absorb dust, purify indoor air from carbon dioxide, where it is almost 20 times more than in the open air, promote humidification and ionization of air, reducing its temperature, but what is especially valuable - they suppress and destroy many harmful microorganisms due to the release of special volatile substances - phytoncides.[ ...]
The development of production, the growth of cities and the human impact on the natural environment require increased attention to protection atmospheric air. The objectives of the legislation of the Russian Federation are to regulate public relations in this area in order to keep clean and improve the condition of the atmospheric air, prevent and reduce harmful chemical, physical, biological and other effects on the atmosphere that cause adverse consequences for the population, flora and fauna, as well as strengthen legality in the field of atmospheric air protection.[ ...]
The book states that the growth of the city is accompanied by the development and concentration of industrial production, which are combined with the continuous development and introduction of new substances, preparations, materials and products from them into all areas of the economy and everyday life of the population. Along with this, freight and passenger traffic is significantly increasing. All this leads to the fact that the atmosphere of cities is emitted a large number of harmful to human health chemical substances, soil and water of open reservoirs are polluted. The influence of air, water and soil pollution on the living conditions and health of people is shown. A system of measures is given to protect the air basin of the city, to protect water bodies from pollution by urban runoff, and soil from clogging with waste. The issues of combating urban noise and measures to protect the residential area from intense noise impacts are also considered. Instrumental and calculation methods of sanitary research in the field of sanitary protection of the environment are indicated modern city.[ ...]
The development of industry, the growth of cities and towns, the creation of new industrial and agricultural regions lead to a significant expansion of water consumption in our country. Of increasing practical importance are open sources of water supply, the water quality of which does not always meet the standards of the state standard. In this regard, most water pipelines are equipped with treatment facilities that improve the quality of natural waters.[ ...]
The albedo values of some building materials are of some interest for the ecology of the city: sandstone - 18%, gray granite - 35-40, slate - 8, gravel - 13, asphalt - 10-20%, etc. This concept plays an important role when considering the series environmental issues ( global warming climate, desertification), since the catastrophic deforestation, the increase in the area of anthropogenic deserts, the growth of cities and industrial zones lead to a change in the albedo earth's surface.[ ...]
The problem of wastewater treatment has been around for a long time. The growth of cities, the concentration and growth of the number of industrial enterprises forced many European countries as early as in the 18th-19th centuries, to adopt some special laws and rules for the protection of waters, sometimes very strict. For example, in Russia, it was required that fish live in the outlet ponds of sewage treatment plants of textile factories. In the absence of accurate and sensitive methods of chemical analysis, such a natural biological indicator of water purity was quite reliable. In the Fraction, an industrial enterprise has the right to take water from the river only downstream from the place of discharge of its own effluents, which, of course, forces companies to take care of their high-quality treatment.[ ...]
The Soviet Union also has large associations of cities and industrial centers, such as Donbass, Dnepropetrovsk-Dneprodzerzhinsk, the Moscow agglomeration; Recently, the rapid growth of cities and industry is characteristic of the Middle Volga region from Saratov to Kazan.[ ...]
In the era of feudalism and the period of development of capitalism, with the growth of cities and industry, due to the increased consumption of water and the lack of sewerage, the sanitary condition of cities deteriorated sharply. This caused epidemics in the cities.[ ...]
The development of industrial production led to the rapid growth of cities and the urban population. There was a need to arrange recreation places, i.e. parks, city gardens, squares and other green areas.[ ...]
In modern conditions rapid development industry, urban growth and development of new areas, the impact on the environment is increasing. OIO, in particular, manifests itself in a sharp increase in harmful emissions entering the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources. The atmosphere is one of the main environmental systems; her purity - necessary condition maintaining people's health. Soviet state constantly takes care of the prevention of air pollution. This is reflected in the Constitution of the USSR, in the Law of the USSR on the Protection of Atmospheric Air.[ ...]
The amount of household waste is constantly increasing due to the growth of cities. For example, Polish specialists conducted two-year studies (1965-1966) to determine the accumulation of garbage in different cities, depending on the size of the city. The results obtained are presented in table. 10. For comparison, data are given for the cities of Germany.[ ...]
The proportion of forests of the first group with the development of industry, the growth of cities gradually increases, and the third - decreases. Part of the forests was transferred to the use of collective farms and state farms. They make up approximately 4% of the total area of the forest fund.[ ...]
After the Great October socialist revolution along with the growth of cities, more rapid construction of sewers began. At present, the throughput capacity of wastewater treatment plants in Moscow exceeds 4 million m3/day and continues to increase.[ ...]
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, along with the growth of cities, more rapid construction of sewers began. If in 1917 there were 18 cities with sewerage systems with a total length of networks of about 1500 km and a sewage flow of 150 thousand m3 / day, then in 1963 there were already more than 1000 cities and workers' settlements with sewage systems with a network length of about 20,000 km and daily throughput of sewage about 15 million m3; the amount of industrial wastewater discharged amounted to about 20 million m3! Day.[ ...]
One of the most important global problems is urbanization, or the rapid growth of cities and urban populations. This process belongs to the category of major global changes. In 1996, the world's urban population was 2.64 billion, or 46% of the total population. Against the backdrop of a general increase in the world population, the urban population for 1990-1995. increased at a rate of 2.5% per year, while agriculture - only 0.8%. Every day, about 150 thousand people are added to the urban population of the developing countries of the world.[ ...]
In the second half of the 19th century, the rapid development of industry, together with the growth of cities, led to severe pollution of rivers with sewage. This caused great damage to both water supply and fisheries. In addition, trawling organized on a massive scale has led to a sharp decrease in the catch of fish in the seas. Since that time, the study of the vital activity of small plants and animals, spending their entire lives in water, begins.[ ...]
Influence of human economic activity on the karst process. The growth of the city and the development of territories previously considered unsuitable for urban planning are inevitably accompanied by a serious human impact on the geological environment. This leads to a significant change in the relief, the destruction of surface microforms, the soil cover, the disturbance of the clay-loamy cover of the overburden, to a change in the physical and mechanical properties of soils and the hydrogeological situation. Ultimately, all this often causes the activation of dangerous geological processes, and especially karst and suffusion [Abdrakhmanov, Martin, 1993; Karst..., 2002].[ ...]
The scientific and technological revolution, high rates of development of production and the growth of cities determine the increasing scale of human impact on the natural environment. In accordance with the Constitution of the USSR, in the interests of present and future generations, the necessary measures are being taken in our country to preserve the purity of the air and improve the environment. The Soviet state is implementing a set of scientific, technical, economic, social and other measures aimed at preventing and eliminating air pollution.[ ...]
Environmental pollution is increasing due to the increase in the volume of household waste, the growth of cities as the most powerful sources of pollution, and the intensification of agricultural production. Pollution provokes an increase in morbidity, triggering the mechanism natural selection leading to a change (deterioration) of the gene pool. The fight against pollution, in turn, is associated with a significant increase in unproductive costs.[ ...]
The vast majority of citizens prefer to relax, spend their holidays outside the city, in the bosom of nature - in a more natural ecological environment. But staying in it is short, there are fewer and fewer truly clean places, and the desire to combine pastoral with comfort makes such a vacation more and more expensive. In addition, in popular recreation areas, the permissible recreational load is rapidly growing and they easily turn into an extension of the city. In developed countries in the last third of the XX century. Along with the slowdown in urbanization, there is a process of territorial deconcentration of the population: not only the movement from megacities to suburban areas, but the growth of cities in peripheral areas.[ ...]
On the chemical composition Natural waters are also influenced by human activities. The rapid growth of cities, industrial facilities, the construction of canals, reservoirs, etc. violate the natural hydrochemical regime and change the composition of natural waters.[ ...]
Characteristic features of the modern stage community development are the rapid growth of cities and the increase in the number of people living in them. In urban settlements, a special environment for human life is being formed - an urban (urbanized) environment.[ ...]
One of the main processes characterizing urbanization is the emergence and growth of cities, the increase in the number of urban residents mainly due to the migration of the population from rural areas.[ ...]
The modern rapid development of industry, agriculture, transport, as well as the growth of cities, are accompanied by huge discharges of polluted waters. In the absence of appropriate measures to reduce pollutants in wastewater, their dilution in natural water bodies becomes insufficient. Large concentrations of harmful impurities prevent self-purification of water, and its pollution progresses rapidly.[ ...]
Nevertheless, ever-increasing population, the development of the factory industry and the growth of cities make it necessary to bring nutritious products from less populated to more populated countries. On the other hand, the further development of the one-sided productivity of domestic animals entails the impossibility of crossing the known boundaries of equilibrium, the consequence of which are diseases that pose an enormous danger to both animals and humans.[ ...]
Since then, the garbage has been deposited in various storage facilities in the countryside. As a result of the growth of cities, free areas in their vicinity decreased, and the unsanitary state of landfill masses became dangerous. Free-standing landfills have been replaced with waste storage pits. About 90% of waste in the US is still buried.[ ...]
In urban conditions, the car is a source of warming the surrounding air. If 100,000 cars move simultaneously in a city, this is equal to the effect produced by 1 million liters of hot water. Exhaust gases from vehicles containing warm water vapor contribute to climate change in the city. Higher steam temperatures increase heat transfer by the moving medium (thermal convection), resulting in more precipitation over the city. The influence of the city on the amount of precipitation is especially clearly seen in their regular increase, which occurs in parallel with the growth of the city. For a ten-year observation period in Moscow, for example, 668 mm of precipitation fell per year, in its vicinity - 572 mm, in Chicago - 841 and 500 mm, respectively.[ ...]
Improving the forms and improving the quality of medical care is a very significant aspect of urban growth. Of particular note is the proximity of outpatient care to the place of residence of a person and the high qualification of specialized pre-medical and medical intervention. Large medical complexes of cities provide unlimited possibilities for laboratory diagnostics and application modern methods treatment. In the conditions of the city, the activities of sanitary and epidemiological institutions are being improved, ensuring constant monitoring of the implementation of sanitary norms and rules.[ ...]
Water resources. The development of industry, the transfer of agriculture to an industrial basis, the growth of cities contribute to constant water consumption. Every day, humanity consumes up to 7 billion tons of water, which corresponds in mass to the total amount of minerals mined per year. The main consumers of water are the chemical, petrochemical, pulp and paper industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, melioration. In 1985, 282 km3 of water was used in our country for various needs, including more than 80 km3 for industry. The classification of water according to its intended purpose is shown in fig. 4.5.[ ...]
The combined sewerage system is a combination of common and separate systems. This is explained by the fact that with the growth of the city, household and industrial waters from new districts of the city / rida are discharged into the general alloy system, and storm water is sent through an independent drainage network to the nearest reservoirs. With such a system, part of the districts of the city has a general alloy system, and the other part (new districts) has a separate one.[ ...]
During the period of feudalism, drainage facilities were practically not built. Sewage was either collected in special containers - cesspools, or poured into the streets. It is known that the cities of Europe "drowned in the mud." Industrial development and urban growth in Europe in the 19th century. led to the extensive construction of drainage channels. In Paris, their length was: in 1806 - 23.5 km, in 1858 - 170 km. FROM early XIX in. in England, measures are being taken to improve the sanitary improvement of cities.[ ...]
Experts believe that the upcoming changes in society will manifest themselves primarily in the following: spending on military purposes will decrease; there will be shifts in the structure of employment: the trend of urban growth and an increase in the share of the urban population will be reversed; with the deepening of the process of transition to an environmentally oriented economy, the principle of sustainable development will gradually overshadow economic growth as a focus of economic policy; the criteria for evaluating progress will change; there will be a transformation of personal priorities and values; international cooperation will be strengthened. These are General characteristics the future of a sustainable society, which are given by the employees of the Worldwatch Institute.[ ...]
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, extensive construction of municipal and industrial water pipelines began in the country. The water supply of cities and industrial centers developed especially intensively after 1928 in connection with the rapid development of large-scale industry, accompanied by the growth of cities and workers' settlements. Large filter stations were built in Moscow, Leningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Gorky, Kyiv and many other cities.[ ...]
The turning point in the development of the territory of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia was the construction at the end of the 19th century. railway. The road, which accelerated the agricultural development of Siberia, as well as the formation of settlements along it, mostly later transformed into cities, passed through the forest-steppe zone. The table, which shows the growth of the urban population in the cities of Western Siberia in the 19th - early 20th centuries, shows the growth trend of cities located along the railway.[ ...]
Purposeful use of territories, their rational distribution for various economic functions in accordance with natural features have always been the essence of urban planning, the subject of management and optimization of the territorial organization of production, resettlement and recreation areas. As cities grow and negative changes in the state of the environment, the content that was invested in the concept of "rational use of territories" changes. According to the traditional view, it meant, first of all, a fairly intense functional load on urban areas in order to save land resources. However, this or that territory can not withstand anthropogenic pressures to the same extent and not equally experience these loads. In this regard, the environmental aspect, when considering the problem of rational use of the territory, is of great importance.
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1 Tasks A22 in geography, practice, Tasks A22 in geography 1. Which of the statements contains information about the process of urbanization? 1) More than half of the world's population lives in flat areas and about a third at a distance of no more than 50 km from the sea coast. 2) If at the beginning of the twentieth century. there were 10 cities in the world with a population of more than 1 million people, then by 2000 their number increased to) In 1999, the world population was 6 billion people, at the beginning of 2006 already 6.5 billion people. 4) If in 1900 seven of the 15 largest countries in terms of population were in Europe, then at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. only two European countries remained among them. Urbanization is the process of growing cities and the percentage of the urban population relative to the rural population. 2. Which of the following statements contains information about population migrations? 1) In Russia at the beginning of the XXI century. dies every year more people than is born. 2) In 2007, the number of those who arrived for permanent residence in Russia exceeded the number of those who left by 240,000. 3) The economic crisis in Russia has caused a slight increase in the number of people who are unemployed. 4) In the twentieth century. the number of large cities in Russia has increased, large urban agglomerations have emerged. In demography, we understand migration as the movement of people within a country (internal migration) or across borders (external migration).
2 Tasks A22 in geography, practice, 3. Which of the statements contains information about population migrations? 1) Currently, the urban lifestyle is dominant, and in developed countries it has spread to rural areas. 2) The life expectancy of women is on average 5-8 years longer than that of men, so women predominate in older ages. 3) The population is growing rapidly in those countries where its natural increase is the highest. 4) At the end of the 20th century. the number of foreign workers arriving in Western Europe has decreased significantly. Migration refers to the movement of people. Migrations are internal (within the country) and external (from one country to another). In the twentieth century, the so-called "labor" migration arose, associated with the influx of labor into developed countries from developing ones. 4. Which of the statements contains information about the manifestation of population migration? 1) In many European countries, the death rate per thousand inhabitants exceeds the birth rate, as a result of which the population is declining. 2) As a result civil war in Liberia, 500,000 people were forced to leave their homes and another 800,000 people fled to neighboring countries. 3) Currently, developing countries account for more than 4/5 of the total annual growth of urban residents in the world. 4) The highest rates of life expectancy in Russia are observed in Moscow and the republics North Caucasus. Migration refers to the movement of people. Migrations are internal (within the country) and external (from one country to another). Migration is caused by both economic and other reasons. Economic migration causes an influx of people from the countryside to the city, the development of new territories, labor migration to developed countries from developing ones. Forced migration (refugees) occurs in places and countries of military conflicts.
3 Tasks A22 in geography, practice, 5. Which of the statements contains information about the process of urbanization? 1) From the end of the 20th century. The population of the Asian part of Russia was declining mainly due to the outflow of the population. 2) B last years seasonal movements of townspeople to the countryside have become massive. 3) In the USA, the number of illegal immigrants from countries Latin America, Asia and Europe exceeds the number of legal ones. 4) Currently, developing countries account for more than 4/5 of the total annual growth of urban residents in the world. 6. Which of the statements contains information about the process of urbanization? 1) In some European countries, the death rate per thousand inhabitants exceeds the birth rate, as a result of which the population is declining. 2) Most of the Russian-speaking population (ethnic Russians) of Kazakhstan in the late 90s of the XX century. left this country. 3) In 1995, 45% of the world's population lived in cities, in 2010, half of the world's population. 4) In recent years, the flow of political refugees has increased in the number of labor migrants in Germany. Answer: 3.
4 Geography assignment A22, practice, 7. Which of the following sentences refers to urbanization? 1) Due to immigrants from other countries, the population of the United States increases annually by more than 1 million people. 2) The proportion of city dwellers in the total population of China is constantly increasing and is now close to 50%. 3) Most countries of the world have a multinational composition of the population. India is considered the most multinational country 4) The population is increasing annually by more than 80 million people. 8. Which of the statements contains information about the manifestation of international economic integration? 1) China ranks first in the world in oil production hard coal and second in the world in terms of its proven reserves. 2) In terms of natural gas reserves in the world, two regions of foreign Asia and the CIS stand out. 3) In countries North America and Western Europe pace economic growth at the end of the 20th century. were below the average. 4) In the last decade, the trend towards the formation of regional economic groupings of countries has intensified. International economic integration is a process of rapprochement, mutual adaptation and merging of national economic systems that have the ability of self-regulation and self-development on the basis of a coordinated interstate economy and policy. Integration processes cover primarily countries that are territorially included in one region. The economic unification of countries means the formation of regional economic blocs and the regionalization of the world economy. As a rule, not only geographical proximity is necessary, but also economic, cultural, religious, and ethnic similarities.
5 Tasks A22 in geography, practice, 9. Which of the statements contains information about the process of population reproduction? 1) Population is one of the important factors in the development of any country and of all mankind. 2) The socio-economic conditions of people's lives have a great influence on the birth rate, mortality, and natural increase. 3) On average in the world, about 50% of the total population can be attributed to the economically active population. 4) In 1990 there were about 960 million illiterates in the world, since then total number illiterates decreased by 100 million. Population reproduction refers to the ratio of births and deaths per thousand inhabitants. The difference between birth and death rates is called natural increase if the birth rate is higher than the death rate, and natural decline if the death rate is higher than the birth rate. 10. Which of the following sentences contains information about urbanization in Russia? 1) The population of Russia increased in 2012 by 292.4 thousand people. 2) In 2012, 2554 people received the status of a forced migrant or refugee in the territorial bodies of the FMS of Russia. 3) In 2011 in Russia the most high level birth rate was observed in the Republics of Ingushetia, Tuva and in Chechen Republic. 4) The ratio of urban and rural residents in Russia in 2010 was 74% and 26%, respectively.
6 Geography assignment A22, practice, 11. Which of the following sentences contains information about urbanization in Russia? 1) The population of Russia increased in 2012 by 292.4 thousand people. 2) Every year, more qualified personnel leave Russia than they enter it. 3) In 2011 in Russia, the lowest birth rate was observed in the Leningrad and Tula regions and in the Republic of Mordovia. 4) The ratio of urban and rural residents in Russia in 2010 was 74% and 26%, respectively. 12. Which of the following sentences contains information about urbanization in Russia? 1) In several regions of Central Russia, the population is increasing due to its influx. 2) More than half of the urban population is concentrated in large urban agglomerations. 3) Most Russian cities are located in the main settlement zone. 4) The largest rural settlements are typical for the south of the European part of the country. Correct answer: More than half of the urban population is concentrated in large urban agglomerations.
7 Geography assignment A22, practice, 13. Which of the following sentences contains information about population migrations? 1) In 2006, the world population reached 6.5 billion people, and now it exceeds 7.1 billion. 2) According to the UN in 2010, the number of refugees forced to leave their countries exceeded 40 million people. 3) More than half of the world's population lives in urban areas. 4) The annual growth rate of the world population is approximately 1.2% per year. In demography, we understand migration as the movement of people within a country (internal migration) or across borders (external migration). The main migration flows are associated with: - the development of new territories, - flows from the village to the city, - forced flows (associated with conflicts - refugees). Correct answer: According to the UN in 2010, the number of refugees forced to leave their countries exceeded 40 million people. 14. Which of the following sentences contains information about the phenomenon of urbanization? 1) Between 2000 and 2010, an average of 2.6 million people moved to developed countries from developing countries annually. 2) In mid-2012, more than half of the world's population lived in urban areas. 3) Having become a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Russia has committed itself to abolish or reduce duties on a number of goods it imports. 4) Up to 20% of the world's grain, mainly wheat and corn, enters the world market. region, the world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities, the spread of urban lifestyle.
8 Geography assignment A22, practice, 15. Which of the following sentences contains information about the process of urbanization? 1) In the 21st century, a large gap in fertility rates between the developed and developing countries of the world remains. 2) The growing proportion of older people in the total population in many countries of the world is causing serious economic problems. 3) Between 2000 and 2010, an average of 2.6 million people moved to developed countries from developing countries annually. 4) In the coming decades, the share of the urban population in the EU countries, according to the UN forecast, will continue to grow. region, the world, the emergence and development of increasingly complex networks and systems of cities, the spread of urban lifestyle. Answer: In the coming decades, the share of the urban population in the EU countries, according to the UN forecast, will continue to grow. 16. Which of the following sentences contains information about population migrations? 1) The population density of Russia is approximately 8.3 people per 1 sq. km. km. 2) In all regions of the Far Eastern Federal District, due to the outflow of the population, there is a decrease in its number. 3) In Russia, the lowest birth rate is observed in the Leningrad, Tambov and Tula regions. 4) According to the latest census, the share of city dwellers in the total population of Russia has changed insignificantly in recent years. Migration refers to the movement of people. In this case: outflow in the regions of the Far East.
9 Geography assignment A22, practice, 17. Which of the following sentences contains information about the manifestation of international economic integration? 1) The largest share in the structure of Russia's imports falls on machinery, equipment and vehicles. 2) The role of Russia in world foreign trade is gradually growing, but so far it is small: 1.8% in world exports and 1.4% in world imports. 3) Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus agreed to abolish customs control on their common borders from July 1, 2011. 4) Due to economic crisis economic growth in North America and Western Europe has slowed down significantly. International economic integration is a process of rapprochement, mutual adaptation and merging of national economic systems that have the ability of self-regulation and self-development on the basis of a coordinated interstate economy and policy. Integration processes cover primarily countries that are territorially included in one region. The economic unification of countries means the formation of regional economic blocs and the regionalization of the world economy. As a rule, not only geographical proximity is necessary, but also economic, cultural, religious, and ethnic similarities. Answer: 3.
10 Geography assignment A22, practice, 18. Which of the following sentences contains information about the manifestation of international economic integration? 1) Almost half of the volume of world foreign trade falls on highly developed countries. 2) Due to the economic crisis, the economic growth rates in the countries of North America and Western Europe have slowed down significantly. 3) Russia is the largest supplier of natural gas to Europe. 4) OPEC member countries agreed to limit the volume of oil production in order to maintain high prices for it. International economic integration is a process of rapprochement, mutual adaptation and merging of national economic systems that have the ability of self-regulation and self-development on the basis of a coordinated interstate economy and policy. Integration processes cover primarily countries that are territorially included in one region. The economic unification of countries means the formation of regional economic blocs and the regionalization of the world economy. As a rule, not only geographical proximity is necessary, but also economic, cultural, religious, and ethnic similarities. 19. Which of the statements contains information about the process of urbanization? 1) In 2006, the world population reached 6.5 billion people, in 2011 it exceeded 7 billion. 2) Every year in the world, millions of people move from Asia and Africa to the developed countries of Europe and America. 3) The annual growth rate of the world population is approximately 1.2% per year. 4) According to the latest census, the share of city dwellers in the total population of Russia has changed insignificantly in recent years.
11 Geography assignment A22, practice, 20. Which of the following sentences contains information about urbanization? 1) In 2010, the migration growth of the population in Russia decreased 2) In 2010, 3.5 billion people lived in urban areas, and 3.4 in rural areas. 3) Within the main zone of settlement of Russia, the average density 4) The annual rate of growth of the world population is approximately 1.2% per year.
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Urbanization is a historical process of increasing the role of the city in the development of society, which embraces changes in the location of production and, above all, in the distribution of the population, its socio-professional structure, lifestyle, culture, etc. - a multilateral socio-economic, demographic and geographical process occurring on the basis of historically established forms of social and territorial division of labor. In a narrower, demographic and statistical sense, urbanization is the growth of cities, especially large ones, an increase in the proportion of urban population in a country, region, world (urbanization of the population).
The first cities appeared in the III-I millennium BC. in, Mesopotamia, China, as well as in some areas and adjacent to. In the Greco-Roman world, cities such as Athens, Rome, Carthage played a huge role. With the development of an industrial society, the objective necessity of concentration and integration of various forms and types of material and spiritual activity was the reason for the intensification of the process of urbanization, an increase in the concentration of the population in cities. On the present stage urbanization in the economically developed there is a predominance of large-town forms of settlements.
The development of the urbanization process is closely related to the peculiarities of the formation of the urban population and the growth of cities: the urban population itself; inclusion in the city limits or assignment to the administrative subordination of suburban areas (including cities, towns and villages); transformation of rural settlements into urban ones. The actual growth of cities is also due to the formation of more or less wide suburban areas and urbanized areas. The living conditions of the population in these areas are increasingly approaching the conditions of life in large cities, the centers of gravity of these zones.
A comparative analysis of the demographic aspects of the process of urbanization in various countries of the world is usually based on data on the growth of the urbanization of the population - the share of the urban, or urbanized, population. However, in the reports different countries there is no information given for one date (the amplitude of fluctuations is up to 10 years), the methods of counting the urban population and determining the boundaries of cities are not the same. In the countries of the world, there are three different types by which settlements are classified as urban:
- when settlements are subdivided according to a chosen criterion (for example, by type local government, by the number of inhabitants, by the proportion of the population employed in );
- when the administrative center of a rural area is classified as a city, and the rest of it as a village;
- when clusters of a population of a certain size belong to cities, regardless of their administrative affiliation.
Since the criteria for identifying urban settlements vary considerably in individual countries, in order to obtain comparable data, the population of all settlements that have reached a certain population size is often included in the urban population. The values of 2, 5, 10 and 20 thousand inhabitants are proposed as the world statistical qualification of the population of the city (almost not connected with its definition in essence). Thus, the population of settlements with a population of at least 2,000 is often considered urbanized. But such a qualification, while suitable for certain countries, is still too low for the world standard. However, the actual scale of urbanization is so complex that it is preferable to use several criteria as steps. When using national criteria for the allocation of urban settlements, the dynamics of urbanization of the population is as follows. In 1800, the share of the urban population in the entire population of the globe was about 3%, in 1860 - 6.4%, in 1900 - 19.6%, by 1990 it increased to 43% (14 times).
The outpacing growth of the urban and non-agricultural population compared to the rural and agricultural population is the most feature modern urbanization. In three parts of the world - and, America, Europe, urban residents predominate, at the same time, the African population, and due to its large numbers, creates a preponderance of the village over the city on average in the world. The countries of Asia and Africa have the largest reserves of urban population growth, and it is here that its most rapid growth has recently taken place.
The highest percentage of the urban population is economically . In 1990, the urban population was (in%): in - 74.3; c — 78.3; — 75; — 60; - 77.5; - 77.4; — 90; China - 26.2; - 25.7. When the proportion of the urban population exceeds 70%, the rate of its growth, as a rule, slows down and gradually (when approaching 80%) stops.
Urbanization is characterized by the concentration of the population in large and super-large cities. It is the growth of large cities (100 thousand people), the new forms of settlement associated with it, and the spread of the urban way of life that most clearly reflect the process of urbanization of the population. The share of large cities in the total population of the world has increased over more than 100 years (from 1860 to 1980) from 1.7 to 20%. No less remarkable is the development of the largest "millionaire" cities. If in 1800 there was only one city with more than 1 million inhabitants, then in 1990 there were over 300 such cities.
The modern type of urbanization in economically developed countries is no longer so much a rapid rate of growth in the proportion of the urban population as a particularly intensive development of suburbanization processes and the formation on this basis of new spatial forms of urban settlement - megacities. Under these conditions, the processes of territorial deconcentration of the population were clearly manifested. This refers not only to the movement of the population from large cities to their suburban areas - a process that was widely developed back in the 50s. XX century, but also the predominant growth of cities in peripheral areas compared to highly urbanized ones. In the 70s. For the first time in the United States, population growth rates were below the national average. The data for France confirm a general population shift from urban areas to small and medium-sized cities as a result of a change in direction. In , there was a decline in the population in the largest cities, and from the city centers the flows of migrants were directed mainly to their suburban areas. In many large urban agglomerations, the population has stopped increasing or even started to decline (often due to the decrease in the population of the city centers).
In the world, as already noted, the “population explosion” was accompanied by an “urban explosion”. With comparatively low urbanization rates, many of these countries have relatively high rates of urbanization. The disproportionate growth of the capitals of a number of Asian and African states is associated with a special type of urbanization, which is distinguished by the mass attraction of peasants to large cities. The influx of the rural population into the cities, as a rule, far outstrips the growth in labor demand. In developing countries, multi-million urban agglomerations are being formed (for example, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo, Calcutta, etc.). On the one hand, the process of urbanization contributes to the progress of these countries, raises the role of cities, on the other hand, it exacerbates the socio-economic problems generated by economic backwardness and associated with excessive “demographic” for large cities.
The impact of urbanization on demographic processes is manifested, to a large extent, depending on the differentiation of the urban environment, primarily on the differences in cities in size and economic profile (functional type). As the process of urbanization develops, the urban population decreases in comparison with the rural population, and in the future there is a drop in the birth rate in rural areas. Some developing countries (such as Egypt) have higher urban birth rates due to a range of socioeconomic, demographic and religious factors, in particular the more balanced sex ratios in cities. In almost all countries, the birth rate of urban residents who have recently moved from rural areas is higher than that of long-term residents of cities (if the adaptation of rural residents to cities is not very difficult).
As urbanization develops, the role of migration in urban population growth is gradually decreasing. The intensity of the territorial mobility of the population as a whole is growing, especially the intensity of pendulum movements. The main role in the formation of the urban population of the Russian Federation for many years was played by migration from rural areas to cities and the transformation of villages into urban settlements. However, over time, the importance of natural increase in the formation of the population of cities increases. In conditions when the rate of natural growth is declining, the growth rate of the urban population is also slowing down. In the early 90s. 20th century Population growth in many of Russia's largest cities has halted.
The profound influence of modern urbanization on many aspects of social life leads to the emergence of new theories that try to explain the role of urbanization in the development of society. This is, first of all, the socio-evolutionary theory of the "urban revolution", according to which, in the course of urbanization, its contradictions are gradually eliminated, significant antagonisms between the city and the countryside are removed. The urban revolution must eventually lead to a "post-urban society". According to M. Weber, the theorist of urbanization, it leads to the creation of a “post-urban society” - a “society outside the cities” - by including most of the population in the information production industry, the development of universal spatial mobility.
The Kazakh traditional society knew various forms of trade and commercial transactions. Cattle breeders, firstly, sold their livestock and raw materials to “alypsatars” (buyers), secondly, they bought goods on usurious credit, and thirdly, they constantly practiced barter of factory products for livestock and raw materials. The main feature of trade during this period in the Kazakh
aul was its pronounced non-equivalent character. Trade was a free form of expropriation of small proprietors.
By the beginning of the 20th century, there were 3 forms of trade in Kazakhstan, which basically corresponded to three types of economy, i.e. nomadic, semi-nomadic and sedentary. These were: traveling-exchange, fair-periodic (fairs - periodically organized in a specified place auctions, markets) and stationary. An important feature of traveling-exchange
trade was usurious (a usurer is a person who uses the sums of money accumulated by him to provide them in the form of loans at a certain percentage) in nature - the goods were distributed on credit. Barter trade was widely developed. The main trade points of Kazakhstan with Russia were Orenburg, Troitsk, Petropavlovsk, Omsk, Semipalatinsk and Uralsk. In trade
with Russia, imports prevailed over exports. The common equivalent was a three-year-old ram. Barter trade also developed between the Kazakhs of individual clans. The objects of exchange were cattle, salt, wood products, etc.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the acceleration of the formation of the Kazakh trading bourgeoisie. These were small merchants, brokers, alypsatars; saudagers were independent merchants, they were engaged in various trading operations: usurious capital,
opening of buying points, etc. Kazakh merchant capital was subordinate to Russian and Central Asian merchants. Some Kazakh merchants expanded their trade
operations. So, the turnover of the Verny merchant Kaldybaev was at least 80 thousand rubles. However, the Kazakh bourgeoisie grew slowly, being associated with cattle breeding and acting as an intermediary between Russian capital and the local market. AT Russian Empire fair trade played an important role. The most famous all-imperial fairs were Nizhny Novgorod with a turnover of 200 million rubles a year and Irbitskaya - 20-30 million rubles a year.
In Kazakhstan, the first fair opened in 1832 at the Khan's headquarters,
that in the Bukey Horde, but it began to play a big role in the life of the region after the reforms of the 60s. The fair network was especially developed in the Akmola region - there were three large fairs - Tayichinskaya, Akmola, Atbasarskaya, there were 50 in total - small and medium. In one Kokchetav district in 1900, 33 autumn and winter fairs were held with a total turnover of 3.2 million rubles. Since 1848, the famous Koyandinskaya (Botovskaya) fair has been operating in the Semipalatinsk region. Merchants from the most remote territories of Central Asia, China, East Turkestan came here. In 1870, the turnover of the fair was 525 thousand, and in 1899
exceeded 1 million 700 thousand rubles. Since the beginning of the 20th century, turnover has increased to 4 million rubles; 62% of the cattle sold at this fair were imported from Semirechie, 7% from China. According to the testimony of the merchants, 200,000 poods of manufactory, 50,000 poods of sugar, and so on were annually sold at the fair. in number major centers Trade included Charskaya in the Semipalatinsk region, Karkaralinskaya in Semirechye, Atbasar fair in Central Kazakhstan. The turnover of each of them exceeded millions of rubles annually. Fairs contributed to the development of commodity-money relations, created an incentive to increase the marketability of livestock and contributed to the growth of the Kazakh trading bourgeoisie, which specialized in the resale of livestock and raw materials.
From the very beginning, trade in Kazakhstan was combined with usury.
Trade in the steppe often acted in the form of distribution of goods on credit. In case of non-payment on time, the amount increased. By decree of May 24, 1893, the local population was not prosecuted for usurious activities, and Russian merchants acted through figureheads-Kazakhs.
In the second half of the 19th century, urban public banks opened in large cities: in Petropavlovsk (1871), Omsk (1875), Uralsk (1876), Semipalatinsk (1887) and other cities. The turnover of the Semipalatinsk Bank in 1887 was 10.3, and in 1895 - 22.3 million rubles, which
testifies to the rapid growth of the commercial bourgeoisie, the main clients of the bank. Joint-stock banks appear. The Siberian Trade Bank opened its branches in Kazakhstan. Loan operations covered many regions of Kazakhstan. All this strengthened economic ties with Central Asia, Siberia, Central Russia.
The development of capitalist industry in Kazakhstan, the railway network accelerated the growth of cities and their population. The population of the regional and county towns, which became not only administrative and commercial, but also industrial, and cultural centers. The population of Pavlodar since 1889 has increased 1.5 times over 10 years and reached 7620 people.
The development of the city was greatly facilitated by the fact that it served as a transit point for trade on the Irtysh. In 1900, 31 thousand people lived in Semipalatinsk. In the north of Kazakhstan, Petropavlovsk grew rapidly, in which in 1900 22 thousand people lived, 66 different enterprises for processing raw materials with a capital of more than 1 million rubles operated. The population of Kustanay, founded in 1879, increased 2.5 times over 18 years and reached 14.3 thousand people.
Akmolinsk became the center of lively trade. In the west of Kazakhstan, Uralsk was a commercial and industrial city. In 1900, 39 thousand people lived in it. The growth of the city was facilitated by the construction of the Ural-Pokrovskaya railway. Flour-grinding was developed in Aralsk, there were 93 small enterprises. Up to 10 thousand people lived in the county town of Guryev in the late 90s. The main part of the population was engaged in fishing and trade with the Kazakh nomadic population. The annual turnover of the autumn Guryev fair averaged 160 thousand rubles. Cities in South Kazakhstan began to grow rapidly. In Chimkent, according to the 1897 census, there were 11,194 inhabitants. There was a santorini plant in the city, the products of which were exported to Russia and even abroad, as well as a cotton gin. In the center of the Semirechensk region, the city of Verny (modern Almaty), in 1900, already 37 thousand people lived. The population of other cities of Kazakhstan also grew. So, by the end of the 19th century, up to 10 thousand people lived in Ust-Kamenogorsk. Aktobe was founded in 1869, and by 1900 its population was 4,311. Zaisan arose in 1868, and by the end of the 19th century it had about 4 thousand inhabitants.
The Kazakh population grew noticeably in the cities. The stratification of the aul forced part of the ruined population to go to work in the city.
At the same time, large Kazakh bais, merchants, dealers also lived in the cities of Kazakhstan. In cities such as Irgiz, Kazakhs made up a third of the population, in Karkaralinsk - more than half.
Most of the population of the cities were artisans, industrial workers and petty employees.
Many of them were also engaged in agriculture. The growing needs of the urban population for household items, as well as clothing and footwear, contributed to the development of handicrafts. Urban
craftsmen-tailors, furriers, shoemakers, weavers, carpenters, coopers, tanners - produced all this, as well as agricultural implements. In 1920, there were 12 thousand artisans in the cities of the Akmola region. In this way, characteristic feature economic development
Kazakhstan in the XVIII - early XX centuries was the formation of commodity-money relations. The increased role of commodity production contributed to the formation of the Kazakh bourgeoisie. Introduced here capitalist relations exerted an increasing influence on the development of the region's economy,
which led to the beginning of the breakdown of the Kazakh corporate society.
The progressive development of the industrial industry in Kazakhstan manifested itself in the form of colonial economic expansion of Russian and foreign capital.
